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WO1998018345A1 - Utilisation d'une enzyme destinee a promouvoir la consommation de pigments a partir d'un aliment - Google Patents

Utilisation d'une enzyme destinee a promouvoir la consommation de pigments a partir d'un aliment Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998018345A1
WO1998018345A1 PCT/EP1997/005964 EP9705964W WO9818345A1 WO 1998018345 A1 WO1998018345 A1 WO 1998018345A1 EP 9705964 W EP9705964 W EP 9705964W WO 9818345 A1 WO9818345 A1 WO 9818345A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
feed
weight
xylanase
protease
product
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP1997/005964
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Michael Richard Bedford
Jean Catherine Feord
Julian Oscar Garcia Aranda
Andrew John Morgan
Original Assignee
Finnfeeds International Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GBGB9622505.7A external-priority patent/GB9622505D0/en
Application filed by Finnfeeds International Limited filed Critical Finnfeeds International Limited
Priority to AU51214/98A priority Critical patent/AU5121498A/en
Publication of WO1998018345A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998018345A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/179—Colouring agents, e.g. pigmenting or dyeing agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/189—Enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
    • A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
    • Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of an enzyme for promoting pigment uptake from a feed by an animal, and in particular such a use which enhances the absorption of carotenoid pigments present in a feed by animals such as fish, crustaceans and healthy poultry.
  • pigments and in particular carotenoid pigments, which are routinely incorporated in feeds formulated for broiler chickens, layer hens, some fish species and crustaceans. These pigments are added in order to meet consumer demand as to the colour and appearance of food, and in particular to improve broiler skin pigmentation, egg yolk pigmentation, flesh and skin pigmentation of fish and crustacean flesh pigmentation.
  • carotenoid pigments ranges from yellow through to red.
  • These pigments include astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin and xanthophylls .
  • These various pigments are derived from microbes, plants, animals or by synthetic means.
  • astaxanthin can be produced by synthetic means, from the yeast strain Phaffia rhodozyma , from the algae strain Haema tococcus pluvialis and from crustacean byproducts.
  • Canthaxanthin can also be produced by synthetic means, from crustacean by-products, bird feathers, and microbial sources such as Cantharellus cinnabarinus and Rhodococcus maris .
  • Carotenoid pigments may also be produced by means of the genetic engineering of microorganisms such as described in EP-A-0 393 690 and WO 91/13078.
  • GB-A-2 287 867 discloses the addition of a xylanase to an animal feed for assisting live-stock to digest protein and/or amino acids present in the feed.
  • WO 96/05739 discloses a cereal-based feed comprising at least 25% by weight of wheat, a xylanase, a protease, and optionally a ⁇ -glucanase. The presence of these various enzymes improves the feed conversion ratio and/or increases the digestibility of the cereal content of the feed. Whilst both of these references provide detailed examples of certain animal feeds, none of these feeds contains a pigment nor are pigments mentioned in general in either of these references.
  • non- viscous animal feeds are also known being based upon cereals such as sorghum, rice, millet or maize, oil seeds such as soya, canola and rapeseed, or root crops such as tapioca or cassava. These do not contain a significant content of soluble non- starch polysaccharides and so do not cause the content of the animals' gut to be so viscous. As excessive gut viscosity is one of the main factors which prevents efficient digestion, it could not have been predicted that adding enzymes to non-viscous animal feeds would have any substantive effect on the absorption of bio-active materials such as pigments from them.
  • WO 91/0467.3 discloses a feed additive for treating poultry suffering from the disease malabsorption syndrome.
  • the additive comprises a combination of a cellulase and a xylanase which may be obtained from Tri choderma longibrachia tum. It is noted that such a treatment of diseased birds results in improved pigment uptake from a maize-based feed. There is no indication in this reference that such a feed additive would have a beneficial effect when included in the diet of healthy poultry.
  • the present invention provides the use of an enzyme selected from a carbohydrase and/or a protease as a component of a non-viscous animal feed for promoting the absorption of pigments present in the feed by fish, crustaceans or healthy poultry.
  • health poultry used herein refers to poultry which are free of at least the disease of malabsorption syndrome.
  • the same amounts of pigments as previously used can be maintained in accordance with the use provided by the present invention with the benefit that enhanced levels of pigment are absorbed by the animal leading to products having higher market value due to e.g. enhanced skin tone in a broiler chicken which some consumers find attractive.
