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WO2000078929A1 - Fabrication d'ilots de cellules pancreatiques - Google Patents

Fabrication d'ilots de cellules pancreatiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000078929A1
WO2000078929A1 PCT/US2000/017208 US0017208W WO0078929A1 WO 2000078929 A1 WO2000078929 A1 WO 2000078929A1 US 0017208 W US0017208 W US 0017208W WO 0078929 A1 WO0078929 A1 WO 0078929A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cells
pancreatic
islet
insulin
population
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2000/017208
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Susan Bonner-Weir
Monica Taneja
Original Assignee
Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc. filed Critical Joslin Diabetes Center, Inc.
Priority to EP00941645A priority Critical patent/EP1185622A4/fr
Priority to AU56326/00A priority patent/AU5632600A/en
Priority to CA002375509A priority patent/CA2375509A1/fr
Publication of WO2000078929A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000078929A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
    • C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
    • C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
    • C12N5/0676—Pancreatic cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2500/00—Specific components of cell culture medium
    • C12N2500/90—Serum-free medium, which may still contain naturally-sourced components
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
    • C12N2501/10—Growth factors
    • C12N2501/117—Keratinocyte growth factors (KGF-1, i.e. FGF-7; KGF-2, i.e. FGF-12)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2506/00—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells
    • C12N2506/22—Differentiation of animal cells from one lineage to another; Differentiation of pluripotent cells from pancreatic cells

Definitions

  • diabetes mellitus covers a heterologous group of disorders having common symptomatic characteristics. These symptoms include an absolute or relative insulin deficiency, fasting hyperglycemia, glycosuria and a tendency to develop arteriosclerosis, neuropathy and nephropathy. At least two major as well as several less common variants of the disease have been identified.
  • IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  • Type 1 diabetes covers about 10% of patients having diabetes.
  • NIDDM non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
  • Type 2 diabetes represents the remaining 90% of patients having diabetes.
  • pancreatic cells or tissue from a donor to a diabetic patient.
  • pancreatic cell tissue transplantation is the shortage of human donor tissue. Only about 3,000 cadaver pancreases become available in the United States each year while about 35,000 new cases of Type 1 diabetes are diagnosed each year.
  • pancreatic duct and exocrine cells are capable of serving as precursor cells. It was found that by replication, mature duct and/or exocrine cells can revert to a less differentiated cell that can then redifferentiate into islet, exocrine or mature duct cells and that external signals direct the phenotypic differentiation of these cells.
  • pancreatic duct cells can provide a source of islet cells which can be used in transplantation procedures. Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention features a method of promoting dedifferentiation of pancreatic cells.
  • the method includes: obtaining a population of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells; and allowing the adult or differentiated cells to proliferate, e.g., rapidly proliferate, e.g., proliferate in the presence of an agent which promotes expansion., thereby providing dedifferentiated pancreatic cells.
  • the population of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells can be: a population substantially free of islet cells, e.g., a population from which the islet cells have been removed or have been substantially removed.
  • the pancreatic cells are human pancreatic cells.
  • the population of cells includes: duct cells; exocrine cells; duct and exocrine cells; less than about 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1% islet cells.
  • the population of cells is obtained from cells remaining after islet isolation.
  • the population of cells is selected based on the ability to attach to a container, e.g., a culture flask, e.g., a non-sticky culture flask. These cells are also referred to herein as "adherent cells".
  • the cells that do not attach to the container are removed from the container and cultured in another container until the cells attach.
  • the cells that do not attach to the container are removed when at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%), 20% or more of the surface of the container has cells attached to it. Once the cells attach, they can be used in the methods of the invention.
  • the adherent cells express low levels or no insulin, e.g., the cells express less than about 600 ng, 500 ng, 400 ng, 300 ng, 200 ng, 150 ng, 100 ng, 50 ng of insulin.
  • the adherent cells have: less than about 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2%, l% the insulin content of an original sample of cells obtained from a pancreas or pancreases; less than about 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2%, 1% the DNA content of an original sample of cells obtained from a pancreas or pancreases.
  • the agent which promotes expansion is: a polypeptide or fragment or analog thereof which binds TGF- ⁇ , e.g., a soluble TGF- ⁇ receptor; an antibody which binds TGF- ⁇ ; an nucleic acid which binds to TGF- ⁇ and inhibits TGF- ⁇ expression, e.g., a TGF- ⁇ antisense molecule; at least one growth factor; combinations thereof.
  • the method includes providing an agent which promotes proliferation of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells.
  • the agent is a growth factor or a combination of growth factors.
  • the growth factor can be one or more of: keratinocyte growth factor (KGF); epidermal growth factor (EGF); transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ); hepatocyte growth factor (HGF).
  • KGF keratinocyte growth factor
  • EGF epidermal growth factor
  • TGF- ⁇ transforming growth factor- ⁇
  • HGF hepatocyte growth factor
  • the growth factor is KGF.
  • the cells are allowed to proliferate by placing the cells on a substrate, e.g., a container, e.g., a plastic container, with medium containing an agent which promotes proliferation of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells, e.g., a growth factor, e.g., KGF, EGF, TGF- ⁇ , and/or HGF.
  • a growth factor e.g., KGF, EGF, TGF- ⁇ , and/or HGF.
  • the growth factor is a growth factor which promotes the proliferation of pancreatic duct cells, e.g., rapid proliferation of pancreatic duct cells.
  • the container is: a plastic container, e.g., a plastic flask, e.g., a non-sticky plastic flask; a plastic container wherein an extracellular matrix protein has been laid down in the container, e.g., plastic container, e.g., plastic flask.
  • the extracellular matrix protein is laid down by a cell, e.g., the extracellular matrix is laid down by a cancer derived cell line, e.g., a bladder carcinoma cell line, e.g., an A431 cell line.
  • the extracellular matrix protein is: added to the container; is a laminin, e.g., laminin 5; is a collagen, e.g., collagen I and/or collagen IV.
  • the cells are placed on a substrate in a glucose- containing media, e.g., the glucose-containing media comprises about 4 mM, 6 mM, 8 mM, 10 mM glucose.
  • the media can be serum free.
  • nicotinamide is added to the media; insulin/transferrin/selenium (ITS) is added to the media; bovine serum albumin (BSA) is added to the media; combinations of nicotinamide, ITS and/or BSA is added to the media.
  • ITS insulin/transferrin/selenium
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • the population of cells is: cultured until confluent; cultured until semi-confluent; cultured until the cells form a monolayer. In a preferred embodiment, the population of cells is cultured until at least about 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% confluency.
  • the population of cells is cultured for at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 14, 18, 20, 25, 30 or more days.
  • the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells express a marker indicative of expansion.
  • the marker can be one or more of: cytokeratin; PDX-1 ; IPF-1 ; Pref-1 ; lack of insulin.
  • the invention features a method of obtaining pancreatic islet cells from dedifferentiated pancreatic cells.
  • the method includes adding an extracellular matrix component to a population of dedifferentiated pancreatic cells; and culturing the cells, to thereby obtaining pancreatic islet cells.
  • the population of dedifferentiated cells includes: dedifferentiated duct cells; dedifferentiated exocrine cells; both dedifferentiated duct cells and dedifferentiated exocrine cells.
  • the cells are human cells.
  • the population of cells is a monolayer of cells; has been cultured until semi-confluent; has been cultured until confluent. In a preferred embodiment, the population of cells has been cultured until at least about 40%, 50%,
  • the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells express a marker indicative of expansion.
  • the marker can be one or more of: cytokeratin; IPF-1 ; Pref-1 ; lack of insulin.
  • the extracellular matrix component is one or more of: laminin, e.g., laminin 1 ; collagen, e.g., collagen IV; entactin; heparin sulfate proteoglycan; nidogen.
  • the extracellular matrix component is a basement membrane derived substance, e.g., a basement membrane laid down by a cell, e.g., a tumor cell, e.g., an Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor cell.
  • EHS Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm
  • the extracellular matrix component is MatrigelTM.
  • the extracellular component further includes: one or more growth factor(s); one or more matrix metal loproteinase(s) (MMP), e.g., MMP-2, MMP-3; combinations thereof.
  • MMP matrix metal loproteinase
  • the extracellular matrix component is added by overlaying the population of dedifferentiated cells.
  • the cells are cultured for a period of at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 25, 28, 30, 35, 40, 42, 48, 50 or more days.
  • at least a portion of the cultured cells form cultivated islet buds (CIBs), preferably cultivated human islet buds (CHIBs).
  • CIBs cultivated islet buds
  • CHIBs cultivated human islet buds
  • at least 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% or more of the cultured cells form CIBs.
  • CIBs and "cysts" are used interchangeably herein.
  • the CIBs include: islet cells, e.g., ⁇ -cells, ⁇ -cells, and/or ⁇ -cells; hormone positive islet cells, e.g., glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and/or pancreatic peptide positive cells; duct cells; exocrine cells; combinations thereof.
  • the CIBs have: increased levels of insulin expression, e.g., as compared to the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells; increased levels of glucagon expression, e.g., as compared to the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells.
  • the pancreatic cells obtained have the ability to secrete insulin, e.g., the ability to secrete insulin in response to glucose.
  • the invention features a method of obtaining pancreatic islet cells.
  • the method includes obtaining a population of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells; allowing the population of pancreatic cells to proliferate in the presence of an agent which promotes expansion, e.g., a growth factor, to obtain a dedifferentiated population of pancreatic cells; and adding an extracellular matrix component to the population of dedifferentiated pancreatic cells, to thereby obtain pancreatic islet cells.
  • an agent which promotes expansion e.g., a growth factor
  • the population of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells can be: a population substantially free of islet cells, e.g., a population from which the islet cells have been removed or have been substantially removed.
  • the pancreatic cells are human pancreatic cells.
  • the population of cells includes: duct cells; exocrine cells; duct and exocrine cells; less than about 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1% islet cells.
  • the population of cells is obtained from cells remaining after islet isolation.
  • the population of cells is selected based on the ability to attach to a container, e.g., a culture flask, e.g., a non-sticky culture flask. These cells are also referred to herein as "adherent cells".
  • the cells that do not attach to the container are removed from the container and cultured in another container until the cells attach.
  • the cells that do not attach to the container are removed when at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% or more of the surface of the container has cells attached to it. Once the cells attach, they can be used in the methods of the invention.
  • the adherent cells express low levels or no insulin, e.g., the cells express less than about 600 ng, 500 ng, 400 ng, 300 ng, 200 ng, 150 ng, 100 ng, 50 ng of insulin.
  • the adherent cells have: less than about 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2%, 1% the insulin content of an original sample of cells obtained from a pancreas or pancreases; less than about 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2%, 1% the DNA content of an original sample of cells obtained from a pancreas or pancreases.
  • the method includes providing an agent which promotes proliferation of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells.
  • the agent which promotes expansion is: a polypeptide or fragment or analog thereof which binds TGF- ⁇ , e.g., a soluble TGF- ⁇ receptor; an antibody which binds TGF- ⁇ ; an nucleic acid which binds to TGF- ⁇ and inhibits TGF- ⁇ expression, e.g., a TGF- ⁇ antisense molecule; at least one growth factor; combinations thereof.
  • the agent is a growth factor or a combination of growth factors.
  • the growth factor can be one or more of: keratinocyte growth factor (KGF); epidermal growth factor (EGF); transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ); hepatocyte growth factor (HGF).
  • KGF keratinocyte growth factor
  • EGF epidermal growth factor
  • TGF- ⁇ transforming growth factor- ⁇
  • HGF hepatocyte growth factor
  • the growth factor is KGF.
  • the cells are allowed to proliferate by placing the cells on a substrate, e.g., a container, e.g., a plastic container, with medium containing an agent which promotes proliferation of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells, e.g., a growth factor, e.g., KGF, EGF, TGF- ⁇ , and/or HGF.
  • a growth factor e.g., KGF, EGF, TGF- ⁇ , and/or HGF.
  • the growth factor is a growth factor which promotes the proliferation of pancreatic duct cells, e.g., rapid proliferation of pancreatic duct cells.
  • the container is: a plastic container, e.g., a plastic flask, e.g., a non-sticky plastic flask; a plastic container wherein an extracellular matrix protein has been laid down in the container, e.g., plastic container, e.g., plastic flask.
