WO1999035180A1 - Procede de preparation de silicones a fonction ester de haute purete - Google Patents
Procede de preparation de silicones a fonction ester de haute purete Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999035180A1 WO1999035180A1 PCT/FR1998/002897 FR9802897W WO9935180A1 WO 1999035180 A1 WO1999035180 A1 WO 1999035180A1 FR 9802897 W FR9802897 W FR 9802897W WO 9935180 A1 WO9935180 A1 WO 9935180A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- formula
- order
- olefinic
- symbols
- radical
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 title abstract 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 title 1
- -1 acetyl halide Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000006459 hydrosilylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000002148 esters Chemical group 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910018557 Si O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001266 acyl halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003158 alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 5
- WETWJCDKMRHUPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetyl chloride Chemical compound CC(Cl)=O WETWJCDKMRHUPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012346 acetyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- BYDRTKVGBRTTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylprop-2-en-1-ol Chemical compound CC(=C)CO BYDRTKVGBRTTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical group [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004450 alkenylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WCYWZMWISLQXQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl Chemical compound [CH3] WCYWZMWISLQXQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003258 trimethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- CIUQDSCDWFSTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C]1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound [C]1=CC=CC=C1 CIUQDSCDWFSTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 abstract 5
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical group 0.000 abstract 2
- KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N disiloxane Chemical class [SiH3]O[SiH3] KPUWHANPEXNPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N allyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC=C XXROGKLTLUQVRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylcyclohexane Chemical compound CC1CCCCC1 UAEPNZWRGJTJPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GYNNXHKOJHMOHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl-cycloheptane Natural products CC1CCCCCC1 GYNNXHKOJHMOHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-M pent-4-enoate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC=C HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005394 methallyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003057 platinum Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005292 vacuum distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
- C08G77/38—Polysiloxanes modified by chemical after-treatment
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of polyorganosiloxanes (silicones) having an ester function (acetoxyalkyl or acetoxyalkenyl) of high purity, devoid in particular of functions or by-products having an olefinic unsaturation.
- R 1 , R 2 are identical or different and represent
- R 4 , and R> are identical or different and represent an alkyl radical in C-
- R 3 represent. a linear or branched C- alkyl radical
- R 7 represents a linear or branched C 1 to C 4 alkyl radical, preferably methyl - the symbols Q, which are identical or different, represent an ester function or an alcohol function, of formulas (1) and (respectively) 2) following
- R ' represents a linear or branched C3 - C20 alkylene or alkenylene group. preferably in C3 - C-j 2, very particularly trimethylene or 2-methyl trimethylene,.
- - ⁇ represents an average number greater than or equal to 0, preferably greater than or equal to 5,
- - a represents an average number greater than or equal to 0, preferably greater than or equal to 1, at least one of the symbols R 3 representing the symbol Q ester of formula (1) when g is equal to 0,
- R 7 represents a linear or branched alkyl radical in C-) to Cg, preferably methyl
- ROH an ⁇ olefinic alcohol of formula ROH, formula in which R represents an olefinic radical from which the radical is derived bivalent R ′ by opening the olefinic double bond in ⁇ and adding hydrogen, preferably an allyl or methallyl radical
- the hydrosilylation step can be carried out in a well known manner at a temperature of the order of 20 ° C to 200 ° C, preferably of the order of 60 ° C to 120 ° C, in the presence of a hydrosilylation catalyst.
- a hydrosilylation catalyst Mention may be made, for example, of those based on platinum such as the platinum complexes described in US-A-3, 159.601, US-A-3, 159.662, US-A-3,715,334, US-A-3,814,730 ...
- a catalyst classic is the KARSTEDT catalyst, used for example at a rate of 1 to 300 parts, preferably from 5 to 50 parts by mass of platinum per million parts by mass of reagents used.
- the relative quantities of hydrogenopolyorganosiloxane of formula (II) and ⁇ olefinic alcohol ROH generally correspond to a molar ratio ⁇ olefinic alcohol / hydrogenopolyorganosiloxane greater than 1 and less than or equal to 5, preferably greater than 1 and less than or equal to 2.
- ⁇ olefinic alcohol we will consider as elementary entity the olefinic unsaturation; in the definition of the mole of hydrogenopolyorganosiloxane, the SiH function will be considered as elementary entity.
- the hydrosilylation operation can be carried out at atmospheric pressure, preferably in bulk; it can however be carried out in an organic solvent such as toluene, xylene, methylcyclohexane, heptane, octane, hexamethylsiloxane ...
