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WO2000047996A2 - Traitement informatise d'informations dans des groupements ordonnes de maniere aleatoire - Google Patents

Traitement informatise d'informations dans des groupements ordonnes de maniere aleatoire Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000047996A2
WO2000047996A2 PCT/US2000/003375 US0003375W WO0047996A2 WO 2000047996 A2 WO2000047996 A2 WO 2000047996A2 US 0003375 W US0003375 W US 0003375W WO 0047996 A2 WO0047996 A2 WO 0047996A2
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Prior art keywords
fiducial
array
data image
microspheres
beads
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Application number
PCT/US2000/003375
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English (en)
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WO2000047996A3 (fr
WO2000047996A9 (fr
Inventor
John R. Stuelpnagel
Mark S. Chee
Todd A. Dickinson
Kevin Gunderson
Original Assignee
Illumina, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Application filed by Illumina, Inc. filed Critical Illumina, Inc.
Priority to EP00911745A priority Critical patent/EP1206315A2/fr
Priority to AU33594/00A priority patent/AU771458B2/en
Priority to CA002359352A priority patent/CA2359352C/fr
Priority to JP2000598854A priority patent/JP2002536665A/ja
Publication of WO2000047996A2 publication Critical patent/WO2000047996A2/fr
Publication of WO2000047996A3 publication Critical patent/WO2000047996A3/fr
Publication of WO2000047996A9 publication Critical patent/WO2000047996A9/fr
Priority to AU2004202799A priority patent/AU2004202799A1/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
    • G01N21/6456—Spatial resolved fluorescence measurements; Imaging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/0046—Sequential or parallel reactions, e.g. for the synthesis of polypeptides or polynucleotides; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making molecular arrays
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
    • G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
    • G01N21/7703—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator using reagent-clad optical fibres or optical waveguides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00277—Apparatus
    • B01J2219/00279—Features relating to reactor vessels
    • B01J2219/00306—Reactor vessels in a multiple arrangement
    • B01J2219/00313—Reactor vessels in a multiple arrangement the reactor vessels being formed by arrays of wells in blocks
    • B01J2219/00315—Microtiter plates
    • B01J2219/00317—Microwell devices, i.e. having large numbers of wells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01J2219/00277—Apparatus
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    • B01J2219/005—Beads
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    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00585—Parallel processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
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    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00596—Solid-phase processes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00603—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces
    • B01J2219/00646—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces the compounds being bound to beads immobilised on the solid supports
    • B01J2219/00648—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces the compounds being bound to beads immobilised on the solid supports by the use of solid beads
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
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    • B01J2219/00583—Features relative to the processes being carried out
    • B01J2219/00603—Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces
    • B01J2219/00659—Two-dimensional arrays
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/0068—Means for controlling the apparatus of the process
    • B01J2219/00686—Automatic
    • B01J2219/00689—Automatic using computers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/0068—Means for controlling the apparatus of the process
    • B01J2219/00702—Processes involving means for analysing and characterising the products
    • B01J2219/00704—Processes involving means for analysing and characterising the products integrated with the reactor apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/0068—Means for controlling the apparatus of the process
    • B01J2219/00702—Processes involving means for analysing and characterising the products
    • B01J2219/00707—Processes involving means for analysing and characterising the products separated from the reactor apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J2219/00274—Sequential or parallel reactions; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arrays; Chemical library technology
    • B01J2219/00718—Type of compounds synthesised
    • B01J2219/0072—Organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C40—COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGY
    • C40B—COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY; LIBRARIES, e.g. CHEMICAL LIBRARIES
    • C40B70/00—Tags or labels specially adapted for combinatorial chemistry or libraries, e.g. fluorescent tags or bar codes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
    • G01N2021/6484—Optical fibres
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
    • G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
    • G01N21/553—Attenuated total reflection and using surface plasmons
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
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    • G01N21/6456—Spatial resolved fluorescence measurements; Imaging
    • G01N21/6458—Fluorescence microscopy
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    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
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    • G01N21/65—Raman scattering
    • G01N21/658—Raman scattering enhancement Raman, e.g. surface plasmons

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the use of a computer system to compare images generated from a randomly ordered array This system preserves the relative position of each site within the array so that the same site can be compared in different images
  • one or more light absorbing dyes are located near its distal end.
  • light from an appropriate source is used to illuminate the dyes through the fiber's proximal end.
  • the light propagates along the length of the optical fiber; and a portion of this propagated light exits the distal end and is absorbed by the dyes.
  • the light absorbing dye may or may not be immobilized; may or may not be directly attached to the optical fiber itself; may or may not be suspended in a fluid sample containing one or more analytes of interest; and may or may not be retainable for subsequent use in a second optical determination.
  • fluorophores those more common compositions that emit light after absorption termed "fluorophores” and those which absorb light and internally convert the absorbed light to heat, rather than emit it as light, termed "chromophores.”
  • Fluorescence is a physical phenomenon based upon the ability of some molecules to absorb light
  • the same fluorescence emission spectrum is generally observed irrespective of the wavelength of the exciting light and, accordingly, the wavelength and energy of the exciting light may be varied within limits; but the light emitted by the fluorophore will always provide the same emission spectrum.
  • the strength of the fluorescence signal may be measured as the quantum yield of light emitted.
  • the fluorescence quantum yield is the ratio of the number of photons emitted in comparison to the number of photons initially absorbed by the fluorophore.
  • Dyes which absorb light energy as chromophores do so at individual wavelengths of energy and are characterized by a distinctive molar absorption coefficient at that wavelength.
  • Chemical analysis employing fiber optic strands and absorption spectroscopy using visible and ultraviolet light wavelengths in combination with the absorption coefficient allow for the determination of concentration for specific analyses of interest by spectral measurement.
  • absorbance measurement via optical fibers The most common use of absorbance measurement via optical fibers is to determine concentration which is calculated in accordance with Beers' law; accordingly, at a single absorbance wavelength ⁇ the greater the quantity of the composition which absorbs light energy at a given wavelength, the greater the optical density for the sample. In this way, the total quantity of light absorbed directly correlates with the quantity of the composition in the sample.
  • U.S.S.N.s 08/818,199 and 09/151 ,877 describe array compositions that utilize microspheres or beads on a surface of a substrate, for example on a terminal end of a fiber optic bundle, with each individual fiber comprising a bead containing an optical signature. Since the beads go down randomly, a unique optical signature is needed to "decode" the array; i.e. after the array is made, a correlation of the location of an individual site on the array with the bead or bioactive agent at that particular site can be made. This means that the beads may be randomly distributed on the array, a fast and inexpensive process as compared to either the in situ synthesis or spotting techniques of the prior art. Once the array is loaded with the beads, the array can be decoded, or can be used, with full or partial decoding occuring after testing, as is more fully outlined below.
  • biosensors comprising random arrays, generally comprising beads distributed at discrete sites on the surface of a substrate, that utilize computer systems and fiducials to allow comparison of sequential data images of the arrays.
  • the present invention provides array compositions comprising a substrate with a surface comprising discrete sites, at least one fiducial, and a population of microspheres comprising at leasta first and a second subpopulation.
  • Each subpopulation comprises a bioactive agent, and the microspheres are distributed on said surface.
  • Each subpopulation may optionally comprise a unique optical signature, an identifier binding ligand that will bind a decoder binding ligand such that the identification of the bioactive agent can be elucidated, or both.
  • compositions comprising a computer readable memory to direct a computer to function in a specified manner.
  • the computer readable memory comprises an acquisition module for receiving a data image of a random array comprising a plurality of discrete sites, a registration module for registering a data image, and a comparison module for comparing registered data images.
  • Each module comprises computer code for carrying out its function.
  • the registration module may utilize any number of fiducials, including a fiducial fiber when the substrate comprises a fiber optic bundle, a fiducial microsphere, or a fiducial template generated from the random array.
  • the invention provides methods of making the array compositions of the invention comprising forming a surface comprising individual sites on a substrate, distributing microspheres on the surface such that the individual sites contain microspheres, and incorporating at least one fiducial onto the surface.
  • the array has complete rotational freedom, at least two fiducials are preferred in the array to allow for correction of rotation.
  • the invention provides methods for comparing separate data images of a random array.
  • the methods comprise using a computer system to register a first data image of the random array to produce a registered first data image, using the computer system to register a second data image of the random array to produce a registered second data image, and comparing the first and the second registered data images to determine any differences between them.
  • the invention provides methods of decoding a random array composition comprising providing a random array composition as outlined herein.
  • a first plurality of decoding binding ligands is added to the array composition and a first data image is created.
  • a fiducial is used to generate a first registered data image.
  • a second plurality of decoding binding ligands is added to the array composition and a second data image is created.
  • the fiducial is used to generate a second registered data image.
  • a computer system is used to compare the first and the second registered data image to identify the location of at least two bioactive agents.
  • the invention provides methods of determining the presence of a target analyte in a sample.
  • the methods comprise acquiring a first data image of a random array composition, and registering the first data image to create a registered first data image.
  • the sample is then added to the random array and a second data image is acquired from the array.
  • the second data image is registered to create a registered second data image.
  • the first and the second registered data images are compared to determine the presence or absence of the target analyte.
  • the data acquisition may be at different wavelengths.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a fiber optic bundle with fiducial fibers.
  • Figure 2 illustrates the components of a multi-multi fiber including fiducial markers, optical fiber bundles (multi fiber) and the components of a single optical fiber (mono fiber).
  • the present invention is directed to the use of randomly ordered arrays comprising a bead-based analytic chemistry system in which beads, also termed microspheres, carrying different chemical functionalities are distributed on a substrate comprising a patterned surface of discrete sites that can bind the individual microspheres.
  • the beads are generally put onto the substrate randomly, i.e. each bead goes down arbitrarily or indescriminately on to a site.