  • the extracellular matrix protein is laid down by a cell, e.g., the extracellular matrix is laid down by a cancer derived cell line, e.g., a bladder carcinoma cell line, e.g., an A431 cell line.
  • the extracellular matrix protein is: added to the container; is a laminin, e.g., laminin 5; is a collagen, e.g., collagen I and/or collagen IV.
  • the cells are placed on a substrate in a glucose- containing media, e.g., the glucose-containing media comprises about 4 mM, 6 mM, 8 mM, 10 mM glucose.
  • the media can be serum free.
  • nicotinamide is added to the media; insulin/transferrin/selenium (ITS) is added to the media; bovine serum albumin (BSA) is added to the media; combinations of nicotinamide, ITS and/or BSA is added to the media.
  • the population of cells is: cultured until confluent; cultured until semi-confluent; cultured until the cells form a monolayer.
  • the population of cells is cultured until at least about 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% confluency.
  • the population of cells is cultured for at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 14, 18, 20, 25, 30 or more days.
  • the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells express a marker indicative of expansion.
  • the marker can be one or more of: cytokeratin; IPF-1 ; Pref-1 ; lack of insulin.
  • the population of dedifferentiated cells is a monolayer of cells; has been cultured until semi-confluent; has been cultured until confluent.
  • the extracellular matrix component is one or more of: laminin, e.g., laminin 1 ; collagen, e.g., collagen IV; entactin; heparin sulfate proteoglycan; nidogen.
  • the extracellular matrix component is a basement membrane derived substance, e.g., a basement membrane laid down by a cell, e.g., a tumor cell, e.g., an Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor cell.
  • EHS Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm
  • the extracellular matrix component is MatrigelTM.
  • the extracellular component further includes: one or more growth factor(s); one or more matrix metalloproteinase(s) (MMP), e.g., MMP-2, MMP-3; combinations thereof.
  • MMP matrix metalloproteinase(s)
  • the extracellular matrix component is added by overlaying the population of dedifferentiated cells.
  • the cells are cultured for a period of at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 25, 28, 30, 35, 40, 42, 48, 50 or more days.
  • At least a portion of the cultured cells form cultivated islet buds (CIBs), preferably cultivated human islet buds (CHIBs).
  • CIBs cultivated islet buds
  • CHIBs cultivated human islet buds
  • at least 1 %>, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%> or more of the cultured cells form CIBs.
  • CIBs spheres
  • cysts are used interchangeably herein.
  • the CIBs include: islet cells, e.g., ⁇ -cells, ⁇ -cells, and/or ⁇ -cells; hormone positive islet cells, e.g., glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and/or pancreatic peptide positive cells; duct cells; exocrine cells; combinations thereof.
  • the CIBs have: increased levels of insulin expression, e.g., as compared to the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells; increased levels of glucagon expression, e.g., as compared to the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells.
  • the pancreatic cells obtained have the ability to secrete insulin, e.g., the ability to secrete insulin in response to glucose.
  • the invention features a method of inducing dedifferentiation in adult or differentiated pancreatic cells.
  • the method includes: providing a population of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells which include, e.g., duct and/or exocrine cells by selecting cells based on the ability to attach to a substrate, e.g., a container; culturing the cells in a rich medium, e.g., rich DMEM/F12 serum free medium (and optionally a carbon source, e.g., glucose (e.g., 8mM), to which can be added: an agent which promotes expansion, e.g., a growth factor, and nicotinamide; and culturing till near confluence or substantial epithelial plaques, thereby providing dedifferentiated cells.
  • a rich medium e.g., rich DMEM/F12 serum free medium
  • a carbon source e.g., glucose (e.g., 8mM)
  • an agent which promotes expansion
  • the population of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells can be: a population substantially free of islet cells, e.g., a population from which the islet cells have been removed or have been substantially removed.
  • the pancreatic cells are human pancreatic cells.
  • the population of cells includes: duct cells; exocrine cells; duct and exocrine cells; less than about 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1% islet cells.
  • the population of cells is obtained from cells remaining after islet isolation.
  • the cells that do not attach to the container are removed from the container and cultured until the cells attach to the flask.
  • the cells that do not attach to the container are removed when at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%>, 10%, 15%), 20%) or more of the surface of the container has cells attached to it.
  • the adherent cells express low levels or no insulin, e.g., the cells express less than about 600 ng, 500 ng, 400 ng, 300 ng, 200 ng, 150 ng, 100 ng, 50 ng of insulin.
  • the adherent cells have: less than about 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 2%, 1% the insulin content of an original sample of cells obtained from a pancreas or pancreases; less than about 50%), 45%, 40%, 35%>, 30%>,
  • the agent which promotes expansion is: a polypeptide or fragment or analog thereof which binds TGF- ⁇ , e.g., a soluble TGF- ⁇ receptor; an antibody which binds TGF- ⁇ ; an nucleic acid which binds to TGF- ⁇ and inhibits TGF- ⁇ expression, e.g., a TGF- ⁇ antisense molecule; at least one growth factor; combinations thereof.
  • the agent which promotes expansion is a growth factor or a combination of growth factors.
  • the growth factor can be one or more of: keratinocyte growth factor (KGF); epidermal growth factor (EGF); transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ); hepatocyte growth factor (HGF).
  • KGF keratinocyte growth factor
  • EGF epidermal growth factor
  • TGF- ⁇ transforming growth factor- ⁇
  • HGF hepatocyte growth factor
  • the growth factor is KGF.
  • the growth factor is a growth factor which promotes the proliferation of pancreatic duct cells, e.g., rapid proliferation of pancreatic duct cells.
  • the container is: a plastic container, e.g., a plastic flask, e.g., a non-sticky plastic flask; a plastic container wherein an extracellular matrix protein has been laid down in the container, e.g., plastic container, e.g., plastic flask.
  • the extracellular matrix protein is laid down by a cell, e.g., the extracellular matrix is laid down by a cancer derived cell line, e.g., a bladder carcinoma cell line, e.g., an A431 cell line.
  • the extracellular matrix protein is: added to the container; is a laminin, e.g., laminin 5; is a collagen, e.g., collagen I and/or collagen IV.
  • the media further includes one or more of: insulin/transferrin/selenium (ITS); bovine serum albumin (BSA).
  • ITS insulin/transferrin/selenium
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • the cells are cultured in a rich medium with serum, e.g., rich DMEM/F12 with serum (and optionally a carbon source, e.g., glucose (e.g., glucose),
  • the population of cells is cultured until at least about 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% confluency.
  • the population of cells is cultured for at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 14, 18, 20, 25, 30 or more days.
  • the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells express a marker indicative of expansion.
  • the marker can be one or more of: cytokeratin; IPF-1 ; Pref-1 ; lack of insulin.
  • the invention features a method of providing islet cells, e.g., alpha cells, beta cells and/or delta cells.
  • the method includes providing a population of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells which include, e.g., duct and/or exocrine cells selected based upon the ability to attach to a substrate, e.g., a container; culturing the cells in the presence of a rich medium, e.g., rich DMEM/F12 serum free medium (and optionally a carbon source, e.g., glucose (e.g., 8mM), to which is added: an agent which promotes expansion, e.g., a growth factor, and nicotinamide; culturing till near confluence or substantial epithelial plaques, to thereby provide dedifferentiated cells; and contacting the layer of cells with extracellular matrix, or one or more components thereof, thereby providing newly differentiated islet cells.
  • a rich medium e.g., rich DMEM/F12
  • the population of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells can be: a population substantially free of islet cells, e.g., a population from which the islet cells have been removed or have been substantially removed.
  • the pancreatic cells are human pancreatic cells.
  • the population of cells includes: duct cells; exocrine cells; duct and exocrine cells; less than about 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 1% islet cells.
  • the population of cells is obtained from cells remaining after islet isolation.
  • the cells that do not attach to the container are removed from the container and cultured in another container until the cells attach.
  • the cells that do not attach to the container are removed when at least 1%, 2%,
  • the adherent cells express low levels or no insulin, e.g., the cells express less than about 600 ng, 500 ng, 400 ng, 300 ng, 200 ng, 150 ng, 100 ng, 50 ng of insulin. In a preferred embodiment, the adherent cells have: less than about 50%, 45%>, 40%,
  • the agent which promotes expansion is: a polypeptide or fragment or analog thereof which binds TGF- ⁇ , e.g., a soluble TGF- ⁇ receptor; an antibody which binds TGF- ⁇ ; an nucleic acid which binds to TGF- ⁇ and inhibits TGF- ⁇ expression, e.g., a TGF- ⁇ antisense molecule; at least one growth factor; combinations thereof.
  • the agent which promotes expansion is a growth factor or a combination of growth factors.
  • the growth factor can be one or more of: keratinocyte growth factor (KGF); epidermal growth factor (EGF); transforming growth factor- ⁇ (TGF- ⁇ ); hepatocyte growth factor (HGF).
  • the growth factor is KGF.
  • the growth factor is a growth factor which promotes the proliferation of pancreatic duct cells, e.g., rapid proliferation of pancreatic duct cells.
  • the container is: a plastic container, e.g., a plastic flask, e.g., a non-sticky plastic flask; a plastic container wherein an extracellular matrix protein has been laid down in the container, e.g., plastic container, e.g., plastic flask.
  • the extracellular matrix protein is laid down by a cell, e.g., the extracellular matrix is laid down by a cancer derived cell line, e.g., a bladder carcinoma cell line, e.g., an A431 cell line.
  • the extracellular matrix protein is: added to the container; is a laminin, e.g., laminin 5; is a collagen, e.g., collagen I and/or collagen IV.
  • the media further includes one or more of: insulin/transferrin/selenium (ITS); bovine serum albumin (BSA).
  • ITS insulin/transferrin/selenium
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • the cells are cultured in a rich medium with serum, e.g., rich DMEM/F12 with serum (and optionally a carbon source, e.g., glucose (e.g., 8mM), prior to culturing the cells in a serum free rich medium.
  • serum e.g., rich DMEM/F12 with serum
  • carbon source e.g., glucose (e.g., 8mM)
  • the population of cells is cultured until at least about 40%, 50%., 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% confluency.
  • the population of cells is cultured for at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 14, 18, 20, 25, 30 or more days.
  • the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells express a marker indicative of expansion.
  • the marker can be one or more of: cytokeratin; IPF-1 ; Pref-1 ; lack of insulin.
  • the layer of cells is contacted with an extracellular matrix component which is one or more of: laminin, e.g., laminin 1 ; collagen, e.g., collagen IV; entactin; heparin sulfate proteoglycan; nidogen.
  • the extracellular matrix component is a basement membrane derived substance, e.g., a basement membrane laid down by a cell, e.g., a tumor cell, e.g., an Engelbreth-Holm- Swarm (EHS) tumor cell.
  • EHS Engelbreth-Holm- Swarm
  • the extracellular matrix component is MatrigelTM.
  • the extracellular component further includes: one or more growth factor(s); one or more matrix metalloproteinase(s) (MMP), e.g., MMP-2, MMP-3; combinations thereof.
  • MMP matrix metalloproteinase
  • the extracellular matrix component is added by overlaying the population of dedifferentiated cells.
  • the cells are cultured for a period of at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 25, 28, 30, 35, 40, 42, 48, 50 or more days.
  • at least a portion of the cultured cells form cultivated islet buds (CIBs), preferably cultivated human islet buds (CHIBs).
  • CIBs cultivated islet buds
  • CHIBs cultivated human islet buds
  • at least 1%,, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%>, 40%, 45%>, 50% or more of the cultured cells form CIBs.
  • CIBs cultivated islet buds
  • CHIBs cultivated human islet buds
  • the CIBs include: islet cells, e.g., ⁇ -cells, ⁇ -cells, and/or ⁇ -cells; hormone positive islet cells, e.g., glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and/or pancreatic peptide positive cells; duct cells; exocrine cells; combinations thereof.
  • the CIBs have: increased levels of insulin expression, e.g., as compared to the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells; increased levels of glucagon expression, e.g., as compared to the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells.
  • the pancreatic cells obtained have the ability to secrete insulin, e.g., the ability to secrete insulin in response to glucose.
