WO1999035269A2 - Procede de controle de la division et/ou de l'elongation de cellules eucaryotes - Google Patents
Procede de controle de la division et/ou de l'elongation de cellules eucaryotes Download PDFInfo
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- WO1999035269A2 WO1999035269A2 PCT/FR1999/000021 FR9900021W WO9935269A2 WO 1999035269 A2 WO1999035269 A2 WO 1999035269A2 FR 9900021 W FR9900021 W FR 9900021W WO 9935269 A2 WO9935269 A2 WO 9935269A2
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- tonneaul
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- gene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/415—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from plants
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the cloning and expression of genes making it possible to act on the architecture, growth or fertility of plants.
- the architecture of a higher plant is determined essentially by the control of cell divisions and elongation.
- the cells of the roots, leaves, stems, and flowers of the plant initially form in the meristems.
- the conversion of organ drafts to mature organs requires precise control of the elongation of these cells.
- the organs are present, but have a modified size and shape.
- the cotyledons smaller in size than those of the wild type, have an increased thickness.
- the hypocotyle and the root very short and of large diameter, elongate little during development. Numerous root hairs, secondary roots and small, scaly, fleshy leaves appear. After 8 to 10 weeks of cultivation in vi tro, a flower stalk develops with sterile flowers strongly modified, as well as secondary ramifications.
- the cytoskeleton is involved in cell elongation and the establishment of the division plane.
- the microtubules organize themselves to form a structure called: "preprophase ring", which will precisely determine the location of the division plane, where the phragmoplast will be formed and the future wall constructed.
- Microtubule polymerization inhibitors also block cell lengthening processes, revealing their role in this process.
- the inventors studied the organization of the cytoskeleton in wild seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana and in seedlings of the tonl mutant. Thanks to immuno-archings performed using tubulin-specific antibodies, they have thus shown that at interphase, the cortical microtubules of wild plant cells are arranged perpendicular to the elongation axis of the cell, while they are distributed randomly in the mutant cells. In mutant cells, the achromatic spindle is correctly positioned but the preprophase ring is never present, which results in a random orientation of the division plane [TRAAS et al., Publication cited above]. The Inventors have now isolated at
- TONNEAUl gene whose mutation is responsible for the “TONNEAU” phenotype described above. They also identified homologs of this gene in other plants, in particular rice, and found that it was very conserved in higher plants (we observe for example 77% identity between the TONNEAUl gene of Arabidopsis and that of rice, and 36 contiguous amino acids identical in the two proteins).
- the sequence of a genone DNA clone of Arabidopsis thaliana containing 2 copies of the TONNEAUl gene, called TONla and TO-Vlb, is represented in the sequence list in the appendix under the number SEQ ID NO: 1.
- the sequences of the proteins TONla and TONlb are respectively represented under the numbers SEQ ID NO: 2 and SEQ ID NO: 3.
- the sequence coding for a TONNEAU1 protein from rice and the corresponding peptide sequence are respectively represented under the numbers SEQ ID NO: 4 and SEQ ID NO: 5.
- the subject of the present invention is a method for controlling the process of division and / or elongation of eukaryotic cells, and in particular of plant cells, characterized in that the expression and / or activity of a TONNEAUl type protein in said cells.
- the present invention also relates to the use of a nucleic acid sequence derived from all or part of the sequence of a TONNEAUl type gene for obtaining a product making it possible to modify the expression and / or the activity of a TONNEAUl type protein in eukaryotic cells, and in particular plant cells.
- TONNEAUl type protein means not only one of the proteins (SEQ ID NO: 2, SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 5) encoded by the TONNEAUl d genes. 'Arabidopsis or rice represented in figure 3, and in the list of sequences in the appendix, but also all the homologous proteins, which includes in particular the TONNEAUl proteins encoded by genes orthologous from other plants.
- sequence of a TONNEAUl gene is understood to mean not only the sequence of any of the TONNEAUl genes from Arabidopsis or rice represented in FIG.
- nucleic acid sequences derived from all or part of the sequence of the TONNEAU1 gene include in particular:
- the modification of the expression and / or the activity of proteins of the TONNEAUl type in plant cells makes it possible, by acting on their development, to control the morphology and architecture of said plants, and in particular to change the size of the plant or that of some of these organs.
- a TONNEAUl protein in a plant or in certain organs thereof, a reduction in the size of said plant or of said organs will be induced; on the contrary, if one overexpresses or activates the TONNEAUl protein, one will induce an increase in the size of the plant or organs concerned.