  • This allows the synthesis of the candidate agents (i.e. compounds such as nucleic acids and antibodies) to be divorced from their placement on an array, i.e. the candidate agents may be synthesized on the beads, or on a different substrate and then put onto the beads, and then the beads are randomly distributed on a patterned surface.
  • the random placement of the beads means that all or part of the array must be "decoded” after synthesis; that is, after the array is made, a correlation of the location of an individual site on the array with the bead or candidate agent at that particular site can be made.
  • This encoding/decoding can be done in a number of ways, as is generally described in 60/090,473; 09/189,543; 08/944,850;
  • the beads may be randomly distributed on the array, a fast and inexpensive process as compared to either the in situ synthesis or spotting techniques of the prior art.
  • the array is exposed to samples containing the target analytes, although as outlined below, this can be done prior to, during or after the assay as well.
  • the target analytes will bind to the bioactive agents as is more fully outlined below, and results in a change in an optical signal of a particular bead.
  • the present invention is directed to compositions and methods that allow comparisons of sequential data images taken during decoding and assay analysis. That is, in the broadest sense, the invention provides computer systems comprising processors and computer readable memory that allow the storage and analysis of multiple captured images of the same array, whether to compare a decoding image and an experimental image, several experimental images or several decoding images. That is, a first data image is taken of a random array, and using either a fiducial template or an external fiducial, the data image is registered. A second data image is then taken and registered, and the two— registered data images can now be compared, as is more fully outlined below.
  • the present invention provides a variety of "registration” techniques that allow the comparison of a variety of these images in a uniform and reliable way. That is, in order to compare multiple data images from an array comprising a plurality of unique sites, it is important that the correct individual sites be compared during analysis. In a highly complex and small system, methods are needed to ensure that a first site in a first data image is correctly matched to the first site in a second data image. Accordingly, the present invention provides the incorporation of one or more reference features, also referred to herein as “markers” or “fiducials” or “registration points”, that allow this registration from image to image. It is generally preferred to have a number of spatially separated fiducials so that small amounts of skew and reduction/enlargement can be determined and taken into account.
  • these fiducials can take a number of forms.
  • the fiducial may be a bead with a unique optical signature or other characteristic ( Figure 1).
  • the fiducial may be a fiber element with a unique shape or optical properties.
  • the substrate may have other types of physical fiducials, such one or more defined edges that have characteristic optical properties that can be either spaced along the edge(s) or comprise the entire edge ( Figure 2).
  • the fiducials may be an inherent characteristic of the array; for example, small irregularities in the sites (features) of the array can be exploited to serve as fiducials, generating a "fiducial template".
  • the present invention provides random array compositions comprising at least a first substrate with a surface comprising individual sites.
  • random array herein is meant an array that is manufactured under conditions that results in the identification of the agent in at least some, if not all, of the sites of the array being initially unknown; that is, each agent is put down arbitrarily on a site of the array in a generally non-reproducible manner. What is important in random arrays, and what makes the present invention so useful, is that random arrays generally require at least one, and generally several "decoding" steps that produce data images that must be compared.
  • array herein is meant a plurality of candidate agents in an array format; the size of the array will depend on the composition and end use of the array. Arrays containing from about 2 different bioactive agents (i.e. different beads) to many millions can be made, with very large fiber optie arrays being possible. Generally, the array will comprise from two to as many as a billion or more, depending on the size of the beads and the substrate, as well as the end use of the array, thus very high density, high density, moderate density, low density and very low density arrays may be made. Preferred ranges for very high density arrays (all numbers are per cm 2 ) are from about 10,000,000 to about 2,000,000,000, with from about 100,000,000 to about 1 ,000,000,000 being preferred.
  • High density arrays range about 100,000 to about 10,000,000, with from about 1 ,000,000 to about 5,000,000 being particularly preferred.
  • Moderate density arrays range from about 10,000 to about 100,000 being particularly preferred, and from about 20,000 to about 50,000 being especially preferred.
  • Low density arrays are generally less than 10,000, with from about 1 ,000 to about 5,000 being preferred.
  • Very low density arrays are less than 1 ,000, with from about 10 to about 1000 being preferred, and from about 100 to about 500 being particularly preferred.
  • the compositions of the invention may not be in array format; that is, for some embodiments, compositions comprising a single bioactive agent may be made as well.
  • multiple substrates may be used, either of different or identical compositions. Thus for example, large arrays may comprise a plurality of smaller substrates.
  • one advantage of the present compositions is that particularly through the use of fiber optic technology, extremely high density arrays can be made.
  • beads of 200 ⁇ m or less can be used, and very small fibers are known, it is possible to have as many as 40,000 or more (in some instances, 1 million) different fibers and beads in a 1 mm 2 fiber optic bundle, with densities of greater than 25,000,000 individual beads and fibers (again, in some instances as many as 100 million) per 0.5 cm 2 obtainable.
  • substrate or “solid support” or other grammatical equivalents herein is meant any material that can be modified to contain discrete individual sites appropriate for the attachment or association of beads and is amenable to at least one detection method. As will be appreciated by those in the art, the number of possible substrates is very large.
  • Possible substrates include, but are not limited to, glass and modified or functionalized glass, plastics (including acrylics, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyurethanes, Teflon ®, etc.), polysaccharides, nylon or nitrocellulose, resins, silica or silica-based materials including silicon and modified silicon, carbon, metals, inorganic glasses, plastics, optical fiber bundles, and a variety of other polymers.
  • plastics including acrylics, polystyrene and copolymers of styrene and other materials, polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyurethanes, Teflon ®, etc.
  • polysaccharides such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyurethanes, Teflon ®, etc.
  • polysaccharides such as polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyure
  • the substrate is flat (planar), although as will be appreciated by those in the art, other configurations of substrates may be used as well; for example, three dimensional configurations can be used, for example by embedding the beads in a porous block of plastic that allows sample access to the beads and using a confocal microscope for detection. Similarly, the beads may be placed on the inside surface of a tube, for flow-through sample analysis to minimize sample volume.
  • Preferred substrates include optical fiber bundles as discussed below, and flat planar substrates such as glass, polystyrene and other plastics and acrylics.
  • the substrate may include a coating, edging or sheath of material, generally detectable, that defines a substrate edge that may serve as one or more fiducials.
  • the substrate is an optical fiber bundle or array, as is generally described in U.S.S.N.s 08/944,850 and 08/519,062, PCT US98/05025, and PCT US98/09163, all of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • Preferred embodiments utilize preformed unitary fiber optic arrays.
  • preformed unitary fiber optic array herein is meant an array of discrete individual fiber optic strands that are co-axially disposed and joined along their lengths. The fiber strands are generally individually clad.
  • one thing that distinguished a preformed unitary array from other fiber optic formats is that the fibers are not individually physically manipulatable without intentionally treating the preformed unitary array with agents that separate them, for example treating a preformed array susceptible to acid with an acid such that the interstitial material is etched and thus the individual cores can be separated.
  • agents that separate them for example treating a preformed array susceptible to acid with an acid such that the interstitial material is etched and thus the individual cores can be separated.
  • one strand generally cannot be physically separated at any point along its length from another fiber strand.
  • At least one surface of the substrate is modified to contain discrete, individual sites for later association of microspheres. These sites may also be referred to in some embodiments as "features". These sites may comprise physically altered sites, i.e. physical configurations such as wells or small depressions in the substrate that can retain the beads, such that a microsphere can rest in the well, or the use of other forces (magnetic or compressive), or chemically altered or active sites, such as chemically functionalized sites, electrostatically altered sites, hydrophobically/ hydrophilically functionalized sites, spots of adhesive, etc.
  • the sites may be a pattern, i.e. a regular design or configuration, or randomly distributed. A preferred embodiment utilizes a regular pattern of sites such that the sites may be addressed in the X-Y coordinate plane.
  • Pattern in this sense includes a repeating unit cell, preferably one that allows a high density of beads on the substrate.
  • these sites may not be discrete sites. That is, it is possible to use a uniform surface of adhesive or chemical functionalities, for example, that allows the attachment of beads at any position. That is, the surface of the substrate is modified to allow attachment of the microspheres at individual sites, whether or not those sites are contiguous or non-contiguous with other sites.
  • the surface of the substrate may be modified such that discrete sites are formed that can only have a single associated bead, or alternatively, the surface of the substrate is modified and beads may go down anywhere, but they end up at discrete sites.
  • the surface of the substrate is modified to contain wells, i.e. depressions in the surface of the substrate. This may be done as is generally known in the art using a variety of techniques, including, but not limited to, photolithography, stamping techniques, molding techniques and microetching techniques. As will be appreciated by those in the art, the technique used will depend on the composition and shape of the substrate.
  • the substrate is a fiber optic bundle and the surface of the substrate is a terminal end of the fiber bundle, as is generally described in 08/818,199 and 09/151 ,877, both of which are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
  • wells are made in a terminal or distal end of a fiber optic bundle comprising individual fibers.
  • the cores of the individual fibers are etched, with respect to the cladding, such that small wells or depressions are formed at one end of the fibers. The required depth of the wells will depend on the size of the beads to be added to the wells.
  • the microspheres are non-covalently associated in the wells, although the wells may additionally be chemically functionalized as is generally described below, cross-linking agents may be used, or a physical barrier may be used, i.e. a film or membrane over the beads.
  • the surface of the substrate is modified to contain chemically modified sites, that can be used to attach, either covalently or non-covalently, the microspheres of the invention to the discrete sites or locations on the substrate.
  • chemically modified sites in this context includes, but is not limited to, the addition of a pattern of chemical functional groups including amino groups, carboxy groups, oxo groups and thiol groups, that can be used to covalently attach microspheres, which generally also contain corresponding reactive functional groups; the addition of a pattern of adhesive that can be used to bind the microspheres (either by prior chemical functionalization for the addition of the adhesive or direct addition of the adhesive); the addition of a pattern of charged groups (similar to the chemical functionalities) for the electrostatic attachment of the microspheres, i.e.