  • the invention features a method of treating a subject, e.g., a human subject, having a disorder characterized by insufficient pancreatic islet function.
  • the method includes administering pancreatic islet cells obtained by the methods described herein to a subject having a disorder characterized by insufficient pancreatic islet function, to thereby treat the subject.
  • the disorder is diabetes, e.g., insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).
  • IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
  • NIDDM non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
  • the pancreatic cells are obtained after pancreatic islet cell isolation from a donor pancreas.
  • the pancreatic cells are obtained from the subject having the disorder.
  • the invention features a population of pancreatic cells made by any of the methods described herein.
  • the pancreatic cells are islet cells, e.g., alpha, beta and/or delta cells.
  • the pancreatic islets are hormone positive islet cells, e.g., glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic peptide positive cells, and combinations thereof.
  • the pancreatic islets have: increased levels of insulin expression, e.g., as compared to the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells; increased levels of glucagon expression, e.g., as compared to the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells.
  • the pancreatic cells obtained have the ability to secrete insulin, e.g., the ability to secrete insulin in response to glucose.
  • the pancreatic cells are dedifferentiated pancreatic cells.
  • the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells express a marker indicative of expansion.
  • the marker can be one or more of: cytokeratin; IPF-1 ; Pref-1 ; lack of insulin.
  • pancreatic cell refers to a cell obtained from the pancreas.
  • the pancreatic cell is a duct cell or an exocrine cell.
  • a "population of pancreatic cells” refers to two or more cells obtained from the pancreas. The cells can be obtained from the same or different pancreases.
  • a population of pancreatic cells is substantially free of islet cells, e.g., the population of pancreatic cells comprises less than 70%, 60%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 3%, 1% pancreatic islet cells.
  • the terms “CIBs”, “spheres” and “cysts” are used interchangeably herein. These terms refer to three-dimensional structures which arise from dedifferentiated pancreatic cells contacted with an extracellular matrix component.
  • the CIBs include one or more of: duct cells; exocrine cells; endocrine cells, e.g., cells which stain positive for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and/or pancreatic peptide; pancreatic islet cells, ⁇ -cells, ⁇ - cells, and/or ⁇ -cells.
  • IPF-1 and "PDX-1” are used interchangeably herein.
  • Other names for “IPF-1” include “STF-1” and “IDX-1”.
  • subject includes mammals, particularly humans, susceptible to a disease characterized by insufficient insulin activity. Examples of subjects include primates, e.g., humans and monkeys.
  • Figure 1 depicts the three dimensional structures of ductal cysts with protruding buds of islet cells (CHIBs) which are present after the ducts were overlaid with extracellular matrix components (Figure IA).
  • Figures IB and 1C show the variable numbers of dithizone stained ⁇ cells in these harvested cysts. Some of these structures have 50-150 ⁇ m islet buds.
  • Figure ID shows the structure of budding islet cells from a cyst in a toluidine blue 1 ⁇ m section.
  • Magnification bar of Figure IB is 500 ⁇ m; in Figure 1 C it is 100 ⁇ m; in Figure ID it is 50 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 2 is a graft depicting the responsiveness of cysts/CHIBs to glucose in in vitro secretion studies.
  • Middle layer tissue from two flasks of pancreas H9-19 (19a & 19b) and H99-25 (25a & 25b) and one flask of pancreas H99-24 (24) are shown.
  • each sample was incubated for 24 hours in RPMI with 5 mM glucose to determine basal secretion levels.
  • Media was then supplemented with either 5 mM (hatched) or 20 mM (solid) glucose for a 24-hour period. Insulin secretion is expressed as a percentage of the same tube basal levels.
  • Pancreatic cells can be obtained from a donor pancreas or pancreases.
  • the pancreatic cells can be provided by a subject to whom the pancreatic islet cell will later be administered.
  • Other sources for providing a pancreatic cell include a cell obtained from a donor other than the subject to whom the pancreatic islet cell will be administered.
  • the donor can be of the same species as the recipient subject (allogeneic) or a different species (xenogeneic).
  • the pancreatic cell is obtained after islet purification procedures. However, the pancreatic cell can also be obtained prior to islet purification.
  • the remaining cells can be cultured in media, e.g., CRML media, preferably with serum.
  • the cells are cultured until cells attach to culture flask, e.g., the cells clump, move to the bottom of the flask and attach to the flask.
  • the flask can be a sticky flask or a non-sticky flask, e.g., a bacteriological flask.
  • a non- sticky flask is used, e.g., a flask which maintains islets in suspension.
  • cells will clump and attach to the flask in about 1-10 days, 1-4 days.
  • Cells that do not attach to the flask can be removed and placed in a new flask.
  • the cells that do not attach to the flask are removed when at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%), 20% ⁇ or more of the surface of the flask has cells attached to it.
  • the non- attached cells can then continue to be cultured in media, e.g., CRML media, e.g., CRML media plus serum, until they attach to the flask. This process can continue to be repeated to obtain cells for use in the methods.
  • the cells that do attach are also referred to herein as "adherent cells".
  • Cells obtained by this procedure are mostly non-islet cells, e.g., duct tissue and exocrine cells.
  • the population of cells can comprise pancreatic islet cells, e.g., the population of cells can comprise less than 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 15%),
  • pancreatic islet cells 10%, 5%, 1% pancreatic islet cells.
  • pancreatic islet cells include alpha, beta and delta cells.
  • Methods of determining the type of cell in a population of pancreatic cells can be determined using methods known in the art. For example, the cells can be stained with a stain specific for a particular cell type, e.g., an islet specific stain, e.g., dithizone stain.
  • determining a particular cell type include double immunofluorescence staining, e.g., using antibodies made in different species which bind to various pancreatic cell specific proteins, e.g., insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and a label conjugated to an antibody which binds to the antibodies of a particular species.
  • a cell type can be determined by its morphology, e.g., non-islet cells have a clear epithelial morphology.
  • the cells can be diluted in the container, e.g., flask, such that there is greater epithelial growth than fibroblast growth achieved. For example, the cells can be diluted to achieve a final concentration of 1.5 to 3 million cells in a 75 cm 2 flask.
  • the attached cells can be expanded, e.g., the cells can be expanded for about 1-20 days, 4-16 days, 7-14 days. During the expansion period, the media can be changed, e.g., about every 2-3 days, or it can remain unchanged.
  • the attached cells can then remain in the same container or can be lifted and introduced into a new container. The cells can then be lifted, for example, with a trypsin solution. Cells treated with trypsin solution become rounder and can be shaken off the flask and spun down.
  • the cells can then be diluted in a new container, e.g., flask. Preferably, the cells are diluted such that there is greater epithelial growth than fibroblast growth.
  • the container is preferably a flask, e.g., a plastic flask.
  • the cells can either be in a flask, as is, or a flask in which an ECM has been laid down. ECM, or components of
  • ECM can be laid down by a cell.
  • a cell line derived from a tumor such as a bladder carcinoma cell line, e.g., A431 cell line
  • a container e.g., a plastic container, e.g., a plastic flask.
  • the tumor-derived cells can then be killed and washed off to obtain a container which comprises ECM, or a component or components of ECM.
  • An ECM component can also be added to the container, e.g., collagen.
  • an ECM protein associated with tumors such as laminin 5 is added to the container. Synthetic ECM replacements can also be used.
  • the cells are allowed to proliferate by, for example, placing the cells on a substrate, e.g., a container, with media or by adding the media to the container.
  • the media includes glucose.
  • the glucose-containing media can include about 4 mM, 6 M, 8 mM, 10 mM glucose.
  • a preferred media is DMEM/F12, preferably serum free DMEM/F12.
  • the cells can initially be cultured in media with serum added.
  • the cells can be cultured for about 24-48 hours in the presence of serum and then the media is changed to be serum free.
  • At least one or more of the following can be added to the serum free media: an agent which promotes expansion, e.g., a growth factor,; nicotinamide; insulin/transferrin/selenium (ITS); and/or bovine serum albumin (BSA).
  • agent which promotes expansion include KGF, EGF, TGF- ⁇ , TGF- ⁇ and HGF.
  • the cells are cultured till near confluence or substantial epithelial plaques.
  • the cells are cultured until at least about 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%), 90%, 95% confluency.
  • This procedure promotes rapid proliferation of non-islet tissue, e.g., duct tissue, to dedifferentiate and become pluripotent.
  • Markers indicative of pancreatic expansion can be used to detect dedifferentiated pancreatic cells.
  • markers include one or more of: cytokeratin, PDX-1, IDX-1, STF-1, IPF-1 (PDX-1/IDX- 1 /STF-1), Pref-1 and lack of insulin.
  • the dedifferentiated (pluripotent) cells can then be used to obtained islet cells, as well as duct cells and exocrine cells.
  • Differentiation of the pluripotent cells can be achieved by contacting, e.g., overlaying, the monolayer of cells with ECM, or a component or components of EMC.
  • the layer of cells is contacted with an extracellular matrix component which is one or more of: laminin, e.g., laminin 1; collagen, e.g., collagen IV; entactin; heparin sulfate proteoglycan; nidogen.
  • the extracellular matrix component can be a basement membrane derived substance, e.g., a basement membrane laid down by a cell, e.g., a tumor cell, e.g., an Engelbreth-Holm- Swarm (EHS) tumor cell.
  • the extracellular matrix component is MatrigelTM which is commercially available from Becton-Dickenson.
  • the extracellular component can further include: one or more growth factor(s), one or more matrix metalloproteinase(s) (MMP), e.g., MMP-2, MMP-3, and combinations thereof.
  • MMP matrix metalloproteinase
  • the cells can be cultured in the presence of the extracellular matrix or component or components of the extracellular matrix for a period of at least 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 21, 25, 28, 30, 35, 40, 42, 48, 50 or more days.
  • the cells are then allowed to differentiate and spheres of tissue form which include newly differentiated islet cells.
  • These spheres or tissue are also referred to as cultivated islet buds (CIBs).
  • CIBs cultivated islet buds
  • the CIBs can include: islet cells, e.g., ⁇ -cells, ⁇ -cells, and/or ⁇ -cells; hormone positive islet cells, e.g., glucagon, insulin, somatostatin and/or pancreatic peptide positive cells; duct cells; exocrine cells; combinations thereof.
  • the CIBs have: increased levels of insulin expression, e.g., as compared to the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells; increased levels of glucagon expression, e.g., as compared to the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells, and/or have the ability to secrete insulin, e.g., the ability to secrete insulin in response to glucose.
  • increased levels of insulin expression e.g., as compared to the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells
  • increased levels of glucagon expression e.g., as compared to the dedifferentiated pancreatic cells
  • the ability to secrete insulin e.g., the ability to secrete insulin in response to glucose.
  • islet isolation procedures about 600,000 islets are about the most that can be isolated from a single pancreas, and usually the yield is not that high.
  • the isolated islets may be supplemented with equal numbers of in vitro grown islets. Potential yields of in vitro grown islets by the methods described herein are about 500,000 islets or more.
  • Pancreatic duct cells are capable of serving as precursor cells and are, thus, facultative stem cells.
  • the term "facultative stem cells” means that at least a portion of the duct cells such as duct epithelium and/or acini are capable of serving as precursor cells.
  • exocrine cells are capable of serving as precursors. Clonal expansion of these "facultative stem cells” has been achieved in vitro. Successful passaging of pancreatic ducts for 20-30 passages has been accomplished. These cells lose their ductal phenotype but regain duct and islet phenotypes in vivo.
  • a mature duct cell can revert to a less differentiated cell that can then redifferentiate into islet, exocrine or mature duct cell.
  • External signals can direct the phenotypic differentiation.
  • Signals involved in proliferation and differentiation of these precursor pancreatic cells can include: cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and growth factors/cytokines.
  • extracellular matrix components such as laminins (e.g., laminin 1 and/or laminin 5), collagen (e.g., collagen I and/or collagen IV), heparin sulfate proteoglycans, entactin, and nidogen; proteins or peptides which interact with extracellular matrix components such as integrins; growth factors (e.g., TGF- ⁇ , TGF- ⁇ , KGF, HGF and/or EGF) and their receptors.
