WO2000028944A2 - Use of succinic acid or salts thereof and method of treating insulin resistance - Google Patents
Use of succinic acid or salts thereof and method of treating insulin resistance Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000028944A2 WO2000028944A2 PCT/RU1998/000374 RU9800374W WO0028944A2 WO 2000028944 A2 WO2000028944 A2 WO 2000028944A2 RU 9800374 W RU9800374 W RU 9800374W WO 0028944 A2 WO0028944 A2 WO 0028944A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- succinic acid
- pharmaceutically acceptable
- acceptable salt
- insulin resistance
- mammal
- Prior art date
Links
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 208000001072 type 2 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 206010022489 Insulin Resistance Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 206010067584 Type 1 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 235000015872 dietary supplement Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 208000030507 AIDS Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 201000001320 Atherosclerosis Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 208000023275 Autoimmune disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 208000024172 Cardiovascular disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 208000032928 Dyslipidaemia Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 208000002705 Glucose Intolerance Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 208000031226 Hyperlipidaemia Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 201000001431 Hyperuricemia Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 208000017170 Lipid metabolism disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 208000002720 Malnutrition Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 208000008589 Obesity Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 206010040047 Sepsis Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
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- 201000010065 polycystic ovary syndrome Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
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- 208000011580 syndromic disease Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000008733 trauma Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N butanedioic acid Chemical compound O[14C](=O)CC[14C](O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-NUQCWPJISA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 abstract description 7
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 abstract description 5
- NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N insulin Chemical compound N1C(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)CN)C(C)CC)CSSCC(C(NC(CO)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CCC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(C)C)C(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(=O)NC(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)C(=O)NC(CSSCC(NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2C=CC(O)=CC=2)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(C)NC(=O)C(CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=2NC=NC=2)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)CNC2=O)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CCC(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)NCC(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC=CC=3)C(=O)NC(CC=3C=CC(O)=CC=3)C(=O)NC(C(C)O)C(=O)N3C(CCC3)C(=O)NC(CCCCN)C(=O)NC(C)C(O)=O)C(=O)NC(CC(N)=O)C(O)=O)=O)NC(=O)C(C(C)CC)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(C(C)O)NC(=O)C1CSSCC2NC(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CCC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(CC(N)=O)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(N)CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(C)C)CC1=CN=CN1 NOESYZHRGYRDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 40
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- 102000004877 Insulin Human genes 0.000 description 20
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- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N D-glucitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940122199 Insulin secretagogue Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000008214 LDL Cholesterol Methods 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 102000019259 Succinate Dehydrogenase Human genes 0.000 description 1
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- ZNNLBTZKUZBEKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N glyburide Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1C(=O)NCCC1=CC=C(S(=O)(=O)NC(=O)NC2CCCCC2)C=C1 ZNNLBTZKUZBEKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- LZFIOSVZIQOVFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Chemical class CCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O LZFIOSVZIQOVFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
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- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L succinate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/194—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having two or more carboxyl groups, e.g. succinic, maleic or phthalic acid
Definitions
- the present invention is in the field of medicine, particularly in the treatment of states of insulin resistance such as those associated with Non- insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) and its chronic complications, gestational diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, aging, atherosclerosis, syndrome X, cardiovascular disease, AIDS, cancer, wasting/cachecxia, sepsis, trauma associated with burns, malnutrition, lupus and other autoimmune diseases, endocrine diseases, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome or complications arising from athletic activity.
- NIDDM Non- insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus
- Succinic acid is the physiologically occurring substrate of succinate dehydrogenase in mammals that play a role in cellular respiration and energy metabolism.
- Insulin resistance is a condition in which the tissues of the body fail to respond normally to insulin.
- DeFronzo R. A. J. Cardiomuscular Pharmacology 20 (Suppl. 11): SI -SI 6 (1992).
- the insulin resistance manifesting itself in pathologically elevated endogenous insulin and glucose levels and predisposes to the development of a cluster of abnormalities, including some degree of impaired glucose tolerance, an increase in plasma triglycerides and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels, a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels, high blood pressure, hyperuricemia, a decrease in plasma fibrinolytic activity, an increase in cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis.
