WO2000065676A1 - Freeze tolerant fuel cell system and method - Google Patents
Freeze tolerant fuel cell system and method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000065676A1 WO2000065676A1 PCT/US2000/010949 US0010949W WO0065676A1 WO 2000065676 A1 WO2000065676 A1 WO 2000065676A1 US 0010949 W US0010949 W US 0010949W WO 0065676 A1 WO0065676 A1 WO 0065676A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- water
- recited
- cell system
- coolant
- Prior art date
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 290
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 153
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 112
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 87
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims description 54
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- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0271—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04067—Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins
- H01M8/04074—Heat exchange unit structures specially adapted for fuel cell
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0267—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors having heating or cooling means, e.g. heaters or coolant flow channels
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
- H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04225—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during start-up
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04228—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during shut-down
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04302—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during start-up
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/043—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods
- H01M8/04303—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems applied during specific periods applied during shut-down
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/04119—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying
- H01M8/04156—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with simultaneous supply or evacuation of electrolyte; Humidifying or dehumidifying with product water removal
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- a fuel cell is a device that generates electrical energy by converting chemical
- a typical fuel cell includes a casing which houses an
- the electrolyte membrane is
- a catalyst layer is disposed on the
- Suitable catalysts include nickel, silver,
- a relatively simple type of fuel cell (commonly called a PEM fuel cell) uses hydrogen and oxygen as the fuel and oxidant materials,
- Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water while at the same time
- Fuel cells can be classified into several types according to
- electrolytes such as
- the overall reaction in the cell i.e. formation of water
- the overall reaction in the cell i.e. formation of water
- the rate of heat generation is dependent upon the reaction rate and the heat flux
- Water is generally used for cooling fuel cells.
- PEM fuel cells generally require humidification to maintain the moisture of the
- water loop generally provides both humidification and cooling for fuel cells.
- Ice formation inside the fuel cell system may
- coolants must be selected that freeze at temperatures below the freezing point of water.
- catalyst layer by binding to catalyst sites if such materials are allowed to come in
- a freeze tolerant fuel cell system including at least one fuel cell made up
- first and a second gas diffusion layer is disposed between said collector plates;
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- the MEA is interposed between said gas diffusion layers, and
- the fuel cell stack can further include at least one coolant
- coolant stream does not contact said MEA while cooling the fuel cell.
- coolant passage is poisonous to the MEA and thus must be mechanically isolated
- the surfaces of the coolant passage in contact with the coolant can be selected from the MEA.
- the coolant can be electrically non-conductive.
- isolation can be provided by a gasket arrangement around coolant ports running
- the gaskets are preferably spaced from the gas
- cooling passage can be positioned outside the
- the fuel cell coolant loop can include edge cooling within the fuel cell, or a
- This coolant layer can be provided. This coolant layer can be provided.
- peripheral port gaskets and the active area membrane can be supported by bridging
- the sub gaskets extend across the
- the sub-gaskets can be made of a number of materials, including FEP, TFE, ETFE, PFA, CTFE, E-CTFE, PVF2 and PVF.
- the fuel cell system is not operating.
- water can accumulate in the gas diffusion layers as
- the reactant channels in the collector plates are discontinuous, whereby
- purging dry gases can be forced
- surfaces of the channels are preferably essentially impermeable to water.
- the surfaces of the channels can be essentially impermeable to all fluids.
- system according to the invention can provide counterflow in the gas diffusion layers
- the reactant channels of each collector plate can be arranged so the
- direction of reactant flow in one gas diffusion layer is opposite the direction of
- Another improvement to assist in water purging relates to the positioning of the outlet channels to use gravitational force.
- inventions can have reactant outlets in which at least one of the outlets is positioned
- the drained water can be removed from the system or collected in a
- the reservoir such as a tank.
- the tank can be rendered freeze tolerant in a number of
- watering in the tank can be allowed to freeze
- the tank is designed to permit expansion of freezing water.
- the walls of the channels can be tapered
- a fuel cell system can be made more freeze
- the shut-down procedure can include the steps of: reducing the fuel cell system
- the shut down procedure can also include steps to further increase heat of
- One preferred step includes running said
- the predetermined temperature can be the freezing
- the start-up procedure can also preferably
- the start-up procedures can also include: providing a humidifier for
- the humidifier for humidification of the gas flows.