  • microspheres comprise charged groups opposite to the sites; the addition of a pattern of chemical functional groups that renders the sites differentially hydrophobic or hydrophilic, such that the addition of similarly hydrophobic or hydrophilic microspheres under suitable experimental conditions will result in association of the microspheres to the sites on the basis of hydroaffinity.
  • pattern in this sense includes the use of a uniform treatment of the surface to allow attachment of the beads at discrete sites, as well as treatment of the surface resulting in discrete sites. As will be appreciated by those in the art, this may be accomplished in a variety of ways.
  • compositions of the invention further comprise a population of microspheres.
  • population herein is meant a plurality of beads as outlined above for arrays. Within the population are separate subpopulations, which can be a single microsphere or multiple identical microspheres. That is, in some embodiments, as is more fully outlined below, the array may contain only a single bead for each bioactive agent; preferred embodiments utilize a plurality of beads of each type.
  • microspheres or “beads” or “particles” or grammatical equivalents herein is meant small discrete particles.
  • the composition of the beads will vary, depending on the class of bioactive agent and the method of synthesis. Suitable bead compositions include those used in peptide, nucleic acid and organic moiety synthesis, including, but not limited to, plastics, ceramics, glass, polystyrene, methylstyrene, acrylic polymers, paramagnetic materials, thoria sol, carbon graphited, titanium dioxide, latex or cross-linked dextrans such as Sepharose, cellulose, nylon, cross-linked micelles and teflon may all be used. "Microsphere Detection Guide” from Bangs Laboratories, Fishers IN is a helpful guide.
  • the beads need not be spherical; irregular particles may be used.
  • the beads may be porous, thus increasing the surface area of the bead available for either bioactive agent attachment or tag attachment.
  • the bead sizes range from nanometers, i.e. 100 nm, to millimeters, i.e. 1 mm, with beads from about 0.2 micron to about 200 microns being preferred, and from about 0.5 to about 5 micron being particularly preferred, although in some embodiments larger or smaller beads may be used.
  • a key component of the invention is the use of a substrate/bead pairing that allows the association or attachment of the beads at discrete sites on the surface of the substrate, such that the beads do not move during the course of the assay.
  • Each microsphere comprises a bioactive agent, although as will be appreciated by those in the art, there may be some microspheres which do not contain a bioactive agent, depending the on the synthetic methods.
  • candidate bioactive agent or “bioactive agent” or “chemical functionality” or “binding ligand” herein is meant as used herein describes any molecule, e.g., protein, oligopeptide, small organic molecule, coordination complex, polysaccharide, polynucleotide, etc. which can be attached to the microspheres of the invention. It should be understood that the compositions of the invention have two primary uses.
  • the compositions are used to detect the presence of a particular target analyte; for example, the presence or absence of a particular nucleotide sequence or a particular protein, such as an enzyme, an antibody or an antigen.
  • the compositions are used to screen bioactive agents, i.e. drug candidates, for binding to a particular target analyte.
  • Bioactive agents encompass numerous chemical classes, though typically they are organic molecules, preferably small organic compounds having a molecular weight of more than 100 and less than about 2,500 daltons. Bioactive agents comprise functional groups necessary for structural interaction with proteins, particularly hydrogen bonding, and typically include at least an amine, carbonyl, hydroxyl or carboxyl group, preferably at least two of the functional chemical groups. The bioactive agents often comprise cyclical carbon or heterocyclic structures and/or aromatic or polyaromatic structures substituted with one or more of the above functional groups. Bioactive agents are also found among biomolecules including peptides, nucleic acids, saccharides, fatty acids, steroids, purines, pyrimidines, derivatives, structural analogs or combinations thereof. Particularly preferred are nucleic acids and proteins.
  • Bioactive agents can be obtained from a wide variety of sources including libraries of synthetic or natural compounds. For example, numerous means are available for random and directed synthesis of a wide variety of organic compounds and biomolecules, including expression of randomized oligonucleotides. Alternatively, libraries of natural compounds in the form of bacterial, fungal, plant and animal extracts are available or readily produced. Additionally, natural or synthetically produced libraries and compounds are readily modified through conventional chemical, physical and biochemical means. Known pharmacological agents may be subjected to directed or random chemical modifications, such as acylation, alkylation, esterification and/or amidification to produce structural analogs.
  • the bioactive agents are proteins
  • protein herein is meant at least two covalently attached ammo acids, which includes proteins, polypeptides, oligopeptides and peptides
  • the protein may be made up of naturally occurring ammo acids and peptide bonds, or synthetic peptidomimetic structures
  • “ammo acid”, or “peptide residue”, as used herein means both naturally occurring and synthetic am o acids
  • homo-phenylalanme, citrulline and norleucine are considered ammo acids for the purposes of the invention
  • the side chains may be in either the (R) or the (S) configuration
  • the ammo acids are in the (S) or L-configuration If non-naturally occurring side chains are used, non-ammo acid substituents may be used, for example to prevent or retard in vivo degradations
  • the bioactive agents are naturally occurring proteins or fragments of naturally occunng proteins
  • cellular extracts containing proteins, or random or directed digests of proteinaceous cellular extracts may be used
  • libraries of procaryotic and eukaryotic proteins may be made for screening in the systems described herein
  • Particularly preferred in this embodiment are libraries of bacterial, fungal, viral, and mammalian proteins, with the latter being preferred, and human proteins being especially preferred
  • the bioactive agents are peptides of from about 5 to about 30 am o acids, with from about 5 to about 20 ammo acids being preferred, and from about 7 to about 15 being particularly preferred
  • the peptides may be digests of naturally occurring proteins as is outlined above, random peptides, or "biased” random peptides
  • randomized or grammatical equivalents herein is meant that each nucleic acid and peptide consists of essentially random nucleotides and ammo acids, respectively Since generally these random peptides (or nucleic acids, discussed below) are chemically synthesized, they may incorporate any nucleotide or ammo acid at any position
  • the synthetic process can be designed to generate randomized proteins or nucleic acids, to allow the formation of all or most of the possible combinations over the length of the sequence, thus forming a library of randomized bioactive proteinaceous agents
  • a library of bioactive agents are used The library should provide a sufficiently structurally diverse population of bioactive agents to effect a probabilistically sufficient range of binding to target analytes Accordingly, an interaction library must be large enough so that at least one of its members will have a structure that gives it affinity for the target analyte Although it is difficult to gauge the required absolute size of an interaction library, nature provides a hint with the immune response a diversity of 10 7 -10 8 different antibodies provides at least one combination with sufficient affinity to interact with most potential antigens faced by an organism Published in vitro selection techniques have also shown that a library size of 10 7 to 10 8 is sufficient to find structures with affinity for the target Thus, in a preferred embodiment, at least 10 6 , preferably at least 10 7 , more preferably at least 10 8 and most preferably at least 10 9 different bioactive agents are simultaneously analyzed in the subject methods. Preferred methods maximize library size and diversity.
  • the library is fully randomized, with no sequence preferences or constants at any position.
  • the library is biased. That is, some positions within the sequence are either held constant, or are selected from a limited number of possibilities.
  • the nucleotides or amino acid residues are randomized within a defined class, for example, of hydrophobic amino acids, hydrophilic residues, sterically biased (either small or large) residues, towards the creation of cysteines, for cross-linking, prolines for SH-3 domains, serines, threonines, tyrosineG or histidines for phosphorylation sites, etc., or to purines, etc.
  • the bioactive agents are nucleic acids (generally called “probe nucleic acids” or “candidate probes” herein).
  • nucleic acid or “oligonucleotide” or grammatical equivalents herein means at least two nucleotides covalently linked together.
  • a nucleic acid of the present invention will generally contain phosphodiester bonds, although in some cases, as outlined below, nucleic acid analogs are included that may have alternate backbones, comprising, for example, phosphoramide (Beaucage, et al., Tetrahedron, 49(10):1925 (1993) and references therein; Letsinger,
  • nucleic acids may be single stranded or double stranded, as specified, or contain portions of both double stranded or single stranded sequence.
  • the nucleic acid may be DNA, both genomic and cDNA, RNA or a hybrid, where the nucleic acid contains any combination of deoxyribo- and ribo-nucleotides, and any combination of bases, including uracil, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, inosine, xanthanine, hypoxanthanine, isocytosine, isoguanine, and base analogs such as nitropyrrole and nitroindole, etc.
  • nucleic acid bioactive agents may be naturally occuring nucleic acids, random nucleic acids, or "biased" random nucleic acids.
  • digests of procaryotic or eukaryotic genomes may be used as is outlined above for proteins.
  • probes of the present invention are designed to be complementary to a target sequence (either the target analyte sequence of the sample or to other probe sequences, as is described herein), such that hybridization of the target and the probes of the present invention occurs.
  • This complementarity need not be perfect; there may be any number of base pair mismatches that will interfere with hybridization between the target sequence and the single stranded nucleic acids of the present invention. However, if the number of mutations is so great that no hybridization can occur under even the least stringent of hybridization conditions, the sequence is not a complementary target sequence.
  • substantially complementary herein is meant that the probes are sufficiently complementary to the target sequences to hybridize under the selected reaction conditions. High stringency conditions are known in the art; see for example Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A
  • stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Longer sequences hybridize specifically at higher temperatures. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen, Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, "Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid assays” (1993). Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5-10°C lower than the thermal melting point (T m ) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength pH.