  • laminins e.g., laminin 1 and/or laminin 5
  • collagen e.g., collagen I and/or collagen IV
  • heparin sulfate proteoglycans e.g., collagen I and/or collagen IV
  • heparin sulfate proteoglycans e.g., collagen I and/or collagen IV
  • heparin sulfate proteoglycans e.g., collagen I and/or collagen IV
  • pancreatic cell dedifferentiation and subsequent regeneration Various models can be used to determine which factors are involved in pancreatic cell dedifferentiation and subsequent regeneration.
  • the partial pancreatectomy (Px) model has been used as a well defined system of in vivo growth and development, with a rapid and defined time line. Using this model, it was found, for example, that both HGF and TGF- ⁇ have marked changes in expression during the first days after Px.
  • primary duct cultures can be used to determine the direct effect of these factors in vitro. Using primary cultures, the direct effects of HGF and TGF- ⁇ on the proliferation of ductal epithelium was determined. PDX-l/PDX-1 protein expression in these ducts has also suggested that the mature ducts undergo dedifferentiation with proliferation, being facultative stem cells.
  • a partial pancreatectomy was also performed in streptozocin (STZ) treated rats that had been transplanted with enough islets to maintain normoglycemia.
  • STZ streptozocin
  • This model was used to determine whether the ductal precursor cells expressed enough ⁇ cell specific characteristics to be damaged by the STZ. Since ducts proliferated and differentiated into both islets and exocrine tissue, it can be concluded that the STZ did not affect the precursor cells. Furthermore, the reduction of ⁇ cell mass of greater than 70%> by pretreatment with STZ had no effect on regeneration of either endocrine or exocrine tissue in the remnant after Px. There was no correlation between the fed plasma glucose levels and the mass of regenerating tissue.
  • the external signals most epithelial cells rely on for initiation and maintenance of their differentiated phenotype are cell-cell and cell matrix interactions and growth factors/cytokines.
  • Various factors can be tested using multiplex RT-PCR and/or immunolocalization on pancreas after Px. For example, using these methods, it was found that HGF and TGF ⁇ expression change during pancreatic regeneration. Changes induced by these factors may regulate the expression of matrix binding proteins and matrix proteins which results in ductal expansion and redifferentiation.
  • the in vivo system allows for characterization of the duct precursor cells in the adult pancreas and how their differentiation is regulated, while a complementary in vitro expansion of duct cells allows manipulation and molecular analysis of the mechanisms involved in the differentiation process.
  • TGF- ⁇ is a factor often inhibiting epithelial growth and its immunolocalization pattern supported such a role in pancreas (see below), it appears that TGF- ⁇ may act as a brake on ductal proliferation.
  • this factor (10 ng/ml, human recombinant TGF- ⁇ , R&D Systems) was added for the last 24 hours of culture on collagen I gels, a profound cessation of the replication, down 10 fold to 3.3 f 0.6 %, was found. A similar finding was seen with Matrigel-coated dishes, but the replication levels were less.
  • HGF 10 or 50 ng/ml
  • HGF 10 or 50 ng/ml
  • Matrigel increased the BrdU incorporation of cultured primary duct epithelium 2-3 fold (10 ng/ml HGF 11.8 f 2.3 %; 50 ng/ml, 14.8 +2.1%; untreated control
  • Exendin-4 which is a homolog of GLP-1, has been found to increase ⁇ cell replication and differentiation from duct cells.
  • exendin-4 can be used to promote differentiation of dedifferentiated cells into pancreatic islet cells, e.g., ⁇ -cells.
  • pancreatic islet cells e.g., ⁇ -cells.
  • exendin-4 was also used in vivo after Px. For the first 10 days after Px, exendin-4 (1 nmol/kg) was given intraperitoneally. Plasma glucose levels and body weights were followed weekly until sacrifice at 4 weeks after Px.
  • the Px + exendin rats had significantly lower plasma glucose levels from 2 weeks onwards even though the treatment was stopped at 10 days.
  • the ⁇ cell mass appears increased, both as islets and small clusters of hormone positive cells budding from the ducts; quantification of the beta cell mass is in progress.
  • exendin-4 stimulates both differentiation of ducts and beta cell replication.
  • exendin-4 Since exendin-4 has been found to increase both ⁇ cell replication and differentiation from ducts (neogenesis), it can be used to modulate increases of ⁇ cell mass, e.g., in vivo.
  • Integrin, Matrix Metalloproteases and Their Interactions With ECM Cell-matrix interactions involve integrin and non-integrin receptors that have specificity of binding to ECM components (for example, ⁇ 6 ⁇ l and ⁇ 7 ⁇ l for laminin 1 ; ⁇ 4 ⁇ l and ⁇ 5 ⁇ l for fibronectin; ⁇ 6 ⁇ l for laminin 5 (epiligrin) and collagen , fibronectin and laminin 1 ; ⁇ v ⁇ l for fibronectin and vitronectin) resulting in different responses within a cell.
  • ECM components for example, ⁇ 6 ⁇ l and ⁇ 7 ⁇ l for laminin 1 ; ⁇ 4 ⁇ l and ⁇ 5 ⁇ l for fibronectin; ⁇ 6 ⁇ l for laminin 5 (epiligrin) and collagen , fibronectin and laminin 1 ; ⁇ v ⁇ l for fibronectin and vitronectin
  • pancreas ⁇ l integrin subunits are highly expressed on pancre
  • the rat pancreatic ductal carcinoma derived cell line AR42J has been shown to have more affinity to laminin than type IV collagen or fibronectin, but there is differential expression and binding to at least two laminin receptors (only one of which is an integrin) depending on its differentiative state. Stallmach et al. (1992) Gastroenterol.
  • AR42J cells in undifferentiated state attached to laminin via 67 kD laminin receptors while after dexamethasone treatment, a treatment that others have shown to induce acinar differentiation, they adhered via ⁇ 6 ⁇ l integrins.
  • ⁇ 3 ⁇ l integrin was expressed on all plasma membrane faces of beta cells even where there was no laminin 1 or 5 (Kantengwa et al. (1997) Exp. Cell Res. 237:394-402), which is consistent with ⁇ 3 ⁇ l playing a role in cell-cell adhesion as well as cell matrix.
  • MMPs matrix metalloproteases
  • MMP-1 mainly degrades collagen I, II, and III
  • MMP-3 stromelysin
  • MMP-2 72kD type IV collagenase, gelatinase A
  • MMP2 specifically cleaves laminin 5 and exposes a cryptic site that triggers cell mobility. Giannelli et al. (1997) Science 277:225-228.
  • MMP-2 and not MMP-1 , MMP3 was seen in chronic pancreatitis (Gress et al. (1994) Gastroenterol. 32:221-225), and so is the most likely MMP in the remodeling seen here.
  • MMP-3 is another likely candidate since it triggers phenotypic changes in mammary duct epithelium by altering cell-cell interactions while inducing MMP-2 and keratinocyte growth factor (KGF). Lochter et al. (1997) J. Cell Biol. 139:1861-1872.
  • u-PA urokinase-plasminogen activator
  • HGF causes a dose dependent increase in expression of u-PA and its receptor; which 2) further activates pro HGF; 3) u-PA activates plasminogen to plasmin; which 4) activates TGF ⁇ ; which 5) inhibits HGF expression, induces its own expression, and down regulates u-PA; which 6) leads to loss of TGFP activity; which 7) removes the constraints on the HGF expression, and the cycle repeats.
  • Integrin patterns and binding are likely to provide differentiative responses to pancreatic cells.
  • integrins and their ligands or binding portions thereof maybe useful in dedifferentiation/differentiation of pancreatic cells.
  • pancreatic cell differentiation changes of matrix and cell-matrix adhesion molecules in pancreatic regeneration model can be correlated temporally and spatially to previous data on the expression of TGF ⁇ and HGF, and then direct evidence of the regulation of the adhesion molecules can be tested with cultured duct cells.
  • Primary cultures of rat common pancreatic ducts show that the amount of ⁇ 6 ⁇ l expressed on recently proliferating duct cells depended on the matrix the cells were grown on. On Matrigel, all cells had intense plasma membrane staining. On collagen I, most cells had strong but less intense staining.
  • A-431 a human epidermoid cell line that lays down a laminin 5-rich matrix
  • some cells had little to no staining while others had strong to intense staining. Since it was found that there are in vivo changes after Px in both HGF and TGF ⁇ expression around the ducts and that the ECM show marked structural changes by 24 hours, it appears that the expression of ⁇ 3 ⁇ l and ⁇ 6 ⁇ l integrins are modulated during the ductal expansion and redifferentiation in the focal areas. Thus, it is likely there are changes in the ECM around the ducts during the expansion/redifferentiation.
  • pancreatic remnants at 4, 12, 18, and 24 hours and 2, 3, 1 days after Px and the equivalent tissue from unoperated Sprague-Dawley rats can be excised, fresh frozen in chilled isopentane and stored at -80°C until sectioned.
  • tissue sections can be used to identify marked changes in the laminin composition of the ECM.
  • the laminins are important for differentiation (Streuli et al. (1991) J. Cell. Biol. 1 15: 1383-1395). While laminins are usually the product of the connective tissue/stromal cells (Simon-Assmann et al. (1990) Digestion 46:12-21), human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines can synthesize and deposit laminin 5, which is the preferred strata for movement for these carcinoma cells. Tani et al. ( ⁇ 991) Am. J. Pathol. 151 :1289-1302.
  • laminins may be useful for expanding adult or differentiated pancreatic cells.
  • laminins may play a role in differentiation of dedifferentiated pancreatic cells.
  • pancreatic ducts can be isolated from rats at 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 hours and 2, 3, and 7 days after Px for RNA extraction.
  • MMPs are expressed in the stromal cells and not the epithelium, the ducts of stroma are not cleaned as usual but rather just adherent islets and acini are removed. The RNA can then be analyzed using multiplex RT-PCR with primers for both MMPs and an internal control. Cyclophilin, ⁇ -tubulin or 36B4 can be used as internal controls. Since MMPs are not constitutively expressed (Matrisian (1990) Trends Genet 6:121-129), the induction of either mRNA suggests that this MMP is active in the matrix remodeling. As is seen in other systems, MMPs may be sequentially expressed, thus, if more than one MMP is expressed at the 24 hr time point.
  • RNA from intermediate times can be examined to determine which was induced first. Since isolated ducts are being used for the RNA, there should not be interference from the focal regions which are not included in the standard isolated duct preparation. If previous immunostaining of matrix suggested a second matrix remodeling in the focal regions, either immunostaining for the MMPs or in situ hybridization can be used to characterize the MMPs involved.
  • cytokine As controls, wells having no added cytokines can be used. Additionally, neutralizing antibodies for HGF, TGF ⁇ (both R&D) or EGF (GIBCO/BRL) can be added to remove any endogenous cytokine that may confound interpretation. The expression of MMP mRNA can again be assessed by multiplex RT- PCR and compared to that of the untreated cells.
  • TGF ⁇ and TGF ⁇ are TGF ⁇ and TGF ⁇ :
  • TGF ⁇ EGF and/or agents which interfere with TGF- ⁇ activity, e.g., TGF- ⁇ binding
  • TGF ⁇ /EGF The proliferation of ductal epithelium by TGF ⁇ /EGF has been shown by its overexpression in the pancreas in transgenic mice (Jhappan et al. (1990) Cell 61 :1137- 1 146) and by in vitro studies (Verme et al. (1990) Am. J. Phsyiol. 258:G833-G840). It has been found using the TGF ⁇ overexpressing transgenic mice suggested that TGF ⁇ stimulates proliferation of the precursor cells within the adult ducts. Wang et al. (1993) J. Clin. Invest.
  • TGF ⁇ is a growth inhibitor and is antagonistic to the effects of
  • TGF ⁇ and EGF Studies were performed to determine if TGF- ⁇ could have an inhibitory role in the proliferation of the ducts, thus being one of the regulatory elements in the system. If this were true, then TGF ⁇ must be expressed close to the duct epithelium and must change in its expression. Immunostaining with an antibody to the mature form of TGF- ⁇ (CC 1-30) showed that TGF- ⁇ was localized extracellularly around the larger ducts at the interface of the epithelium and stroma in normal pancreas (sham operated and unoperated) or pancreas 12 hours after Px.
  • TGF- ⁇ acts as an autocrine or paracrine brake on ductal proliferation, in opposition to TGF ⁇ /EGF which stimulate ductal growth.