- the heat for melting the water in the reservoir can be obtained from the fuel
- the steps of an implementing method can include: operating a fuel
- processor in an oxidant rich mode to increase heat output; transferring a portion of
- reactant mixture in the fuel processor to increase fuel production after at least a portion of the water in said reservoir is melted and the fuel cell temperature has
- Fig. 1 illustrates a breakaway side view of fuel cell and coolant system
- Fig. 2 illustrates a freeze tolerant fuel cell system schematic comprising a fuel
- Fig. 3 illustrates a side view of a fuel cell having collector plates with non-
- Fig. 4 illustrates a breakaway side view of a fuel cell having primary gaskets
- a novel freeze tolerant fuel cell structure is provided that is adapted for
- sub-freezing environments As used throughout this specification, sub-freezing
- the cooling system and humidification systems are
- the cooling system is also preferably isolated from the
- the fuel cell which have freezing points below the freezing point of water may be any fuel cell which have freezing points below the freezing point of water.
- the fuel cell system is run in a
- the fuel cell during sub-freezing conditions involves removing as much water as
- a novel freeze tolerant fuel cell structure having both gaskets and sub-
- gaskets is also disclosed. Upon assembly of the freeze tolerant fuel cell, an interface
- the fuel cell is formed. This region is subject to enhanced mechanical and enhanced electrical stress due to increased edge conduction relative to electrochemically
- a fuel cell is identified generally by the reference numeral
- Each cell unit 1 1 includes a membrane
- MEA 12 comprised of a solid ion conducting membrane which
- anode 13 on one side and a cathode 14 on the other side of the
- the MEA 12 is interposed between a first
- anode and cathode may be attached or integrated into the
- the MEA includes an attached anode 13 and cathode 14 due to
- the MEA 12 extends some minimum
- the MEA can terminate with the edges of the gas diffusion layers
- the gas diffusion layers 15 and 16 are interposed between two electrically
- bipolar plates when two or more fuel cells are used to form
- the gas diffusion layers 15 and 16 are typically fabricated from
- porous, electrically conductive materials such as carbon/graphite fiber paper or
- collector plates 18 and 19 are provided for separating the cathode of one cell unit 11
- the fuel cell 10 is a proton
- PEM exchange membrane
- cathode of one cell to the anode of an adjacent cell (not shown).
- the collector plates 18 and 19 are electrically conductive. In the preferred embodiment
- the collector plates 18 and 19 are formed from
- electrically conductive polymer composites by filling a polymer with a plurality of
- the collector plates 18 and 19 may be
- water permeable collector plates may be used.
- water permeable collector plates may be used.
- collector plates 18 and 19 selected are essentially impermeable to water.
- the surfaces of the channels are impermeable to water while the
- remainder of the collector plate may be permeable to water.
- ionized water is commonly used to cool fuel cells and also to maintain the hydration
- Membrane humidification if required, must also be redesigned
- the coolant fluid in a freeze tolerant fuel cell cannot be pure water since water
- Humidification of the membrane may be derived from a source outside the
- fuel cell stack such as by humidifying incoming reactant gases through the use of misters or bubblers.
- fuel processors are used to produce
- the anode may not require humidification, due to moisture produced
- a dedicated coolant loop 25 has a coolant flow field through and between
- conductive sealant 32 binds top collector plate and bottom collector plate. Coolant
- a coolant return path is provided but not shown.
- Coolant loop 25 does not provide humidification to the fuel cell 11.
- coolant loop 25 is isolated from the membrane by a minimum
- the distance "A" is chosen to avoid coolant contact with the
- the distance "A" is at least approximately 0.1 inches.
- Seal integrity is principally a function of the type of gasket material selected.
- hydrocarbons For example, hydrocarbons
- Poisonous coolants are known to occupy catalyst sites. As used throughout the specification, these contaminating coolants are referred to as "poisonous.” Poisonous coolants are
- the coolant in an alternate embodiment of the freeze tolerant fuel cell, the coolant
- passage way is not part of the collector plate.