  • the T m is the temperature (under defined ionic strength, pH and nucleic acid concentration) at which 50% of the probes complementary to the target hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium (as the target sequences are present in excess, at T m , 50% of the probes are occupied at equilibrium)
  • Stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1 0 M sodium ion, typically about 0 01 to 1 0 M sodium ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7 0 to 8 3 and the temperature is at least about 30°C for short probes (e g 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60°C for long probes (e g greater than 50 nucleotides)
  • Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide
  • less stringent hybridization conditions are used, for example, moderate or low stringency conditions may be used, as are known in the art, see Maniatis and Ausubel, supra, and Tijssen, supra
  • target sequence means a nucleic acid sequence on a single strand of nucleic acid
  • the target sequence may be a portion of a gene, a regulatory sequence, genomic DNA, cDNA, RNA including mRNA and rRNA, or others It may be any length, with the understanding that longer sequences are more specific
  • the complementary target sequence may take many forms For example, it may be contained within a larger nucleic acid sequence, i e all or part of a gene or mRNA, a restriction fragment of a plasmid or genomic DNA, among others
  • probes are made to hybridize to target sequences to determine the presence or absence of the target sequence in a sample Generally speaking, this term will be understood by those skilled in the art
  • the bioactive agents are organic chemical moieties, a wide variety of which are available in the literature
  • each bead comprises a single type of bioactive agent, although a plurality of individual bioactive agents are preferably attached to each bead
  • preferred embodiments utilize more than one microsphere containing a unique bioactive agent, that is, there is redundancy built into the system by the use of subpopulations of microspheres, each microsphere in the subpopulation containing the same bioactive agent
  • the bioactive agents may either be synthesized directly on the beads, or they may be made and then attached after synthesis
  • linkers are used to attach the bioactive agents to the beads, to allow both good attachment, sufficient flexibility to allow good interaction with the target molecule, and to avoid undesirable binding reactions
  • the bioactive agents are synthesized directly on the beads
  • many classes of chemical compounds are currently synthesized on solid supports, such as peptides, organic moieties, and nucleic acids It is a relatively straightforward matter to adjust the current synthetic techniques to use beads
  • the bioactive agents are synthesized first, and then covalently attached to the beads. As will be appreciated by those in the art, this will be done depending on the composition of the bioactive agents and the beads.
  • the functionalization of solid support surfaces such as certain polymers with chemically reactive groups such as thiols, amines, carboxyls, etc. is generally known in the art.
  • blank microspheres may be used that have surface chemistries that facilitate the attachment of the desired functionality by the user.
  • Some examples of these surface chemistries for blank microspheres include, but are not limited to, amino groups including aliphatic and aromatic amines, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, amides, chloromethyl groups, hydrazide, hydroxyl groups, sulfonates and sulfates.
  • candidate agents containing carbohydrates may be attached to an amino-functionalized support; the aldehyde of the carbohydrate is made using standard techniques, and then the aldehyde is reacted with an amino group on the surface.
  • a sulfhydryl linker may be used.
  • sulfhydryl reactive linkers known in the art such as SPDP, maleimides, ⁇ -haloacetyls, and pyridyl disulfides (see for example the 1994
  • carboxyl groups may be derivatized using well known linkers (see the Pierce catalog).
  • carbodiimides activate carboxyl groups for attack by good nucleophiles such as amines (see Torchilin et al., Critical Rev. Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 7(4):275-308 (1991), expressly incorporated herein).
  • Proteinaceous candidate agents may also be attached using other techniques known in the art, for example for the attachment of antibodies to polymers; see Slinkin et al., Bioconj. Chem. 2:342-348 (1991); Torchilin et al., supra; Trubetskoy et al., Bioconi.
  • the candidate agents may be attached in a variety of ways, including those listed above. What is important is that manner of attachment does not significantly alter the functionality of the candidate agent; that is, the candidate agent should be attached in such a flexible manner as to allow its interaction with a target.
  • NH 2 surface chemistry microspheres are used. Surface activation is achieved with a 2.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffered saline (10 mM) providing a pH of 6.9. (138 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM, KCI). This is stirred on a stir bed for approximately 2 hours at room temperature. The microspheres are then rinsed with ultrapure water plus 0.01 % tween 20 (surfactant) -0.02%, and rinsed again with a pH 7.7 PBS plus 0.01 % tween 20. Finally, the enzyme is added to the solution, preferably after being prefiltered using a 0.45 ⁇ m amicon micropure filter.
  • the microspheres may additionally comprise identifier binding ligands for use in certain decoding systems.
  • identifier binding ligands or “IBLs” herein is meant a compound that will specifically bind a corresponding decoder binding ligand (DBL) to facilitate the elucidation of the identity of the bioactive agent attached to the bead. That is, the IBL and the corresponding DBL form a binding partner pair.
  • specifically bind herein is meant that the IBL binds its DBL with specificity sufficient to differentiate between the corresponding DBL and other DBLs (that is, DBLs for other IBLs), or other components or contaminants of the system.
  • the binding should be sufficient to remain bound under the conditions of the decoding step, including wash steps to remove non-specific binding.
  • the dissociation constants of the IBL to its DBL will be less than about lO ' O "6 M " ⁇ with less than about 10 5 to 10 '9 M "1 being preferred and less than about 10 "7 -10 "9 M ⁇ 1 being particularly preferred.
  • IBL-DBL binding pairs are known or can be readily found using known techniques.
  • the DBLs include proteins (particularly including antibodies or fragments thereof (FAbs, etc.)) or small molecules, or vice versa (the IBL is an antibody and the DBL is a protein).
  • Metal ion- metal ion ligands or chelators pairs are also useful.
  • Antigen-antibody pairs, enzymes and substrates or inhibitors, other protein-protein interacting pairs, receptor-ligands, complementary nucleic acids, and carbohydrates and their binding partners are also suitable binding pairs.
  • Nucleic acid - nucleic acid binding proteins pairs are also useful. Similarly, as is generally described in U.S.
  • nucleic acid "aptomers" can be developed for binding to virtually any target; such a aptomer-target pair can be used as the IBL-DBL pair.
  • nucleic acid "aptomers” can be developed for binding to virtually any target; such a aptomer-target pair can be used as the IBL-DBL pair.
  • the IBL is a molecule whose color or luminescence properties change in the presence of a selectively-binding DBL.
  • the IBL may be a fluorescent pH indicator whose emission intensity changes with pH.
  • the IBL may be a fluorescent ion indicator, whose emission properties change with ion concentration.
  • the IBL is a molecule whose color or luminescence properties change in the presence of various solvents.
  • the IBL may be a fluorescent molecule such as an ethidium salt whose fluorescence intensity increases in hydrophobic environments.
  • the IBL may be a derivative of fluorescein whose color changes between aqueous and nonpolar solvents.
  • the DBL may be attached to a bead, i.e. a "decoder bead", that may carry a label such as a fluorophore.
  • the IBL-DBL pair comprise substantially complementary single-stranded nucleic acids.
  • the binding ligands can be referred to as "identifier probes" and “decoder probes”.
  • the identifier and decoder probes range from about 4 basepairs in length to about 1000, with from about 6 to about 100 being preferred, and from about 8 to about 40 being particularly preferred. What is important is that the probes are long enough to be specific, i.e. to distinguish between different IBL-DBL pairs, yet short enough to allow both a) dissociation, if necessary, under suitable experimental conditions, and b) efficient hybridization.
  • the IBLs do not bind to DBLs. Rather, the IBLs are used as identifier moieties ("IMs") that are identified directly, for example through the use of mass spectroscopy.
  • IMs identifier moieties
  • the microspheres comprise an optical signature that can be used to identify the attached bioactive agent, as is generally outlined in U.S.S.N.s 08/818,199 and 09/151 ,877, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference. That is, each subpopulation of microspheres comprise a unique optical signature or optical tag that can be used to identify the unique bioactive agent of that subpopulation of microspheres; a bead comprising the unique optical signature may be distinguished from beads at other locations with different optical signatures. As is outlined herein, each bioactive agent will have an associated unique optical signature such that any microspheres comprising that bioactive agent will be identifiable on the basis of the signature. As is more fully outlined below, it is possible to reuse or duplicate optical signatures within an array, for example, when another level of identification is used, for example when beads of different sizes are used, or when the array is loaded sequentially with different batches of beads.
  • the optical signature is generally a mixture of reporter dyes, preferably fluorescent.
  • the composition of the mixture i.e. the ratio of one dye to another
  • concentration of the dye leading to differences in signal intensity
  • matrices of unique tags may be generated. This may be done by covalently attaching the dyes to the surface of the beads, or alternatively, by entrapping the dye within the bead.
  • the dyes may be chromophores or phosphors but are preferably fluorescent dyes, which due to their strong signals provide a good signal-to-noise ratio for decoding.
  • Suitable dyes for use in the invention include, but are not limited to, fluorescent lanthanide complexes, including those of Europium and Terbium, fluorescein, rhodamine, tetramethylrhodamine, eosin, erythrosin, coumarin, methyl-coumarins, pyrene, Malacite green, stilbene, Lucifer Yellow, Cascade BlueTM, Texas Red, and others described in the 1989-1991
  • the encoding can be accomplished in a ratio of at least two dyes, although more encoding dimensions may be added in the size of the beads, for example.
  • the labels are distinguishable from one another; thus two different labels may comprise different molecules (i.e. two different fluors) or, alternatively, one label at two different concentrations or intensity.
  • the dyes are covalently attached to the surface of the beads. This may be done as is generally outlined for the attachment of the bioactive agents, using functional groups on the surface of the beads. As will be appreciated by those in the art, these attachments are done to minimize the effect on the dye.
  • the dyes are non-covalently associated with the beads, generally by entrapping the dyes in the bead matrix or pores of the beads.
  • Fluorescent dyes are generally preferred because the strength of the fluorescent signal provides a better signal-to-noise ratio when decoding. Additionally, encoding in the ratios of the two or more dyes, rather than single dye concentrations, is preferred since it provides insensitivity to the intensity of light used to interrogate the reporter dye's signature and detector sensitivity.
  • the dyes are added to the bioactive agent, rather than the beads, although this is generally not preferred.
  • the microspheres do not contain an optical signature.
