WO1999049892A2 - Utilisation de conjugues p40 actifs par voie nasale - Google Patents
Utilisation de conjugues p40 actifs par voie nasale Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999049892A2 WO1999049892A2 PCT/FR1999/000703 FR9900703W WO9949892A2 WO 1999049892 A2 WO1999049892 A2 WO 1999049892A2 FR 9900703 W FR9900703 W FR 9900703W WO 9949892 A2 WO9949892 A2 WO 9949892A2
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fragment
- protein
- antigen
- membrane protein
- hapten
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K39/385—Haptens or antigens, bound to carriers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
- A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
- A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/54—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the route of administration
- A61K2039/541—Mucosal route
- A61K2039/543—Mucosal route intranasal
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/60—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characteristics by the carrier linked to the antigen
- A61K2039/6031—Proteins
- A61K2039/6068—Other bacterial proteins, e.g. OMP
Definitions
- the present invention relates to obtaining immunizing preparations which are effective when administered via the nasal route. It therefore relates to the use of carrier proteins capable of improving the immune response to a hapten, when the hapten-carrier protein conjugate is administered by the nasal route.
- the Applicant has now found that a membrane protein originating from another bacterium makes it possible, when administered jointly with an antigen by the nasal route, to induce an immune response of satisfactory intensity and quality to get a vaccine.
- the present invention relates to the use of at least one fragment of an OmpA membrane protein of enterobacteriac for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition intended to be administered by the nasal route, to improve immunity. of a mammal with respect to an antigen or a hapten.
- the expression OmpA is intended to denote the proteins of the external membrane of type A (OmpA for "Outer membrane protein A").
- the subject of the invention is also the use of at least one fragment of a Klebsiella membrane protein for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition intended to be administered by the nasal route, to improve the immunity of a mammal vis -to an antigen or a hapten.
- the membrane protein is an OmpA protein from Klebsiella pneumoniae.
- said fragment of the OmpA membrane protein of enterobacterium or of the Klebsiella membrane protein according to the invention is obtained by recombinant route.
- rP40 the major membrane protein of Klebsiella pneumoniae, OmpA called P40, coupled to subunit peptide antigens is very immunogenic by the systemic route.
- a particularly suitable protein comprises the sequence SEQ ID No. 1.
- the Applicant has demonstrated that an anti-P40 antibody response is found in all adults, the Klebsiella pneumoniae enterobacterium being a very widespread pathogen. This sensitization is favorable to an increase in the antibody response directed against an antigen or a hapten which is administered coupled to the carrier protein.
- Said antigen or hapten according to the invention can be chosen from the group comprising proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and nucleic acids.
- it is of bacterial or viral origin.
- the present invention is thus suitable for the preparation of vaccine directed against any microorganism responsible for pathologies of the airways such as for example the microorganisms chosen from RSV, para influenzae virus (P1V), influenza virus, l hantavirus, streptococci, pneumococci and meningococci.
- microorganisms chosen from RSV, para influenzae virus (P1V), influenza virus, l hantavirus, streptococci, pneumococci and meningococci.
- the antigen or hapten according to the invention will comprise at least one fragment of said microorganism, such as a protein fragment, which a person skilled in the art will be able to determine for its capacity to confer the desired immunity by techniques. standards such as those described in the examples below.
- the present invention is suitable for the preparation of a vaccine directed against RSV (or respiratory syncytial virus), in particular human or bovine.
- the antigen or the hapten according to the invention comprises at least one protein fragment of the RSV virus, and in particular at least one fragment of the G protein of the RSV.
- said protein fragments of the VRS virus are chosen from fragments having as amino acid sequences the sequences SEQ ID No. 2 to SEQ ID No.
- Sequences suitable for the preparation of a vaccine according to the invention are the sequences SEQ ID No. 2 to SEQ ID No. 74.
- the protein fragment originating from OmpA membrane protein from enterobacteria or from Klebsiella membrane protein is covalently coupled with the antigen or hapten, such as a protein fragment of RSV.
- the invention also comprises the use of at least one fragment of an entero-bacteria OmpA membrane protein or of a membrane protein of Klebsiella according to the invention, characterized in that said fragment is covalently coupled with said antigen or hapten.
- the covalent coupling of the antigen or the hapten according to the invention can be carried out at the N- or C-terminal end of the fragment of the membrane protein according to the invention.