  • TGF- ⁇ acts as a brake on ductal proliferation
  • primary duct cultures were treated with TGF- ⁇ for the last 24 hours of culture.
  • this factor (10 ng/ml, human recombinant TGF- ⁇ , R&D Systems) was added for the last 24 hours of culture, a profound cessation of the replication was found, down 10 fold to 3.3 + 0.6 %, thus supporting the conclusion that TGF- ⁇ could have a major role in regulating the ductal expansion that is the first step of regrowth of the pancreas.
  • TGF- ⁇ was an autocrine inhibitor of ductal epithelium.
  • the TGF- ⁇ found around the major ducts is secreted by the epithelial cells themselves.
  • the role of TGF- ⁇ is multifaceted in a number of tissues regulating the expression of integrins, extracellular matrix components and other growth factors/cytokines.
  • HGF can be used as an agent to promote expansion of adult or differentiated pancreatic cells.
  • a study of the expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, c- met, in pancreas regeneration was performed. After Px, HGF mRNA levels in the pancreatic remnant were not significantly increased above those in unoperated animals by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Only at one time point (2 days) was there an increase. Since the pancreatic remnant is composed of a mixture of duct, exocrine and islet cells, the common pancreatic ducts of unoperated, sham-operated and partially pancreatectomized rats were isolated for further RT-PCR studies to detect HGF and c-met mRNA.
  • HGF hepatocyte growth factor
  • HGF protein levels did not increase during after Px as determined by Western blot analysis.
  • the isolated common pancreatic duct consisted of both the columnar epithelium of this duct and a residual amount of closely adherent stroma, it was important to localize each protein by immunostaining.
  • HGF was immunolocalized both to the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells as well as that of single stromal cells surrounding the common pancreatic duct and was particularly prominent in the evaginations, characteristic of the common pancreatic duct. Staining was largely absent from the exocrine tissue. HGF staining was more intense 1-3 days after Px than after sham Px; by 7 days staining was comparable between Px and sham.
  • Gastrin has been found to increase differentiation of islet endocrine cells.
  • gastrin can be used to promote differentiation of dedifferentiated pancreatic cells into pancreatic islets.
  • mice with homozygous null alleles for either of the two CCK receptors, CCK-A and CCK-B were used. It was found that the pancreatic morphology was normal in these knock out mice from 4 to 12 months of age. However, in the CCK-B receptor null mice the glucagon cells appear to have an increased relative volume. Since there may be a redundancy in these receptors, the double null mice were also examined and surprisingly, it was found that these mice also have normal pancreas morphology and beta cell mass. Thus, a third receptor has not been ruled out. These studies suggest that CCK is not a major stimulus for normal pancreatic growth and development.
  • Insulin and its substrates There has been a recurrent question of whether insulin itself has an effect on the proliferation of pancreatic beta cells.
  • the pancreas of mice with marked insulin resistance due to a null allele either of the insulin receptor, or of insulin substrate -1, or both were examined. These mice were found not to be diabetic. By quantitating the mass of ⁇ and non- ⁇ endocrine cells in these mice, it was found that a selective ⁇ -cell proliferation had occurred in these normoglycemic mice and that the beta cell mass reflected the degree of insulin resistance. While both IRS-1 +/-and insulin receptor +/- mice had both 2-3 fold increased plasma insulin and beta cell mass, those mice heterozygous for both null alleles had 10 fold increases of both.
  • IRS-2 null islets have appropriate secretion for their mass but are ⁇ -cell deficient even before birth.
  • their ⁇ -cells incorporate the same or slightly more BrdU than either the wild type or the IRS-1 null mice, so there is no defect in their replicative ability.
  • IRS-2 may have a survival role in the newly differentiating islet cells.
  • mice that are null or "knock out” for transcription factors found in islets have been studied.
  • the hnf-1 (MODY 3) null mice were examined. Unlike the human counterparts, the heterozygote mice are normal functionally, however, the null mice are quite diabetic and have smaller islets with a decreased ⁇ -cell mass. The ⁇ -cells have a functional defect but cannot increase in mass adequately to compensate for this impairment.
  • the pdx-1 (PDX- 1 ) heterozygote mouse was found to be diabetic even though it had no difference in ⁇ -cell mass from wild type, suggesting a functional defect rather than a defect in the mass of ⁇ - cells.
  • Markers Indicative of Expansion Proliferation, e.g., rapid proliferation, of duct epithelial cells and/or exocrine cells can lead to the cells dedifferentiating back to a pluripotent state. Cells in this state are also referred to as dedifferentiated cells. Markers indicative of expansion can be used to detect cells in dedifferentiated state. Such markers can include cytokeratin, IPF-1 (PDX- 1), Pref-1 and lack of insulin expression. The phenotype of duct cells after pancreatectomy (Px) can be observed to determine other markers which are indicative of this state.
  • Px pancreatectomy
  • PDX-1 protein is transiently expressed in the newly replicated duct cells before their subsequent differentiation.
  • PDX-1 positive cells are the precursor cells of the pancreas and the adult duct cells are facultative stem cells. Since the adult duct epithelium retains the ability to give rise to all the differentiated cell types of the pancreas, the question of the nature of the precursor cells is raised. Sustained proliferation of the ductal epithelium after partial pancreatectomy leads to an increased pool of less differentiated duct cells that serve as facultative stem cells and that these cells can then be stimulated to differentiate to mature islets and exocrine cells. These less dedifferentiated or protodifferentiated cells have lost their specialized functions of the mature duct cells and are referred to as dedifferentiated duct cells.
  • the precursor cells in the pancreatic duct have been characterized in three sets of experiments.
  • PDX-1 protein expression may occur at the level of translational inhibition or at the level of protein stability.
  • Translational inhibition is an important regulatory mechanism for controlling expression of genes during early development, in response to various stresses as well as for maintenance of metabolic homeostasis; such inhibition can be mediated by a regulatable repressor. Richter et al. (1991) Bioessays 13:179-183; Standart et al. (1994) Biochim. 76:867-879. Since differentiation is such a complex event, any regulatable repressor factor may affect the translation of many different proteins in a cascade and the effect on PDX-1 may only be indirect.
  • PDX-1 protein may, or may not, be causative in the dedifferentiation. Indeed, PDX-1 may only be a marker of this state. PDX-1+ duct cells transiently regain their pancreatic pluripotency and thus can be considered facultative stem cells.
  • PDX-1 protein expression may occur at the level of translational inhibition or at the level of protein stability. Translational inhibition is an important regulatory mechanism for controlling expression of genes particularly during early development.
  • PDX-1 protein may, or may not, be causative in the dedifferentiation; indeed, PDX-1 may only be a marker of this state.
  • transgenic mice that are heterozygous for a PDX-1: GFP transgene generated.
  • mice GFP is cloned 20 bp upstream from translation start site of PDX-1.
  • GFP transgene is transcribed from PDX-1 transcriptional start site and contains most of the 5' untranslated region.
  • a partial pancreatectomy on 6 week old mice has the same pattern of ductal expansion forming focal regions of regeneration that then differentiate into islet, exocrine and duct tissue as documented in the rat.
  • Six week old mice can undergo partial pancreatectomy or sham Px (3 each group).
  • the mice are given BrdU (5- bromo-2'deoxyuridine, Sigma, 100 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally) 6 hours before their sacrifice, and are sacrificed by overdose anesthesia (Nembutal) at 40 hours after surgery.
  • pancreas can be excised, fixed in 4%>(para) formaldehyde, and embedded in paraffin. Adjacent sections are stained for double immunofluorescence for BrdU and PDX-1, for GFP and BrdU using rabbit anti- GFP antibody (8363-2, Clontech), and for GFP and PDX-1.
  • duct for RNA extraction can be isolated. The RNA is analyzed by multiplex RT-PCR with primers for PDX-1 and GFP to confirm that in mice, as in rats, PDX-1 transcription is unchanged after surgery and that the transgene is regulated similarly to native PDX-1.
  • GFP protein but not PDX1 protein, should be expressed in the common pancreatic ducts before replication (i.e., sham), confirming that PDX-1 mRNA but not protein is expressed in the quiescent adult duct and at 40 hours both GFP and
  • PDX-1 should be expressed in the majority of cells.
  • pancreatic ducts can be isolated from 4 other unoperated mice and cultured on Matrigel coated dishes. Dishes are fixed with 4%>(para) formaldehyde at 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours for 30 minutes, washed and then stained immunofluorescently for PDX-1. GFP has been found to still have its fluorescence after this treatment, however if it is not bright enough GFP for photography, the GFP can be immunostained. In cultured rat ducts at 24 and 48 hours, all cells in a plaque express PDX-1 protein, but by 72 hours, only the peripheral recently replicated cells do. These in vitro and in vivo experiments can be used to determine if the regulation of PDX-1 in ducts is post-transcriptional.
  • Pref-1 a glycoprotein found in mice and rats, is homologous to the delta-like protein (dlk) of human and Delta of Drosphilia; fetal antigen-1 (FA-1) is identical to the extracellular domain of Pref-1/dlk. Haider et al. (1998) Endocrinol. 139:3316-3328.
  • the transmembrane Delta family acts as ligands for Notch proteins/receptors on neighboring cells and in doing so transmit an intracellular signal cascade in those Notch expressing cells to suppress differentiation. Lendhal et al. (1998) Bioessay 20:103-107.
  • Pref-1 expression is thought to maintain a dedifferentiated state, being down-regulated during adipocyte differentiation and at an early stage of adrenocortical regeneration. Haider et al. (1998) Endocrinol. 139:3316-3328. However, its role must be more complex since both in the pancreas and the adrenal gland, Pref- 1 protein is downregulated in some differentiated cell types (pancreatic duct, adrenal cortex) but maintained in others (beta cells/islets, adrenal medulla).
  • FA-l/Pref-1 protein was shown to be expressed by most of the non-endocrine parenchymal cells (i.e., duct epithelium) early in development but gradually to disappear from these cells and become restricted to the beta cells. Tornehave et al. (1996) Histochem. & Cell Biol. 106:535-542. This pattern of expression is similar to that of PDX-1. Guz et al. (1995) Development 121 :1 1-18; Oster et al. (1998) J. Histo. Chem. 46:707-715.
  • Pref-1 gene expression has been shown to be stimulated via one of the family of EGF receptors, ErbB3 (although not by EGFR) and EGFR ligands have been shown to stimulate pancreatic duct proliferation, Pref-1 may be expected to increase after ductal proliferation.
  • Pref-1 protein expression in ducts may also mark undifferentiated pluripotent duct cells and be expressed transiently after Px.
  • semi quantitative RT-PCR analysis can be run for Pref-1 using the primers: 5 'CCTTGTGCTGGCAGTCCTTTCC 3' TCTGTGAGGCTGACAATGTCTGC for rat Pref-1 with a-tubulin for an internal control for samples from isolated common pancreatic ducts from rats 4, 12, 24 hrs and 2, 3, 7 days after Px and sham Px surgery as well as unoperated controls. Standardized conditions for linear amplification for this set of primers has already been prepared using techniques as in our previous studies.
  • immunostain for Pref-l/FA-1 can be performed using an anti-Pref-1 antibody.
  • the advantage of the RT-PCR for the initial screening is that much information can be gleaned from a small amount of tissue or one experiment.
  • the disadvantage is that heterogeneity is not accounted forand that only a few cells that are strongly positive for a gene may give a false interpretation.
  • the second tier of analysis, immunostaining overcomes these problems of interpretation of RT-PCR. Particular attention can be given to Pref-1 protein expression in the common pancreatic ducts and in the ductules in the focal areas of regeneration.
  • animals can be anesthetized with Metofane and a lumbar incision can be created through which the left kidney is exteriorized.
  • the cell aggregates are quickly inserted under the kidney capsule, the kidney repositioned and the incision stapled close.
  • Tail bleeding for glucose monitoring is similar to finger pricks in humans; an animal is lightly restrained in a cloth towel and the tip of the tail is snipped with sharp scissors. Only 50 ⁇ l of blood is usually taken and the cut clots rapidly.
  • animals can be anesthetized with Nembutal.
  • pancreas excision for islet or duct isolation or histology or RNA extraction the animal can be overdosed, and then the pancreas can be removed, e.g., a pneumoth orax can be performed.
