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WO1999065674A1 - Joint pour bord franc et procede d'etancheite pour film autocollant - Google Patents

Joint pour bord franc et procede d'etancheite pour film autocollant Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999065674A1
WO1999065674A1 PCT/US1999/013699 US9913699W WO9965674A1 WO 1999065674 A1 WO1999065674 A1 WO 1999065674A1 US 9913699 W US9913699 W US 9913699W WO 9965674 A1 WO9965674 A1 WO 9965674A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
appliques
edge seal
topcoat
vapor barrier
applique
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1999/013699
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Larry K. Olli
Kevin R. Malone
Diane C. Rawlings
Original Assignee
The Boeing Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The Boeing Company filed Critical The Boeing Company
Priority to EP99928758A priority Critical patent/EP1093409A4/fr
Priority to AU45751/99A priority patent/AU4575199A/en
Publication of WO1999065674A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999065674A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
    • C09J7/00—Adhesives in the form of films or foils
    • C09J7/20—Adhesives in the form of films or foils characterised by their carriers
    • C09J7/29—Laminated material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C63/00—Lining or sheathing, i.e. applying preformed layers or sheathings of plastics; Apparatus therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
    • C09J2301/00—Additional features of adhesives in the form of films or foils
    • C09J2301/10—Additional features of adhesives in the form of films or foils characterized by the structural features of the adhesive tape or sheet
    • C09J2301/16—Additional features of adhesives in the form of films or foils characterized by the structural features of the adhesive tape or sheet by the structure of the carrier layer
    • C09J2301/162—Additional features of adhesives in the form of films or foils characterized by the structural features of the adhesive tape or sheet by the structure of the carrier layer the carrier being a laminate constituted by plastic layers only

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to sealing seams in paint replacement films, especially corrosion protection surface coatings in the form of appliques.
  • the appliques preferably include a protective film, preferably an elastomer, as a topcoat backed with a vapor barrier that is adhered to a substrate, like the exterior of an aircraft.
  • Painting has long been the process of choice for applying coatings to surfaces especially those having complex curvature.
  • Painting is generally a controllable, reliable, and versatile process.
  • the paint can include additives to give the surface desired physical properties, such as gloss, color, reflectivity, or combinations thereof.
  • the painting process is well understood and produces quality coatings having uniform properties even when the surface includes complex curvature.
  • painting is falling under closer environmental scrutiny because they use volatile solvents to carry the pigments or because of the pigments themselves. Therefore, there is a need to replace the painting process with a process that has less environmental impact.
  • painting is well defined, well understood, and common, it remains an "art” where masters produce better products than novices or apprentices without necessarily being able to account for why or to teach others how.
  • Painted surfaces sometimes lack the durability that quality-conscious customers demand.
  • the surface must be treated and cleaned prior to applying the paint.
  • the environment surrounding the part must be controlled to capture volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the coating application, often requiring a spray booth.
  • Painted coatings are also vulnerable to damage like cracks or scratches. Isolated damage may require the repair of a large area, such as forcing the repainting of an entire panel.
  • Spraying inherently wastes paint and is unpredictable because of the "art" involved with the application. Improper application cannot be detected until the spraying is complete, then rework to correct a defect usually affects a large area even for a small glitch. Spraying large objects like aircraft requires special equipment and special capital facilities, paint spray booth, in which the environment and flow conditions are controlled.
  • U.S. Patent 4,986,496 by Mar -entic et al. describes a drag reduction article in the form of a conformable sheet material (a decal) with surface texturing for application to aircraft flow control surfaces to reduce aircraft drag.
  • a decal conformable sheet material
  • the material fits on curved surfaces without cracks, bubbles, or wrinkles because of the paintlike properties of the basic carrier film.
  • Marentic's decals are manufactured fiat and are stretched to the intended simple curvature. Stretching can be problematic over time if the stretched material shrinks to expose a gap between adjacent decals where weather can attack the decal-surface interface. Stretching generally limits Marentic appliques to surfaces of slowly changing curvature.
  • Identifying the grid can include physically marking the lines, displaying them with an optical template, or simply defining them in a 3 -dimensional digital data model for the surface.
  • the Davis method recognizes that surfaces having the same Gaussian curvature can be mapped topologically to correspond. If you have a surface of Gaussian curvature 5 ft ⁇ 2, for example, instead of making a "splash" mold of the surface to make appliques, you mold appliques to curvature 5 ft ⁇ 2 on a master curvature 5 ft"2 mold, which, for example, might be a sphere. Appliques from the master mold will fit bubble-free and wrinkleless on the actual surface.
  • Lockheed Martin and 3M are conducting flight tests on paintless aircraft technologies. These appliques (like those of Boeing) promise to save production costs, support requirements, and aircraft weight while providing significant environmental advantages.
  • the Lockheed Martin appliques are described in greater detail in the article: "PAINTLESS AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY,” AERO. ENG'G, Nov. 1997, p. 17.
  • Commercial airlines like Western Pacific, use appliques to convert their transports into flying billboards.
  • appliques The increasing interest in appliques is described in the article: "REPLACING PAINT WITH TAPE FILMS,” AERO. ENG'G, March, 1998, pp. 39 and 40. All the major military and commercial aircraft manufacturers are pursuing research and development programs to perfect appliques.
  • One important issue unresolved for appliques is edge sealing.
  • the seams between adjacent appliques need to be treated for aerodynamic reasons. Otherwise, the step or gap can increase drag and disrupt airflow in a manner that causes the appliques to disbond and to peel.
  • the present invention relates to a preferred edge seal and sealing method.
  • a surface can be covered with appliques to provide a vapor barrier and corrosion protection.
  • the corrosion protection achievable with these appliques may be adequate to eliminate altogether the need for conventional surface corrosion protection treatments, thereby, saving weight and reducing environmental concerns.
  • the combination of applique corrosion protection with environmentally friendly but relatively inferior, chromate-free conversion coatings may replace the environmentally sensitive, traditional corrosion protection techniques (i.e., chromated conversion coatings and primers).
  • the present invention relates to an edge seal and sealing method for adhering appliques together to achieve their desired function.
  • the vapor barrier can be beneficial independently on aerospace structure to limit the migration of water through a structure.
  • a vapor barrier applique coating can slow or eliminate the migration of water through the laminated face sheets into the honeycomb core.
