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WO2001067375A1 - Authentification au moyen d'un filigrane numerique - Google Patents

Authentification au moyen d'un filigrane numerique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2001067375A1
WO2001067375A1 PCT/US2001/007376 US0107376W WO0167375A1 WO 2001067375 A1 WO2001067375 A1 WO 2001067375A1 US 0107376 W US0107376 W US 0107376W WO 0167375 A1 WO0167375 A1 WO 0167375A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
physical attributes
taggants
barcode
digital watermark
information
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2001/007376
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Nabil M. Lawandy
Scott Andrew Tillotson
Original Assignee
Spectra Science Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Spectra Science Corporation filed Critical Spectra Science Corporation
Priority to AU2001245515A priority Critical patent/AU2001245515A1/en
Priority claimed from US09/801,445 external-priority patent/US20010037455A1/en
Publication of WO2001067375A1 publication Critical patent/WO2001067375A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K19/00—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings
    • G06K19/06—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code
    • G06K19/08—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means
    • G06K19/10—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means at least one kind of marking being used for authentication, e.g. of credit or identity cards
    • G06K19/14—Record carriers for use with machines and with at least a part designed to carry digital markings characterised by the kind of the digital marking, e.g. shape, nature, code using markings of different kinds or more than one marking of the same kind in the same record carrier, e.g. one marking being sensed by optical and the other by magnetic means at least one kind of marking being used for authentication, e.g. of credit or identity cards the marking being sensed by radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/12—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation using a selected wavelength, e.g. to sense red marks and ignore blue marks

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method and apparatus for providing reliable and repeatable identification and authentication of an object by using a digital watermark.
  • a known security device for verifying an item's authenticity is a watermark.
  • Watermarks or signatures are typically produced by utilizing semantic information of the item to be protected, for example, alphanumeric characters, physical features, etc. or other related information (e.g. ownership information) . These signatures or watermarks are typically kept with, or incorporated into the protected item. For example, a watermark may be printed within the substrate of a negotiable instrument which includes information regarding the value and the originator of the instrument.
  • Some of the techniques discussed in these papers include separately coding the image and a watermark image using a pseudo random number generator and a discrete cosine transform (DCT) to ' form coded blocks, one of the image to be watermarked and the other of the watermark itself.
  • the DCT coefficients representing the coded watermark block and the coded image block are then added together to form a combined block thus digitally watermarking the image.
  • planchets and particles In addition to fibers, it is known to utilize planchets and particles to authenticate items. These types of authentication mechanisms may be color based, that is, they may have a characteristic color, they iray diffract light, or they may fluoresce when subjected to an excitation, for example IR, optical, or UV radiation.
  • taggants including fibers, planchets and particles
  • the authentication materials and devices mentioned above are typically produced to a specific size and shape that is appropriate for the object with whicn they will be associated.
  • the taggants are then incorporated into, or otherwise made a part of the object, thus becoming one of the physical characteristics of the object.
  • Radio frequency and magnetic materials and devices may also be used as taggants.
  • Some examples of these types of taggants include radio frequency resonators, magnetic fibers and magnetic printing inks.
  • a method and apparatus for identifying an object are disclosed wherein physical attributes of an object are encoded and the encoded information is utilized as at least one element for composing a digital watermark for the object.
  • the physical attributes of an object are utilized as a key for accessing information included in a digital watermark for the object.
  • a digital watermark is incorporated into a bar code.
  • the barcode is treated as an image and may be watermarked using techniques applicable to images.
  • information may be encoded into the digital watermark of the barcode and may be decoded or otherwise retrieved by the use of a key.
  • the digitally watermarked bar code may function in a conventional manner or may also include a "pass key" to allow reading of the bar code itself. If the digital watermark is not read, a properly designed terminal will not be permitted to read the bar code.
  • the physical attributes of the object may be utilized as at least one input of the barcode's digital watermark, and may also be used as a key to decode information that may be stored in the barcode's digital watermark.
  • Figure 1 shows a flow diagram demonstrating the use of the taggants and other information in the formation of a digitally watermarked image.