- the operation is carried out until the -SiH groups disappear in the reaction mass.
- the operation can be monitored by infrared analysis or volumetric dosing.
- Excess olefinic alcohol can be removed by vacuum distillation (for example from 13 Pa to 14,000 Pa).
- the hydrogenopolyorganosiloxane used in the hydrosilylation stage is preferably chosen from those of formulas Me 3 Si O (SiMe 2 O) p . (SiMeHO) q - SiMe 3
- Me represents the methyl radical.
- ⁇ ! represents an average number of the order of 0 to 500, preferably of the order of 5 to 100
- ⁇ l represents an average number of the order of 0 to 100, preferably of the order of 0 to 20
- . a represents an average number of the order of 1 to 50, preferably of the order of 1 to 30
- the olefinic alcohol of formula ROH used in the hydrosilylation stage is preferably allyl or methallyl alcohol.
- the esterification operation can be carried out at a temperature of the order of 0 ° C to 100 ° C, preferably of the order of 15 ° C to 50 ° C, most particularly of the order of 15 ° C at 30 ° C.
- the relative amounts of hydroxy-alkylated or hydroxy-alkenylated polyorganosiloxane and of acyl halide of formula XCOR generally correspond to a hydroxyalkylated or hydroxyalkenylenated acyl halide / polyorganosiloxane molar ratio of the order of 0.1 to 2, preferably of the order of 0.1 to 1.
- the hydroxy-alkylated or hydroxy-alkenylene function will be considered as elementary entity.
- the esterification operation can be carried out at atmospheric pressure, preferably in bulk; it can however be carried out in an organic solvent such as toluene, xylene, methylcyclohexane, heptane, octane, hexamethylsiloxane ...
- the acyl halide of formula XCOR "preferably set work in the esterification step is acetyl chloride.
- the acid halide formed by esterification can be removed for example by entrainment using an inert gas (argon, nitrogen 3), then by treatment with a base, such as the alkali metal hydrogen carbonates, sodium in particular, in stoichiometric excess relative to the acyl halide (from 2 to 3 times the stoichiometry for example).
- a base such as the alkali metal hydrogen carbonates, sodium in particular, in stoichiometric excess relative to the acyl halide (from 2 to 3 times the stoichiometry for example).
- the polyorganosiloxane having an ester function can then be recovered by filtration, for example.
- the process which is the subject of the invention has the advantage of leading to polyorganosiloxanes having ester functions of very high purity, that is to say products in which the overall contents of ⁇ olefinic siloxane units and / or ⁇ olefinic impurities with undesirable effects or liable to react subsequently, correspond to a number of ⁇ olefinic groups per 100 g of polyorganosiloxane with ester function obtained less than 10 " 3 , preferably less than 5x10 " 4 .
- ⁇ olefinic siloxane units and ⁇ olefinic impurities are those of formulas - Si - O - R, ROH and R "COOR, where R represents an ⁇ olefinic radical, linear or branched, having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, as defined above (allyl or methallyl for example) and R "is the methyl group.
- the volatiles are removed at atmospheric pressure for 1 hour at a temperature of 120 ° C. and then for 3 hours at a temperature of 120 ° C. under 20 mbar. Next, residual volatiles are entrained with nitrogen (2 h, 120 ° C., 40 mbar).
- the number of moles of ⁇ -ethylenic units or impurities is of the order of 0.06 mole / Kg.
- Example 2 3888 g (or approximately 12 moles of -OH units) of the ⁇ -hydroxypropylated oil obtained in Example 1 are introduced into a 5000 ml reactor under nitrogen equipped with a double-jacket cooling device.
- 3575 g (or approximately 11 moles of -OH units) of the ⁇ -hydroxypropylated oil obtained in Example 1 are introduced into a 5000 ml reactor under nitrogen equipped with a double-jacket cooling device.
- hydrochloric acid content is 5.7% by weight.
- the elimination continues at room temperature (22-25 ° C) for 22 hours so as to obtain a content of 0.47% by weight.
- 95 g of sodium hydrogen carbonate (i.e. 1.1 mol) are then added and the mixture is left to react for 35 hours at room temperature (22-25 ° C.) so as to reach an HCl content of 0.0013% by weight.
- the volatiles are removed under reduced pressure for 8 hours under 4 mbar at 100 ° C.