  • non-viscous animal feed comprises at least 15% by weight, preferably 25-70% by weight, of one or more of :
  • a cereal selected from sorghum, rice, millet, maize and a by-product of any thereof
  • oilseeds selected from soya, canola, rapeseed, pea, bean, peanut, sunflower, sa flower, lupin, flax and a by-product of any thereof
  • a root crop selected from tapioca, cassava and a by-product of either thereof.
  • pigments may naturally be included amongst the components making up the feed, such as a yellow pigment in maize which results in chickens fed maize having a pleasing yellow skin coloration
  • additional amounts of pigments are preferably carotenoid pigments such as astaxanthin, lycopene, ⁇ -carotene, citraxanthin, capsorubin, ⁇ -apo-8 ' -carotenoic acid ethyl ester, ⁇ -apo-8 ' -carotenal , capaxanthin, bixin, canthaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin or other xanthophylls .
  • Such pigments may be present in amounts such as 0.0001-10 g, preferably 0.001-1 g, more preferably 0.01-0.1 g, per kg of the feed as a whole.
  • the carbohydrase incorporated into the animal feed is preferably one or more of an ⁇ -galactosidase, an amylase (such as an ⁇ -amylase or gluco-amylase) or a non-starch polysaccharidase .
  • an amylase such as an ⁇ -amylase or gluco-amylase
  • a non-starch polysaccharidase In case the carbohydrase is a non-starch polysaccharidase, then this is preferably at least one of a xylanase, a ⁇ -glucanase, a cellulase, a pectinase and a mannanase.
  • non-starch polysaccharidase is a xylanase
  • this can be obtained from a bacteria such as Bacillus, Streptomyces, Clostridium, Thermonospora, Microtetraspora, or Ruminococcus .
  • the xylanase is obtained from a fungus such as Trichoder a , Aspergillus, Humicola or Neocalli astix.
  • the xylanase may be a mutant xylanase having an amino acid sequence not found in nature, such a sequence corresponding to that of a naturally occurring xylanase modified by inserting, deleting or replacing one or more amino acid residues in the naturally occurring xylanase.
  • non-starch polysaccharidase is either a ⁇ -glucanase or a cellulase
  • such an enzyme can be obtained from Trichoderma .
  • the non-starch polysaccharidase is a pectinase, then it can be obtained from Aspergillus .
  • a suitable mannanase can be obtained from Caldocellum, Aspergillus , Pseudomonas , Trichoderma or Streptomyces .
  • carbohydrase is an amylase such as an ⁇ -amylase
  • this can be obtained from a Bacillus species including Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens .
  • the carbohydrase is an ⁇ -galactosidase
  • this can be obtained from either Aspergillus or Trichoderma .
  • the enzyme incorporated in the non-viscous animal feed is a protease. Suitable protease enzymes may be obtained from Rhizopus, Penicillium, Bacillus , Pseudomonas or most preferably Aspergillus .
  • the protease is a subtilisin which can be derived from the genus Bacillus , such as the strains including but not limited to Bacillus lentus, Bacillus alcalophilus, Bacillus licheniformis , Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus a yl ol i quefa ciens .
  • Suitable proteases include but are not limited to the following commercially available proteases: NOVO NEUTRASE (TM) (commercially available from Novo Nordisk ) ; BIOFEED PRO (commercially available from Novo Nordisk ) ; PURAFECT (TM) (commercially available from Genencor International, Inc) ; SAVINASE (TM) (commercially available from Novo Nordisk) ; MAXACAL (TM) (commercially available from Gist-Brocades) ; DURAZYM (TM) (commercially available from Novo Nordisk) ; and MAXAPEM (TM) (commercially available from Gist-Brocades ) .
  • NOVO NEUTRASE TM
  • BIOFEED PRO commercially available from Novo Nordisk
  • PURAFECT TM
  • SAVINASE TM
  • MAXACAL TM
  • DURAZYM TM
  • MAXAPEM MAXAPEM
  • the subtilisin may also be a mutant subtilisin having an amino acid sequence not found in nature, such a sequence corresponding to that of a naturally occurring subtilisin modified by inserting, deleting or replacing one or more amino acid residues in the naturally occurring subtilisin.
  • Suitable mutant subtilisins are described in EP-A-0 130 756 (corresponding to US-Re-34 606) (including mutations at position +1 55, + 104, +222, +166, +33, +169, +189, +217, +156, + 152) ; EP-A-0 251 446; WO 91/06637 etc.