  • rats can be anesthetized with 30 mg/kg Nembutal. The abdomen is then shaved and cleaned with ethanol and a midline incision is made. Partial pancreatectomy is accomplished by abrading the tissue from intact blood vessels. The mesenteries attaching the pancreas to the spleen and colon are disengaged. Only a defined proportion of the pancreatic tissue is removed (90%); none of the other organs are compromised. The abdomen is sutured close, antibiotics are put on the wound and the skin is stapled close. Saline for rehydration is administered subcutaneously at the scapular region.
  • pancreatic cells can be administered to a subject by injection or implantation of the cells into target sites in the subjects.
  • the cells can be inserted into a delivery device which facilitates introduction by injection or implantation of the cells in the subjects.
  • delivery devices include tubes, e.g., catheters for injecting cells and fluids in to the body of a recipient subject.
  • the tubes additionally have a needle, e.g., a syringe, through which the cells of the invention can be introduced into the subject at a desired location.
  • the pancreatic cells can be inserted into such a delivery device, e.g., a syringe, in different forms.
  • the cells can be suspended in a solution or embedded in a support matrix when contained in such a delivery device.
  • the term "solution” includes a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or dilutent in which the cells of the invention remain viable.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and diluents include saline, aqueous buffer solutions, solvents and/or dispersion media. The use of such carriers and diluents is well known in the art.
  • the solution is preferably sterile and fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists.
  • the solution is stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi through the use of, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal and the like.
  • Solutions of the invention can be prepared by incorporating the pancreatic cells described herein in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or dilutent and as require other ingredients enumerated above, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • Support matrices in which the pancreatic cells can be incorporated or embedded include matrices which are recipient-compatible and which degrade into products which are not harmful to the recipient. Natural and/or synthetic biodegradable matrices are examples of such matrices.
  • Natural biodegradable matrices include plasma clots, e.g., derived from mammal, and collagen matrices.
  • Synthetic biodegradable matrices include synthetic polymers such as polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.
  • Other example of synthetic polymers and methods of incorporating or embedding cells into the matrices are known in the art. See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,002 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,308,701.
  • the matrices provide support and/or protection for the fragile pancreatic cells in vivo.
  • the terms "introduction,” “administration”, and “transplantation” are used interchangeably herein and refer to delivery of cells to a subject by a method or route which delivers the cells to a desire location.
  • the term “treating” as used herein includes reducing or alleviating at least one adverse effect or symptom, e.g., absolute or relative insulin deficiency, fasting hyperglycemia, glycosuria, development of arteriosclerosis, mocroangiopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, of diseases characterized by insufficient insulin activity.
  • the language “diseases characterized by insufficient insulin activity” include diseases in which there is an abnormal utilization of glucose due to abnormal insulin function.
  • Abnormal insulin function includes any abnormality or impairment in insulin production, e.g., expression and/or transport through cellular organelles, such as insulin deficiency resulting from, for example, loss of ⁇ cells as in IDDM (Type I diabetes), secretion, such as impairment of insulin secretory responses as in NIDDM (Type II diabetes), the form of the insulin molecule itself, e.g., primary, secondary or tertiary structure, effects of insulin on target cells, e.g., insulin-resistance in bodily tissues, e.g., peripheral tissues and responses of target cells to insulin.
  • IDDM Type I diabetes
  • secretion such as impairment of insulin secretory responses as in NIDDM (Type II diabetes)
  • the form of the insulin molecule itself e.g., primary, secondary or tertiary structure
  • effects of insulin on target cells e.g., insulin-resistance in bodily tissues, e.g., peripheral tissues and responses of target cells to insulin.
  • pancreatic cells Common methods of administering pancreatic cells to subjects, particularly human subjects, include implantation of cells in a pouch of omentun (Yonda, K. et al. (1989) Diabetes 38 (Suppl. 1): 213-216), intraperitoneal injection of the cells, (Wahoff, D.C. et al. (1994) Transplant. Proc. 26:804), implantation of the cells under the kidney capsule of the subject (See, e.g. Liu, X. et al. (1991) Diabetes 40:858-866; Korgren, O. et al. (1998) Transplantation 43(3): 509-514; Simeonovic, D.J. et al. (1982) Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med.
  • the cells can be embedded in a plasma clot prepare from, e.g., plasma from the recipient subject (Simeonovic, D.J. et al. (1982) Aust. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 60:383), or a collagen matrix.
  • Cells can be administered in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent as described herein. Examples
  • the top interface (1.062/1.096 densities) was 50- 95%) islet with varying amounts of duct and degranulated acinar tissue
  • the middle interface (1.096/1.11 densities) contained 1 -15%) islets
  • the pellet was mostly well granulated acinar tissue with less than 1% islets.
  • the top and middle layers there were sheets of ductal epithelium from larger ducts whereas the clumps of exocrine cells found in all layers consisted of small intercalated ducts continuing into the acini.
  • tissue from these layers was cultured in 50 ml CMRL 1066 (5.6 mM glucose) media plus 10 %> fetal bovine serum in Falcon non-treated T-75 flasks (#3012 Becton Dickinson) at 37° C, 5%>C0 2 .
  • CMRL 1066 5.6 mM glucose
  • fetal bovine serum 10 %> fetal bovine serum
  • Falcon non-treated T-75 flasks #3012 Becton Dickinson
  • DMEM/F12 8 mM glucose
  • ITS supplement 5 mg/L insulin + 5 mg/L transferrin + 5 mg/L selenium, Sigma
  • KGF keratinocyte growth factor
  • KGF has been reported to be a duct mitogen (Yi et al. (1994) Am. J. Pathol. 145:80-85), and it had been found it to stimulate ductal proliferation in vitro without evident changes in cell phenotype. These cells were then grown for about 1-2 week until reaching near confluence or forming substantial plaques of epithelial cells. The cells were then layered with MatrigelTM, a commercial preparation of murine basement membrane (Collaborative Research -Becton Dickinson, Lexington MA) as per instructions of supplier for thin layer gel with the exception of an increased gelling time at 37°C. Briefly, the cells were coated with 50 ⁇ l MatrigelTM per cm 2 and allowed to gel overnight before additional media was added. Cell samples were taken at different time points over the course of 6 weeks. Dithizone (diphenylthiocarbozone), which stains insulin-containing cells bright red, was used to assess quickly the presence of insulin-producing cells.
  • cysts were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde 0.1 M phosphate buffer for 2 hr, washed and stored in phosphate buffer until being embedded in plastic resin (Araldite) for semithin (1 ⁇ m) sections or ultrathin sections for ultrastructural analysis.
  • Aldite plastic resin
  • Double immunofluorescent staining were done sequentially using primary antibodies made in different species: Guinea pig anti-human insulin (1 :200, Linco Research Inc. St. Charles, MO), rabbit anti-bovine glucagon (1 : 2000, kindly donated by Dr. M Appel, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA) and rabbit anti-bovine pancreatic polypeptide (1 :3000, gift of Dr. R. E.
  • the conjugated secondary antibodies used for immunofluorescence were Texas Red conjugated donkey anti-Guinea pig IgG, FITC conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG and streptavidin conjugated FITC (1 :100 dilution for all, Jackson Immuno-Research Lab., West Grove, PA).
  • Biotinylated horse anti-mouse IgG and normal horse serum were purchased from Vector Inc. (Burlingame, CA).
  • tissue antigens were retrieved by microwaving in citrate buffer (3 times of 4 min each with the maximum strength of a domestic microwave) (20). Monolayer cultures were incubated for 10-20 minutes in 0.3% Triton X-100 (Fisher) with 1% lamb serum (Gibco BRL) before primary antibody incubation.
  • RNA from samples was extracted following manufacturer suggested protocols using Ultraspec (Biotecx Laboratories, Houston, Texas). cDNA synthesis was performed as previously described in Sharma et al. (1999) Diabetes 48:507-513. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out in 50 ⁇ L reactions using 3 ⁇ L of the diluted cDNA reaction product (corresponding to 20 ng RNA equivalent) as template mixed with 47 ⁇ L of PCR mix (lx Taq buffer (Promega), 1.5 mM MgCl 2 (Promega), 10 pm of each insulin primers (forwards and backwards) (Genosys, The Woodlands, TX), 4 ⁇ l of 4:6 ratio of 18S primers: competimers (Classic 18S Internal Standards, Ambion, Austin TX), 80 ⁇ M cold dNTPs (Gibco/BRL), 5 U AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase (Perkin-Elmer), and 2.5 ⁇ Ci [ ⁇ 32 P]dCTP (New England Nuclear, Boston, MA
  • PCR for insulin with 18S ribosomal subunit as internal control was run on the samples.
  • Primers were as follows: human insulin 5': TCA CAC CTG GTG GAA GCTC (SEQ ID NO: l); human insulin 3': ACA ATG CCA CGC TTC TGC (which yield a 179 bp PCR product) (SEQ ID NO:2); and for internal control 18S primers: competimers (Classic 18S Internal Standards (which yield a 488 bp PCR product).
  • the thermal cycling protocol began with a denaturing step of 97° C for 10 minutes, then 19 cycles of (94° C 1 min, 55° C 1 min, 72° C 1 min), and finished with 72° C for 10 minutes.
  • reaction volume differed from that above in that 7.5 pmol of each glucagon primer and 25 pmol of each cyclophilin primers were used; the thermal cycle profile was the same except that 23 cycles were used and the annealing temperature was 59° C. Screens were scanned using a Molecular Dynamics Storm Phosphorimager and reaction products were quantitated with ImageQuant software (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnydale, CA).
  • Results are calculated as a percentage of internal standard and presented as mean ⁇ SEM. Reaction conditions were standardized so as to observe linear amplification of PCR products (for both insulin and ribosomal 18S, glucagon and cyclophilin) for different amounts of cDNA (10 -50 ng RNA equivalent) and cycle numbers (18-32 cycles). Graded dilutions (1-20%) of a human islet preparation (H99-22, 90%) islet purity, 676 ng insulin / ⁇ g DNA) were run to establish a standard curve of insulin mRNA to 18 S mRNA and of glucagon mRNA to cyclophilin mRNA. By including 2 samples from this curve as standards in any other RT-PCR experiment, an estimate of the %> islet for a sample could be made.
  • cysts/CHIBs Three dimensional structures (cysts/CHIBs) from one to two flasks of tissue from pancreas 19, 24 and 25 were harvested at 3-5 weeks culture and washed three times in RPMI (5 mM glucose, 10 mM HEPES, penci 11 in/streptomycin, 5%> fetal bovine serum). From each flask, 12 aliquots of 40 cysts/CHIBs were incubated in 1.5 ml of the same media in 12 well plates for 4 hours at 37° C, the media was removed for measurement of preincubation insulin levels, and fresh media was added for a 24 hr incubation.
  • RPMI mM glucose, 10 mM HEPES, penci 11 in/streptomycin, 5%> fetal bovine serum
  • non-sticky culture flasks were used to promote the attachment of duct cells rather than islet cells. These flasks have been used to maintain islets in suspension. With pure islet preparations obtained from the top layer of the density gradient, little tissue became adherent even with 7 days culture. It was noted, however, that clumps of non-islet tissue obtained from the top, middle or pellet layers can adhere to this non-sticky surface starting at about 24 hr. It was mainly in the less pure islet preparations that there were adherent cell clumps within 2-4 days. While there was considerable loss of floating tissue as has been reported for pancreatic acinar tissue in culture, the quantity of cell clumps that adhered increased with time.
  • the adherent cells had little to no dithizone staining and included few fibroblasts.
  • Initial samples for insulin and DNA contents were taken at the removal of non adherent tissue and before the clumps flattened into monolayers.
  • the adherent tissue was only 2.5 -24 % of the original DNA and 2.5 - 1 1 %> of the original insulin content (See Table 1).
  • both the amount of adherent islet tissue (dithizone positive) and fibroblasts increased (data not shown). With additional time, cells grew from the adherent clumps and formed monolayer plaques of cells with clear epithelial morphology.
  • the media was changed to serum free media with added growth factor (KGF) in order to favor stimulation of ductal epithelial growth over that of fibroblasts.