- LDL low density lipoprotein cholesterol
- HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- Reaven G. M. Physiol-Rev. 75(3): 473-86 (1995).
- the decompensated insulin resistance is widely believed to be an underlying cause of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
- a method of treating insulin resistance comprises administration of insulin.
- a basic disorder in the case of insulin resistance lies in the glucose assimilation by peripheral tissues of a mammal body.
- the present invention shows for the first time that succinic acid or salt thereof is useful for treating of insulin resistance in mammals, particularly in humans afflicted with Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.
- the present invention provides a method of treating insulin resistance in a mammal, which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
- Insulin resistance in the mammal can be associated with disorders such as non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications (NIDDM), or gestational diabetes mellitus, or impaired glucose tolerance, or obesity, or aging, or atherosclerosis, or syndrome X, or cardiovascular disease, or AIDS, or cancer, or wasting/cachecxia, or sepsis, or trauma associated with burns, or malnutrition, or lupus and other autoimmune diseases, or endocrine diseases, or hyperuricemia, or hyperlipidemia, or dyslipidemia, or polycystic ovary syndrome, or complications arising from athletic activity. More particularly, the present invention provides the method of treating insulin resistance in a human afflicted with Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.
- Succinic acid has the chemical structure given below:
- the pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the succinic acid is prepared by known methods from organic and inorganic bases.
- bases include, but are not limited to, nontoxic alkali metal and akaline earth bases, for example, calcium, lithium, sodium, and potassium hydroxide; ammonium hydroxide and nontoxic organic bases, such as triethylamine, butylamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine.
- the succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is preferably administered orally in the method of this invention.
- the succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may also be administered by a variety of other routes such as parenterally, e.g. intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly,; topically or rectally.
- the succinic acid or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered for a period of 1 day or longer; more preferably for a period of 3 to 7 days.
- the effective amount of succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the method of this invention is preferably from 0.1 milligram to 50 milligrams per day per kilogram of body weight of the mammalian subject, more preferably from 5 mg to 30 mg per day per kilogram of body weight of the mammalian subject.
- Treating describes the managment and care of a mammal for the purpose of combating the disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration of succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to prevent the onset of the symptoms or complications, alleviating the symptoms or complications, or eliminating the disease, condition, or disorder.
- Treating of insulin resistance in a mammal includes increasing insulin sensitivity manifesting itself in a lowering of free fatty acid, insulin and glucose levels.
- Also provided according to the present invention is the use of succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament or nutritional supplement useful for treating insulin resistance in a mammal.
- mammal is a human.
- the medicaments or nutritional supplements of the invention are prepared by known procedures using well-known ingredients.
- the active ingredients will usually be mixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier, and may be in the form of a capsule, tablet, paper or other container.
- the carrier serves as a diluent, it may be a solid, semisolid, or liquid material which acts as a vehicle, excipient, or medium for the active ingredient.
- the nutritional supplements can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, soft and hard gelatin capsules.
- the medicaments can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, soft and hard gelatin capsules, aerosoles, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders.
- suitable carriers, diluents, and excipients include lactose, dextrose, sorbitol, mannitol, calcium phosphate, alginates, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water syrup, methyl cellulose, methyl and propyl hydroxybenzoates, talc, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and mineral oil.
- the medicaments or nutritional supplements can additionally include lubricating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, preserving agents, sweetening agents, or flavoring agents.
- the medicament or nutritional supplement of the invention is in a dosage form and can be administrated orally, or parenterally, or topically, or rectally.
- the following examples are presented to demonstrate the invention. The examples are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
- This example shows that administering an effective amount of succinic acid to non-insulin dependent diabetic rats is useful for treating insulin resistance.
- Rats Male albino Wistar rats 8-10 weeks of age 200-250 grams of body weight were used. The rats were housed at the temperature of 18 ⁇ 21 °C on a 12 hour light-dark cycle. Rats were fed on a stock laboratory diet (59 % carbohydrates; 17 % protein; 3 % fat; 21 % minerals, water, cellulose) and allowed water ad libitum.