  • Preferred appliques provide corrosion resistance to the underlying surface because they incorporate an intermediate vapor barrier.
  • Preferred appliques have a 1 - 8 mil fluoroelastomer or other polymeric film as a topcoat (generally 2 - 6 mil), a vapor barrier typically about 1 - 4 mil thick (generally, 3 mil), and a 2 mil adhesive, typically pressure sensitive or thermally activated.
  • spray painting is a relatively unreliable process because it is difficult to control the spray head and spraying conditions to obtain precisely the same coating from article to article.
  • One variable in this spray process that often is overlooked is the natural variation from article to article in the vehicle to which the paint is applied. Such variation results from the accumulation of tolerances (i.e., the accumulated variation that results from variations within allowable control limits for each part in the assembly).
  • the applique method allows better control of the manufacture of the coating so that it will have the conect spectral properties by distributing pigments, additives, and thin films properly throughout the applique and, thereby, over the surface.
  • appliques are further enhanced if the appliques simultaneously provide conosion protection. Difficulties in precisely manufacturing painted coatings to obtain the desired properties can be overcome without the cost of either scrapping an entire article because the coating is imperfect and inadequate or forcing costly stripping and reapplication of the coating. Sealing the appliques is important to their proper functioning.
  • appliques allows small area repair of the precision coatings on aerospace surfaces by simply cutting away the damaged area and reinserting a suitable, fresh applique patch.
  • paint With paint, the spray transition between the stripped area and the original coating in such a repair is troublesome. For example, an entire panel usually needs to be re-coated with paint to fix a small area defect. Operations like paint spraying, surface preparation, masking or otherwise isolating the repair area, and the like slow the repainting process.
  • appliques For thin appliques, we recommend use of single or double transfer protective paper to facilitate their application.
  • One sheet of protective paper overlies the surface of the applique that will interface and bond with the article. This surface has an adhesive or may have inherent tackiness to allow it to stick to the metal or composite aircraft surface.
  • the exposed surface may have similar protective paper to reinforce it and to protect it during the positioning and transfer with peeloff following proper positioning. Identifying information and instructions can be painted on the transfer papers to simplify application of the appliques.
  • the present invention relates to a seal and sealing method especially designed for use with Boeing's corrosion protection appliques.
  • Such appliques form a substantially complete, bubble-free, wrinkleless coating over a surface, such as the exterior of an airplane. They are a replacement for paint.
  • the prefened applique has an integral vapor barrier to reduce substantially or to eliminate transport of water to the surface. They also include an adhesive on at least one face of the vapor barrier for adhering the vapor barrier to a surface.
  • the paintless coating system replaces conventional paints on metal or composite aerospace parts and assemblies, comprising a topcoat, a vapor bamer interfacing with and completely underlying the topcoat, and an adhesive for adhering the vapor barrier to the parts. Adjacent appliques are sealed together using an edge seal.
  • the seal typically includes a concentrated topcoat resin from which volatile organics have been removed combined with a mil-spec primer or a modified primer (especially one that is free of pigment) and a curative additive for the topcoat resin.
  • the seal might also include an effective amount of an anti-static filler.
  • the appliques replace conventional painted coatings on metal or composite aerospace parts or assemblies with a replaceable, resealable protective covering that, preferably, provides significant conosion protection by stopping the migration of moisture.
  • the method involves:
  • an effective vapor barrier made with appliques provides equivalent conosion protection to a part having a conventional paint, a chromated conversion coating, and a chromated primer meeting military specifications.
  • a method for sealing adjacent appliques on a substrate achieves an essentially continuous vapor barrier.
  • polymer typically a concentrated topcoat
  • the present invention relates to a method for essentially stopping the progress of conosion at a site on an aircraft, comprising the step of applying a vapor barrier in the form of a plurality of appliques over the site to eliminate transport of water to the site while sealing the adjacent appliques with edge seal.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic plan view of a typical applique.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic cross-section of the applique of Fig. 1 including protective paper on the contact surface and the exposed surface.
  • Fig. 3 and 4 are Bode plots of a vapor barrier applique showing its conosion protection.
  • Fig. 5 is a graph showing break frequency as a function of time for the appliques of Figs. 3 and 4.
  • Fig. 6 is another graph showing resistance-area as a function of time for the appliques of Figs. 3 and 4.
  • Fig. 7 is another graph showing constant phase element as a function of time for the appliques of Figs. 3 and 4.
  • Fig. 8 is another graph showing "n" parameter as a function of time for the appliques of Figs. 3 and 4.
  • Fig. 9 and 10 are graphs showing dielectric constant as a function of time for the appliques of Figs. 3 and 4.
  • Fig. 11. is an isometric of an aircraft covered with appliques to provide a paintless coating.
  • Fig. 12 is an exploded view of the wingbox of the aircraft of Fig. 1 1 showing the location and orientation of a typical applique.
  • Fig. 13 is a flowchart illustrating how impedance data is used to calculate various conosion parameters.
  • Fig. 14 is a five-element circuit model for EIS analysis.
  • Fig. 15 is a series-parallel circuit model used for EIS analysis in the present invention.
  • Fig. 16 and 17 are Bode plots conesponding to Case 1 in Table 1.
  • Fig. 18 and 19 are Bode plots conesponding to Case 2 in Table 1.
  • Fig. 20 and 21 are Bode plots conesponding to Case 3 in Table 1.
  • Fig. 22 and 23 are Bode plots of a prefened applique showing outstanding conosion protection.
  • Fig. 24 and 25 are Bode plots of another prefened applique similar to Figs. 22 and 23 but applied wet.
  • Fig. 26 and 27 are Bode plots of a polyurethane control applique showing the typical performance of applique films that fail to function as vapor barriers.
  • Fig. 28 is a graph of break frequency as a function of time for the applique tests showing the superior performance of Boeing's prefened appliques.
  • Fig. 29 is a graph of resistance as a function of time for our applique tests.
  • Fig. 30 is a graph of constant phase element (CPE) as a function of time for our applique tests.
  • Fig. 31 is a graph of the "n" parameter as a function of time for our applique tests.
  • Fig. 32 is a graph of dielectric constant as a function of time for our applique tests.
  • Fig. 33 is an enlarged elevation of a scribe line through a conventional military specification polyurethane paint - epoxy primer coating system on an Alodine 600 treated clad 2024 T3 aluminum test specimen showing the progress of filiform conosion.