  • Figure 2A depicts fibers and a digital watermark incorporated in a substrate
  • Figure 2B shows a cross section of the substrate of Figure 1;
  • Figure 3A shows a detailed view of a digitally watermarked barcode
  • Figure 3B shows a substrate having a coding scheme made up of a number of straight fibers and a bent fiber embedded therein and a digitally watermarked bar code printed on the substrate;
  • Figure 4A depicts particles embedded in a type of flat goods and a digital watermark imprinted thereon
  • Figure 4B shows a magnified cross sectional view of the flat good
  • Figure 4C shows a magnified perspective view of a particle
  • Figure 5 shows a substrate having a coding scheme made up of a number of fibers with different frequency characteristics and a smart card, a radio frequency identification device and a semiconductor device for storing a digital signature or watermark;
  • FIG. 6 shows a photograph embodying identification and authentication schemes in accordance with the teachings of this invention.
  • Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram of a detection system to identify and authenticate items in accordance with the invention.
  • Figure 8 shows a block diagram of a detector array that is part of the detection system.
  • the invention provides for the use of one or more physical characteristics or attributes of an object as at least one input for creating a digital watermark and/or as a key to access information included in a digital watermark.
  • the physical characteristics may be directly or indirectly observable.
  • the physical characteristics may include a visually measurable dimension of the object, or may be derived from one or more taggants.
  • the physical characteristics derived from one or more taggants may include the specific size, shape, color, emission wavelength, loading factor or other physical characteristics or attributes of one or more taggants that have been incorporated into or are otherwise associated with the object .
  • fibers can be extruded to have various diameters ranging from several microns to, for example, some tens of microns.
  • fibers may be produced having a cross section that is other than circular, for example, triangular, rectangular, ellipsoidal, etc.
  • Fibers may also be produced having specific lengths and may also be produced to have an essentially straight or a non-straight (e.g., curved) shape.
  • Planchets can be manufactured to have different, specific diameters and thicknesses, while particles can be produced, such as by precipitation, to have controlled size ranges and shapes .
  • various dyes can be used to impart a color and/or a characteristic emission wavelength when illuminated by light, such as UV light, or when otherwise irradiated.
  • taggants that may be used include radio frequency and/or magnetic materials.
  • crystals that resonate at particular frequencies may be incorporated into or made a part of a substrate.
  • a layer of magnetic material may be dispersed throughout the substrate that exhibits a specific, measurable, magnetic field.
  • a magnetic ink may be used which may exhibit a particular magnetic field. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to any particular taggant utilizing radio frequency or magnetic properties but may include any suitable taggant utilizing these properties.
  • a coding scheme can be created.
  • D diameter ranges
  • L lengths
  • S shape
  • L lengths
  • S shape
  • a similar coding can be accomplished using particles having controlled size distributions.
  • Materials that maintain their dimensions including hard polymer materials as well as phosphors, can be used to create powders having particles that are accurately sized. For example, if particles with four different mean radii are used in combination with five wavelength ranges of fluorescence, up to 4 5 , or 1024 codes can be created.
  • Particles are particularly well suited for coding products that retain some of the particles, such as textiles, porous materials, paper, etc.
  • a post manufacturing code can be created.
  • electrostatic attraction may cause these particles to be adequately retained, enhanced binding can be achieved using appropriate materials, for example, a mesh incorporated into the product or binding agents such as starches or hair spray types of products.
  • Additional coding combinations can be made by incorporating fluorescence emission or body color into the taggant.
  • UN excitation for example, at least five unique wavelength categories or frequency ranges can be created. Combining these five different wavelength categories and three lengths yields L F , or 3 5 combinations, or 243 codes. Even more codes are possible by combining other attributes, such as diameter and shape. For example, using four diameters and five frequency ranges yields D F (4 5 ) , or 1024 codes.
  • the loading factors of various taggants can be employed as a further variable.
  • the first particles may be present with a loading factor of 20 per square centimeter, while the second particles may be present with a loading factor of 40 particles per square centimeter. By counting the numbers of particles per unit area of each type, one may determine the information encoded by the selected taggants.
  • a paper document having this particular set of taggants is identified as a first type of negotiable instrument, while another paper document having a different set of taggants (e.g., red particles of 25 micron diameter and 80 micron diameter with loading factors of 50 per square centimeter and 100 per square centimeter, respectively) is identified as a second type of negotiable security.
  • a different set of taggants e.g., red particles of 25 micron diameter and 80 micron diameter with loading factors of 50 per square centimeter and 100 per square centimeter, respectively
  • one may verify the authenticity of the negotiable security by verifying that the expected set of taggants are actually present with the expected size ranges and loading factors.
  • the coding information generated from the physical characteristics of the object is then used as at least one input for creating a digital watermark.