- Non-insulin dependent diabetic rats herein and after «NIDDM rats» were prepared by the following method: the streptozotocin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) solved in citrate buffer (0.05M, pH 5.5) was injected into tail vein of male albino Wistar rats in a dose of 35 mg per kg of animal body weight to induce non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
- the rats with levels of glucose more than 14.0 mmol/1 were used in the experiment one week after the streptozotocin injection.
- Assays. Plasma free fatty acids levels were determined by enzymatic method with a commercially available kit (Waho Chemicals Gmbh, Neuss, Germany) with Multistat 3 centrifugal analyzer (Instrumentation Laboratories, Lexington, USA).
- Serum glucose concentrations were determined by the glucose oxidase method with a kit (Lachema, Slov.) with glucose analyzer (Beckman, Fullerton, Calif, USA).
- Plasma insulin concentrations were determined by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay kit (Kabi Pharmacia Diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden) using a rat insulin standard (Novo Research Institute, Bagsvard, Denmark).
- Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) were determined by enzymatic methods with kits (Boeringher Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) with Multistat 3 F/LS apparatus (Instrumentation Laboratories, Lexington,
- NIDDM rats Non-insulin dependent diabetic rats
- NIDDM rats (fifteen rats). Experimental NIDDM rats received daily injection
- Plasma free fatty acid levels FFA
- plasma Insulin levels and serum Glucose levels were measured in rats by tail clipping method in all NIDDM rats at zero day (before treatment), at third, fifth and seventh days (treatment period), and at tenth, fifteen, twentieth, twenty fifth and thirtieth days (after- treatment period).
- Table 1 Mean Plasma Free Fatty Acid (FFA) levels in experimental NIDDM rats treated by succinic acid in comparison with control NIDDM rats non-treated by succinic acid.
- FFA Plasma Free Fatty Acid
- the data of the Table 1 through 3 demonstrate that treating NIDDM rats by the effective amount of succinic acid causes a significant improving in insulin sensitivity in experimental rats in comparison with control rats, especially in the after-treatment period, manifesting itself in lowering of pathologically elevated plasma free fatty acid levels, plasma insulin and serum glucose levels.
- Administration of succinic acid to healthy rats causes no changes in plasma free fatty acid levels (0.08 ⁇ 0.03 ⁇ mol/1), in serum glucose (4.8 ⁇ 0.4 mmol/1) and plasma insulin levels (3.4 ⁇ 0.6 ng/ml) during thirty days of the experiment analogous to described above.
- Example 2 This example shows that administering to non-insulin dependent diabetic humans an effective amount of succinic acid is an effective therapy for treating insulin resistance.
- NIDDM Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
- Assays were used as described in the example 1 of the invention. Plasma insulin concentrations were determined by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay kit (Kabi Pharmacia Diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden).
- Plasma free fatty acid levels, insulin levels and serum glucose levels, plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) and triglycerides were measured in humans at zero day (before treatment), at third and fifth days (treatment period), and at tenth, fifteen, twentieth, twenty fifth thirtieth and fortieth days (after- treatment period). The results are demonstrated in Tables 4 through 6. Table 4. Mean Plasma Free Fatty Acid levels in NIDDM humans treated by succinic acid.
- succinic acid or salt thereof is an effective therapy for treating of insulin resistance.