  • Fig. 34 is an enlarged elevation, similar to Fig. 33, of a scribe line through a clear fluoropolymer applique on clad 2024 T3 aluminum without an Alodine 600 conversion coating or military specification primer showing the progress of filiform conosion.
  • Fig. 35 is a magnified plan view of scribe lines in a test specimen like that of Fig. 34 showing the progress of filiform conosion under the applique on clad 2024 T3 aluminum without a conversion coating or primer.
  • Fig. 36 is another magnified plan view of scribe lines of a test specimen conesponding to the specimen of Fig. 33 showing the typical progress of filiform conosion under a conventional military specification coating - primer - conversion coating system.
  • Fig. 37 is another magnified plan view of the conosion protection afforded by appliques on clad 2024 T3 aluminum protected with an Alodine 600 conversion coating and MIL-P-85582 primer under salt spray conditions.
  • Fig. 38 is another magnified plan view of scribe lines on a test specimen like that of Fig. 33 after exposure to 5% NaCl fog at 95°F and pH 6.5 - 7.2 for 2000 hours.
  • Fig. 39 is another magnified plan view of scribe lines on a test specimen having a gray applique covering bare clad 2024 T3 aluminum after 2000 hours of salt spray conditions like those for the specimen shown in Fig. 38.
  • Fig. 40 is an elevation showing a typical edge seal on an applique adhered to a substrate.
  • Fig. 41 is another elevation showing a typical lap joint with an edge seal for appliques.
  • Fig. 42 is another elevation showing an edge seal applied to a butt joint between appliques on a substrate.
  • Fig. 43 is another elevation showing an edge seal on a tapered butt joint between appliques.
  • Fig. 44 is another elevation showing sealing of a butt joint between appliques using a tape and edge seals.
  • Fig. 45 is another elevation showing sealing of the vapor barrier created with appliques by applying an applique tape over the vapor barrier with the topcoat removed and edge seals for the tape.
  • Fig. 46 and 47 are Bode plots for salt spray tests on a polyurethane coated, epoxy primed, conversion coated clad 2024 T3 aluminum specimen discussed in Example 2.
  • Fig. 48 and 49 are Bode plots of another Boeing applique in salt spray tests.
  • Fig. 50 is an isometric view showing the pattern of appliques used on the turtleback section of an F- 18.
  • Fig. 51 is a plan view of the pattern of gores to be cut from applique sheetstock using computerized cutting equipment.
  • Fig. 52 is an isometric of an applique having a vapor barrier adhered to a composite honeycomb sandwich panel to reduce migration of water through the face sheet to the honeycomb core.
  • U.S. Patent 4,986,496 teaches the making of flat appliques for covering flow control surfaces, and the applique manufacturing techniques are applicable to the present invention.
  • U.S. Patent 5,660,667 (Davis) describes the manufacture of curved appliques especially suited for use on complex (i.e. compound) curved surfaces common in aerospace. We typically form a vapor barrier into sheetstock and, then, roll coat the topcoat and adhesive onto this film.
  • the external film or topcoat 20 (Fig. 2) for the applique 10 is typically an organic resin matrix elastomeric composite, particularly a fluoroelastomer about 0.001 - 0.004 inch (1 - 4 mils) thick.
  • a vapor barrier 30 particularly a fluorinated terpolymer, a metallized polymer especially one having a continuous aluminum thin film metallized surface, or another fluoropolymer
  • an appropriate adhesive 40 especially a pressure-sensitive or thermally activated adhesive (particularly 3M's 966 adhesive) applied as a separate layer complete the three layer structure of our prefened appliques.
  • the adhesives are commonly acrylic-based materials or rubbery polymers or copolymers.
  • the fluoroelastomer should be tough, durable, and resistant to weather.
  • the prefened adhesive provides complete adhesion between the vapor barrier and the underlying substrate. Any disbonds provide sites where conosion in the form of pitting can initiate and propagate. In addition, it should be slow to absorb water.
  • the vapor barrier adhesive combination apparently is the key to our conosion protection enhancement because it eliminates or greatly reduces the transport of water to the underlying metal surface.
  • the prefened vapor barrier should be durable to provide long life in the field. It should be stable in hot-wet conditions up to at least about 250°F. It should be tatterable so that it will shred to limit the progress of rips and peels that occur during use. It should be peelable by stretching for removal, when desired, for inspection or replacement, but it should remain adhered during flight.
  • the prefened topcoat provides increased durability and hardening to the vapor barrier. It can provide anti-static properties to the applique paintless coating by including dispersed carbon or graphite fibers. The topcoat provides color and gloss through appropriate pigments. It preferably is markable so that removable indicia can be imprinted on the topcoat. It preferably is UV-resistant. Our fluoroelastomer satisfies these criteria as well as or better than any materials we have found.
  • the topcoat and vapor barrier combination should be durable but also should tear and tatter in the event that a peel initiates during flight.
  • the appliques can be protected prior to being adhered to a surface with single or double transfer protective paper (50, Fig. 2) to facilitate their application.
  • One sheet of protective paper overlies the surface of the applique that will interface and bond with the article. This surface has an adhesive or inherent tackiness to allow it to stick to the metal or composite aircraft surface.
  • the exposed surface of the topcoat may also have similar protective paper to reinforce it and to protect it during the positioning and transfer. We peel off this protective paper following proper positioning. Identifying information and instructions about how, where, and in what order to apply the appliques can be printed on the transfer papers (or directly on the topcoat of the applique) to simplify placement and positioning.
  • appliques for aerospace
  • concunent maintenance can occur on the aircraft 1 10, in the cockpit, for example, while the appliques are inspected, repaired, or replaced on another portion of the aircraft.
  • the curvature dictates the size and shape of an appliqu ⁇
  • a typical applique 120 applied to the upper wing skin 130 might be rectangular as shown in Fig. 12.
  • the appliques cover all, substantially all, or merely a part of the aircraft surface where paint would be used. Hot areas or areas particularly prone to erosion might require traditional treatments or coatings in addition to the common appliques.
  • the gores which we apply are generally 2-dimensional, flat panels that are sized to conform to a 3-dimensional surface, similar to the sections of a baseball. During installation, trimming often is required for achieving the final fit.