- coolant may be flowed
- coolant channels are placed
- coolant does not pass between the region
- Possible suitable coolants include:
- glycol and ethylene glycol such as methanol, with any percentage of other coolants
- gases under anticipated conditions of operation such as nitrogen or
- the maximum allowable coolant ionization level depends on the design of the
- coolant loop 25 If the coolant loop 25 is designed to be electrically isolated from the
- ionic coolants may be used. However, if the coolant loop
- coolant ionization level must be limited to avoid electrically coupling neighboring
- the coolant loop 25 is not electrically isolated from collector plates
- coolant loop 25 is designed to be electrically isolated from collector
- the coolant isolation can be provided by a gasket arrangement.
- edge of the MEA 12 is interposed between a first gasket 20 and a second gasket 21.
- Gaskets 20 and 21 are preferably positioned so as to not overlap with gas diffusion
- Gaskets 20 and 21 may be made from polymer materials such as
- EPDM rubber also known as EP rubber
- fluorinated hydrocarbon also known as EP rubber
- butyl rubber fluorinated hydrocarbon
- An interface region 22 is a fluorosilicone, polysiloxane, thermoplastic elastomers such as blends containing polypropylene and EP rubber, and or other similar materials.
- the membrane at or near the interface region 22 is subjected to both
- the membrane in the interface region 22 will be unsupported and will tend to sag or
- the interface region 22 is effectively splitting the interface region 22 into two regions.
- gas diffusion layers 15 and 16 may butted up against the gaskets 20 and 21 and
- fuel cell system such as reactant flow control, temperature monitoring and control
- the percentage of hydrogen in the reformate stream may be adjusted
- Combustion is usually a
- tank 64 will be used for steam reforming and cathode gas humidification when the operating temperatures in the system rise above freezing point of water. In start up
- the hot gas stream produced by the fuel processor 60 can be used to calculate the hot gas stream produced by the fuel processor 60.
- a hot reactant stream will also help thaw out the various fuel stack
- dry air is fed to the cathode 70 without humidification. Pressurized dry air from the
- cathode compressor is typically heated to a temperature in the range of 90-100°C
- stack 10 will be operated in a low voltage/high current density mode to maximize
- Heat generated will be used to raise the temperature of the
- stack 10 and the coolant. As the stack 10 temperature increases, the stack will be
- the system may be
- Cathode air humidification may be begun after the stack 10 and coolant temperature are well above freezing.
- the fuel in an alternate embodiment of the freeze tolerant fuel cell system, the fuel
- processor shown in Fig. 6 is replaced by an essentially pure hydrogen source.
- Hydrogen is supplied to the anode of the fuel cell along with an oxygen source to the
- the temperature of the freeze tolerant coolant If the water tank contains ice, the
- heated freeze tolerant coolant is circulated through the water tank to melt the ice in
- a method for shutting down the freeze tolerant fuel cell is also required to
- the temperature may be reduced to condense water vapor within the system.
- the temperature may be
- freeze resistant storage tank 64 Second, the fuel cell stack 10 and system reactant
- Condensed water droplets will be separated in the anode separator(s) and
- freeze tolerant storage tank 64 can either be drained into freeze tolerant storage tank 64 or be completely purged
- An anode cooler/chiller is
- This water is eliminated from the anode stream by an anode separator 74.
- separated water can either be drained into a freeze resistant storage tank 64 or be
- the anode cooler/chiller holds the system
- anode gas temperature is brought down to ambient such that the anode gas temperature can also be cooled to near ambient temperature.
- cathode gas is terminated.
- the cathode system is then purged with dry cathode
- the compressor temperature and pressure are brought down to near ambient
- freeze resistant water storage tank 64 may be drained into the freeze resistant water storage tank 64 or be completely purged
- the fuel cell stack 10 is
- cathode inlet channel 28 anode outlet channel 27 and cathode outlet channel 29
- the walls of the channels making up the flow field may be any shape.