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Abstract
The invention relates to the use of succinic acid or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof for manufacture of medicaments or nutritional supplements effective for treating of insulin resistance in mammals, preferably in non-insulin dependent diabetic humans. Insulin resistance is associated with disorders such as Non-insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) and its chronic complications, gestational diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, aging, atherosclerosis, syndrome X, cardiovascular disease, AIDS, cancer, wasting/cachecxia, sepsis, trauma associated with burns, malnutrition, lupus and other autoimmune diseases, endocrine diseases, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome or complications arising from athletic activity. The invention provides a method of treating insulin resistance in mammals, preferably in humans, which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
Description
USE OF SUCCINIC ACID OR SALTS THEREOF AND METHOD OF TREATING INSULIN RESISTANCE
Technical Field
The present invention is in the field of medicine, particularly in the treatment of states of insulin resistance such as those associated with Non- insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) and its chronic complications, gestational diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, aging, atherosclerosis, syndrome X, cardiovascular disease, AIDS, cancer, wasting/cachecxia, sepsis, trauma associated with burns, malnutrition, lupus and other autoimmune diseases, endocrine diseases, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia, dyslipidemia, polycystic ovary syndrome or complications arising from athletic activity.
Background Art
Succinic acid is the physiologically occurring substrate of succinate dehydrogenase in mammals that play a role in cellular respiration and energy metabolism.
Insulin resistance is a condition in which the tissues of the body fail to respond normally to insulin. DeFronzo, R. A. J. Cardiomuscular Pharmacology
20 (Suppl. 11): SI -SI 6 (1992). The insulin resistance manifesting itself in pathologically elevated endogenous insulin and glucose levels and predisposes to the development of a cluster of abnormalities, including some degree of impaired glucose tolerance, an increase in plasma triglycerides and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels, a decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels, high blood pressure, hyperuricemia, a decrease in plasma fibrinolytic activity, an increase in cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Reaven, G. M. Physiol-Rev. 75(3): 473-86 (1995). The decompensated insulin resistance is widely believed to be an underlying cause of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
A method of treating insulin resistance is known which comprises administration of insulin. Yki-Jarvinen, H. et al. N. Engl. J. Med. 327: 1426- 1433 (1992). However, a basic disorder in the case of insulin resistance lies in the glucose assimilation by peripheral tissues of a mammal body. In this connection, it is important to treat the glucose assimilation not by the administration of insulin or by the pharmaceutical drug stimulating the excretion of insulin, but by the mechanisms independent thereof. Haering H.U., Mehnert H.Diabetologia 36: 176-182 (1993).
Free fatty acids induce insulin resistance in human in a dose dependent fashion. Boden G. Frontiers in Bioscience 3, dl69-175 (1998); Boden G.. Diabetes 46(1): 3-10 (1997). Lowering of plasma free fatty acid levels is accordingly effective in the treatment of insulin resistance in a mammal.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that administration of an effective amount of succinic acid or salt thereof to insulin resistant mammals is effective therapy for treating of insulin resistance. Lowering of plasma free fatty acid
levels induces a lowering of pathologically elevated insulin and glucose levels that reflects an improving in insulin sensitivity. More surprisingly, this biological effect is a long-term, and the best results are achieved in the after- treatment period.
5 This result is unexpected to Japanese Patent No. 61171417 describing that succinic acid and salts thereof are useful as antidiabetics showing promoting action on insulin secretion. Promotion of insulin secretion are useful in treating Insulin Dependent Diabetic (IDDM) mammals with low or no insulin secretion. Contrary, insulin resistant mammals including Non-insulin Dependent Diabetic l o (NIDDM) mammals are needed in decreasing of elevated insulin levels rather than promotion of insulin secretion. More recently, it was shown contrary to Japanese Patent No. 61171417 data that unesterified succinate did not stimulate insulin release in pancreatic islets but only esters of succinic acid are potent insulin secretagogues. MacDonald,MJ., Fahien, L.A. Diabetes 37(7): 997-999
The present invention shows for the first time that succinic acid or salt thereof is useful for treating of insulin resistance in mammals, particularly in humans afflicted with Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.