- the expression and / or the activity of the TONNEAUl type protein is modified by mutagenesis of the gene coding for said protein.
- This mutagenesis can be carried out by any suitable means, known in itself; it is possible, for example, to delete all or part of the TONNEAUl gene, and / or to insert an exogenous sequence; it is also possible to introduce one or more point mutations, to interrupt or shift the reading frame, or else to obtain a mutant TONNEAUl protein, more or less active than the wild-type protein; non-functional TONNEAU1 counterparts with a dominant antagonistic effect can also be produced.
- the present invention also encompasses nucleic acid sequences capable of being obtained by mutagenesis from the sequence of a gene of TONNEAUl type as defined above, and in particular nucleic acid sequences capable of being obtained by introduction of a mutation capable of modifying the expression and / or the activity of the TONNEAUl protein.
- the expression of the TONNEAUl protein is modified by associating a sequence derived from the sequence of a TONNEAUl gene with appropriate sequences for controlling transcription. For example, to regulate the expression level of a protein of the TONNEAUl type, it is possible to replace the natural promoter of this protein with a strong promoter, or on the contrary associate it with sequences of the silent type.
- TONNEAUl protein it is also possible to inhibit the expression of the TONNEAUl protein at the post-transcriptional level, by co-suppression or antisense suppression, by introducing into the cells recombinant DNA constructs producing in these cells sense or antisense transcripts derived from the cDNA. of this protein.
- the present invention also encompasses the recombinant DNA constructs making it possible to regulate the level of expression of a protein of TONNEAUl type, and containing at least one sequence derived from all or part of the sequence of a gene of TONNEAUl type, under transcriptional control of an appropriate promoter.
- the invention also encompasses recombinant vectors carrying the recombinant DNA constructs defined above, as well as cells and multicellular organisms transformed by these constructs; the present invention encompasses in particular plant cells or plants transformed by recombinant DNA constructs defined above.
- At least one product that inhibits or activates the TONNEAU1 protein is used.
- TONNEAU1 inhibitor or activator products can also be selected on the basis of their selective affinity for this protein. These products can for example be screened on plant cells cultivated in vi tro, in which TONNEAUl is necessary for elongation, or on heterologous systems (bacteria, yeast) in which the TONNEAUl protein is expressed, or on acellular systems, by research of TONNEAUl interactions with various ligands.
- TONNEAUl protein for example, to obtain a reduction in the size of a plant, it is possible, as indicated above, to inhibit the production of the TONNEAUl protein therein, by implementing conventional techniques such as antisense suppression, or co-suppression, or else inhibit the activity of TONNEAUl by the production of non-functional homologs of this protein with a dominant antagonist effect, or by the production of antibodies directed against TONNEAUl.
- the expression or the activity of TONNEAUl can be blocked thanks to the use of an inducible promoter, in order to induce a phenomenon of dwarfism controlled over time, or else a selective inhibition can be obtained in the tissues.
- desired targets eg stem, leaf petiole, floral organs
- tissue-promoters eg stem, leaf petiole, floral organs
- the modification of the expression and / or the activity of TONNEAUl can also make it possible to modify the floral architecture to induce a male sterility (by reduction of the size and blocking of the dehiscence of the anthers), to remove the petals (for example to produce apetal colza allowing better resistance to cryptogamic diseases, and better photosynthesis), or inducing female sterility of ornamental species in order to increase the flowering period.
- tissue-specific inhibition of the expression and / or activity of the TONNEAU1 gene can also relate to the root system, for example to control its development in pots in the case of ornamental plants.
- homologous proteins present in animal or plant eukaryotic cells can also be modified by means similar to those mentioned above for TONNEAUl. By acting on these proteins, it is thus possible, for example, to envisage controlling the multiplication of cells, their dispersion in the organism, and thus inhibiting, for example, the development of tumors.
- a tone-water phenotype mutant was identified during the screening of the collection of insertion mutants from INRA-Versailles.
- This mutant (ACL4) carries an insertion of a DNA fragment carrying a marker for resistance to anamycin.
- Out of 2256 seeds harvested from a heterozygous plant for the kanamycin resistance marker 1710 descendants were normal, and 546 had the barrel phenotype. All mutants were resistant to kanamycin, indicating a close link between the tonneaul, nuclear recessive mutation and the inserted T-DNA fragment. Subsequently, a second T-DNA insertion, devoid of a functional kanamycin resistance marker, was identified.