  • the gores may have different thicknesses depending upon their intended location on the object. We usually use thicker gores in areas exposed to high wear or in impact zones.
  • Decals and appliques normally are manufactured as flat material that is flexible and readily bent. Material of this form can easily be applied to both flat surfaces and simple curved surfaces such as cylinders, cones, and rolling bends. More complicated surfaces involving compound curvature can only be covered if the material can be stretched or compressed to avoid wrinkling and tearing. If the material is not sufficiently elastic, cutting to permit overlapping, or wedge removal, as well as addition of darts, can be useful to extend coverage with a nominally flat applique or decal material. Such approaches can be time consuming, damaging to the applied material, and of questionable use if the material has any prefened orientation (as, for example, with riblets.)
  • GC Gaussian curvature
  • Our appliques are primarily made from fluoroelastomers that are relatively forgiving and easy to work with. Molded appliques like Davis suggests may be desirable for surfaces where the curvature is changing rapidly, but they generally are not required.
  • the equipment to plot the profile also is useful for the marking of lines of constant Gaussian curvature and geodesies on the surface of interest so that the respective appliques can be laid down in a "color-by- number” process.
  • marking we mean that the locale for each applique is identified. Such marking can be done with projection lights or with more traditional marking methods (chalklines, pencil, etc.)
  • the surface analysis allows us to decide the size and shape of applique gores needed to cover the surface of interest. It also allows us to decide which appliques will be made from flat sheetstock and which will be molded to a complex curvature.
  • Curved surfaces may dictate curved appliques or smaller, flat appliques that can accommodate the curvature.
  • Our appliques are generally two - four feet wide and five - eight feet long, although the size and shape can vary depending on the shape and curvature of the surface to which the appliques are applied.
  • One pattern of appliques is shown in Fig. 50 wherein the alphanumeric designations identify separate gores.
  • Our appliques typically have considerable stretchiness, especially if they are thin, so they can conform to curved surfaces.
  • Gaussian curvature is a surface property for measuring of compound curvature. This topic is normally discussed in texts on differential geometry and is not widely known in the engineering community. The concept is best understood by considering a mathematical plane that includes the surface normal vector at a particular point on a curved surface. The curve formed by the intersection of the plane with the curved surface is known as a normal curve. If the plane is spun around the axis defined by the surface normal, an infinite family of normal curves is generated. In some particular orientation, a maximum curvature will be obtained. A surprising result from differential geometry is that a normal curve with minimum curvature occurs when the plane is turned by 90°.
  • Each principal curvature can be expressed as the reciprocal of the local radius of curvature.
  • the Gaussian curvature is simply the product of the two principal curvatures. Two elementary examples help to illustrate the concept. For a point on a cylindrical surface, one principal curvature is zero (that is, travel along the surface in the direction of the longitudinal axis is travel on a straight line). The Gaussian curvature is also, zero, since it is the product of the principle curvatures where one principle curvature is zero. The Gaussian curvature is also zero for all other surfaces that can be formed by bending a flat material, since these shapes can be transformed into one another.
  • Another simple example is a sphere.
  • the entire surface has a Gaussian curvature equal to the inverse square of the radius.
  • Saddle-shaped surfaces will have a negative Gaussian curvature since the centers of curvature occur on different sides of the surface.
  • the Gaussian curvature will vary across a surface.
  • a good example of the more general case is a (footballlike) prolate ellipsoid, which has its highest Gaussian curvature at its ends.
  • a decal or applique with a particular Gaussian curvature can be formed on a symmetrical mold such as a sphere (or symmetric saddle). Provided that it is flexible, the applique or decal will fit without wrinkling onto any other surface with the same GC, even if it is bent and asymmetric.
  • the molded material in this case also can be applied on the actual surface in any desired orientation rather than in a particular orientation (like a jigsaw puzzle piece would require). If the material is able to stretch (or to compress), it should be suitable for covering some range of GC values.
  • An ellipsoidal mold can be used to create transitional decals which have a gradient (i.e., a known variation in GC).
  • Premolded appliques can be applied to aircraft markings on complex curved surfaces and offer an alternative to painting. While valuable on commercial aircraft, appliques are especially well suited to military aircraft where there is a need to change camouflage and other low signature coverings to suit the theater of engagement. Appliques could be commercially valuable in many other areas, such as automobiles, boats, and other commercial products.
  • Davis describes ellipsoidal mold that has lines of constant Gaussian curvature in a symmetrical pattern running from the center to the ends.
  • the lines are "straight" lines on the surface that extend parallel to one another in a transverse direction on the ellipsoidal mold.
  • the lines conespond with global lines of latitude on common maps.
  • Geodesies marked on the surface extend longitudinally in graceful curves from pole to pole analogous to lines of longitude on global maps.
  • Davis 's appliques are centered on each constant GC line, and usually are diamond-shaped. We can use a similar plotting protocol to position our flat gores in the appropriate location and orientation.
  • a geodesic is the shortest line extending on the surface between two points. On a sphere, a geodesic would be the "great circle” connecting the two points.
  • a geodesic has a curvature vector equal to zero and has the principal normal coincide with the surface normal.
  • Davis 's appliques having one nominal GC are placed along the conesponding line of constant GC while appliques having a different nominal GC are placed along their conesponding lines of constant GC.
  • the bodies of the appliques stretch to make the transition between curvatures.
  • the ends of an object often are covered with relatively large cup or tulip shapes.
  • the various appliques fit together to cover the entire surface without wrinkles, gaps, or bubbles.
  • Appliques of constant Gaussian curvature can be made on a mold and transfened to aircraft, boats, trucks, or the like by placing applique on lines of conesponding GC on the surface of interest. Other appliques are selected and placed in similar fashion to cover the entire surface.
  • Each applique has substantially one Gaussian curvature along one characteristic, primary axis and transitional fingers or extensions of the applique extending outwardly from the primary axis.
  • the fingers have varying Gaussian curvature because they stretch or because of their molding for placement along the geodesies.
  • the primary size of the appliques depends on the severity of the curvature of the surface they will cover. Smaller pieces are required if the gradient of the curvature is large, that is, where the GC changes over a short distance.
  • Flat appliques of GC can be used for cylindrical solids, flat surfaces, and any other large areas of GC 0.
  • a family of molds of differing size would supply appliques of positive GC.
  • a similar saddle mold family provide conesponding appliques having negative GC's.