- the bifunctional reagents allowing this coupling will be determined as a function of the end of the fragment of the membrane protein chosen to effect the coupling and of the nature of the antigen or the hapten to be coupled.
- the conjugates resulting from a coupling of peptides to at least one fragment of an OmpA membrane protein of enterobacteria or of a Klebsiella membrane protein can be prepared by genetic recombination.
- the hybrid protein (conjugate) can indeed be produced by recombinant DNA techniques by insertion or addition to the DNA sequence coding for the membrane protein fragment, of a sequence coding for the antigen or hapten peptide (s). .
- These techniques for preparing hybrid protein by genetic recombination are well known to those skilled in the art (cf. for example SC MAKRIDES, 1996, Microbiologicals Reviews, 60, 3, 512-538) and will not be developed herein. description.
- the invention also comprises the use, according to the invention, characterized in that the hybrid protein, obtained after coupling between the fragment of a membrane protein and the protein type antigen or hapten, is prepared by genetic recombination.
- the hybrid protein obtained after coupling between the fragment of a membrane protein and the protein type antigen or hapten, is prepared by genetic recombination.
- Klebsiella pneumoniae administration of a hapten coupled to at least one fragment of a membrane protein, such as the rP40 protein, by the nasal route in the absence of an adjuvant induced an anti-hapten antibody response.
- the invention relates to the use, according to the invention, characterized in that the pharmaceutical composition contains a fragment of a membrane protein coupled with an antigen or a hapten according to the invention, or a transformed host cell capable of expressing a recombinant hybrid protein containing a fragment of membrane protein coupled with the antigen or hapten according to the invention, in particular in the absence of an adjuvant.
- the transformed host cells capable of expressing said hybrid protein gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli type K 12 commonly used in fermentation or E. coli transformed by an expression vector plasmid containing a promoter are preferred. strong such as the operon of the tryptophan promoter (trp).
- staphylococci such as non-pathogenic staphylococci, S. carnosus and S. xylosus, since these bacteria do not produce LPS (lipopolysaccharides) on the membrane surface.
- staphylococci can be transfected with expression vectors containing promoters such as the trp, or the secretion signal of Lipase or the secretion signal of protein A or even the promoter signal of the OmpA of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
- the invention relates to a process for the preparation of a protein or one of its fragments by recombinant means, characterized in that the protein or its fragment is, after extraction, renated in the presence of a solution containing a detergent chosen from Zwittergent 3-14, Zwittergent 3-12 and octylglucopyrannoside, and in that said recombinant protein is not interferon ⁇ .
- said protein is an enterobacterium membrane protein, in particular of the OmpA type.
- said protein is an OmpA of Klebsiella pneumoniae.
- the Zwittergent 3-14 will preferably be at a concentration of between 0.05% and 2%, more preferably close to 0.1%.
- Figure 1A Coomassie blue revelation - lane 1: lot 1, 2 ⁇ g - lane 2: lot 1, 10 ⁇ g
- FIG. 1B immunoblot and revelation using an anti-P40 rabbit polyclonal serum
- Figure 2 Distribution of patients according to the OD (Optical Density) corresponding to anti-P40 antibodies, measured by ELISA.
- Figure 3 Anti-Gl 'antibody response.
- Figure 4 Anti-rP40 antibody response.
- Figure 5 IgA type anti-Gl 'antibody response.
- Figure 6 Isotyping of anti-Gl 'immunoglobulins obtained in secondary response.
- Figure 8 Response anti-Gl 'serum antibodies of total IgG type.
- Figure 9 Isotyping of anti-Gl 'serum immunoglobulins after three immunizations.
- Figure 10 Isotyping of anti-Gl 'immunoglobulins from bronchoalveolar lavage after three immunizations.
- the gene coding for rP40 was obtained by amplification by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) from the chromosomal DNA of the strain Klebsiella pneumoniae IP 1145 (described in patent WO 96/14415). After identification by DNA sequencing, the fragment corresponding to rP40 is cloned in various expression vectors, in particular that under the control of the promoter of the trp operon, upstream of 9 amino acids of the leader peptide (MKAIFVLNA).
- the peptide sequence of rP40 is represented in the list of sequences by the sequence SEQ ID No. 1.