  • the most preferred subtilisin is a mutant subtilisin which comprises a substitution at the amino acid residue position equivalent to tyr+217 of the subtilisin obtainable from Bacillus amyloliguefaciens with leucine.
  • the animal feed for use in the present invention may include a small content of a feed substrate normally considered to be viscous such as wheat, rye, triticale, barley and/or oats.
  • a feed substrate normally considered to be viscous
  • the total content of such viscous substrates should be less in weight terms than the content of the non-viscous substrates .
  • animal feed provided for use in the present invention should comprise less than 20% by weight of water, preferably 5-15% by weight of water.
  • the carbohydrase and/or protease is included in the animal feed preferably in an amount of 1 x 10 " - 1% by weight, more preferably 1 x 10 "5 - 0.5% by weight, even more preferably 1 x 10 "5 - 0.1% by weight, and most preferably 1 x 10 "5 - 0.01% by weight of enzyme protein based on the animal feed as a whole.
  • the animal feed whose use is provided by the present invention can be prepared in a number of different ways.
  • a solution of the carbohydrase and/or the protease is applied to an extruded, expanded or pelleted animal feed having appropriate non-viscous feed and water contents.
  • the solution of the enzyme may be formed by dissolving it in a suitable solvent such as water to an appropriate concentration of, for example, 5 mg of enzyme protein per ml of solvent. This aqueous solution can then be sprayed on the pellets so that the resulting pellets are dosed with the desired amount of enzyme such as 1 x 10 "6 - 1% by weight.
  • An alternative method of preparing the animal feed is firstly to apply the carbohydrase and/or protease to a physiologically acceptable carrier as described in EP-A-0 257 996.
  • This enzyme bearing carrier is then mixed with the other components constituting the animal feed.
  • the resulting mixture is then extruded, expanded or pelleted into animal feeds having a content of non-viscous components of at least 15% by weight, a water content of less 20% by weight and 1 x 10 " - 1% by weight of the enzyme.
  • the physiologically acceptable carrier in the above embodiment is preferably one or more of milled wheat, barley, maize, oats, rye, soya or a by-product of any thereof.
  • the enzyme bearing carrier is added in an amount of e.g. 0.01-50 g per kilo of the other components of the animal feed.
  • a non- viscous animal feed which comprises: a) at least 15% by weight of one or more of:
  • a cereal selected from sorghum, rice, millet, maize and a by-product of any thereof
  • oilseeds selected from soya, canola, rapeseed, pea, bean, peanut, sunflower, safflower, lupin, flax and a by-product of any thereof
  • a root crop selected from tapioca, cassava and a by-product of either thereof
  • the present invention provides a method for increasing the absorption by fish, crustaceans or healthy poultry of a pigment present in their feed comprising:
  • oilseeds selected from soya, canola, rapeseed, pea, bean, peanut, sunflower, safflower, lupin, flax and a by-product of any thereof, and
  • the enzyme pre- mix comprises a wheat-based carrier containing sufficient enzymes such that Feeds 2 and 4 each include respectively around 0.0005, 0.001 and 0.001 g per kg of feed of a xylanase, an ⁇ -amylase and a protease.
  • the xylanase is the high pi xylanase obtainable from Trichoderma longibrachia tum; the protease is obtainable from Bacillus subtilis; and the ⁇ -amylase is obtainable from Bacillus amyloliquefaciensis .
  • the enzyme pre- mix comprises a wheat based carrier containing sufficient enzyme such that Feed 7 includes around 0.0001 g of enzyme protein per kg of feed of each of a protease and an ⁇ - galactosidase.
  • the protease is obtainable Aspergillus niger and the ⁇ -galactosidase is obtainable from Aspergillus phoeni cus .
  • Relative amounts of the various components in the above Table are in terms of g/kg of the feed as a whole.
  • Starter feeds were fed for days 0-21
  • grower feeds were fed for days 22-42
  • finisher feeds were fed for days 43-53.