  • the present invention does not rely solely on the use of optical properties to decode the arrays.
  • optical signatures it is possible in some embodiments to utilize optical signatures as an additional coding method, in conjunction with the present system.
  • the size of the array may be effectively increased while using a single set of decoding moieties in several ways, one of which is the use of optical signatures one some beads.
  • the use of two populations of beads, one with an optical signature and one without allows the effective doubling of the array size
  • the use of multiple optical signatures similarly increases the possible size of the array
  • each subpopulation of beads comprises a plurality of different identifier binding ligands ("IBLs")
  • IBLs identifier binding ligands
  • each individual bioactive agent in the array is assigned a combination of IBLs, which can be added to the beads prior to the addition of the bioactive agent, after, or during the synthesis of the bioactive agent, i e simultaneous addition of IBLs and bioactive agent components
  • the bioactive agent is a polymer of different residues, i e when the bioactive agent is a protein or nucleic acid
  • the combination of different IBLs can be used to elucidate the sequence of the protein or nucleic acid
  • the first position of a nucleic acid can be elucidated for example, adenosine can be represented by the presence of both IBL1 and IBL2, thymidine can be represented by the presence of IBL1 but not IBL2, cytosme can be represented by the presence of IBL2 but not IBL1 , and guanosme can be represented by the absence of both
  • the second position of the nucleic acid can be done in a similar manner using IBL3 and IBL4, thus, the presence of IBL1 , IBL2, IBL3 and IBL4 gives a sequence of AA, IBL1 , IBL2, and IBL3 shows the sequence AT, IBL1 , IBL3 and IBL4 gives the sequence TA, etc
  • the third position utilizes IBL5 and IBL6, etc In this way, the use of 20 different identifiers can yield a unique code for every possible 10- mer
  • the system is similar for proteins but requires a larger number of different IBLs to identify each position, depending on the allowed diversity at each position Thus for example, if every ammo acid is allowed at every position, five different IBLs are required for each position.
  • there may be bias built into the system not all amino acids may be present at all positions, and some positions may be preset; accordingly, it may be possible to utilize four different IBLs for each amino acid.
  • IBLs concentrations or densities of IBLs allows a "reuse" of sorts. If, for example, the bead comprising a first agent has a 1X concentration of IBL, and a second bead comprising a second agent has a 10X concentration of IBL, using saturating concentrations of the corresponding labelled DBL allows the user to distinguish between the two beads.
  • the compositions of the invention further comprise at least one fiducial.
  • fiducial or “marker” or “registration point” herein is meant a physical reference feature or characteristic that allows precise comparisons of sequential data images of an array.
  • the use of fiducials is useful for a variety of reasons.
  • the assays involve monitoring of objects, i.e. bioactive agents, located at spatially distinct locations (features) over the course of several data image frames taken over time. Any shifting that occurs from frame to frame complicates the analysis of the agents.
  • objects i.e. bioactive agents
  • features located at spatially distinct locations (features) over the course of several data image frames taken over time. Any shifting that occurs from frame to frame complicates the analysis of the agents.
  • each data image can be aligned, either manually or automatically, to allow accurate comparison of the images, and control for translation (i.e.
  • a particular region or feature may or may not emit fluorescence, depending on the label characteristics and the wavelength being interrogated, or the presence or absence of an analyte or DBL, etc.
  • the presence of fluorescence is detected as a positive change in feature intensity with respect to the background intensity, which is then used to draw a software "segment" over the core. In situations where the core is dark, i.e. no fluorescence is detected at that particular feature, it is difficult to accurately draw the segment over the core.
  • At least one fiducial is incorporated into the array.
  • a plurality of fiducials are used, with the ideal number depending on the size of the array (i.e. features per fiducial), the density of the array, the shape of the array, the irregularity of the array, etc.
  • at least three non-linear fiducials are used; that is, three fiducials that define a plane (i.e. are not in a line) are used.
  • the substrate is a fiber optic bundle and the fiducial is a fiducial fiber.
  • the fiducial fibers may have unique or special optical properties; for example, fiducial fibers made of stock glass that exhibits broad fluorescence across the visible range of the spectrum; glasses are available in a wide range of compositions, and often possess intrinsic fluorescence due to the presence of impurities or dopants in the glass material.
  • the fiducial fibers may have a different shape or size, or both, from the other fibers of the array.
  • fiducials have different characteristics, i.e. asymmetry among the fiducials, to allow for an extra level of registration.
  • asymmetry among the fiducials For example, in an square array format with fiducials at the corners, one of the four fiducials could be of a different shape or size than the other three or positionally offset.
  • the fiducial fibers may each be labeled with the same or with different labels.
  • a fiber is coated with a single label.
  • multiple fibers to be incorporated into an array are labeled with the same label.
  • each of a plurality of fiducial fibers is labeled with a different or discrete label.
  • ⁇ fiducial fiber comprises a detectable label, such as a dye, fluorescent organic dye or fluorescent inorganic particles such as quantum dots.
  • Arrays comprising fiducial fibers are generally made in a variety of ways.
  • the fiber is doped with fluorescent organic dyes or fluorescent inorganic particles such as quantum dots at the melting stage, prior to the machining of the glass into rods for drawing.
  • the glass rod material is dipped into or covered with a solution of a label such as a fluorescent dopant material.
  • a label such as a fluorescent dopant material.
  • Preferred embodiments utilize inorganic nanoparticles
  • quantum dots as they are small in size, exhibit high fluoresence quantum efficiencies, and are extremely photostable over long period of time (i.e. resistant to photobleaching).
  • the fluorescent characteristics of quantum dots are known to be directly related to the size of the particles.
  • a polydisperse collection of particles is employed to give rise to broad absorbtive and emissive properties.
  • predoped fibers such as terbium-doped fibers are used as a foundation for the fiducial, and a label such as a fluorescent particle is added to the exterior of these core glasses to give rise to a fiber that exhibits fluorescent properties of both the internal and external dopants.
  • the bar is then inserted into a cladding tube of lower refractive index and drawn.
  • excitation light can be made to propagate down the core, exciting any fluorescent material present either in the core itself or, in this case, at the interface between the core and the clad.
  • the fluorescence is then coupled into the core and light-guided back up the core to the proximal face of the fiber where it is detected, for example by a CCD camera.
  • each of a plurality of fibers are incorporated into an array and each is coated with a different label.
  • the fiducial is a fiducial bead of the random array. Similar to the fiducial fibers, fiducial beads may be added to the random array in any position. Thus, for example, a few fiducial beads may be added to the array prior to or simultaneously with the addition of the beads comprising bioactive agents. In this case the fiducial beads may go down randomly on the array.
  • fiducial beads when wells are used, targeted addition of fiducial beads may be done; for example, by creating larger wells in defined locations (for example by using a few larger fibers and etching techniques), large fiducial beads may be laid down in certain sites. As above for fiducial fibers, the detectable properties of the fiducial beads may be different than the properties of the beads comprising agents.
  • the detectable properties of the fiducial beads may be different than the properties of the beads comprising agents.
  • an advantage of the resulting array is that the fiducial pattern is essentially a "signature" of the individual array. That is, since the likelihood of two arrays containing the same spatial arrangement of fiducial beads is very low, individual arrays can be visually distinguished, serving as a sort of internal "label" for the array.
  • the marker bead comprises no label, while the remaining beads or microspheres are labeled.
  • the absence of a label serves to identify the marker bead on the array.
  • an array comprises at least one marker bead, although more than one marker bead is particularly preferred.
  • the marker bead(s) can be added to the substrate or array at any time prior to, simultaneously with or following the addition of other microspheres.
  • the fiducial is a defined edge or edges of the substrate. As will be appreciated by those in the art, this may be done in a variety of ways.
  • a coating or sheath of fiducial material such as highly fluorescent glass, is incorporated into the array composition.
  • the fiducial material can have any number of physical characteristics to allow registration; for example, a "stripe" of fiducial material may have notches, dark impurities, or other identifying features along its length Alternatively, the fiducial material is placed in discrete spots or discrete shapes, basically, any orientation that allows translation, rotation, enlargement or reduction of images to be detected can be used
  • an exogeneous fiducial is not used, rather, inherent characteristics of the array are used That is, rather than incorporate a special feature into the array to serve as a fiducial, the inherent variability of the features of an array is used to create a sort of "fiducial template"
  • an image of the array is taken under conditions in which all the features are illuminated evenly and can be differentiated from one another
  • the surface of the substrate can be illuminated with white light in such a way that all the features are illuminated evenly
  • the illumination angle and intensity is chosen such that the light reflecting off the beads differs in intensity from the light reflecting off the cladding and spacer material
  • Preferred embodiments utilize polarized light or light impinging at various angles
  • the surface of the array may be contacted with a fluorescent solution, allowing fluorescence to be collected equally by all the features
  • the invention provides the use of an image produced by a randomly ordered array to identify and/or label the array
  • an image produced by a randomly ordered array When forming a random array, many, but not all, of the microwells on an array are filled with microspheres The filled versus unfilled sites on the array are randomized, thus, an image or a composite of images of an array that details the filled from unfilled locations on the array serves as a unique identifier of the array
  • the image of a particular array is statistically different and distinct from an image or a composite of images of another array even though the different arrays have functional equivalence
  • statically different is meant that although there is a theoretical probability that two arrays may be similar, the probability is so small as to be insignificant or unimportant
  • the arrays have at least one subpopulation of microspheres
  • the pattern on the array created by the random assembly of microspheres on the array serves to identify the particular array
  • the image of the array registers the location of each bead such that composite images taken from the array can be compared directly For example, an image produced by an array after exposure to a first substance can be directly compared with the same array exposed to a second substance Alternatively, a single population of microspheres can be analyzed by multiple wavelengths and directly compared
  • these arrays have two or more subpopulations represented in each array Because the arrays are assembled randomly, the individual locations of beads representing each subpopulation are randomized Thus, an image or a composite of images that registers the location of each bead in a particular subpopulation will be statistically different from an image or composite of images of another array even though the different arrays have functional equivalence Likewise, the image or composite of images for another subpopulation within the same array will be statistically different from an image or composite of images of another array
  • the specific number of beads within a subpopulation on an array is defined by a Poisson distribution
  • the variation in number of beads representing a subpopulation adds another dimension to identifying individual arrays
  • each random array has a built in method for identifying and tracking that array
  • the invention facilitates the use of innate features within a random array to identify and track a specific array
  • the ability to identify and track a specific array has important functionality am quality control monitoring, inventory monitoring, performance monitoring and use monitoring For example, the ability to identify an array will allow one to determine when it is used and whether it is reused
  • the template image is used to define a "grid" which is placed upon the data images
  • a template image to define the location of features is optional, although currently preferred Using standard image processing software such as Image Pro (Media Cybernetics) a template is built based on this grid
  • Image Pro Media Cybernetics
  • This type of software allows the user to create simultaneous software segments to calculate the mean feature intensity over a region of interest using a simple, one step segmentation function
  • This software-based fiducial template can then be mapped onto each data image in the assay protocol to allow data collection for each region for each data image See for example U S Patent No 5,768,412 This allows the location of each array feature to be defined
  • the methods of making the arrays and of decoding the arrays is done to maximize the number of different candidate agents that can be uniquely encoded
  • the compositions of the invention may be made in a variety of ways
  • the arrays are made by adding a solution or slurry comprising the beads to a surface containing the sites for attachment of the beads This may be done in a variety of buffers, including aqueous and organic solvents, and mixtures The solvent can evaporate, and excess beads removed It should be noted that not all sites of an array may comprise a bead; that is, there may be some sites on the substrate surface which are empty. In addition, there may be some sites that contain more than one bead, although this is not preferred.