- the protein rP40 is produced in the form of inclusion bodies with a high yield (> 10%, g protein / g dry biomass). Fermentation of rl'40 fusion proteins:
- the medium contains (g / 1): glycerol, 5; ammonium sulfate, 2.6; potassium dihydro-genophosphate, 3; dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, 2; sodium citrate 0.5; yeast extract, 1; Ampicillin, 0, 1; Tetracycline 0.008; Thiamine, 0.07; magnesium sulfate, 1 and 1 ml / 1 of trace element solution and 0.65 ml / 1 of vitamin solution.
- the parameters controlled during fermentation are: pH, agitation, temperature, oxygenation rate, feeding of combined sources (glycerol or glucose).
- the pH is regulated at 7.0.
- the temperature is set at 37 ° C.
- the cells After centrifugation of the culture broth (4000 rpm, 10 min, 4 ° C), the cells are resuspended in a 25 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.5. Treatment with lysozyme (0.5 g 1, 1 hour / room temperature / gentle agitation) allows the release of the inclusion bodies.
- Denaturation of the protein is obtained by incubation of the inclusion bodies at 37 ° C. for 2 hours in a 25 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.5 containing 7 M urea. (denaturing agent) and 10 mM dithiothreitol (reduction of disulfurc bridges). Centrifugation (15 min at 10,000 g) eliminates the insoluble part of the inclusion bodies.
- the dialysate is deposited on a column containing a support of the strong anion exchanger type (Biorad Macro Prep High Q gel) balanced in the buffer described above at a linear flow rate of 15 cm / h. Proteins are detected at 280 nm. The rP40 protein is eluted, with a linear flow rate of 60 cm / h, for a concentration of 0.6
- the fractions containing the rP40 protein are combined and concentrated by ultrafiltration using an Amicon shaking cell system used with a Diaflo membrane of the YM10 type (cutoff threshold 10 Da) for volumes of the order of 100 ml. , or using a Minitan Millipore tangential flow filtration system used with membrane plates having a cutoff threshold of 10 kDa for higher volumes.
- the fraction thus concentrated is dialyzed overnight at 4 ° C. against a 20 mM citrate buffer, pH 3.0, at 0.1% of Zwittergent 3-14.
- the dialysate is deposited on a column containing a support of the strong cation exchanger type (Biorad Macro Prep High S gel) balanced in the citrate buffer.
- a denaturation-regeneration cycle makes it possible to obtain 300 mg of protein (estimation by assay according to the Lowry method).
- 75 mg of rP40 are purified after the two chromatographic steps.
- the protein rl O is concentrated after purification in order to reach a final concentration of between 5 and 10 mg / ml.
- the electrophoretic profiles show a degree of purity of the order of 95% (FIG. 1A).
- the protein is specifically recognized by a natural anti-P40 onoclonal antibody obtained in mice (FIG. 1B). The state of the protein is followed by SDS-PAGE.
- the P40 protein extracted from the membrane of Klebsiella pneumoniae has a characteristic electrophoretic (migration) behavior.
- the native form ⁇ -sheet structure
- the denatured form ⁇ -helical structure
- a denaturing agent such as urea or guanidine hydrochloride
- Figure IB the rP40 protein is not correctly renature at the end of renaturation, whether this is carried out in the absence or in the presence of 0.1% (w / v) Zwittergent 3-14.
- Gl 'peptide is a synthetic peptide of 15 amino acids, the sequence of which is as follows (SEQ ID N ° 74):
- this peptide (part 1-14) corresponds to part 174-187 of protein G of the respiratory syncytial virus and presents, compared to the native peptide, two major modifications which are :
- the peptide is coupled to the protein using the reagent BHA or bromo-N-hydroxysuccinimide acetate (Svenson et al., 1990, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 1347, Bematowicz and Matsueda, 1986, Anal. Biochem. 155, 95).
- This heterobifunctional reagent allows activation of the Lys (Lysine) residues of the protein by bromoacetylation, then coupling of the peptide by the free thiol group carried by the Cys residue.
- the rP40 protein is activated by BHA.
- the rP40 is dialyzed against a 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 containing 0.1% Zwittergent 3-14 for 24 hours at + 4 ° C. After dialysis, the concentration is adjusted to 5 mg / ml using the same buffer before adding BHA at the rate of 1.2 mg (50 ⁇ l) / mg of rP40.
- the peptide (10 mg / ml in 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7 containing 0.1% Zwittergent 3-14) is added to the activated protein at a rate of 0.4 mg / mg of protein. After saturation under a stream of nitrogen, the tube is again placed in the dark for 2 hours with stirring and at room temperature.