  • the watermark itself may be created using any number of methods.
  • One example of such a method might include utilizing the coding information as a seed for a pseudo-random number generator where the random number is used as a hash, or some other one-way function for generating the digital watermark.
  • Another technique might include utilizing the coding information, the output of a pseudo-random number generator, and any other appropriate information as distinct inputs to an algorithm including a discrete cosine transform to form a digitally watermarked image.
  • one or more of the various inputs to the digital watermarking algorithm may be used as a key to obtain information included in the digital watermark.
  • Figure 1 shows a flow diagram demonstrating the use of the taggants and other information in the formation of a digitally watermarked image.
  • taggant information 10 and semantic information 20 are provided as inputs to a digital watermarking algorithm 30 which in turn generates a digital watermark that is incorporated into image 40.
  • a digital watermarking algorithm 30 which in turn generates a digital watermark that is incorporated into image 40.
  • taggant and/or semantic information may be used as a key, where the digital watermarking algorithm uses the key to decode or otherwise retrieve information encoded in the digital watermark.
  • an unprinted document substrate may include a code that is derived from five unique wavelength categories of fluorescence and three fiber lengths yielding L F , or 3 5 combinations, or 243 codes.
  • the particular code of this substrate then becomes one of a number of data inputs into a digital watermarking or digital signature algorithm that digitally watermarks or digitally signs the printed information to be placed on the substrate.
  • the coding information generated from the physical characteristics of the object is used for creating a digital watermark or signature that becomes part of the printed information on the same physical substrate.
  • the result is a coupling of the physical substrate characteristics and the printed information, utilizing the derived code.
  • the digital watermark may be embodied as part of the protected item, for example, it may be printed on the object, or it may be included as part of a substrate of the object .
  • the present invention includes the impregnation of a bar code symbology with a digital watermark.
  • the barcode may be implemented using any suitable symbology including, without limitation, 3 of 9, 12 of 5, Code 128, UPC, 2-D, and 3-D symboligies.
  • the watermark may be incorporated as a digitally embedded imprint in the bit pattern or noise of a digital image of the bar code.
  • Known software technologies can be used to embed the digital watermark such that it is recoverable using software, or other automated or manual techniques.
  • the digital watermark may also include additional information which may be decoded by utilizing a key to "unlock" data included in the watermark.
  • the digital watermark, and the other information which may be embedded in the digital watermark, is robust to image deformations, rotations, copying, multiple renderings, conversions, and other manipulations.
  • the bar code encrypted with digitally watermarked information can be made to contain a pass key to allow reading of the bar code itself. If the digital watermark is not read, the properly designed terminal will not read the bar code.
  • the physical characteristics of the objected being protected could be encoded in a radio frequency identification device, or may be included as information in a semiconductor device, for example a memory device or other type of integrated circuit. The information in these devices may then be used as an input to a digital watermark and/or as a key to access information included in a digital watermark.
  • These devices could be incorporated on, or into, a substrate, or could otherwise be associated with the object or item to be authenticated, identified, or protected.
  • Figure 2A shows an example of a substrate 100 having a coding and authentication scheme in accordance with the invention. Several fibers 110 having the same length are embedded in the substrate 100. A magnified cross sectional view, as shown in Figure 2B, shows the fibers 110 as having different diameters.
  • Fiber 110A has a larger diameter
  • fiber HOB has a smaller diameter
  • fiber HOC has an intermediate diameter
  • the substrate can be coded by the numbers of each type of fiber per unit area. This information can then be utilized as at least part of the data input for a digital watermarking algorithm that generates a digital watermark 115 that is printed on the substrate.
  • Figure 3A shows a detailed view of digitally watermarked barcode 125 in accordance with the teachings of this invention.
  • a method for watermarking the barcode 125 could include regarding the barcode as an image and watermarking the barcode using a technique suitable for watermarking images.
  • the barcode could be treated as a pixelated two dimenional image and modified using a digital watermark.
  • the watermark may be incorporated as a digitally embedded imprint in the bit pattern or noise of a digital image of the barcode 125.
  • the watermark may include additional information. This information may be related to an object which may be associated with the barcode.
  • This information may include the date of manufacture, the country of origin, the authorized distribution channel, or any other information that may be informative or useful.
  • the bar code may function as a conventional barcode, and may also carry additional information that may not be discernable without knowledge of the watermark and the ability to read the information included therein.
  • This indiscernible information may be useful for various applications, for instance, the anti-diversion of branded products.