  • empty sites can serve as fiducials. That is, consistently "dark” sites can also be used as fiducials. This finds particular use when the filling efficiencies of the array are high; that is, when most sites contain a bead.
  • the dark sites also can be used to "fingerprint" the array as described above. That is, the image of light and dark sites serves to define or identify a particular array. This image also serves to register the array for comparison purposes.
  • the beads in a non-random or ordered way.
  • photoactivatible attachment linkers or photoactivatible adhesives or masks selected sites on the array may be sequentially rendered suitable for attachment, such that defined populations of beads are laid down.
  • the arrays of the present invention are constructed such that information about the identity of the candidate agent is built into the array, such that the random deposition of the beads in the fiber wells can be "decoded” to allow identification of the candidate agent at all positions. This may be done in a variety of ways, and either before, during or after the use of the array to detect target molecules.
  • both decoding and the experimental assay to determine the presence or absence of a target analyte requires the comparison of sequential data images to determine the differences between two data images. In general, this is done by taking a first or initial data image, using the fiducial to create a registered first data image, subjecting the array to decoding conditions and taking a second data image. The same fiducial is used to create a registered second data image, and then the two registered images can be compared.
  • a "data image” includes a primary data image or a reduction of the image; for example, the image may be reduced to a set of X- Y coordinates with corresponding intensity values.
  • the computer readable memory comprises an acquisition module that comprises computer code that can receive a data image from a random array and a registration module comprising computer code that can register the data image using at least one fiducial, including a fiducial template, to generate a registered data image.
  • This registered data image can then be stored in a storage module as needed.
  • This same computer code, or different code, if required, can be used to receive additional data images and generate additional registered data images, which also can be stored.
  • the computer readable memory further comprises a comparison module comprising computer code that can compare the registered data images to determine the differences between them, to allow both decoding of the array and target analyte detection. That is, when decoding is done, the comparison of at least two registered data images allows the identification of the location of at least two unique bioactive agents on the array.
  • a random array is decoded.
  • a selective decoding system is used. In this case, only those microspheres exhibiting a change in the optical signal as a result of the binding of a target analyte are decoded. This is commonly done when the number of "hits", i.e. the number of sites to decode, is generally low. That is, the array is first scanned under experimental conditions in the absence of the target analytes. The sample containing the target analytes is added, and only those locations exhibiting a change in the optical signal are decoded.
  • the beads at either the positive or negative signal locations may be either selectively tagged or released from the array (for example through the use of photocleavable linkers), and subsequently sorted or enriched in a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). That is, either all the negative beads are released, and then the positive beads are either released or analyzed in situ, or alternatively all the positives are released and analyzed.
  • the labels may comprise halogenated aromatic compounds, and detection of the label is done using for example gas chromatography, chemical tags, isotopic tags mass spectral tags.
  • atomic force microscopy is used to decode the array.
  • an AFM tip comprising a DBL, is positioned at the site to be decoded, that comprises an IBL.
  • the force of interaction between the IBIJDBL is measured using AFM.
  • AFM has atomic resolution, a variety of other physical characteristics, including physical size and shape can be used for decoding.
  • different "shaped" molecules could be used as IBLs; in this embodiment, the AFM tip can comprise a DBL or just a moiety that can detect different surfaces.
  • AFM could be used as "nanotweezers" to deliver or recover beads to and from specific locations on the array.
  • each bead contains a fluorescent dye.
  • the identification may occur through the use of identifier moieties ("IMs"), which are similar to IBLs but need not necessarily bind to DBLs That is, rather than elucidate the structure of the bioactive agent directly, the composition of the IMs may serve as the identifier
  • IMs identifier moieties
  • a specific combination of IMs can serve to code the bead, and be used to identify the agent on the bead upon release from the bead followed by subsequent analysis, for example using a gas chromatograph or mass spectroscope
  • each bead comprises a non- fluorescent precursor to a fluorescent dye
  • photocleavable protecting groups such as certain ortho-nitrobenzyl groups
  • photoactivation of the fluorochrome can be done After the assay, light is shown down again either the "positive” or the "negative” fibers, to distinquish these populations
  • the illuminated precursors are then chemically converted to a fluorescent dye All the beads are then released from the array, with sorting, to form populations of fluorescent and non-fluorescent beads (either the positives and the negatives or vice versa)
  • the sites of attachment of the beads include a photopolyme ⁇ zable reagent, or the photopolyme ⁇ zable agent is added to the assembled array After the test assay is run, light is shown down again either the "positive” or the "negative” fibers, to distinquish these populations As a result of the irradiation, either all the positives or all the negatives are polymerized and trapped or bound to the sites, while the other population of beads can be released from the array
  • the location of every bioactive agent is determined using decoder binding ligands (DBLs)
  • DBLs are binding ligands that will either bind to identifier binding ligands, if present, or to the bioactive agents themselves, preferably when the bioactive agent is a nucleic acid or protein
  • the DBL binds to the IBL
  • the bioactive agents are single-stranded nucleic acids and the DBL is a substantially complementary single-stranded nucleic acid that binds (hybridizes) to the bioactive agent, termed a decoder probe herein
  • a decoder probe that is substantially complementary to each candidate probe is made and used to decode the array
  • the candidate probes and the decoder probes should be of sufficient length (and the decoding step run under suitable conditions) to allow specificity, i e each candidate probe binds to its corresponding decoder probe with sufficient specificity to allow the distinction of each candidate probe
  • the DBLs are either directly or indirectly labeled
  • labeled herein is meant that a compound has at least one element, isotope or chemical compound attached to enable the detection of the compound
  • labels fall into three classes a) isotopic labels, which may be radioactive or heavy isotopes, b) magnetic, electrical, thermal, and c) colored or luminescent dyes, although labels include enzymes and particles such as magnetic particles as well Preferred labels include luminescent labels
  • the DBL is directly labeled, that is, the DBL comprises a label
  • the DBL is indirectly labeled, that is, a labeling binding ligand (LBL) that will bind to the DBL is used
  • the labeling binding hgand-DBL pair can be as described above for IBL-DBL pairs
  • the identification of the location of the individual beads is done using one or more decoding steps comprising a binding between the labeled DBL and either the IBL or the bioactive agent (i e a hybridization between the candidate probe and the decoder probe when the bioactive agent is a nucleic acid)
  • the DBLs can be removed and the array can be used, however, in some circumstances, for example when the DBL binds to an IBL and not to the bioactive agent, the removal of the DBL is not required (although it may be desirable in some circumstances)
  • decoding may be done either before the array is used to in an assay, during the assay, or after the assay
  • each DBL is labeled with a unique label, such that the number of unique tags is equal to or greater than the number of bioactive agents (although in some cases, "reuse" of the unique labels can be done, as described herein, similarly, minor variants of candidate probes can share the same decoder, if the variants are encoded in another dimension, i e in the bead size or label)
  • a DBL is made that will specifically bind to it and contains a unique tag, for example one or more fluorochromes
  • the number of unique labels is less than the number of unique bioactive agents, and thus a sequential series of decoding steps are used.
  • decoder probes are divided into n sets for decoding. The number of sets corresponds to the number of unique tags. Each decoder probe is labeled in n separate reactions with n distinct tags. All the decoder probes share the same n tags. The decoder probes are pooled so that each pool contains only one of the n tag versions of each decoder, and no two decoder probes have the same sequence of tags across all the pools.
  • the number of pools required for this to be true is determined by the number of decoder probes and the n.
  • Hybridization of each pool to the array generates a signal at every address.
  • the sequential hybridization of each pool in turn will generate a unique, sequence-specific code for each candidate probe. This identifies the candidate probe at each address in the array. For example, if four tags are used, then 4 X n sequential hybridizations can ideally distinguish 4" sequences, although in some cases more steps may be required.
  • the hybrids are denatured and the decoder probes removed, so that the probes are rendered single-stranded for the next hybridization (although it is also possible to hybridize limiting amounts of target so that the available probe is not saturated. Sequential hybridizations can be carried out and analyzed by subtracting pre-existing signal from the previous hybridization).