  • the appliques can be applied wet or dry using squeegees, mat knives, rubber rollers, wallpaper tools, and the like to place and smooth the films, can be Extracting the trapped air or water with a hypodermic syringe eliminates bubbles.
  • Interfacing appliques usually are overlapped l A to Vi inch or more, but butt joints are possible. The extent of overlap is limited because of weight and cost factors but also because the appliques stick more securely to the substrate than to one another. Overlaps can be a source of peeling in flight, because of the poorer applique-to-applique adhesion.
  • the appliques can include surface patterns, and might include plasticizers, extenders, antioxidants, ultraviolet light stabilizers, dyes, pigments, emissivity agents (like silicon carbide), chopped or continuous fiber reinforcement, or the like, to provide the desired color, gloss, reflectivity, or other surface characteristics.
  • Chopped fibers can provide improved toughness and anti-static properties, for example.
  • the pigments are metal flakes, metal oxide particles, or organometallic particles, and typically are mixtures of several types of material.
  • Suitable aluminum flake pigments include the Aquasil BP series of pigments available form Siberline Manufacturing Co.
  • the pigments might be glass, mica, metals (like nickel, cobalt, copper, bronze, and the like available from Novamet) or glass flake, silver coated glass flake, mica flake, or the like available from Potters Industries, Inc. These flakes typically are about 17 - 55 ⁇ m for their characteristic dimension. In some applications, ceramic pigments may be appropriate.
  • the pigments can be mixed to provide the desired characteristics for the coating.
  • Titanox 2020 titanium oxide pigments are available from NL Industries. Copper oxide or iron oxide pigments are available from Fischer Scientific. NANOTEK titania, zinc oxide, or copper oxide pigments are available from Nanophase Technologies Corporation. These pigments are generally spherical with diameters in the range form about 30 nm (for the NANOTEK pigments) to micron sizes.
  • Prefened pigments are essentially pure metals (with suitable surface conversion coatings) having a substantially uniform thickness of about 1000 A ⁇ 5 - 10% (i.e., 900 - 1100 A and, preferably, 950 - 1050 A). These pigments otherwise should meet the conventional specifications for paint pigments. In that regard the pigments (also called particulates or flakes) must be thick enough to provide opacity while producing minimum edge effects (scattering). A characteristic dimension, then, for either the length or width would be 20 - 100 ⁇ m, and, preferably, 30 - 50 ⁇ m. We target particulates of characteristic nominal dimensions of 50 ⁇ m x 50 ⁇ m x 1000 - 10,000 A ( i.e. 0.1 - 1 ⁇ m). Metal flakes of this general type are described in U. S. Provisional Patent Application 60/089,328, filed June 15, 1998, entitled "Method for Making Particulates of Controlled Dimensions.”
  • Films of the pure metals of the desired thickness can be prepared by sputtering the metal onto two mil thick fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) sheetstock. Making this film product is done according to the conventional processing steps for making food or vacuum bagging materials.
  • the method of the present invention removes the metal from the metallized film in two, simple and quick immersion steps. First, the metallized roll is immersed in a caustic (basic) bath for about 15 sec to loosen the metal. Then, we immerse the roll again for about 15 sec in a dilute acid solution to neutralize the base and to separate the metal. We brush the particulates from the FEP, and precipitate the particulates in the acid solution prior to filtering, rinsing, and drying.
  • Na2C ⁇ 3 For aluminum thin films, we prefer to use 7 wt % Na2C ⁇ 3 as the base, but can use NaHC ⁇ 3, NaC ⁇ 3/NaHC ⁇ 3 mixtures, or conventional alkaline or alkaline earth hydroxides diluted to about a pH of 9.0.
  • the acid solution preferably is 0.01 - 0.1 N acetic acid at pH 3.4 - 3.6, but could be phosphoric acid or a dilute mineral acid.
  • the base immersion takes about 15 seconds. Prior to the acid immersion, we allow the base-treated metallized film to be exposed to air for about 25 seconds. The acid immersion lasts about 15 seconds before we brush the particulates from the FEP. We tow the metallized roll through the several operations in a continuous process, as will be understood by those of ordinary skill.
  • the different treatments can impart different tint to the flakes.
  • Alodine imparts a yellow or greenish-yellow tint.
  • the cobalt treatments impart blue tints.
  • the sol coating is preferably a mixture of organometallics wherein the zirconium bonds to the aluminum flake covalently while the organic tail of the organosilane bonds with the paint binder.
  • the anodizing treatments prepare the surface to achieve adhesion primarily by mechanical surface phenomena.
  • the sol coating provides both mechanical adhesion (surface microroughening) and adhesion through chemical affinity, compatibility, and covalent chemical bonds.
  • the topcoat forms a protective film over the vapor barrier, and should be selected from suitable materials to retain the conosion protection properties of the applique system.
  • the conosion protection performance is illustrated in Figs. 3 - 10 and 22 - 32 for our prefened vapor barrier.
  • the applique coating should still improve lifecycle costs and maintenance by allowing simpler coating replacement and zonal overhaul (concunent maintenance) of the aircraft in its regular depot maintenance. Engines can be overhauled, for example, on one side of the aircraft while inspection, patching, and repair of the paintless coating can proceed on the other side of the aircraft as shown in Fig. 11. Normal paint repair requires that the aircraft be isolated in a spray booth where other maintenance or inspection cannot be conducted simultaneously.
  • the prefened topcoat is a fluoroelastomer, especially a modified CAAPCOAT Type III or Type IV rain and thermal resistant fluoroelastomer available from the CAAP Company suitable for roll coating in the appropriate colors and with appropriate additives as previously described.
  • the prefened vapor barrier is a fluoropolymer from 3M, especially a terpolymer derived from tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluorpropylene, and vinylidene fluoride (THV). This terpolymer is resistant to aerospace fluids, especially skydrol, and is relatively stretchy. It suffers from a tendency to gouge, has limited resistance to rain erosion, and softens at relatively low temperature. However, it is readily commercially available.
  • Metallized thin-film vapor barriers have also shown promise as the vapor barrier, especially aluminum vapor depositions.
  • the vapor barrier's function is to eliminate active transport of water vapor or other conosive agents to the surface.
  • the appliques reduce leading of chromates from the underlying primer by reducing the migration of water to this surface.