  • the enzyme premix which is added to the feeds of two groups of the broilers comprises a wheat-based carrier containing sufficient enzymes such that the starter, grower and finisher feeds all include respectively around 0.0005 g/kg of xylanase protein, 0.001 g/kg of ⁇ -amylase protein and 0.001 g/kg of protease protein; the xylanase, ⁇ -amylase and protease being the same as described in Example 1.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention a pour objet l'utilisation d'une enzyme tirée d'une carbohydrase et/ou d'une protéase, servant, en tant que composant d'un aliment non visqueux pour animaux, à promouvoir l'absorption des pigments présents dans l'aliment. Les aliments non visqueux pour animaux sont à base de céréales telles que le sorgho, le riz et le maïs, de graines oléagineuses telles que le soja, le colza canola et la navette, ou de racines fourragères telles que le tapioca et le manioc. Les pigments, qui peuvent être présents dans l'aliment soit naturellement, soit parce qu'ils ont été ajoutés, sont notamment des caroténoïdes de types astaxanthine, canthaxanthine, lutéine, zéaxanthine et β-apo-8'-caroténal. La présente invention a également pour objet un aliment non visqueux pour animaux et un procédé visant à accroître la biodisponibilité d'un pigment présent dans un aliment pour animaux, ce procédé consistant à incorporer dans l'aliment 1 x 10-6 -1 % en poids d'une carbohydrase et/ou d'une protéase.
PCT/EP1997/005964 1996-10-29 1997-10-29 Utilisation d'une enzyme destinee a promouvoir la consommation de pigments a partir d'un aliment WO1998018345A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU51214/98A AU5121498A (en) 1996-10-29 1997-10-29 Use of an enzyme for promoting pigment uptake from a feed

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB9622505.7A GB9622505D0 (en) 1996-10-29 1996-10-29 Use of an enzyme for promoting pigment uptake from a feed
GB9622505.7 1996-10-29
GB9700810.6 1997-01-16
GBGB9700810.6A GB9700810D0 (en) 1996-10-29 1997-01-16 Use of an enzyme for promoting pigment uptake from a feed

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2002078463A1 (fr) * 2001-03-29 2002-10-10 Mississippi State University Regime a micro-liaisons et micro-particules destine a la culture de larves de poissons et de crustaces
US6509030B2 (en) 2000-04-20 2003-01-21 Toshiyuki Sakiura Cultured fish carotenoid and polyphenol added feed for improving fish body color tone and fish meat brilliance
EP1284101A1 (fr) * 2001-08-14 2003-02-19 Toshiyuki Sakiura Nourriture contenant des carotenoide et polyphenol pour améliorer la couleur du poisson et la brilliance de la viande
WO2004016099A1 (fr) * 2002-08-14 2004-02-26 Zoolife International Limited Composition destinee a enrichir l'apport alimentaire
EP1569508A2 (fr) * 2002-10-24 2005-09-07 Advanced Bionutrition Corporation Crevettes et production de crevettes
NL1026501C2 (nl) * 2004-06-25 2005-12-28 Cooeperatie Cehave Landbouwbel Werkwijze voor het enzymatisch behandelen van een plantaardig materiaal en het hierdoor verkregen plantaardige materiaal, evenals een werkwijze voor het bereiden van een voederproduct en het hierdoor verkregen voederproduct.
CN103250881A (zh) * 2013-05-27 2013-08-21 天津市畜牧兽医研究所 一种改善断奶仔猪肠道健康的复合酶配合饲料及应用
WO2015006541A3 (fr) * 2013-07-11 2015-11-05 Cornell University Composition d'aliment pour animaux à base d'algues contenant un complément alimentaire pour animaux à base de protéases exogènes, et ses utilisations
CN110607293A (zh) * 2019-10-17 2019-12-24 青岛玛斯特生物技术有限公司 一种复合酶及其在动物蛋白生产中的应用
CN110672770A (zh) * 2019-10-27 2020-01-10 贵州省兽药饲料监察所(贵州省兽药残留监测中心) 一种测定禽蛋中β-阿朴-8＇-胡萝卜素酸乙酯色素残留量的方法