  • Decoder probes 1-16 are made that correspond to the probes on the beads.
  • the first step is to label decoder probes 1-4 with tag A, decoder probes 5-8 with tag B, decoder probes 9-12 with tag C, and decoder probes 13-16 with tag D.
  • the probes are mixed and the pool is contacted with the array containing the beads with the attached candidate probes.
  • the location of each tag (and thus each decoder and candidate probe pair) is then determined.
  • the first set of decoder probes are then removed.
  • decoder probes 1, 5, 9 and 13 are labeled with tag A
  • decoder probes 2, 6, 10 and 14 are labeled with tag B
  • decoder probes 3, 7, 11 and 15 are labeled with tag C
  • decoder probes 4, 8, 12 and 16 are labeled with tag D.
  • those beads that contained tag A in both decoding steps contain candidate probe 1; tag A in the first decoding step and tag B in the second decoding step contain candidate probe 2; tag A in the first decoding step and tag C in the second step contain candidate probe 3; etc.
  • the decoder probes are labeled in situ; that is, they need not be labeled prior to the decoding reaction.
  • the incoming decoder probe is shorter than the candidate probe, creating a 5' "overhang" on the decoding probe.
  • the addition of labeled ddNTPs (each labeled with a unique tag) and a polymerase will allow the addition of the tags in a sequence specific manner, thus creating a sequence-specific pattern of signals.
  • other modifications can be done, including ligation, etc.
  • the size of the array will be set by the number of unique decoding binding ligands, it is possible to "reuse" a set of unique DBLs to allow for a greater number of test sites. This may be done in several ways; for example, by using some subpopulations that comprise optical signatures. Similarly, the use of a positional coding scheme within an array; different sub-bundles may reuse the set of DBLs. Similarly, one embodiment utilizes bead size as a coding modality, thus allowing the reuse of the set of unique DBLs for each bead size. Alternatively, sequential partial loading of arrays with beads can also allow the reuse of DBLs. Furthermore, "code sharing" can occur as well.
  • the DBLs may be reused by having some subpopulations of beads comprise optical signatures.
  • the optical signature is generally a mixture of reporter dyes, preferably fluoroscent.
  • the composition of the mixture i.e. the ratio of one dye to another
  • concentration of the dye leading to differences in signal intensity
  • matrices of unique optical signatures may be generated. This may be done by covalently attaching the dyes to the surface of the beads, or alternatively, by entrapping the dye within the bead.
  • the dyes may be chromophores or phosphors but are preferably fluorescent dyes, which due to their strong signals provide a good signal-to-noise ratio for decoding.
  • Suitable dyes for use in the invention include, but are not limited to, fluorescent lanthanide complexes, including those of Europium and Terbium, fluorescein, rhodamine, tetramethylrhodamine, eosin, erythrosin, coumarin, methyl- coumarins, pyrene, Malacite green, stilbene, Lucifer Yellow, Cascade BlueTM, Texas Red, and others described in the 6th Edition of the Molecular Probes Handbook by Richard P. Haugland, hereby expressly incorporated by reference. "
  • the encoding can be accomplished in a ratio of at least two dyes, although more encoding dimensions may be added in the size of the beads, for example.
  • the labels are distinguishable from one another; thus two different labels may comprise different molecules (i.e. two different fluors) or, alternatively, one label at two different concentrations or intensity.
  • the dyes are covalently attached to the surface of the beads. This may be done as is generally outlined for the attachment of the bioactive agents, using functional groups on the surface of the beads. As will be appreciated by those in the art, these attachments are done to minimize the effect on the dye.
  • the dyes are non-covalently associated with the beads, generally by entrapping the dyes in the pores of the beads.
  • encoding in the ratios of the two or more dyes, rather than single dye concentrations is preferred since it provides insensitivity to the intensity of light used to interrogate the reporter dye's signature and detector sensitivity.
  • a spatial or positional coding system is done.
  • there are sub-bundles or subarrays i.e. portions of the total array
  • each subarray is an "area code", that can have the same tags (i.e. telephone numbers) of other subarrays, that are separated by virtue of the location of the subarray.
  • tags i.e. telephone numbers
  • the same unique tags can be reused from bundle to bundle.
  • the use of 50 unique tags in combination with 100 different subarrays can form an array of 5000 different bioactive agents.
  • additional encoding parameters can be added, such as microsphere size.
  • the use of different size beads may also allow the reuse of sets of DBLs; that is, it is possible to use microspheres of different sizes to expand the encoding dimensions of the microspheres.
  • Optical fiber arrays can be fabricated containing features with different fiber diameters or cross-sections; alternatively, two or more fiber optic bundles, each with different cross-sections of the individual fibers, can be added together to form a larger bundle; or, fiber optic bundles with fiber of the same size cross-sections can be used, but just with different sized beads.
  • the largest wells can be filled with the largest microspheres and then moving onto progressively smaller microspheres in the smaller wells until all size wells are then filled.
  • the same dye ratio could be used to encode microspheres of different sizes thereby expanding the number of different oligonucleotide sequences or chemical functionalities present in the array.
  • the coding and decoding is accomplished by sequential loading of the microspheres into the array.
  • the optical signatures can be "reused".
  • the library of microspheres each comprising a different bioactive agent (or the subpopulations each comprise a different bioactive agent), is divided into a plurality of sublibraries, for example, depending on the size of the desired array and the number of unique tags, 10 sublibraries each comprising roughly 10% of the total library may be made, with each sublibrary comprising roughly the same unique tags.
  • the first sublibrary is added to the fiber optic bundle comprising the wells, and the location of each bioactive agent is determined, generally through the use of DBLs
  • the second sublibrary is then added, and the location of each bioactive agent is again determined
  • the signal in this case will comprise the signal from the "first" DBL and the "second" DBL, by comparing the two matrices the location of each bead in each sublibrary can be determined Similarly, adding the third
  • codes can be "shared" in several ways
  • a single code i e IBL/DBL pair
  • two nucleic acid probes used in an mRNA quantitation assay can share the same code if the ranges of their hybridization signal intensities do not overlap This can occur, for example, when one of the target sequences is always present at a much higher concentration than the other Alternatively, the two target sequences might always be present at a similar concentration, but differ in hybridization efficiency
  • a single code can be assigned to multiple agents if the agents are functionally equivalent
  • the probes are functionally equivalent, even though they may differ in sequence
  • all probes for different members of a class such as kmases or G-protein coupled receptors could share a code
  • an array of this type could be used to detect homologs of known genes
  • each gene is represented by a heterologous set of probes, hybridizing to different regions of the gene (and therefore differing in sequence)
  • the set of probes share a common code If a homolog is present, it might hybridize to some but not all of the probes The level of homology might be indicated by the fraction of probes hybridizing, as well as the average hybridization intensity Similarly, multiple antibodies to the same protein could all share the same code
  • compositions of the invention find use in a number of applications
  • the compositions are used to probe a sample solution for the presence or absence of a target analyte, including the quantification of the amount of target analyte present
  • target analyte or “analyte” or grammatical equivalents herein is meant any atom, molecule, ion, molecular ion, compound or particle to be either detected or evaluated for binding partners
  • a large number of analytes may be used in the present invention, basically, any target analyte can be used which binds a bioactive agent or for which a binding partner (i e drug candidate) is sought
  • Suitable analytes include organic and inorganic molecules, including biomolecules
  • suitable target analytes include, but are not limited to, an environmental pollutant (including pesticides, insecticides, toxins, etc ), a chemical (including solvents, polymers, organic materials, etc ), therapeutic molecules (including therapeutic and abused drugs, antibiotics, etc ), biomolecules (including hormones, cytokines, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, cellular membrane antigens and receptors (neural, hormonal, nutrient, and cell surface receptors) or their ligands, etc), whole cells (including procaryotic (such as pathogenic bacteria) and eukaryotic cells, including mammalian tumor cells), viruses (including retroviruses, herpesviruses, adenoviruses, lenfiviruses, etc ), and spores, etc
  • Particularly preferred analytes are nucleic acids and proteins
  • the target analyte is a protein
  • Suitable protein target analytes include, but are not limited to, (1) immunoglobulms, (2) enzymes (and other proteins), (3) hormones and cytokines (many of which serve as ligands for cellular receptors), and (4) other proteins
  • the target analyte is a nucleic acid
  • the probes are used in genetic diagnosis
  • probes can be made using the techniques disclosed herein to detect target sequences such as the gene for nonpolyposis colon cancer, the BRCA1 breast cancer gene, P53, which is a gene associated with a variety of cancers, the Apo E4 gene that indicates a greater risk of Alzheimer's disease, allowing for easy presymptomatic screening of patients, mutations in the cystic fibrosis gene, cytochrome p450s or any of the others well known in the art
  • viral and bacterial detection is done using the complexes of the invention
  • probes are designed to detect target sequences from a variety of bacteria and viruses
  • current blood-screening techniques rely on the detection of anti- HIV antibodies
  • the methods disclosed herein allow for direct screening of clinical samples to detect HIV nucleic acid sequences, particularly highly conserved HIV sequences
  • this allows direct monitoring of circulating virus within a patient as an improved method of assessing the efficacy of anti-viral therapies
  • viruses associated with leukemia, HTLV-I and HTLV-II may be detected in this way Bacterial infections such as tuberculosis, chlamydia and other sexually transmitted diseases, may also be detected
  • the nucleic acids of the invention find use as probes for toxic bacteria in the screening of water and food samples
  • samples may be treated to lyse the bacteria to release its nucleic acid, and then probes designed to recognize bacterial strains, including, but not limited to, such pathogenic strains as, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Vibrio cholerae, Leishmanta, enterotoxic strains of E colt, and Legionnaire's disease bacteria
  • bioremediation strategies may be evaluated using the compositions of the invention
  • the probes are used for forensic "DNA fingerprinting" to match crime-scene DNA against samples taken from victims and suspects
  • the probes in an array are used for sequencing by hybridization
  • the present invention also finds use as a methodology for the detection of mutations or mismatches in target nucleic acid sequences
  • STRs short tandem repeats
  • SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
  • compositions of the invention are used to screen bioactive agents to find an agent that will bind, and preferably modify the function of, a target molecule
  • a target analyte for which a binding partner is desired is labeled
  • binding of the target analyte by the bioactive agent results in the recruitment of the label to the bead, with subsequent detection
  • the binding of the bioactive agent and the target analyte is specific, that is, the bioactive agent specifically binds to the target analyte
  • specifically bind herein is meant that the agent binds the analyte, with specificity sufficient to differentiate between the analyte and other components or contaminants of the test sample
  • the systems may use different binding ligands, for example an
  • a sample containing a target analyte (whether for detection of the target analyte or screening for binding partners of the target analyte) is added to the array, under conditions suitable for binding of the target analyte to at least one of the bioactive agents, i e generally physiological conditions.