  • the prefened adhesive is a pressure-sensitive acrylic adhesive designated as product 966 or other experimental adhesives available from 3M.
  • the adhesive should hold the appliques on the surface during normal operation of the vehicle, but should be peelable without leaving a residue for replacement of the applique inspection of the underlying surface. It should have low eletrolytic (ion transporting) properties for the best conosion performance. Additives common used in adhesives to improve tack might degrade the conosion protection.
  • the applique may be re-adhered to the surface is some cases, especially if the area uncovered is small.
  • Pigments and other additives can be incorporated into the topcoat, vapor barrier, or both.
  • An anti-static layer generally is incorporated into the exposed surface.
  • a seal bead 400 made from topcoat applied like caulk to adhere the adjacent appliques together as shown in Figs. 40 to 45 for lap and butt joints with flat and tapered edge appliques.
  • Figs. 44 and 45 show sealing anangements using seam tapes.
  • the topcoat 20 is removed so that the tape adheres to the vapor barrier 30.
  • a thicker vapor barrier or multiple vapor barrier layers might assist in its retaining its conosion protection integrity.
  • the vapor barrier is about 1 to 4 mils thick, and generally 3 mils. Thicker films add weight, but the appliques are still likely to be lighter than multiple paint coats that are commonly used today.
  • the appliques initially are about the same weight to slightly heavier than an ordinary, single coat, paint-primer coating system, like MIL-C-85285 polyurethane over MIL-P-25377 epoxy primer.
  • the vapor barrier might include a metallized film on one or both surfaces (generally, on the surface adjacent the adhesive, if metallization is used). Such barriers appear to provide significant conosion protection, perhaps by providing a sacrificial film, but, more likely, by reducing the permeability of the organic resin film that otherwise constitutes the barrier.
  • the appliques have the potential to eliminate the need for chromated primers on the substrates.
  • the appliques when tested on clad 2024 T3 aluminum alloy test plaques, the appliques provided equivalent conosion protection to using both a chromated primer and a chromated conversion coating on the 2024 aluminum. Comparative results for filiform and salt spray tests are shown in Figs. 33 - 39. In all our tests, the appliques were never less than equivalent to and typically were better than paint in providing conosion protection.
  • the appliques can be used on most aerospace metals, including 2024, 6061, 7075, and other aluminum alloys; all titanium alloys; high strength (low carbon) steels like 4130, 4340, and 9310; nickel alloys like INCONEL 718, and magnesium alloys protected with a Dow conversion coating. Our tests have focused on 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloys that are the standard materials used in aerospace applications to assess conosion protection.
  • the appliques can be used on composite structures. At the interface between carbon fiber-reinforced composites and metallic structure, the appliques reduce galvanic conosion by reducing access of electrolytes to the metal surfaces. That is, the appliques seal moisture and aircraft fluids away from the metals (conductors).
  • the substrates are clad. They can be anodized and treated with a chemical conversion coating, especially a chromated conversion coating like Alodine 600, 1000, or 1200.
  • a chemical conversion coating especially a chromated conversion coating like Alodine 600, 1000, or 1200.
  • Our tests with nonchromated primers have shown uneven or poor conosion protection performance, but the fault lies with the nonchromated primers.
  • We speculate that the primer in these tests is attracting and capturing conosive agents in contact with the metal surface. We sometimes achieve better results by eliminating the primer altogether.
  • Standard filiform conosion tests show that the conosion does not progress from its original state after the conosion is covered with an applique. This fact means that an applique over the conosion can stop minor conosion pitting.
  • a vapor barrier-topcoat film may fill the area over the vapor banier where the topcoat is selectively cutaway, as shown in Fig. 45. In this way, a vapor barrier bridges the gap where the adjacent vapor barriers abutt, thereby providing a continuous vapor barrier.
  • Edges of the appliques preferably are tapered (Figs. 40, 41, and 44) to improve aerodynamics.
  • the edge seal preferably is a concentrated formulation of the topcoat from which volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been stripped.
  • VOCs volatile organic compounds
  • Our goals for the edge seal are that we be able to apply it in one-step, that it stick to old primer, that it also stick to "dirty" substrates or appliques so that we can avoid special surface cleaning, and that it be tougher than the standard appliques.
  • the edge seal should also be sufficiently thick to stay in place as a bead when applied.
  • the topcoat is CAAPCOAT
  • one formulation includes a mixture of the CAAPCOAT topcoat (stripped of the VOCs) mixed with chromated, epoxy/polyamide Mil-P-23337 primer available from Courtaulds or PRC DeSoto (or a Dexter equivalent).
  • This edge seal also may include a CAAP curative.
  • a second formulation of the edge seal includes the concentrated - CAAPCOAT topcoat with an effective amount of a pigment-free Mil-P-23337 primer and, optionally, an effective amount of an anti-static filler, such as E3.
  • the formulation with the anti-static filler provides the highest toughness.
  • the volatiles are removed to leave a paste-like composition that can be applied as a caulking compound.
  • the edge seal stays in place and dries quickly to complete the sealing.
  • Added primer provides enhanced conosion protection at the edge seal through the chromates and to increase the tack of the edge seal so that it adheres better to the appliques or the underlying substrate.
  • We remove the pigments from the primer because they are unnecessary in this application, they compete with pigment that we include in the concentrated topcoat, and they appear to reduce toughness of the edge seal.
  • the anti-static filler can be any suitable material, including carbon fibers, to make the electrical conductivity of the edge seal comparable or substantially equal to that of the bulk topcoat.
  • the anti-static filler appears to improve toughness of the edge seal. We include the additives for color, tint, etc. previously described for the topcoat in the edge seal, since the edge seal effectively becomes an extension of the topcoat upon drying.
  • the edge seal is a conesponding, concentrated fluoropolymer topcoat formulation. That is, for the edge seal, we usually match the polymer in the edge seal with that in the bulk topcoat. The edge seal is simply thickened or concentrated by removing VOCs.
  • topcoat made from a Boeing Material Specification (BMS) 10-60 "paint" topcoat available from PRC DeSoto or Dexter. This topcoat is susceptible to cracking.
  • BMS Boeing Material Specification
  • Repair of the applique coating requires cutting through the appliques, preferably without scribing the underlying substrate.
  • a controlled depth, adjustable cutter To cut the appliques, we need a controlled depth, adjustable cutter. Setting the depth of cut and holding that depth is a challenge, especially when working with depths measured in mils (0.001 in).