- the unbound peptide can be removed using a dialysis or molecular sieve chromatography step.
- conjugate obtained is characterized by protein assay (BCA method or
- the coupling rate of the peptide on the protein is estimated by assaying the carboxymethylysteine residue: the assay of the acids amines released by hydrolysis (HC1 6N) is produced by HPLC after derivatization using PITC (Pico-Tag method, Waters).
- the coupling rate determined by this method is approximately 10 G l 'peptides / mole of rP40.
- mice BALB / c mice were or were not sensitized twice with a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae 1145 in order to reproduce the seropositivity found in humans.
- the mice are then immunized via the nasal route in the absence of an adjuvant 7 days after sensitization. This immunization is carried out with a low level of antigen, the mice receiving 10 ⁇ g of Gl 'equivalent coupled to rP40.
- the mice receive a booster 10 and 20 days after the first immunization.
- a puncture is performed at the retro-orbital sinus of the mice 9 days after the first immunization and 10 days after each booster (secondary and tertiary responses).
- the serum anti-Gl '(FIG. 3) and anti-carrier (FIG. 4) antibodies are assayed by ELISA method. 5.1 Determination of anti-Gl 'serum IgG
- mice presensitized with Klebsiella pneumoniae and immunized with rP40-Gl' is increased after a second immunization.
- a second immunization in the presence of the rP40-Gl 'conjugates induces an anti-Gl' antibody response.
- the anti-P40 antibody response shows that the mice were sensitized to Klebsiella pneumoniae identically regardless of the batch considered. Immunization in the presence of rP40-Gl 'conjugates slightly increases the anti-rP40 antibody response.
- IgA is not detected after a single immunization. After two immunizations, anti-Gl 'IgA are detected essentially in mice presensitized with Klebsiella pneumoniae and immunized with rP40-Gl'. This response is increased by the third immunization. In the absence of sensitization, anti-Gl 'IgA are detected in mice after two immunizations with rP40-Gl' conjugates. This IgA level is increased by the third immunization.
- Thl and Th2 Two types of responses can be observed, Thl and Th2. These responses differ in the profile of cytokines produced and in their functions in the immune response. IgG1 are characteristic of a Th2 response and IgG2a of a Th1 response.
- Thl and Th2 response profile is found only in mice immunized with the rP40-Gl 'conjugates whether or not they are presensitized with Klebsiella pneumoniae (FIG. 6).
- Example 6 Anti-Gl 'antibody response after distant sensitizations and immunizations. Compared to the previous protocol, the first immunization is separated from the last sensitization by a period of 3 weeks instead of a week. The anti-Gl 'antibodies are assayed in the se ⁇ ns and in a tertiary response in the bronchoalveolar washings by ELISA method.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU29391/99A AU764061B2 (en) | 1998-03-27 | 1999-03-26 | Use of active P40 conjugates for nasal delivery |
EP99910434A EP1066054A2 (fr) | 1998-03-27 | 1999-03-26 | Utilisation de conjugues p40 actifs par voie nasale |
CA002324477A CA2324477A1 (fr) | 1998-03-27 | 1999-03-26 | Utilisation de conjugues p40 actifs par voie nasale |
JP2000540854A JP2002509897A (ja) | 1998-03-27 | 1999-03-26 | 経鼻送達のための活性p40コンジュゲートの使用 |
BR9909180-1A BR9909180A (pt) | 1998-03-27 | 1999-03-26 | Utilização de pelo menos um fragmento de uma proteìna de membrana e processo de prepração de uma proteìna ou um de seus fragmentos por via recombinante |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR98/03814 | 1998-03-27 | ||
FR9803814A FR2776521B1 (fr) | 1998-03-27 | 1998-03-27 | Utilisation de conjugues p40 actifs par voie nasale |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1999049892A2 true WO1999049892A2 (fr) | 1999-10-07 |
WO1999049892A3 WO1999049892A3 (fr) | 2000-03-30 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/FR1999/000703 WO1999049892A2 (fr) | 1998-03-27 | 1999-03-26 | Utilisation de conjugues p40 actifs par voie nasale |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP1066054A2 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP2002509897A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1243569C (fr) |