- Fig. 4 adds a pair of sub-gaskets 23 and 24 to Applicants' gasketed fuel cell
- Sub-gaskets 23 and 24 are positioned between first and second
- gaskets 20 and 21 and extend into a position between the gas diffusion layers 15
- sub-gaskets 23 and 24 are made from
- the coolant loop 25 passes through gaskets 20 and 21 as well as
- sub-gaskets 23 and 24 reduce
- Sub-gaskets 23 and 24 need not extend to be co-terminus on
- sub-gaskets 23 and 24 are co-
- gasket 23 and 24 material as compared to the added labor cost to construct
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
MXPA01010724A MXPA01010724A (en) | 1999-04-23 | 2000-04-24 | Freeze tolerant fuel cell system and method. |
AU46580/00A AU4658000A (en) | 1999-04-23 | 2000-04-24 | Freeze tolerant fuel cell system and method |
CA002371257A CA2371257A1 (en) | 1999-04-23 | 2000-04-24 | Freeze tolerant fuel cell system and method |
EP00928326A EP1216489A1 (en) | 1999-04-23 | 2000-04-24 | Freeze tolerant fuel cell system and method |
JP2000614524A JP2002543566A (en) | 1999-04-23 | 2000-04-24 | Freeze-resistant fuel cell system and method |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US13080199P | 1999-04-23 | 1999-04-23 | |
US60/130,801 | 1999-04-23 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000065676A1 true WO2000065676A1 (en) | 2000-11-02 |
Family
ID=22446396
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2000/010949 WO2000065676A1 (en) | 1999-04-23 | 2000-04-24 | Freeze tolerant fuel cell system and method |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1216489A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2002543566A (en) |
CN (1) | CN1353869A (en) |
AU (1) | AU4658000A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2371257A1 (en) |
MX (1) | MXPA01010724A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2000065676A1 (en) |
Cited By (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001024296A1 (en) * | 1999-09-27 | 2001-04-05 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Methods for improving the cold starting capability of an electrochemical fuel cell |
WO2001020702A3 (en) * | 1999-09-13 | 2002-07-18 | Ballard Generation Systems Inc | Fuel cell electric power generation system |
JP2002208421A (en) * | 2001-01-09 | 2002-07-26 | Denso Corp | Fuel cell system |
JP2002246054A (en) * | 2001-02-13 | 2002-08-30 | Denso Corp | Fuel cell system |
WO2003058740A1 (en) * | 2002-01-08 | 2003-07-17 | Nissan Motor Co.,Ltd. | Fuel cell system and method of removal of water during shutdown for improving freeze tolerance |
EP1383193A1 (en) * | 2002-07-05 | 2004-01-21 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Fuel cell system with controlled water removing purge device |
WO2003041202A3 (en) * | 2001-11-08 | 2004-03-25 | Nissan Motor | Fuel cell startup method |
WO2004051779A1 (en) * | 2002-12-03 | 2004-06-17 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Fuel cell system |
EP1396895A3 (en) * | 2002-09-06 | 2005-08-10 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Fuel cell system and related operating method |
WO2005029617A3 (en) * | 2003-09-12 | 2006-01-26 | Ballard Power Systems | Shutdown methods and designs for fuel cell stacks |
US7132179B2 (en) | 2001-03-28 | 2006-11-07 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Methods and apparatus for improving the cold starting capability of a fuel cell |
WO2008057081A1 (en) * | 2006-11-07 | 2008-05-15 | Bdf Ip Holdings Ltd. | Fuel cell systems and methods of operating the same |
US7482085B2 (en) | 1996-06-07 | 2009-01-27 | Bdf Ip Holdings Ltd. | Apparatus for improving the cold starting capability of an electrochemical fuel cell |
WO2009040535A3 (en) * | 2007-09-26 | 2009-06-11 | Intelligent Energy Ltd | Fuel cell system with cathode purge upon shut-down |
EP2045864A3 (en) * | 2007-10-02 | 2009-09-30 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Drainage system for a fuel cell |
EP1386365A4 (en) * | 2001-04-05 | 2010-03-03 | Utc Fuel Cells Llc | Method an apparatus for the operation of a cell stack assembly during subfreezing temperatures |
US7781107B2 (en) * | 2003-03-12 | 2010-08-24 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Fuel cell system |