  • EIS Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
  • PAR Princeton Applied Research
  • SI 1260 impedance/gain-phase analyzer
  • OCP open circuit potential
  • a Ag/AgCl/KCl reference electrode in a central glass well; a Luggin probe, a capillary tube extending nearly to the specimen, is located on one side of the well).
  • Fig. 13 is a flowchart showing how we manipulate the impedance data to calculate the desired parameters.
  • (ohms), for example, is calculated from
  • Bode plots show
  • DeltaGraph ® software was used to generate three-dimensional Bode plots as a function of exposure time, when appropriate.
  • FIG 15 shows the series-parallel (SP) circuit model we used.
  • the R values are resistors and Q values are constant phase elements (CPE).
  • Rl represents the solution resistance.
  • R2 and Q2 represent the polarization resistance and the non-ideal double layer capacitance of the conosion process, respectively.
  • R3 and Q3 represent the resistance and the non-ideal capacitance of either the conosion products or the anodization.
  • R4 and Q4 represent the resistance and the capacitance of the primer.
  • CPE constant phase element
  • the CPE unit is "CPE mho" (mho-sec”), which in the SP model is interpreted as a non-ideal capacitance.
  • Figures 16 - 21 are Bode plots using the SP and five-element models for the three validation cases. These graphs show the general conespondence between the SP model we selected and the more common five-element circuit model.
  • Case 1 (Fig. 16 and 17), the conosion process is nearly masked by the coating. If either the polarization resistance R 2 was lower or the coating resistance R» was greater, the conosion process would probably go undetected beneath the coating.
  • the Bode plots from both models are essentially the same.
  • the break frequencies, f 2 and f t differ by four orders of magnitude.
  • Case 2 (Fig. 18 and 19)
  • the highly resistive conosion process is quite evident in the presence of the marginal coating. Again, the Bode plots from both models are essentially the same.
  • the SP model allows the primer, applique, topcoat, conosion products, and conosion processes to be uniquely separated into individual R and Q elements that can be easily identified, sorted, and monitored with exposure time.
  • the break frequency, fRQ, of each RiQi circuit can be monitored with exposure time. In this study, it is an integer identifying an electrical element, either 1, 2, 3, or 4. Break frequency is an important intrinsic property that is not dependent on surface area.
  • the R,Q ⁇ is taken from the time constant, R
  • 1E+5 Hz is associated with the anodization, conosion products, and organic coatings such as primer; while an f R Q in the range of 1E-2 to 1E+1 Hz is associated with conosion processes.
  • Fluoropolymer (FP) and polyurethane (PU) appliques were applied, respectively, to 3-in x 6-in panels of clad 2024-T3 Al that were chemical conversion coated with Alodine 600. Prior to the application, at one end of the panel, the surface was scribed with an "x"; the length of the leg from the center point of the x was 0.75 in. The FP applique was placed over the x scribe to simulate patching a damaged area: this was not done for the PU applique.
  • FP fluoropolymer
  • the surface is lightly sprayed with water.
  • the FP applique is then placed on the surface.
  • the water allows the applique to be easily positioned on the surface, and is acceptable provided that care be taken to remove excess water from beneath the applique. Otherwise, trapped water will produce bubbles.
  • the polyurethane (PU) applique which served as a baseline, was applied using the dry application method.
  • the appliques were placed over the entire surface including the scribe and was sealed along the edge with a fluoroelastomer to eliminate seepage of the salt solution from the edge.
  • Fig. 22 - 25 show Bode plots of our wet and dry appliques as a banier and as a patch over a scribe. These plots are similar to the data presented in Fig. 3 - 10.
  • ) with decreasing frequency is attributed to the electrical properties (i.e., resistance and capacitance) of the applique as a barrier coating.
  • the negative phase of nearly 90 degrees (Figs. 23) shows the very capacitive nature of the applique.
  • the patched scribe behaved the same as the barrier. Over the 53 days of exposure, the impedance remained essentially constant except for the slight tapering off at very low frequencies. Retention of the impedance indicates that hardly any conosion occuned under the appliques during the duration of the test.
  • the appliques were among the best treatments available to prevent conosion.
  • Figs. 24 and 25 are Bode plots of our applique applied wet as a barrier and as a patch over a scribe. The method of application had no significant effect on the applique as a barrier coating to prevent conosion.
  • Figs. 26 and 27 are Bode plots of the polyurethane applique control applied dry.
  • the impedance increase with decreasing frequency is attributed to the electrical properties of the applique.
  • the smooth increase in impedance begins to reduce at about 10 Hz.
  • the resistance of the coating is lower than our prefened appliques that function as a vapor barrier. Conespondingly, the negative phase also decreases much sooner. With continued immersion time, the impedance of the coating continues to decrease.
  • a second rise in impedance is observed that is particularly evident in the phase plot. For example, at 51 days, the phase decreases to a minimum at 100 Hz, rises to a maximum, and then decreases to a minimum again.
  • the second increase in the impedance and phase maximum is attributed to conosion beneath the polyurethane applique.
  • Figs. 28 - 32 show the ECA results (the derived parameters, Fig. 13) of our appliques that include the break frequency, resistance-area, constant phase element and the n parameter.
  • the break frequency for our prefened fluoropolymer applique was in the vicinity of 1E-2 whereas the break frequency of the polyurethane control was 1E+2 Hz.
  • the break frequency for the conosion occurring beneath the coating was about 5 Hz.
  • the lower break frequency of our prefened fluoropolymer applique is attributed to the higher resistance to conosion. Though much scatter exists in the data, the break frequencies are not significantly dependent on time.
  • the resistance (often called the pore resistance) of the FP applique is 1E+11 ohm-cm, which is very high for any of the organic coatings commercially available; it is also not dependent on application method.
  • the resistance value for our applique of 1E+7 ohm-cm is more typical of the commercial organic coating systems.
  • the better conosion resistant barrier coatings will normally have a resistance greater than 1E+7 ohm-cm.
  • Our applique has a resistance several orders of magnitude greater than the commercial organic coating systems indicating a very good potential for conosion barrier applications.
  • the polarization resistance of the conosion process beneath the coating is significantly high, which indicates that conosion is proceeding slowly-, if it is occurring at all.