  • KGF growth factor
  • the plaques of epithelial cells became nearly confluent. Most of these cells were immunopositive for cytokeratin ( results using anti- cytokeratin 19 and anti- pan-cytokeratin were identical ), and varying numbers were also IPF- 1 (PDX-1 /IDX-1 /STF-1) positive.
  • the occasional insulin positive ⁇ cells had strong IPF-1 nuclear staining.
  • many duct cells expressed this transcription factor, both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm.
  • CHIBs cultivated human islet buds
  • the frequency of cysts/CHIBs appeared to be more dependent on extent of epithelial confluency than on the layer or pancreas of origin. Control flasks without the matrix overlay produced few, if any, cystic structures but in some preparations some solid spheres formed from the monolayer.
  • the insulin to DNA ratio of the starting adherent material (8.2 ⁇ 4.2 ng insulin/ ⁇ g DNA) was 1 - 2% that of the islet preparations whether using the mean values from the 4 purest human islet preparations (top layers) to date (90 ⁇ 2%> islet purity, 920 ⁇ 170 ng insulin/ ⁇ g DNA) or of the purified islets (top layers) from 4 pancreases of Table 2 (75 ⁇ 4%> islet purity, 380 ⁇ 130 ng insulin/ ⁇ g DNA). Over the 3-4 weeks culture period the insulin to DNA ratio per flask increased, but more importantly the insulin content per flask increased 10-15 fold while the DNA content increased 0.8 - 7 fold.
  • cysts/CHIBs After 2 weeks of matrix overlay, cysts/CHIBs would lift off with the mild agitation of media changes. Others were harvested at the end of the experiment by mechanical shearing with a forceful stream of media. However, this harvesting was imprecise leaving some CHIBs still attached and lifting off some of the simple ductal cysts as well as some of the remaining monolayer or "lawn". As shown in Table 2, the cysts/CHIBs were enriched in insulin. There was considerable variation in this enrichment with various batches of cysts/CHIBs even from the same pancreas and the same time period, partly due to the imprecision of shearing.
  • cysts/CHIBs were collected after becoming dislodged during media changes. Other samples were harvested at the end of an experiment by mechanical shearing. The time of culture for the cysts/CHIB samples were between 5-6 weeks (range 27-65 days) after isolation, 2-3 weeks after Matrigel (range 10 -41 days).
  • the CHIBs were composed of cytokeratin 19 positive duct cells and hormone positive islet cells.
  • the CHIBs were found to be positive for insulin and for non- ⁇ cell hormones including glucagons, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide.
  • the dithizone stained samples as shown already in Fig. 1), the proportion of endocrine tissue in the cysts/CHIBs varied among the different pancreas; many were simple ductal cysts while others were cysts with multiple islet buds.
  • the non- ⁇ endocrine cells were often equal in proportion to the ⁇ cells.
  • a few cells with double staining for insulin and the non ⁇ cell hormones suggested that some endocrine cells were immature and still in the process of differentiation.
  • Many of the cells within CHIBs had clearly differentiated phenotypes by ultrastructural analysis; both endocrine and mature duct cells were identifiable, however, some cells that had left the ductal epithelium were not granulated.
  • mRNA by RT-PCR showed initially very low levels of insulin mRNA in the starting material but increases were found as CHIBs developed.
  • glucagon mRNA levels increased from the initial adherent tissue being equivalent of 1.3 ⁇ 0.7% islet and harvested
  • Human duct tissue was successfully expanded and then to direct its differentiation to islet endocrine cells in vitro.
  • the ability to cultivate human islets in vitro from digested pancreatic tissue that is usually discarded after islet isolation opens a new approach for ⁇ cell replacement therapy.
  • Human islet isolations yield at best only 400,000 - 600,000 islets, which means that more than one donor may be required for a successful transplant.
  • insulin content was increased 10 to 15 fold and the endocrine tissue became organized into islet-like structures consisting of ⁇ and non- ⁇ endocrine cells.
  • the adherent cells during the early culture period seem to be ductal cells.
  • the large cytokeratin positive cells that form in cobblestone pattern are characteristic of pancreatic ductal epithelium. These large cells often had cytoplasmic and/or weak nuclear staining for the transcription factor, IPF-1.
  • ⁇ cells were small in size, cytokeratin negative and insulin positive by immunostaining and had strong nuclear staining for IPF-1. While this transcription factor has been mainly localized to the embryonic duct cells and to the islet cells, particularly the ⁇ and some delta cells (Guz et al.
  • pancreas H99-20 purified islets of pancreas H99-20 were extracted for insulin and DNA determination, with the finding of 5 ng insulin and 6.5 ng DNA per islet, indicating that each islet consisted of about 930 cells.
  • the amount of insulin contained in the initial adherent tissue of a single flask from this pancreas was 174 ng, which is the equivalent of 35 islets. These 35 islets would contain 228 ng DNA which was 0.4%> of the total from the adherent cells of the flask.
  • Matrigel treatment a flask that started with an identical aliquot of tissue contained 2560 ng insulin or the equivalent of 512 islets or 7.1%> of the final tissue. This is a 15 fold expansion.
  • Additional approaches can be taken to further optimize the culture conditions for dedifferentiation of pancreatic cells and differentiation of dedifferentiated cells. Such approaches may include one or more of the steps set forth below:
  • Isolated pancreatic ducts can be treated with PBS with 1 mM EDTA and 0.25% trypsin for 10-15 min at 37°C to disperse the cells (at least into clumps smaller than can be minced), with mild trituration up and down a pipette tip.
  • PBS PBS with 1 mM EDTA and 0.25% trypsin for 10-15 min at 37°C to disperse the cells (at least into clumps smaller than can be minced), with mild trituration up and down a pipette tip.
  • a similar procedure has been used for mammary ducts, lung and skin disassociation. Streuli et al. (1991) J. Cell. Biol. 1 15:1383-1395; Hiria et al. (1992) Cell 69:471 -481. After rinsing three times in media, the cells can be plated at 10 4 cells/cm 2 in dishes coated by matrix laid down by human epidermoid A-431 cells
  • Kantengwa et al. (1997) Exp. Cell. Res. 237:394-402. This matrix is similar to that produced by pancreatic cancers being rich in laminin 5 (Shimoyama et al. (1995) Int. J. Pancreatol. 18:227-234; Tani et al. (1997) Am. J. Pathol. 151 :1289-1302). Laminin 5-rich matrices have been shown to expansion of both fetal and adult human islet preparations but often with concurrent cell dedifferentiation. Otonkoski et al. (1994) Diabetes 43:1 164-1 166; Lefebvre et al. (1998) Diabetes 47:134-137.
  • Hepatocyte Growth Medium (Block et al. (1996) J. Cell. Biol. 132:1 133-1 149) without dexamethasone.
  • Dexamethasone has been shown to drive pancreatic duct cell line AR42J to exocrine phenotype (Mashima et al. (1996) J. Clin. Invest. 97:1647-1654) as well as down regulating PDX-1 expression (Sharma et al. (1997) Mol. & Cell. Biol. 17:2598-2604).
  • HGF 10 ng/ml, R&D, MN
  • EGF 20 ng/ml, Collaborative Research, Waltham. MA
  • HGF 10 ng/ml, R&D, MN
  • EGF 20 ng/ml, Collaborative Research, Waltham. MA
  • a lower dose can be used than used with hepatocytes.
  • monitoring of cell growth can be by visual assessment under phase microscope, followed by DNA content at alternative days after plating until confluence is reached. If confluence is not reached by 21 days, the components can be systematically tested for effectiveness.
  • One of the first media components to delete experimentally can be galactose, since galactose inactivates the binding of the 67 kD non integrin laminin receptor and causes its loss from the cell surface.
  • galactose inactivates the binding of the 67 kD non integrin laminin receptor and causes its loss from the cell surface.
  • the presence of this laminin receptor has been correlated with the invasiveness of tumors and dedifferentiation. Van den Brule et al. (1994) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 201 :388-393.
  • the loss of this receptor may prevent rapid growth as well as initiate or maintain a differentiated state, and so galactose in the expansion media may be detrimental to expansion and dedifferentiation.
  • KGF Upstate Biotechnology
  • KGF Upstate Biotechnology
  • labeling of the cultured cells at day 2 can be performed and the cells followed over 14 days. This can be done by transducing the culmres at 48 hrs with a replication deficient retrovirus containing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under an LTR promoter. Media can be replaced with supernatant containing 5 x 10 5 units per ml and polyprene (2ug/ml)overnight.
  • the cells can then be washed and the optimal growth media replaced. If the exposure to virus/polybrene has adverse effects on the cell survival, it can be triturated to the dose and time of exposure. It is expected that scattered single GFP positive cells will be seen initially (within a few hours) but with time (and expansion) only clusters of GFP positive cells will be seen.
  • the advantage of using GFP is that the cells can be monitored over time without fixation. For evidence of clonal expansion, increased numbers of clusters of GFP + cells need to be found.
  • RNA can be extracted at zero time, 1, 2, 6, 10, and 14 days using Ultraspec (Biotecx Laboratories). These samples can then be probed by multiplex RT-PCR for: islet hormones and amylase to rule out differentiation; GLUT 2, Pref-1 both found in early embryonic duct markers and beta cells; LDH for differentiated duct marker (mature adult ducts strongly express lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) at both the gene and protein level but that proliferating ducts express less and normal islets almost none).
  • Ultraspec Biotecx Laboratories
  • IPF-1 IPF-1 (PDX-1) since it is suggested IPF-1 (PDX-1) is regulated at least in the ducts by post transcriptional control. Similar patterns of expression are likely as in the in vivo experiments described previously for those genes that are affected by replication and not cell-matrix or cell-cell interactions. Additionally, genes that were found to change in the epithelial cells in vivo (e.g., growth factors, their receptors, integrin subunits, Pref-1, u-PA) can be screened by RT-PCR in this system as the untreated controls in the following set of experiments.
  • growth factors, their receptors, integrin subunits, Pref-1, u-PA can be screened by RT-PCR in this system as the untreated controls in the following set of experiments.
  • the expanded duct cells provide a system to dissect the changes in phenotypic expression intrinsic to rapid replication from those induced by the cytokines seen in vivo after Px. It is possible that TGF- ⁇ induces changes in the duct epithelium beyond its effect on replication and that these changes are in the expression of integrins, laminins as well as HGF, u-PA and its receptor, and TGF ⁇ itself.
  • the expanded duct cells can be treated with TGF ⁇ (R&D) with different doses (O-50 ng/ml) for 24 hrs or at one dose for varying times (0, 6 hour, 24 hours and 48 hours).
  • Another control dish can be treated with 100 ng/ml soluble TGF receptor II (Biogen).
  • RNA can be extracted and screened by RT-PCR for the integrin ⁇ subunits and laminins found in vivo in the earlier experiments, u-PA and its receptor, TGF- ⁇ and HGF.
  • integrin ⁇ subunits and laminins found in vivo in the earlier experiments, u-PA and its receptor, TGF- ⁇ and HGF.
  • protein expression can be analyzed by immunostaining and/or Western blots on additional dishes of treated cells. If u-PA or HGF are increased, another control can be added, that of treatment with the neutralizing antibody to u-PA (American Diagnostica) and/or HGF (R&D) to show which protein is the actual effector.
  • the ability of these cells to differentiate can be tested in vivo by making aggregates and transplanting the equivalent of 10,000 cells under the kidney capsule of nude mice.
  • animals can be anesthetized with Metofane and have a lumbar incision through which the left kidney is exteriorized. The aggregates are quickly inserted under the kidney capsule, the kidney repositioned and the incision stapled close. After 2 weeks, the animals are overdosed with anesthesia and the grafts are excised for ultrastructural analysis to determine the cellular phenotypes present. It is likely that both duct and islet phenotypes will be seen.
  • This transplantation experiment can test if these cells retain the ability to differentiate into mature ducts and islets.
  • RNA can also be studied in vitro with changes in the culture conditions as detailed following, to extract RNA at specified times and to analyze the RNA using multiplex RT-PCR for the spectrum of genes determined to be part of the differentiation pathway to islet, exocrine or duct.
  • the media is changed to the basal media without growth factors (HGF, EGF, KGF, etc.) but with 1 mM Ca++, and the cells can then be followed for variable times (2 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days) before RNA extraction.