  • the additional information could be incorporated into the UPC bar code of an item.
  • the barcode 125 may function as a conventional barcode as mentioned above, or may be encoded such that failure to read or discern the digital watermark incorporated in the barcode may also prevent a reading of the barcode itself.
  • Figure 3B shows another example of a watermarking scheme in accordance with the teachings of the invention.
  • a substrate 120 has a number of straight fibers 130 and a bent fiber 140 embedded within.
  • the substrate is coded by the number of straight and bent fibers per unit area and the code has been used to digitally watermark a barcode 125 that is imprinted on substrate 120.
  • the code is used as an input to the digital watermark algorithm used to generate the digitally watermarked barcode.
  • FIG 4A shows an example of coding and watermarking flat goods.
  • a type of flat goods 150 is shown, in this example a towel, having an area 160 where particles 170 have been embedded in the towel.
  • a magnified cross section of the towel 150 is shown in Figure 4B.
  • the towel is preferably made up of layers 180, where one or more layers, for example 108B, 180C, are made of a mesh for retaining the particles 170. Alternatively, one of the layers 180 may be treated with a binding agent as described above for retaining the particles.
  • Figure 4C shows a perspective view of one of the particles 170.
  • the particle 170 preferably includes a characteristic color that may identify the origin of the towel 150.
  • the particle may also include material that when exposed to a specific type of radiation, for example, UN light, fluoresces at a known wavelength, or within a known wavelength range.
  • the opposing sides 190 of the particle preferably all have the same dimensions.
  • opposing sides 190A, 190B, and 190C, 190D have dimensions that correspond to the dimensions of the towel 150.
  • towel 150 may measure 40 inches by 60 inches
  • opposing sides 190A through 190D may measure 40 microns by 60 microns.
  • the physical attributes, that is the dimensions, of the taggant may be combined with semantic information about an object, in this example the dimensions of the object, to provide enhanced coding and authentication capabilities.
  • the physical attributes of the taggant may then be used as at least part of a data input for a digital watermarking algorithm that generates a digital watermark 165 that may be printed on, incorporated in, or otherwise used to label the substrate.
  • the shapes of the particles are not limited to a rectangular geometry or any other particular shape.
  • a spherical particle could also be used, as could an elliptically shaped particle.
  • Figure 5 shows yet another example of a coding and authentication scheme.
  • An unprinted document substrate 200 preferably contains a code that is derived from taggants incorporated into the substrate, for example, five unique wavelength categories of fluorescence (F) and 3 fiber lengths (L) creating L F , or 3 5 combinations or 243 codes.
  • the particular code of this substrate is then input as one or one of many other data inputs into a digital watermarking algorithm or digital signature that respectively digitally watermarks or digitally signs the printed information to be placed on the substrate.
  • This additional step thereby connects the physical substrate characteristics, e.g., size shape and fluorescence of taggants in the substrate, and its derived code with the printed information (or image) on the document.
  • the digital watermark or signature information may be incorporated into the document, or in another embodiment, may be kept separate from the document.
  • the digital signature may be incorporated into an integrated circuit 270 as part of a smart card 280, which could be used to authenticate the document.
  • the substrate code could be encoded in a radio frequency identification device 285, or may be included as information in a semiconductor device 290, for example a memory device or other type of integrated circuit. The information in these devices may then be used as an input to a digital watermark and/or as a key to access information included in a digital watermark.
  • FIG. 6 shows another example of a coding and authentication scheme according to the invention.
  • a digital passport photo 300 includes taggants 305, a substrate 315, and a photo 310 including a digital watermark 312.
  • the physical attributes of the taggants represented as a code, for example R, 50, S (red emission, 50 micron fiber, straight) are used as one of the inputs for creating the digital watermark.
  • the physical attributes of the taggants 305 represented by the code R, 50, S are used as a key, or as part of an input into a key generating algorithm, where the key is used to unlock, decrypt, or otherwise retrieve information encoded in the digital watermark 312.
  • the decoding or identification of a code employs imaging of the taggants, as well as the detection of fluorescent emission or color if present. This can be achieved, for example, by using a microscope system coupled to a monolithic spectrometer. Another embodiment may use a narrow band filtered detection system including CCD camera based devices. This can be done directly on the object if it is easily manipulated or flat, such as a document, or by removing a number of the taggants and inspecting the particles .
  • a detection system 400 in accordance with the invention is shown in Figure 7.