It is an object of the present invention to provide the use of succinic acid
20 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of medicament or nutritional supplement useful for treating insulin resistance in a mammal.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of treating insulin resistance in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal in
25 need thereof of an effective amount of succinic acid or a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt thereof. Orally, or parenterally, or topically, or rectally, as a nutritional supplement or medicament.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention provides a method of treating insulin resistance in a mammal, which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Insulin resistance in the mammal can be associated with disorders such as non- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications (NIDDM), or gestational diabetes mellitus, or impaired glucose tolerance, or obesity, or aging, or atherosclerosis, or syndrome X, or cardiovascular disease, or AIDS, or cancer, or wasting/cachecxia, or sepsis, or trauma associated with burns, or malnutrition, or lupus and other autoimmune diseases, or endocrine diseases, or hyperuricemia, or hyperlipidemia, or dyslipidemia, or polycystic ovary syndrome, or complications arising from athletic activity. More particularly, the present invention provides the method of treating insulin resistance in a human afflicted with Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Succinic acid has the chemical structure given below: HOOCCH2CH2COOH
The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the succinic acid is prepared by known methods from organic and inorganic bases. Such bases include, but are not limited to, nontoxic alkali metal and akaline earth bases, for example, calcium, lithium, sodium, and potassium hydroxide; ammonium hydroxide and
nontoxic organic bases, such as triethylamine, butylamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine.
The succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is preferably administered orally in the method of this invention. The succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may also be administered by a variety of other routes such as parenterally, e.g. intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly,; topically or rectally. Preferably, the succinic acid or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered for a period of 1 day or longer; more preferably for a period of 3 to 7 days. The effective amount of succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the method of this invention is preferably from 0.1 milligram to 50 milligrams per day per kilogram of body weight of the mammalian subject, more preferably from 5 mg to 30 mg per day per kilogram of body weight of the mammalian subject. Treating, as used herein, describes the managment and care of a mammal for the purpose of combating the disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration of succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to prevent the onset of the symptoms or complications, alleviating the symptoms or complications, or eliminating the disease, condition, or disorder. Treating of insulin resistance in a mammal includes increasing insulin sensitivity manifesting itself in a lowering of free fatty acid, insulin and glucose levels.
Also provided according to the present invention is the use of succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a
medicament or nutritional supplement useful for treating insulin resistance in a mammal. Preferably, mammal is a human.
The medicaments or nutritional supplements of the invention are prepared by known procedures using well-known ingredients. In making the medicaments or nutritional supplements, the active ingredients will usually be mixed with a carrier, or diluted by a carrier, or enclosed within a carrier, and may be in the form of a capsule, tablet, paper or other container. When the carrier serves as a diluent, it may be a solid, semisolid, or liquid material which acts as a vehicle, excipient, or medium for the active ingredient. The nutritional supplements can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, soft and hard gelatin capsules. The medicaments can be in the form of tablets, pills, powders, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, syrups, soft and hard gelatin capsules, aerosoles, suppositories, sterile injectable solutions, and sterile packaged powders. Some examples of suitable carriers, diluents, and excipients include lactose, dextrose, sorbitol, mannitol, calcium phosphate, alginates, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water syrup, methyl cellulose, methyl and propyl hydroxybenzoates, talc, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, and mineral oil. The medicaments or nutritional supplements can additionally include lubricating agents, wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, preserving agents, sweetening agents, or flavoring agents.
Preferably the medicament or nutritional supplement of the invention is in a dosage form and can be administrated orally, or parenterally, or topically, or rectally.
The following examples are presented to demonstrate the invention. The examples are illustrative only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.
Example 1
This example shows that administering an effective amount of succinic acid to non-insulin dependent diabetic rats is useful for treating insulin resistance.
Animals. Male albino Wistar rats 8-10 weeks of age 200-250 grams of body weight were used. The rats were housed at the temperature of 18 ± 21 °C on a 12 hour light-dark cycle. Rats were fed on a stock laboratory diet (59 % carbohydrates; 17 % protein; 3 % fat; 21 % minerals, water, cellulose) and allowed water ad libitum.