- the inventors produced a genomic library of the mutant ACL4, because the sequences flanking the T-DNA could not be isolated by methods based on PCR. .
- the mapping of the sequences flanking the two insertions highlights the presence of chromosomal rearrangements: a reciprocal translocation involving the bottom of chromosomes 2 and 3 (bearing approximately on 20 centiMorgans) and an inversion bearing on 40 centiMorgans corresponding to the central part of chromosome 2
- the results of mapping the mutation go in the same direction since markers of chromosome 2 and chromosome 3 are closely linked to the mutation, and recombinations are blocked on a large part of chromosome 2.
- FIG. 1 The clone BAC 2F19 from the TAMU library, and largely covering the region of the T-DNA insertion site was used for the various analyzes; and SalI lXhoI and Sall l PvuII fragments were subcloned, partially sequenced and used for functional complementation analyzes.
- the 7.1 kbp sequence isolated from BAC 2F19 was compared with the sequences flanking the T-DNA insertions in the ton1 mutants. ACL4.
- an amplification product of 330 bp was obtained in the mutant type plants, and two amplification products of 330 and 430 bp for the wild type sequences.
- the sequencing of these fragments of 330 and 430 bp shows that they have an identity of 95.1% and 93.5% at their terminal regions, while this identity decreases sharply in the central part.
- Analysis of other sequences obtained from this region fragment amplified by the primers TIAf and T2Br has shown that the two conserved regions correspond to two fragments of exons flanking an intron.
- EXAMPLE 3 ISOLATION AND SEQUENCING OF TON1 GENES
- the wild type genomic region a been cloned and sequenced.
- Preliminary hybridization and amplification analyzes did not reveal any significant difference between the plant genomic DNA (type S) and the DNA extracted from the selected BACs (ColO), the 7.1 kb fragment DNA isolated from BAC 2F19 was used for cloning and sequencing. This fragment was subcloned into the plasmid pBSIISK (STRATAG ⁇ NE) and sequenced.
- PCR primers labeled “PRISM Ready Reaction Dye Primer Cycle Sequencing Kit” (APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS) are then separated on denaturing polyacrylamide gel and analyzed using an automatic sequencer (APPLIED BIOSYSTEMS; Model 373A DNA Sequencing System).
- FIGS. 2 and 3 The structure and the sequence of the TONNEAU1 genes of Arabidopsis are represented in FIGS. 2 and 3. Caption of FIG. 2:
- Figure 2 shows schematically the structure of the 2 TONNEAUl genes; the 1.4 kbp deletion at the T-DNA insertion point in the tonl mutant is represented by a double black arrow.
- the two genes TONla and TONlb are represented by black arrows. These 2 genes are separated by 220 bp.
- Exons are represented by black boxes. The hatched areas correspond to the untranslated transcribed sequences. The location and size of introns and exons is very conserved, except for the sixth intron of the TONla gene which is absent in the TONlb gene.
- the positions of the donor and acceptor splice sites are represented by square brackets.
- the associated figures correspond to the probability that the detected sequence is a splicing site.
- the arrowheads indicate the position of the different primers used during the characterization of the ton1 mutants.
- the black arrowheads correspond to the defined primers and the gray arrowheads correspond to the sequences homologous to the defined primers.
- the sizes of the corresponding amplification fragments are also indicated.
- the cDNA sequences isolated from the Arabidopsis library, the rice cDNA (S1091), and the 3 'RACE PCR product sequences isolated from the primers P5 and P8 are indicated in bold, respectively. characters highlighted in gray, and in italics.
- the underlined sequences correspond to the different PCR primers.
- the primers whose name is shown in italics correspond to the sequences homologous to the primers defined from the sequence.
- the boxes correspond to the polyadenylation sites of the cDNAs.
- the hatched boxes correspond to the beginning and the end of the deletion induced by the insertion of T-DNA.
- the results presented in FIGS. 2 and 3 show that the two genes TONla and TONlb are positioned in direct tandem and separated by 220 bp.
- the TONla gene consists of 8 exons with an average size of 98 nucleotides; the average size of the introns is 168 bp.
- the TO ⁇ lb gene consists of 7 exons with an average size of 110 nucleotides; the average size of the introns is 214 bp.