  • the presence or absence of the target analyte is then detected.
  • this may be done in a variety of ways, generally through the use of a change in an optical signal This change can occur via many different mechanisms A few examples include the binding of a dye-tagged analyte to the bead, the production of a dye species on or near the beads, the destruction of an existing dye species, a change in the optical signature upon analyte interaction with dye on bead, or any other optical interrogatable event
  • the change in optical signal occurs as a result of the binding of a target analyte that is labeled, either directly or indirectly, with a detectable label, preferably an optical label such as a fluorochrome
  • a detectable label preferably an optical label such as a fluorochrome
  • a proteinaceous target analyte when used, it may be either directly labeled with a fluor, or indirectly, for example through the use of a labeled antibody
  • nucleic acids are easily labeled with fluorophor, for example during PCR amplification as is known in the art
  • a hybridization indicator may be used as the label Hybridization indicators preferentially associate with double stranded nucleic acid, usually reversibly Hybridization indicators include mtercalators and minor and/or major groove binding moieties In a preferred embodiment, mtercalators may be used, since intercalation generally only occurs in the presence of double stranded nucleic acid, only in the presence of target hybridization will
  • a change in the optical signature may be the basis of the optical signal
  • the interaction of some chemical target analytes with some fluorescent dyes on the beads may alter the optical signature, thus generating a different optical signal
  • the presence or absence of the target analyte may be done using changes in other optical or non-optical signals, including, but not limited to, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, radioactivity, etc
  • the assay for the presence or absence of a target analyte utilizes sequential processing of data images using a computer system
  • a first data image of a random array is acquired using an acquisition module of the computer system
  • This initial data image may be decoded, i e the location of some or all of the bioactive agents may be known, or decoding may occur either during or after the assay
  • a registration module of the computer system is used to create a registered first data image, using either an exogeneous fiducial or a fiducial template generated by acquiring a template data image as outlined herein, for example by evening illuminating the array
  • the sample is then added to the array, and a second data image is acquired using the acquisition module
  • the fiducial and registration module are then used to create a registered second data image
  • a compansion module of the computer system is then used to compare the registered data images to determine the presence or absence of said target analyte
  • the assays may be run under a variety of experimental conditions, as will be appreciated by those in the art
  • a variety of other reagents may be included in the screening assays
  • These include reagents like salts, neutral proteins, e g albumin, detergents, etc which may be used to facilitate optimal protein-protein binding and/or reduce non-specific or background interactions
  • reagents that otherwise improve the efficiency of the assay such as protease inhibitors, nuclease inhibitors, anti-microbial agents, etc , may be used
  • the mixture of components may be added in any order that provides for the requisite binding
  • Various blocking and washing steps may be utilized as is known in the art
  • two-color competitive hybridization assays are run These assays can be based on traditional sandwich assays
  • the beads contain a capture sequence located on one side
  • the genotype can be obtained from a ratio of the two signals, with the correct sequence generally exhibiting better binding. This has an advantage in that the target sequence itself need not be labeled.
  • the probes are competing, this means that the conditions for binding need not be optimized. Under conditions where a mismatched probe would be stably bound, a matched probe can still displace it. Therefore the competitive assay can provide better discrimination under those conditions.
  • dideoxynucleotide chain-termination sequencing is done using the compositions of the invention.
  • a DNA polymerase is used to extend a primer using fluorescently labeled ddNTPs or other chain terminating nucleotides.
  • the 3' end of the primer is located adjacent to the SNP site.
  • the single base extension is complementary to the sequence at the SNP site.
  • the sequence of the SNP can be deduced by comparing the four base-specific signals. This may be done in several ways.
  • the capture probe can be extended; in this approach, the probe must either be synthesized 5'-3' on the bead, or attached at the 5' end, to provide a free 3' end for polymerase extension.
  • a sandwich type assay can be used; in this embodiment, the target is captured on the bead by a probe, then a primer is annealed and extended. Again, in the latter case, the target sequence need not be labeled.
  • sandwich assays require two specific interactions, this provides increased stringency which is particularly helpful for the analysis of complex samples.
  • primer extension is possible; extension of a primer bound to template in liquid phase is followed by capture of the extended primer on the array.
  • target analyte and the DBL both bind to the agent, it is also possible to do detection of non-labelled target analytes via competition of decoding.
  • the methods of the invention are useful in array quality control.
  • no methods have been described that provide a positive test of the performance of every probe on every array.
  • Decoding of the array not only provides this test, it also does so by making use of the data generated during the decoding process itself. Therefore, no additional experimental work is required.
  • the invention requires only a set of data analysis algorithms that can be encoded in software.
  • the quality control procedure can identify a wide variety of systematic and random problems in an array. For example, random specks of dust or other contaminants might cause some sensors to give an incorrect signal-this can be detected during decoding. The omission of one or more agents from multiple arrays can also be detected.
  • the arrays can be used to do reagent quality control.
  • biological macromolecules are used as reagents and must be quality controlled.
  • large sets of oligonucleotide probes may be provided as reagents. It is typically difficult to perform quality control on large numbers of different biological macromolecules.
  • the approach described here can be used to do this by treating the reagents (formulated as the DBLs) as variable instead of the arrays.
  • the methods outlined herein are used in array calibration.
  • a signal that is a linear response to the concentration of the target analyte, or, alternatively, if non-linear, to determine a relationship between concentration and signal, so that the concentration of the target analyte can be estimated.
  • the present invention provides methods of creating calibration curves in parallel for multiple beads in an array.
  • the calibration curves can be created under conditions that simulate the complexity of the sample to be analyzed. Each curve can be constructed independently of the others (e.g. for a different range of concentrations), but at the same time as all the other curves for the array.
  • the sequential decoding scheme is implemented with different concentrations being used as the code "labels", rather than different fluorophores.
  • concentrations being used as the code "labels"
  • fluorophores rather than different fluorophores.
  • signal as a response to concentration can be measured for each bead.
  • This calibration can be carried out just prior to array use, so that every probe on every array is individually calibrated as needed.
  • the methods of the invention can be used in assay development as well.
  • the methods allow the identification of good and bad probes; as is understood by those in the art, some probes do not function well because they do not hybridize well, or because they cross-hybridize with more than one sequence. These problems are easily detected during decoding.
  • the ability to rapidly assess probe performance has the potential to greatly reduce the time and expense of assay development.
  • the methods of the invention are useful in quantitation in assay development.
  • probes that perfomr well are selected empguically, which avoids the difficulties and uncertainties of predicting probe performance, particularly in complex sequence mixtures.
  • relatively small numbers of sequences are checked by perfomring quantitative spiking experiments, in which a known mRNA is added to a mixture.

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Abstract

L'invention a trait à l'utilisation d'un système informatique pour comparer des images produites par un groupement ordonné de manière aléatoire. Ce système conserve la position relative de chaque site à l'intérieur du groupement de façon à permettre une comparaison d'un même site dans des images différentes.
PCT/US2000/003375 1999-02-09 2000-02-09 Traitement informatise d'informations dans des groupements ordonnes de maniere aleatoire WO2000047996A2 (fr)

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EP00911745A EP1206315A2 (fr) 1999-02-09 2000-02-09 Traitement informatise d'informations dans des groupements ordonnes de maniere aleatoire
AU33594/00A AU771458B2 (en) 1999-02-09 2000-02-09 Automated information processing in randomly ordered arrays
CA002359352A CA2359352C (fr) 1999-02-09 2000-02-09 Traitement informatise d'informations dans des groupements ordonnes de maniere aleatoire
JP2000598854A JP2002536665A (ja) 1999-02-09 2000-02-09 ランダムに並んだアレイにおける自動情報処理
AU2004202799A AU2004202799A1 (en) 1999-02-09 2004-06-23 Automated information processing in randomly ordered arrays

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WO2017112025A3 (fr) * 2015-10-05 2017-09-08 The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Procédés de décodage pour essais en multiplexage et dispositifs fluidiques, kits et supports solides associés
US12146876B2 (en) 2015-10-05 2024-11-19 The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Solid supports for decoding methods for multiplexing assays
US11016084B2 (en) 2015-10-05 2021-05-25 The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill Decoding methods for multiplexing assays and associated fluidic devices, kits, and solid supports
WO2024138630A1 (fr) * 2022-12-30 2024-07-04 深圳华大智造科技股份有限公司 Procédé et appareil de codage de données géniques, procédé et appareil de décodage de données géniques, et système de test génétique

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CA2359352A1 (fr) 2000-08-17
AU771458B2 (en) 2004-03-25
AU3359400A (en) 2000-08-29
CA2359352C (fr) 2004-09-21
AU2004202799A1 (en) 2004-07-22
JP2002536665A (ja) 2002-10-29
WO2000047996A3 (fr) 2000-12-21
WO2000047996A9 (fr) 2002-04-11
EP1206315A2 (fr) 2002-05-22

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