Animal model of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Non-insulin dependent diabetic rats, herein and after «NIDDM rats», were prepared by the following method: the streptozotocin (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) solved in citrate buffer (0.05M, pH 5.5) was injected into tail vein of male albino Wistar rats in a dose of 35 mg per kg of animal body weight to induce non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The rats with levels of glucose more than 14.0 mmol/1 were used in the experiment one week after the streptozotocin injection. Assays. Plasma free fatty acids levels were determined by enzymatic method with a commercially available kit (Waho Chemicals Gmbh, Neuss,
Germany) with Multistat 3 centrifugal analyzer (Instrumentation Laboratories, Lexington, USA).
Serum glucose concentrations were determined by the glucose oxidase method with a kit (Lachema, Slov.) with glucose analyzer (Beckman, Fullerton, Calif, USA).
Plasma insulin concentrations were determined by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay kit (Kabi Pharmacia Diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden) using a rat insulin standard (Novo Research Institute, Bagsvard, Denmark).
Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) were determined by enzymatic methods with kits (Boeringher Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) with Multistat 3 F/LS apparatus (Instrumentation Laboratories, Lexington,
USA).
Procedure. Non-insulin dependent diabetic rats (NIDDM rats) were assigned to two groups: a control NIDDM rats (six rats) and experimental
NIDDM rats (fifteen rats). Experimental NIDDM rats received daily injection
(subcutaneously, 0.5 ml at 09.00 h) of water solution of succinic acid in a dose of 5 mg per kg of body weight for period of 7 days.
Plasma free fatty acid levels (FFA), plasma Insulin levels and serum Glucose levels were measured in rats by tail clipping method in all NIDDM rats at zero day (before treatment), at third, fifth and seventh days (treatment period), and at tenth, fifteen, twentieth, twenty fifth and thirtieth days (after- treatment period).
The results are demonstrated in Table 1 through 3.
Table 1. Mean Plasma Free Fatty Acid (FFA) levels in experimental NIDDM rats treated by succinic acid in comparison with control NIDDM rats non- treated by succinic acid.
*Denotes statistically significant means (p < 0.05).
Table 2. Mean Plasma Insulin and Serum Glucose levels in experimental NIDDM rats treated by succinic acid.
Table 3. Mean plasma Insulin and serum Glucose levels in control NIDDM rats non-treated by succinic acid.
The data of the Table 1 through 3 demonstrate that treating NIDDM rats by the effective amount of succinic acid causes a significant improving in insulin sensitivity in experimental rats in comparison with control rats, especially in the after-treatment period, manifesting itself in lowering of pathologically elevated plasma free fatty acid levels, plasma insulin and serum glucose levels. Administration of succinic acid to healthy rats causes no changes in plasma free fatty acid levels (0.08 ± 0.03 μmol/1), in serum glucose (4.8 ± 0.4 mmol/1)
and plasma insulin levels (3.4 ± 0.6 ng/ml) during thirty days of the experiment analogous to described above.
Example 2. This example shows that administering to non-insulin dependent diabetic humans an effective amount of succinic acid is an effective therapy for treating insulin resistance.
Patients. Twelve non-insulin dependent diabetic humans were studied. Non-insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) was diagnosed in the humans according to the World Health Organisation criteria and had been presented for minimum 5 years. The NIDDM humans were metabolically stable and had glucose levels more than 12.8 mmol/1. Six patients were taking oral sulphonylurea hypoglicemic drug glibenclamide (rec. INN). None of the humans were undergoing hypolipidemic therapy. The humans had no additive metabolic disorders.
The following table summarizes the characteristics of the humans:
Mean ± SD Number of humans 12
Age, years 65 ± 3 Gender, men/women 4/8
BMI 25.1 ± 0.8 kg/m2
Fasting plasma glucose 13.7 ± 0.6 mmol/1 Plasma FFA 0.240 ± 0.044 μmol/1 Plasma insulin 140 ± 23 pmol/1 Plasma LDL cholesterol 4.8 ± 0.3 mmol/1 Plasma HDL cholesterol 0.6 ± 0.4 mmol/1 Total cholesterol 6.8 ± 0.4 mmol/1 Plasma triglycerides 2.7 ± 0.3 mmol/1 Glycated hemoglobin 11.4 ± 1.2 %
Assays. Assays were used as described in the example 1 of the invention. Plasma insulin concentrations were determined by a double-antibody radioimmunoassay kit (Kabi Pharmacia Diagnostics, Uppsala, Sweden).