- filtered on cardboard (quality 616) and 3076.3 g of a clear oil of dynamic viscosity at 25 ° C of 51 mPa.s are collected, no longer containing any trace of hydrochloric acid.
- the number of moles of ⁇ -ethylenic units or impurities (Si-O-allyl, free allyl alcohol, acetate d 'allyle) is of the order of 10 mole / Kg.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Silicon Polymers (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP98964535A EP1042390A1 (fr) | 1997-12-30 | 1998-12-29 | Procede de preparation de silicones a fonction ester de haute purete |
AU19716/99A AU1971699A (en) | 1997-12-30 | 1998-12-29 | Method for preparing silicon with high purity ester function |
US09/582,591 US6455641B1 (en) | 1997-12-30 | 1998-12-29 | Method for preparing silicon with high purity ester function |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR97/16677 | 1997-12-30 | ||
FR9716677A FR2773164B1 (fr) | 1997-12-30 | 1997-12-30 | Procede de preparation de silicones a fonction ester de haute purete |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1999035180A1 true WO1999035180A1 (fr) | 1999-07-15 |
Family
ID=9515275
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1998/002897 WO1999035180A1 (fr) | 1997-12-30 | 1998-12-29 | Procede de preparation de silicones a fonction ester de haute purete |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6455641B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1042390A1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU1971699A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2773164B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1999035180A1 (fr) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6390102B1 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2002-05-21 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US6488921B1 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2002-12-03 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US6506371B1 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2003-01-14 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US6619294B1 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2003-09-16 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US7118733B2 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2006-10-10 | General Electric Company | Topical silicone compositions and method for making |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA2848827A1 (fr) | 2009-09-02 | 2011-03-10 | Momentive Performance Materials Inc. | Acides gras modifies par silicone, leur procede de preparation et leur utilisation |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4725658A (en) * | 1985-09-12 | 1988-02-16 | General Electric Company | Novel silicone-ester waxes |
EP0336141A2 (fr) * | 1988-03-25 | 1989-10-11 | Th. Goldschmidt AG | Procédé de revêtement de structures planes par un organopolysiloxane modifié par des groupes d'acide (méth)acrylique |
EP0446938A2 (fr) * | 1990-03-15 | 1991-09-18 | Kao Corporation | Produit dérivé d'un polysiloxane et d'un ester, composition cosmétique contenant ce produit |
EP0523738A1 (fr) * | 1991-07-19 | 1993-01-20 | Kao Corporation | Dérivé de silicone et produit le contenant |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3450736A (en) * | 1963-09-12 | 1969-06-17 | Mobil Oil Corp | Modified siloxane polymers and compositions containing same |
-
1997
- 1997-12-30 FR FR9716677A patent/FR2773164B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-12-29 WO PCT/FR1998/002897 patent/WO1999035180A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-12-29 AU AU19716/99A patent/AU1971699A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-12-29 US US09/582,591 patent/US6455641B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-12-29 EP EP98964535A patent/EP1042390A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4725658A (en) * | 1985-09-12 | 1988-02-16 | General Electric Company | Novel silicone-ester waxes |
EP0336141A2 (fr) * | 1988-03-25 | 1989-10-11 | Th. Goldschmidt AG | Procédé de revêtement de structures planes par un organopolysiloxane modifié par des groupes d'acide (méth)acrylique |
EP0446938A2 (fr) * | 1990-03-15 | 1991-09-18 | Kao Corporation | Produit dérivé d'un polysiloxane et d'un ester, composition cosmétique contenant ce produit |
EP0523738A1 (fr) * | 1991-07-19 | 1993-01-20 | Kao Corporation | Dérivé de silicone et produit le contenant |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6390102B1 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2002-05-21 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US6488921B1 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2002-12-03 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US6506371B1 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2003-01-14 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US6619294B1 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2003-09-16 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US6752984B2 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2004-06-22 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US6841164B2 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2005-01-11 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US6844002B2 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2005-01-18 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US6849265B2 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2005-02-01 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US6849264B2 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2005-02-01 | General Electric Company | Silicone compositions for personal care products and method for making |
US7118733B2 (en) | 2000-07-14 | 2006-10-10 | General Electric Company | Topical silicone compositions and method for making |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU1971699A (en) | 1999-07-26 |
FR2773164A1 (fr) | 1999-07-02 |
US6455641B1 (en) | 2002-09-24 |
EP1042390A1 (fr) | 2000-10-11 |
FR2773164B1 (fr) | 2000-03-17 |
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