US7955739B2 (en) | 2005-03-11 | 2011-06-07 | Bdf Ip Holdings Ltd. | Shutdown methods and designs for fuel cell stacks |
US7964315B2 (en) | 2003-09-12 | 2011-06-21 | Bdf Ip Holdings Ltd. | Shutdown methods and designs for fuel cell stacks |
US9705141B2 (en) | 2007-09-26 | 2017-07-11 | Intelligent Energy Limited | Fuel cell system |
DE102020113105A1 (en) | 2020-05-14 | 2021-11-18 | Audi Aktiengesellschaft | Method of turning off a fuel cell device |
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JP4759815B2 (en) * | 2001-02-13 | 2011-08-31 | 株式会社デンソー | Fuel cell system |
US7049018B2 (en) * | 2003-09-05 | 2006-05-23 | Utc Fuel Cells, Llc | Method of operating a fuel cell system under freezing conditions |
CN1926706B (en) * | 2004-03-24 | 2010-10-13 | Cci株式会社 | Method for inhibiting oxidation of cooling liquid composition for fuel battery |
CN100423336C (en) * | 2005-12-30 | 2008-10-01 | 新源动力股份有限公司 | Method for improving tolerance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell below zero |
CN112713285B (en) * | 2020-12-29 | 2022-02-22 | 国科微城市智能科技(南京)有限责任公司 | Hydrogen fuel cell temperature regulation and control device |
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-
2000
- 2000-04-24 EP EP00928326A patent/EP1216489A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-04-24 JP JP2000614524A patent/JP2002543566A/en active Pending
- 2000-04-24 CN CN00808391A patent/CN1353869A/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-04-24 CA CA002371257A patent/CA2371257A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2000-04-24 WO PCT/US2000/010949 patent/WO2000065676A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2000-04-24 MX MXPA01010724A patent/MXPA01010724A/en unknown
- 2000-04-24 AU AU46580/00A patent/AU4658000A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
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US5863395A (en) * | 1993-11-22 | 1999-01-26 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Electrochemical cell having a self-regulating gas diffusion layer |
US5798186A (en) * | 1996-06-07 | 1998-08-25 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Method and apparatus for commencing operation of a fuel cell electric power generation system below the freezing temperature of water |
US5804326A (en) * | 1996-12-20 | 1998-09-08 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Integrated reactant and coolant fluid flow field layer for an electrochemical fuel cell |
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US7482085B2 (en) | 1996-06-07 | 2009-01-27 | Bdf Ip Holdings Ltd. | Apparatus for improving the cold starting capability of an electrochemical fuel cell |
US6479177B1 (en) | 1996-06-07 | 2002-11-12 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Method for improving the cold starting capability of an electrochemical fuel cell |
WO2001020702A3 (en) * | 1999-09-13 | 2002-07-18 | Ballard Generation Systems Inc | Fuel cell electric power generation system |
WO2001024296A1 (en) * | 1999-09-27 | 2001-04-05 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Methods for improving the cold starting capability of an electrochemical fuel cell |
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JP2002208421A (en) * | 2001-01-09 | 2002-07-26 | Denso Corp | Fuel cell system |
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US7132179B2 (en) | 2001-03-28 | 2006-11-07 | Ballard Power Systems Inc. | Methods and apparatus for improving the cold starting capability of a fuel cell |
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US7964315B2 (en) | 2003-09-12 | 2011-06-21 | Bdf Ip Holdings Ltd. | Shutdown methods and designs for fuel cell stacks |
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WO2005029617A3 (en) * | 2003-09-12 | 2006-01-26 | Ballard Power Systems | Shutdown methods and designs for fuel cell stacks |
US7955739B2 (en) | 2005-03-11 | 2011-06-07 | Bdf Ip Holdings Ltd. | Shutdown methods and designs for fuel cell stacks |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1353869A (en) | 2002-06-12 |
AU4658000A (en) | 2000-11-10 |
EP1216489A1 (en) | 2002-06-26 |
CA2371257A1 (en) | 2000-11-02 |
JP2002543566A (en) | 2002-12-17 |
MXPA01010724A (en) | 2002-05-14 |
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