  • a very small constant phase element (CPE) of IE- 10 CPE mho/cm 2 and "n" parameter of nearly 1.0 shown in Figs. 30 and 31 represent the capacitance of the appliques.
  • the CPE value of 1E-6 to 1E-9 CPE mho/cm 2 and n parameter of 0.6 to 1.0 represents the non-ideal capacitance of the conosion process occurring beneath the polyurethane control applique.
  • the large scatter for the polyurethane control results from the difficulty in deconvoluting the EIS data in the presence of the impedance high.
  • Fig. 32 plots the dielectric constant (DE) of the appliques versus time.
  • the DE for the appliques magnitude of 2 to 3 is about the same as Teflon ® .
  • How the appliques were applied had no significant effect on the DE.
  • the DE of the polyurethane control applique is slightly lower than the reported values of 4 to 8.
  • Our prefened appliques were quite stable while immersed in the salt solution over the test period.
  • Figs. 46 and 47 are Bode plots of the painted coating as a function of time up to 24 days. After 5 days of salt spray exposure, the impedance increases with decreasing frequency to about 1 Hz. The increase in impedance begins to taper off. At longer exposure times, the impedance begins to taper off at higher frequencies. The barrier coating resistance decreased with exposure time.
  • Figs. 48 and 49 are Bode plots of our applique for 11 days of testing.
  • the impedance increased with decreasing frequency.
  • the impedance remained constant.
  • the negative phase of nearly 90 degrees shows the retention of the capacitive nature of the applique.
  • the applique was significantly more resistant to the salt spray exposure, showing essentially no conosion under our appliques because the appliques are a vapor barrier.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un joint pour bord franc comprenant un enduit de finition et des additifs appropriés pour former un composé de matage, améliorant les performances des films autocollants. Etant donné les normes écologiques toujours plus rigoureuses, il est plus difficile d'appliquer des revêtement (comme la peinture) par des procédés traditionnels tels que la peinture au pistolet, en raison des solvants volatils et des pigments dangereux. L'étude approfondie de l'environnement est essentiellement axée sur les traitements traditionnels de protection des surfaces contre la corrosion, notamment les apprêts chromatés et les revêtements par conversion. Les films autocollants sont disposés sur le substrat concerné pour créer une barrière vaporifuge permettant de le protéger contre la corrosion. On peut également fabriquer des films autocollants incurvés à partir d'une famille de moules présentant différentes courbures de Gauss au lieu de réaliser un moule 'par projection' sur la surface concernée pour former les films autocollants. L'utilisation des films autocollants courbés réduit les nervures, les plis et les fentes qui apparaissent parfois lorsque l'on essaie de recouvrir une surface à courbures complexes avec des films autocollants plats (plans). En vue de relier hermétiquement les films autocollants entre eux, on utilise un enduit de finition (habituellement un fluoroélastomère ou un fluoropolymère) qu'on débarrasse des composés organiques volatils qu'il contient de manière à épaissir le joint pour bord franc obtenu et faciliter ainsi son application (sans gouttes ni écoulement), tout en améliorant sa capacité au collage, sa dureté ainsi que ses performances anticorrosion. Le joint pour bord franc devient alors l'extension de l'enduit de finition des films autocollants et doit par conséquent posséder les caractéristiques physiques et chimiques de l'enduit de finition.
PCT/US1999/013699 1998-06-18 1999-06-14 Joint pour bord franc et procede d'etancheite pour film autocollant WO1999065674A1 (fr)

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EP99928758A EP1093409A4 (fr) 1998-06-18 1999-06-14 Joint pour bord franc et procede d'etancheite pour film autocollant
AU45751/99A AU4575199A (en) 1998-06-18 1999-06-14 Edge seal and sealing methods for appliques

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US60/089,703 1998-06-18

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1337373A4 (fr) * 2000-09-21 2005-01-12 Integument Technologies Inc Procedes et materiaux destines a reduire les dommages dus aux effets electromagnetiques ambiants
US7141303B2 (en) 2001-03-06 2006-11-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Protective articles
US7867621B2 (en) 2003-09-30 2011-01-11 The Boeing Company Wide area lightning diverter overlay
US8715824B2 (en) 2003-09-30 2014-05-06 The Boeing Company Applique
US9511536B2 (en) 2002-10-18 2016-12-06 The Boeing Company Method and apparatus to assist with removing an adhesive system
CN112029427A (zh) * 2020-06-30 2020-12-04 成都飞机工业（集团）有限责任公司 一种柔性台阶片层结构贴片及其使用方法

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US4770927A (en) * 1983-04-13 1988-09-13 Chemical Fabrics Corporation Reinforced fluoropolymer composite
US5035940A (en) * 1988-09-19 1991-07-30 Rexham Corporation Aluminum-fluoropolymer laminate
US5660667A (en) * 1995-06-06 1997-08-26 The Boeing Company Method of coating surfaces using appliques of constant Gaussian curvature

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US3065940A (en) * 1956-06-22 1962-11-27 Emil L Eckstein Aircraft outer surface covering
US4770927A (en) * 1983-04-13 1988-09-13 Chemical Fabrics Corporation Reinforced fluoropolymer composite
US5035940A (en) * 1988-09-19 1991-07-30 Rexham Corporation Aluminum-fluoropolymer laminate
US5660667A (en) * 1995-06-06 1997-08-26 The Boeing Company Method of coating surfaces using appliques of constant Gaussian curvature

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1337373A4 (fr) * 2000-09-21 2005-01-12 Integument Technologies Inc Procedes et materiaux destines a reduire les dommages dus aux effets electromagnetiques ambiants
US7141303B2 (en) 2001-03-06 2006-11-28 3M Innovative Properties Company Protective articles
US7608323B2 (en) 2001-03-06 2009-10-27 3M Innovative Properties Company Protective articles
US9511536B2 (en) 2002-10-18 2016-12-06 The Boeing Company Method and apparatus to assist with removing an adhesive system
US7867621B2 (en) 2003-09-30 2011-01-11 The Boeing Company Wide area lightning diverter overlay
US8715824B2 (en) 2003-09-30 2014-05-06 The Boeing Company Applique
CN112029427A (zh) * 2020-06-30 2020-12-04 成都飞机工业（集团）有限责任公司 一种柔性台阶片层结构贴片及其使用方法

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AU4575199A (en) 2000-01-05
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