  • a source of radiation 410 is directed on an item 420 to be examined.
  • the source 410 preferably generates UN radiation, but may generate any type of radiation that is suitable for detecting the coding scheme included with the item 420 and/or a watermark 435 or any appropriate attributes of the item 420.
  • the item 420 may be mounted on a positioning device 425 in order to locate the item 420 for irradiation.
  • the positioning device may include a conveyor or any other type of device suitable for transporting or locating the substrate for irradiation.
  • a detector array 430 such as a CCD, a camera which may be fixed, moveable or handheld, or any suitable detection device, with appropriate support circuitry 440 detects an image of the taggants 450 and the watermark 435 in the item 420.
  • the source 410 and detector array 430 may also comprise positioning devices (not shown) for locating these devices for optimum performance.
  • the taggants 450 in the item 420 may also emit one or more wavelengths associated with the coding scheme.
  • the detector array 430 is preferably capable of detecting the spectral content of any emissions, in addition to any other physical characteristics of the taggants 450, the watermark 435 or the item 420 for identification of the coding scheme and authentication of the item 420.
  • Control circuitry 460 directs the activity of the overall system 400, and in particular controls the source 410, positioning device 425, detector array 430 and support circuitry 440.
  • the detector array 430 is preferably comprised of an optical section 470 for focusing received emissions within the detector array 430, an array of sensors 480 for detecting the emissions, and a filter section 490 for allowing only the frequencies of interest to impinge on the sensors 480.
  • the optical section 470 may include a microscope system or any other system suitable for magnifying or otherwise focusing the image of the item 420 and/or any emissions from the item 420 within the detector array 430.
  • the sensor array 480 may comprise any array of sensors suitable for detecting the emissions and/or physical characteristics of the item 420, for example, a diode array, a CCD array, etc.
  • the output of the detector array 430 is analyzed to detect the characteristics of the watermark 435, and the various sizes and/or shapes of the taggants so as to derive the encoded information therefrom, either alone or in combination with the emitted wavelength (s) .
  • the techniques and structures described above are useful for authenticating objects based on coding mechanisms and watermarks included in the object. It can also be appreciated that by selecting certain coding schemes described above when constructing items, that the techniques and structures disclosed herein are also useful for encoding various types of information into objects, and authenticating those objects, such as valuables, negotiable instruments, works of art, currency, various types of substrates, items that may require sorting, items that are traveling on a conveyor system, etc.
  • taggants and the like provide enhanced security, as their presence is a first indication that the article is genuine, and their presence in the correct sizes shapes, colors, etc. is a further indication that the article is genuine.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
  • Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
  • Editing Of Facsimile Originals (AREA)
  • Image Processing (AREA)
  • Credit Cards Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé d'identification d'un objet et l'appareil correspondant, lequel procédé consiste à coder des informations sémantiques (20) et des informations (10) de traçage dans l'un au moins des éléments servant à composer un filigrane numérique (30) pour ledit objet. Dans un autre mode de réalisation, les attributs physiques de l'objet sont utilisés comme clef d'accès aux informations comprises dans le filigrane numérique. Dans un autre mode de réalisation encore, le filigrane numérique est incorporé dans un code à barres.
PCT/US2001/007376 2000-03-09 2001-03-08 Authentification au moyen d'un filigrane numerique WO2001067375A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU2001245515A AU2001245515A1 (en) 2000-03-09 2001-03-08 Authentication using a digital watermark

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US18803600P 2000-03-09 2000-03-09
US60/188,036 2000-03-09
US22207900P 2000-08-01 2000-08-01
US60/222,079 2000-08-01
US09/801,445 US20010037455A1 (en) 2000-03-09 2001-03-08 Authentication using a digital watermark
US09/801,445 2001-03-08

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US7207491B2 (en) 2001-11-09 2007-04-24 International Barcode Corporation System and method for generating a combined bar code image
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US7322514B2 (en) 2001-11-30 2008-01-29 International Barcode Corporation Method for identifying and authenticating goods using codes, barcodes and radio frequency identification
US7337972B2 (en) 2001-11-09 2008-03-04 International Barcode Corporation System and method for embedding characters in a bar of a bar code
US7809172B2 (en) 2005-11-07 2010-10-05 International Barcode Corporation Method and system for generating and linking composite images
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EP1393311A4 (fr) * 2001-06-06 2008-03-12 Spectra Systems Corp Marquage et authentification d'articles
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