- the comparison of the wild type and mutant type sequences shows that the deletion induced by the insertion of AD ⁇ -T affects the two genes TO ⁇ la and TO-Vlb. It induced the disappearance of the C-terminal part of the TO ⁇ la protein (corresponding to the last 97 amino acids) and the ⁇ -terminal part of the TO ⁇ lb protein (corresponding to the first 29 amino acids). Furthermore, the comparison between the sequences flanking the AD ⁇ -T insertions and the region containing the TONNEAU1 genes confirms that the insertion (and the associated chromosomal rearrangements) did not induce other changes in the nucleotide sequence.
- RACE PCR reactions were carried out. This method makes it possible to isolate by PCR amplification the 3 ′ or 5 ′ parts of a transcript (even if weakly expressed) from a primer internal to the gene of interest and from a primer positioned on an adapter ligated at the ends. synthesized cDNA. The amplifications were carried out on cDNAs produced from messenger RNA isolated from seedlings of the S ecotype 5 days old. The 3 'RACE reactions were carried out using primers P5 and P8. The 3 'part of the two genes was thus obtained. The 3 'part of the TON 1a gene was isolated by amplification from the primer P8 while that of the TON1b gene was obtained from the primer P5.
- the amplifications thus obtained demonstrate that the two genes TO-vla and TONlb are expressed in seedlings 5 days old.
- the different sequences corresponding to RACE PCR products, to rice and Arabidopsis cDNAs, and the sequences deduced from the genomic sequence were compared. The results of these alignments are shown in Figure 4.
- the sequence alignment analyzes were performed using the Pileup function of the GCG software. (isconsin Package Version 9.0, Genetics Computer Group, Inc. (GCG) Madison Wisc, USA).
- the homology searches were established by SeqVu 1.1 software (The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia) using the GES method.
- the gray boxes represent the identical amino acids
- the white boxes inside the blocks represent the homologous amino acids.
- the translated sequences correspond respectively to the cDNA isolated in rice (tonlriz .p), to the sequences deduced from the genomic sequence of 1 Arabidopsis (tonla .p and tonlbg.p) and the cDNA isolated in the bank of 'Arabidopsis (tonlbc .p).
- FIG. 5 represents the comparison of the protein sequences deduced from the TONNEAU1 genes, from the orthologous gene in rice, and from several ESTs homologous to mammals or parasites (identified as described in Example 3).
- the mutants were complemented by the introduction of a wild type copy of the TONNEAU1 gene.
- pZPHYG This plasmid is derived from the vector PZP200 [HAJDUKIEWICZ et al. , Plant Mol. Biol. , 25, 989-994 (1994)] into which the gene coding for hygromycin B phosphotransferase (HPT) has been introduced.
- Constructions 1 and 2 contain the 12 kbp (Sall / Xhol) and 7.2 kbp (Sall PvuII) genomic fragments isolated from BAC 2F19 and corresponding respectively to the two TONla and TONlb genes or to the TONla gene. These TONNEAU1 genes are represented in Figure 6 by black arrows.
- Construction 1 contains the two TONla and TONlb genes (Sall-Xhol fragment) while construction 2 contains only the TONla gene (Sali-PvuI I fragment).
- Construction 3 was carried out from the cDNA of the full-length TONlb gene from the Arabidopsis library. This cDNA was cloned between the double promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus (Prom70 CAMV) and the terminator of the cauliflower mosaic virus (Ter CAMV) derived from the plasmid pJIT60 [GUERINEAU et al., Plant Mol . Biol. 18 (4), 815-818 (1992)].
- a negative complementation control (binary vector only) was also used to evaluate the effect of infiltration on the segregation frequencies of the TONNEAUl mutation and thus to obtain mutants carrying the gene for resistance to hygromycin.
- constructs were introduced into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58C1 strain, pMP90 [KONCZ and SCHELL, Mol. Gen. Genêt, 204, 383-396 (1986)] by electroporation.
- the recombinant strains were used to transform plants of Arabidopsis heterozygous for the ton1 mutation.
- the seedlings showing resistance to the two selection agents were transplanted in the greenhouse.
- the progeny of these plants were used for genetic complementation analyzes.
- wild type plants were treated according to this same protocol (except for the selection of transformants which is done only on hygromycin).
- the Tl seedlings selected in a fraction (1/8) of the progeny of infiltrated plants are distributed as follows: 22 and 31 for constructions 1 and 2, 43 for construction 3, and 15 for the construction 4.