  • HGF growth factors
  • EGF EGF
  • KGF KGF
  • the media can be centrifuged to retrieve cells before extracting RNA.
  • Such reaggregation itself may be beneficial based on evidence with fetal human pancreatic cells. It can also be tested whether laminin 1 or Matrigel can drive these cells to differentiation.
  • Expanded hepatocytes redifferentiate when Matrigel gels were made by adding 50 ul of Matrigel solution into 0.5 ml of medium on top of the attached cells, forming a gel over the attached cells.
  • a protocol similar to that described for Ca++ can be used to assess the effect of added matrix. Since Matrigel itself is composed of laminin 1, laminin 5, type IV collagen and heparin sulfate proteoglycan, laminin 1 can be used alone in parallel experiments.
  • betacellulin by itself or with exendin-4 can drive differentiation of these cells. It has been reported that betacellulin has differentiative effects on AR42J cells. Ishiyama et al. (1998) Diabetologia 41 :623-628; Mashima et al. (1996) Endocrinol. 137:3969-3976. Additionally, it has been found in a islet precursor cell line that betacellulin exendin-4 (0.1 (InM) ng/and ml, Peninsula), alone or together, activate the promoter by 4 days of treatment. Based on these data, it appears that these factors drive differentiation of the expanded duct cells to some degree. RNA extraction can be done at 4 days after introduction of betacellulin exendin, and gene expression can be examined as described above.
  • RNA will be extracted at 24 and 48 hrs and analyzed.
  • TGF ⁇ is an autocrine regulator of pancreatic duct proliferation.
  • TGF ⁇ was an inhibitor of ductal proliferation but did not induce expression of islet hormones (i.e., differentiation to islet tissue) in the cultured duct cells.
  • mice null for thrombospondin-1 (the major in vivo activator of latent TGF- ⁇ ) or null for TGF- ⁇ 1 were shown to have the pancreatic phenotype of masses of ductules, islets but little exocrine tissue, suggesting that TGF ⁇ not only regulates duct proliferation but also the differentiation into exocrine tissue.
  • Studies on another transgenic mouse (Bottinger et al.
  • TGF- ⁇ inhibits acinar growth and is necessary for the maintenance of the differentiated pancreatic exocrine phenotype.
  • a soluble rabbit TGF ⁇ type II receptor available from Biogen has been used in rats in vivo (liver regeneration after bile duct ligation) and in vitro and effectively blocks TGF- ⁇ action. Since it was shown that TGF- ⁇ is an autocrine regulator of ductal proliferation, blocking its action in vivo may allow continued duct proliferation.
  • soluble TGF- ⁇ receptor in vivo is likely to result in a greater expansion of ductal epithelium and, hence, an increase in the facultative stem cells available for differentiation.
  • a 90% pancreatectomy can be performed on 4-5 week old male Sprague Dawley rats. This degree of pancreatectomy results in a mild to moderate hyperglycemia (plasma glucose levels being 190-250 mg/dl Px vs. 150-160 sham Px) by 3-4 days post surgery.
  • soluble TGF- ⁇ receptor (1 mg/kg in sterile, endotoxin free PBS) can be injected 24 hours after Px intravenously through the tail vein, and this treatment can be repeated every other day for 7 days.
  • This dosage in rats has been used for 3-4 weeks without undue effects (e.g., weight loss). There is little immuno-detectable TGF- ⁇ l around the larger ducts at 1 or 2 days after Px but it reappears at 3 days. Animals can be weighed and bled at weekly intervals. At 7 days, under Nembutal overdose anesthesia, the pancreas can be excised, weighed, fixed in 4% (para) formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Sections can be immunostained for islet hormones and/or PDX-1 using immunoperoxidase techniques.
  • pancreatic remnant In untreated animals, it is found that by 7 days less than 1% of the pancreatic remnant is still composed of areas of small ductules, called foci of regeneration, but that the weight of the remnant has increased 2.5 fold. Initially sections can be read to see if there has been a substantial increase in the volume of these foci. If subjectively there is an increase, focal areas can be quantitated and islets using point counting morphometrics and PDX-1 protein expression can be looked for in these ductules. PDX-1 protein can serve as a marker of dedifferentiated ducts. Since TGF- ⁇ may modify both cell matrix composition and cell integrin expression, it is a good candidate for influencing the redifferentiation of the expanded duct cells.
  • PDX-1 expression is expected to be maintained in the ducts after this treatment. If however, there is no increase in focal areas or no PDX-1 staining in ductules, analysis can be performed to determine if there had been equal or greater growth of the remnant than in untreated. A greater remnant weight could, based on the TGF- ⁇ mutant receptor transgenic mouse, result from the existing exocrine tissue having proliferated more than the usual enhancement after Px surgery and so an increase in foci may be not be apparent even though it may have occurred. The morphometric data can help distinguish between these alternatives since the absolute volume of islet and ductular regions can be calculated.
  • the soluble receptor is a fusion of the extracellular domain of the TGF- ⁇ receptor and the Fc region of human IgG, it can be verified that this receptor has reached the target tissue (pancreas) by immunostaining using an anti human IgG as primary antibody.
  • the fate of the expanded ductules can be assessed again initially subjectively and then morphometrically, if needed, to determine whether there has been differentiation into islets or exocrine. It is entirely possible based on the above mentioned transgenic and null mice that the ductules differentiate mainly to exocrine cells, in fact this is the normal pattern in which the islets are only 1-2 %> of the volume of pancreas. If mainly exocrine differentiation or a maintained ductal mass without further differentiation are found, the experiment can be repeated but start daily injections of exendin-4 (0.1 nmol/kg body weight IP) at day 5 and continue for 14 days.
  • exendin-4 0.1 nmol/kg body weight IP
  • the starting time of the exendin treatment is dependent on the finding above of PDX-1 protein expression in the expanded ductules at 7 days.
  • the exendin treatment should be started at a time that PDX-1 is still expressed in the ductules since these PDX-1+ cells are likely the precursor cells.
  • These animals can be sacrificed at Px + 4 weeks as before. Their body weight, plasma glucose levels, and pancreatic morphology can then be compared with the above experiment. It is expected that a drop in plasma glucose levels and an increased beta cell mass will be seen. If this dual treatment can markedly enhance the beta cell mass by driving the differentiation of the expanded duct cells toward beta cells, finding a noninvasive method of stimulating ductal proliferation to be used in a similar protocol can be pursued. Such a non-invasive way to increase beta cell mass would open new directions for beta cell replacement.

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Abstract

Cette invention concerne des procédés favorisant la différenciation des cellules pancréatiques, des procédés d'obtention d'îlots de Langerhans à partir de cellules pancréatiques différentiées et des méthodes de traitement d'un sujet souffrant d'une insuffisance de la fonction des îlots de Langerhans par administration de cellules d'îlot de Langerhans obtenues par lesdits procédés.
PCT/US2000/017208 1999-06-23 2000-06-23 Fabrication d'ilots de cellules pancreatiques WO2000078929A1 (fr)

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AU56326/00A AU5632600A (en) 1999-06-23 2000-06-23 Methods of making pancreatic islet cells
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FR2814752A1 (fr) * 2000-10-02 2002-04-05 Chru Lille Procede d'obtention in vitro de cellules insulino- secretrices de mammifere et leurs utilisations
EP1301589A1 (fr) * 2000-06-30 2003-04-16 Amcyte, Inc. Culture de cellules embryonnaires pancreatiques presentant un stade de developpement intermediaire specifie
WO2003050249A2 (fr) 2001-12-07 2003-06-19 Geron Corporation Cellules d'ilots pancreatiques provenant de cellules souches embryonnaires humaines
US6610535B1 (en) 2000-02-10 2003-08-26 Es Cell International Pte Ltd. Progenitor cells and methods and uses related thereto
WO2005001073A1 (fr) * 2003-06-23 2005-01-06 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Procede pour differencier des cellules souches en cellules qui produisent une hormone pancreatique
WO2005001072A1 (fr) * 2003-06-23 2005-01-06 Fraunhofer Gesellschaft Zur Förderung Der Angewandten Forschung E. V. Cellules souches pluripotentes adultes isolees et leurs procedes d'isolation et de culture
WO2005097974A2 (fr) * 2004-04-08 2005-10-20 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Procede de preparation d'une composition contenant des cellules epitheliales
WO2005114178A1 (fr) * 2004-05-21 2005-12-01 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Systemes de test multicellulaires
WO2005113747A3 (fr) * 2004-05-21 2006-04-27 Ten Forschung Ev Fraunhofer Systemes de culture tissulaire et organique multicellulaires
EP1689321A2 (fr) * 2003-11-07 2006-08-16 The University of Connecticut Systemes de tissus artificiels et leurs utilisations
US7101546B2 (en) 2001-12-21 2006-09-05 Amcyte, Inc. In situ maturation of cultured pancreatic stem cells having a specified, intermediate stage of development
US7371576B2 (en) 2002-09-06 2008-05-13 Reneuron, Inc. CD56 positive human adult pancreatic endocrine progenitor cells
JP2008520235A (ja) * 2004-11-22 2008-06-19 ラモト アット テル アヴィヴ ユニヴァーシティ リミテッド インスリンを産生可能な拡大され、かつ再分化した成体島β細胞の集団およびその作製方法
US7906330B2 (en) 2001-12-07 2011-03-15 Geron Corporation Two cell population comprising chondrocyte precursors and human embryonic stem cells
US8415153B2 (en) 2006-06-19 2013-04-09 Geron Corporation Differentiation and enrichment of islet-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells
US10130288B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2018-11-20 Cell and Molecular Tissue Engineering, LLC Coated sensors, and corresponding systems and methods
US10405961B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2019-09-10 Cell and Molecular Tissue Engineering, LLC Coated surgical mesh, and corresponding systems and methods
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CN114196614A (zh) * 2021-12-14 2022-03-18 福建省医学科学研究院 pAdM3C感染大鼠胰腺导管细胞促进转分化方法

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EP1301589A4 (fr) * 2000-06-30 2004-06-16 Amcyte Inc Culture de cellules embryonnaires pancreatiques presentant un stade de developpement intermediaire specifie
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FR2814752A1 (fr) * 2000-10-02 2002-04-05 Chru Lille Procede d'obtention in vitro de cellules insulino- secretrices de mammifere et leurs utilisations
WO2002029010A3 (fr) * 2000-10-02 2002-06-13 Chru Lille Procede d'obtention in vitro de cellules insulino-secretrices de mammifere et leurs utilisations
US6900051B2 (en) 2000-10-02 2005-05-31 Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire De Lille Process for obtaining mammalian insulin secreting cells in vitro and their uses
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US7906330B2 (en) 2001-12-07 2011-03-15 Geron Corporation Two cell population comprising chondrocyte precursors and human embryonic stem cells
US7033831B2 (en) 2001-12-07 2006-04-25 Geron Corporation Islet cells from human embryonic stem cells
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US7326572B2 (en) 2001-12-07 2008-02-05 Geron Corporation Endoderm cells from human embryonic stem cells
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US9068169B2 (en) 2002-09-06 2015-06-30 Reneuron, Inc. CD56 positive human adult pancreatic endocrine progenitor cells
US7371576B2 (en) 2002-09-06 2008-05-13 Reneuron, Inc. CD56 positive human adult pancreatic endocrine progenitor cells
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EP2446892A3 (fr) * 2003-06-23 2012-05-30 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung Cellules souches isolées adultes pluripotentes et leur procédé d'isolation et de mise en culture
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EP1689321A2 (fr) * 2003-11-07 2006-08-16 The University of Connecticut Systemes de tissus artificiels et leurs utilisations
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US8916184B2 (en) 2003-11-07 2014-12-23 University Of Connecticut Artificial tissue systems and uses thereof
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WO2005097974A3 (fr) * 2004-04-08 2006-06-01 Ten Forschung Ev Fraunhofer Procede de preparation d'une composition contenant des cellules epitheliales
US8298822B2 (en) 2004-04-08 2012-10-30 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Method for the production of a cell composition containing epithelial cells
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US8039254B2 (en) 2004-11-22 2011-10-18 Ramot At Tel-Aviv University Ltd. Populations of expanded and re-differentiated adult islet beta cells capable of producing insulin and methods of generating same
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