Procedure. Pharmaceutical grade succinic acid in a unit dosage form of 100 mg per gelatin capsule was used. All patients received succinic acid orally in daily dose of 200 mg to 400 mg per day for period of 3 to 7 days.
Plasma free fatty acid levels, insulin levels and serum glucose levels, plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) and triglycerides were measured in humans at zero day (before treatment), at third and fifth days (treatment period), and at tenth, fifteen, twentieth, twenty fifth thirtieth and fortieth days (after- treatment period). The results are demonstrated in Tables 4 through 6.
Table 4. Mean Plasma Free Fatty Acid levels in NIDDM humans treated by succinic acid.
* Denotes statistically significant means (p < 0.05).
Table 5. Mean Plasma Insulin and Serum Glucose levels in NIDDM humans treated by succinic acid.
Table 6. Mean Plasma Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), High Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and Triglycerides levels in NIDDM humans treated by succinic acid.
*Denotes statistically significant means (p < 0.05).
The data of the Table 6 demonstrate that increasing of insulin sensitivity in non-insulin dependent diabetic humans treated by effective amount of succinic acid causes to reducing plasma triglycerides and low density lipoprotein
cholesterol, and increasing plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol, especially in the after-treatment period.
Thus, the administration of succinic acid or salt thereof is an effective therapy for treating of insulin resistance.
Claims
1. The use of succinic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament useful for treating insulin resistance in a mammal.
2. The use of succinic acid, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a nutritional supplement useful for treating insulin resistance in a mammal.
3. The use as claimed in Claim 1 or 2 wherein the mammal is a human.
4. A method of treating insulin resistance in a mammal, which comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof an effective amount of succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
5. The method as claimed in Claim 4 wherein the effective amount of succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from 0.1 milligram to 50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day.
6. The method as claimed in Claim 5 wherein the effective amount of succinic acid or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is from 5 milligrams to 30 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day.
7. The method as claimed in any one of Claims 4 to 6 wherein said insulin resistance is associated with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications; or gestational diabetes mellitus; or impaired glucose tolerance; or obesity; or aging; or atherosclerosis; or syndrome X, or cardiovascular disease; or AIDS; or cancer; or wasting/cachecxia; or sepsis; or trauma associated with burns, or malnutrition,; or lupus and other autoimmune diseases; or endocrine diseases; or hyperuricemia; or hyperlipidemia, or dyslipidemia; or polycystic ovary syndrome, or complications arising from athletic activity.
8. The method as claimed in any one of Claims 4 to 7 wherein the succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered orally, or parenterally, or topically, or rectally.
9. The method as claimed in any one of Claims 4 to 8 wherein the succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered for period of 1 day or longer.
10. The method as claimed in Claim 9 wherein the succinic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered for period of 3 to 7 days.
11. The method as claimed in any one of Claims 4 to 10 wherein the mammal is a human.
12. The method as claimed in Claim 11 wherein the human is a non-insulin dependent diabetic human.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/RU1998/000374 WO2000028944A2 (en) | 1998-11-12 | 1998-11-12 | Use of succinic acid or salts thereof and method of treating insulin resistance |
| AU26449/99A AU2644999A (en) | 1998-11-12 | 1998-11-12 | Use of succinic acid or salts thereof and method of treating insulin resistance |
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| PCT/RU1998/000374 WO2000028944A2 (en) | 1998-11-12 | 1998-11-12 | Use of succinic acid or salts thereof and method of treating insulin resistance |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20210267923A1 (en) * | 2018-06-22 | 2021-09-02 | Enzene Biosciences Limited | Succinic acid and derivatives for the treatment of haemotological disorders |
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1998
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| US20210267923A1 (en) * | 2018-06-22 | 2021-09-02 | Enzene Biosciences Limited | Succinic acid and derivatives for the treatment of haemotological disorders |
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