- the different seedlings transferred to the greenhouse had a wild phenotype during transplanting, except for one of them (obtained from construction 3).
- allelic structure for the ton1 mutation was tested by PCR amplifications in these plants. Amplifications carried out using a specific primer located inside the deletion and a primer outside the deletion show that the seedlings are of mutant genotype.
- T-DNA insertions carrying the TON1b cDNA was also tested by PCR amplification.
- the primers P5 and P10 amplify in these plants a fragment of 950 bp corresponding to the size expected for amplification from a TON1 cDNA.
- a fragment of identical size was also amplified from the DNA of the different transformants obtained by infiltration with the bacterial strain containing the construction 3. These plants with an intermediate phenotype therefore correspond to a partial restoration of the tone phenotype.
- Certain plants of wild phenotype have a homogeneous kanamycin-resistant progeny, they carry a T-DNA insertion at the TON locus in the homozygous state, however in their progeny plants of the ton phenotype are observed. These plants are mutants restored by the presence of a functional TON gene which confirms the nature of the two identified candidate genes, targets of the mutation.
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP99900506A EP1044272A2 (fr) | 1998-01-09 | 1999-01-08 | Procede de controle de la division et/ou de l'elongation de cellules eucaryotes |
CA002318521A CA2318521A1 (fr) | 1998-01-09 | 1999-01-08 | Procede de controle de la division et/ou de l'elongation de cellules eucaryotes |
AU19737/99A AU1973799A (en) | 1998-01-09 | 1999-01-08 | Method for controlling the division and/or elongation of eukariotic cells |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR98/00162 | 1998-01-09 | ||
FR9800162A FR2773563B1 (fr) | 1998-01-09 | 1998-01-09 | Procede de controle de la division et/ou de l'elongation de cellules eucaryotes |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1999035269A2 true WO1999035269A2 (fr) | 1999-07-15 |
WO1999035269A3 WO1999035269A3 (fr) | 1999-09-16 |
Family
ID=9521629
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1999/000021 WO1999035269A2 (fr) | 1998-01-09 | 1999-01-08 | Procede de controle de la division et/ou de l'elongation de cellules eucaryotes |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1044272A2 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU1973799A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2318521A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2773563B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1999035269A2 (fr) |
-
1998
- 1998-01-09 FR FR9800162A patent/FR2773563B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-01-08 EP EP99900506A patent/EP1044272A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-01-08 WO PCT/FR1999/000021 patent/WO1999035269A2/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-01-08 AU AU19737/99A patent/AU1973799A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-01-08 CA CA002318521A patent/CA2318521A1/fr not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (5)
Title |
---|
ASSAAD F F (REPRINT) ET AL: "Cytokinesis in somatic plant cells" PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY, (MAR 1997) VOL. 35, NO. 3, PP. 177-184. PUBLISHER: GAUTHIER-VILLARS, S P E S-JOURNAL DEPT, 120 BD ST GERMAIN, F-75006 PARIS, FRANCE. ISSN: 0981-9428., XP002081279 * |
DUBOIS F ET AL: "The Petunia tra1 gene controls cell elongation and plant development, and mediates responses to cytokinins." PLANT JOURNAL 10 (1). 1996. 47-59. ISSN: 0960-7412, XP002081278 * |
LLOYD C: "Plant morphogenesis. Life on a different plane." CURRENT BIOLOGY, (1995 OCT 1) 5 (10) 1085-7. REF: 9 JOURNAL CODE: B44. ISSN: 0960-9822., XP002081280 * |
TORRES-RUIZ R. AND J]RGENS G.: "Mutations in the FASS gene uncouple pattern formation and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis development" DEVELOPMENT, vol. 120, no. 10, octobre 1994, pages 2967-2978, XP002081277 * |
TRAAS, J. ET AL: "Normal differentiation patterns in plants lacking microtubular preprophase bands" NATURE (LONDON), (1995) VOL. 375, NO. 6533, PP. 676-677. 20 REF. ISSN: 0028-0836, XP002081276 cité dans la demande * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2773563A1 (fr) | 1999-07-16 |
EP1044272A2 (fr) | 2000-10-18 |
WO1999035269A3 (fr) | 1999-09-16 |
FR2773563B1 (fr) | 2000-03-10 |
AU1973799A (en) | 1999-07-26 |
CA2318521A1 (fr) | 1999-07-15 |
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