AU (1) | AU764061B2 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR9909180A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2324477A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2776521B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1999049892A2 (fr) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001021203A1 (fr) * | 1999-09-23 | 2001-03-29 | Pierre Fabre Medicament | Utilisation d'une proteine de membrane ompa d'enterobacterie associee a un peptide immunogene du vrs pour la preparation de vaccins administrables par voie nasale |
WO2001087332A1 (fr) * | 2000-05-19 | 2001-11-22 | Pneumobiotics, Pty, Ltd | Compositions et procedes de traitement des infections muqueuses |
FR2828106A1 (fr) * | 2001-08-02 | 2003-02-07 | Pf Medicament | Utilisation d'une omp d'enterobacterie de faible masse moleculaire comme porteur et/ou adjuvant |
EP1322326A4 (fr) * | 2000-07-31 | 2005-08-17 | Univ Yale | Vaccins diriges vers le systeme immunitaire inne |
US7309494B2 (en) | 2001-07-20 | 2007-12-18 | Pierre Fabre Medicament | Peptides of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G protein and their use in a vaccine |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2805163A1 (fr) * | 2000-02-21 | 2001-08-24 | Pf Medicament | Utilisation d'un detergent de type zwittergent pour la preparation d'une composition pharmaceutique destinee a etre administree par voie nasale |
CN112062820B (zh) * | 2020-08-24 | 2023-05-26 | 黑龙江八一农垦大学 | 大肠杆菌重组外膜蛋白a包涵体蛋白的复性纯化方法 |
Family Cites Families (4)
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GB8927546D0 (en) * | 1989-12-06 | 1990-02-07 | Ciba Geigy | Process for the production of biologically active tgf-beta |
FR2718452B1 (fr) * | 1994-04-06 | 1996-06-28 | Pf Medicament | Elément d'immunogène, agent immunogène, composition pharmaceutique et procédé de préparation. |
FR2726472B1 (fr) * | 1994-11-07 | 1997-01-31 | Pf Medicament | Proteine porteuse a effet adjuvant, complexe immunogene la contenant, leur procede de preparation, sequence nucleotidique et vaccin |
FR2748476B1 (fr) * | 1996-05-07 | 1998-08-14 | Pf Medicament | Complexe immunogene, son utilisation, son procede de preparation et vaccin le contenant |
-
1998
- 1998-03-27 FR FR9803814A patent/FR2776521B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-03-26 WO PCT/FR1999/000703 patent/WO1999049892A2/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-03-26 CN CNB998062650A patent/CN1243569C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-03-26 JP JP2000540854A patent/JP2002509897A/ja active Pending
- 1999-03-26 AU AU29391/99A patent/AU764061B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-03-26 EP EP99910434A patent/EP1066054A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1999-03-26 BR BR9909180-1A patent/BR9909180A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-03-26 CA CA002324477A patent/CA2324477A1/fr not_active Abandoned
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2001021203A1 (fr) * | 1999-09-23 | 2001-03-29 | Pierre Fabre Medicament | Utilisation d'une proteine de membrane ompa d'enterobacterie associee a un peptide immunogene du vrs pour la preparation de vaccins administrables par voie nasale |
WO2001087332A1 (fr) * | 2000-05-19 | 2001-11-22 | Pneumobiotics, Pty, Ltd | Compositions et procedes de traitement des infections muqueuses |
EP1322326A4 (fr) * | 2000-07-31 | 2005-08-17 | Univ Yale | Vaccins diriges vers le systeme immunitaire inne |
US7309494B2 (en) | 2001-07-20 | 2007-12-18 | Pierre Fabre Medicament | Peptides of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G protein and their use in a vaccine |
US7524627B2 (en) | 2001-07-20 | 2009-04-28 | Pierre Fabre Medicament | Method of generating and/or increasing an immune response against RSV |
FR2828106A1 (fr) * | 2001-08-02 | 2003-02-07 | Pf Medicament | Utilisation d'une omp d'enterobacterie de faible masse moleculaire comme porteur et/ou adjuvant |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BR9909180A (pt) | 2000-12-05 |
JP2002509897A (ja) | 2002-04-02 |
AU2939199A (en) | 1999-10-18 |
AU764061B2 (en) | 2003-08-07 |
FR2776521B1 (fr) | 2000-12-15 |
EP1066054A2 (fr) | 2001-01-10 |
CN1243569C (zh) | 2006-03-01 |
CN1301176A (zh) | 2001-06-27 |
WO1999049892A3 (fr) | 2000-03-30 |
FR2776521A1 (fr) | 1999-10-01 |
CA2324477A1 (fr) | 1999-10-07 |
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