CN110749688A (zh) * 2019-11-07 2020-02-04 贵州省兽药饲料监察所(贵州省兽药残留监测中心) 一种测定饲料中β-阿朴-8＇-胡萝卜素酸乙酯着色剂含量的方法
US11077158B2 (en) 2014-07-17 2021-08-03 Cornell University Omega-3 fatty acid enrichment of poultry products with defatted microalgae animal feed
US20210337828A1 (en) * 2018-09-11 2021-11-04 Dsm Ip Assets B.V. Animal feed composition and use thereof
BE1030801B1 (nl) * 2022-08-23 2024-03-26 Nu3Guts Bv Voederadditief voor het verhogen van de metaboliseerbare energie uit voeder in vee

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Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6509030B2 (en) 2000-04-20 2003-01-21 Toshiyuki Sakiura Cultured fish carotenoid and polyphenol added feed for improving fish body color tone and fish meat brilliance
AU780569B2 (en) * 2000-04-20 2005-04-07 Toshiyuki Sakiura Cultured fish carotenoid and polphenol added feed for improving fish body color tone and fish meat brilliance
WO2002078463A1 (fr) * 2001-03-29 2002-10-10 Mississippi State University Regime a micro-liaisons et micro-particules destine a la culture de larves de poissons et de crustaces
US6645536B2 (en) 2001-03-29 2003-11-11 Mississippi State University Micro-particulate microbound diet for the culture of larval fish and crustaceans
EP1284101A1 (fr) * 2001-08-14 2003-02-19 Toshiyuki Sakiura Nourriture contenant des carotenoide et polyphenol pour améliorer la couleur du poisson et la brilliance de la viande
WO2004016099A1 (fr) * 2002-08-14 2004-02-26 Zoolife International Limited Composition destinee a enrichir l'apport alimentaire
EP1569508A4 (fr) * 2002-10-24 2007-06-27 Advanced Bionutrition Corp Crevettes et production de crevettes
EP1569508A2 (fr) * 2002-10-24 2005-09-07 Advanced Bionutrition Corporation Crevettes et production de crevettes
NL1026501C2 (nl) * 2004-06-25 2005-12-28 Cooeperatie Cehave Landbouwbel Werkwijze voor het enzymatisch behandelen van een plantaardig materiaal en het hierdoor verkregen plantaardige materiaal, evenals een werkwijze voor het bereiden van een voederproduct en het hierdoor verkregen voederproduct.
EP1609373A1 (fr) * 2004-06-25 2005-12-28 Coöperatie Cehave Landbouwbelang U.A. Procédé pour traiter une matière végétale et produit obtenu par ce procédé et un procédé pour préparer d'aliments pour animaux et aliment pour animaux obtenu par ce procédé
WO2006001692A1 (fr) * 2004-06-25 2006-01-05 Coöperatie Cehave Landbouwbelang U.A. Procede destine au traitement enzymatique d'une matiere vegetale et matiere vegetale ainsi obtenue, et procede de preparation d'un produit alimentaire et produit alimentaire ainsi obtenu
CN103250881A (zh) * 2013-05-27 2013-08-21 天津市畜牧兽医研究所 一种改善断奶仔猪肠道健康的复合酶配合饲料及应用
CN105555146A (zh) * 2013-07-11 2016-05-04 康奈尔大学 包含外源性蛋白酶的基于藻类的动物饲料组合物、动物饲料添加剂、及其用途
WO2015006541A3 (fr) * 2013-07-11 2015-11-05 Cornell University Composition d'aliment pour animaux à base d'algues contenant un complément alimentaire pour animaux à base de protéases exogènes, et ses utilisations
US11077158B2 (en) 2014-07-17 2021-08-03 Cornell University Omega-3 fatty acid enrichment of poultry products with defatted microalgae animal feed
US20210337828A1 (en) * 2018-09-11 2021-11-04 Dsm Ip Assets B.V. Animal feed composition and use thereof
CN110607293A (zh) * 2019-10-17 2019-12-24 青岛玛斯特生物技术有限公司 一种复合酶及其在动物蛋白生产中的应用
CN110607293B (zh) * 2019-10-17 2021-05-28 青岛玛斯特生物技术有限公司 一种复合酶及其在动物蛋白生产中的应用
CN110672770A (zh) * 2019-10-27 2020-01-10 贵州省兽药饲料监察所(贵州省兽药残留监测中心) 一种测定禽蛋中β-阿朴-8＇-胡萝卜素酸乙酯色素残留量的方法
CN110749688A (zh) * 2019-11-07 2020-02-04 贵州省兽药饲料监察所(贵州省兽药残留监测中心) 一种测定饲料中β-阿朴-8＇-胡萝卜素酸乙酯着色剂含量的方法
BE1030801B1 (nl) * 2022-08-23 2024-03-26 Nu3Guts Bv Voederadditief voor het verhogen van de metaboliseerbare energie uit voeder in vee

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