WO1998017818A1 - Structure membranaire artificielle polymerique, procede pour sa preparation, procede de preparation de ce polymere, particule et film comprenant cette structure - Google Patents
Structure membranaire artificielle polymerique, procede pour sa preparation, procede de preparation de ce polymere, particule et film comprenant cette structure Download PDFInfo
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- WO1998017818A1 WO1998017818A1 PCT/FR1997/001891 FR9701891W WO9817818A1 WO 1998017818 A1 WO1998017818 A1 WO 1998017818A1 FR 9701891 W FR9701891 W FR 9701891W WO 9817818 A1 WO9817818 A1 WO 9817818A1
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
- A61K9/127—Synthetic bilayered vehicles, e.g. liposomes or liposomes with cholesterol as the only non-phosphatidyl surfactant
- A61K9/1271—Non-conventional liposomes, e.g. PEGylated liposomes or liposomes coated or grafted with polymers
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
- A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
- A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
- A61K47/645—Polycationic or polyanionic oligopeptides, polypeptides or polyamino acids, e.g. polylysine, polyarginine, polyglutamic acid or peptide TAT
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
- A61K47/6905—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a colloid or an emulsion
- A61K47/6911—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a colloid or an emulsion the form being a liposome
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
Definitions
- the invention relates to an artificial membrane structure analogous to natural plasma membranes fixed on a cytoskeleton, as found in eukaryotic cells, in particular in erythrocytes and derivatives of eukaryotic cells, which are enveloped viruses.
- Natural plasma membranes include a lipid bilayer (mainly phospholipid) forming a stable lamellar lyotropic phase incorporating amphiphilic molecules and proteins held together by stable non-covalent lyotropic interactions (mainly involving so-called "hydrophobic" bonds) Amphiphilic molecules are arranged in a continuous double layer having a thickness of the order of 4 to 5 n in the state of liquid crystal and fluid mosaic (cf.
- the natural plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells are fixed on a cytoskeleton (network of filamentary proteins) which - stabilizes the plasma membrane from the inside. Binding involves a set of specific bonds between proteins anchored in the membrane and proteins of the cytoskeleton.
- the envelopes of the enveloped viruses are formed from a plasma membrane fixed to the capsid of the virus by specific proteins of viral envelope capable of binding with the proteins of the capsid.
- the erythrocyte membrane is fixed on a fibrous cytoskeleton, via a protein, band 3, capable of binding with the cytoskeletal nkyrin, which gives it a biconcave form (which turns into a spherocyte when the fixing is faulty).
- the fixed plasma membranes not only possess the fundamental properties specific to lipid bilayers, but also they can have a complex morphology (in particular with a considerable specific surface, for example intestinal cells provided with microvilli, or the axons of neurons) and possess, due to the fixation of the bilayer on the cytoskeleton, remarkable mechanical properties, in particular of resistance and stability.
- the fixing system preserves the lateral fluidity of the bilayer and the fixed membranes retain the property of being self-sealing as are the liposomes, that is to say are capable of closing spontaneously, in particular after having undergone a perforation. Given the importance of these properties, which are specific to fixed plasma membranes, it would be highly desirable to be able to obtain similar artificial structures.
- the first method makes it possible to obtain only stabilized spherical polymerized liposomes, and does not authorize the production of a membrane structure of any shape and self-sealing.
- the bilayer has poly erized portions in which the lateral fluidity is absent, and non-polymerized portions which remain fragile.
- this first method provides a structure which cannot exhibit the various properties mentioned above of a fixed plasma membrane.
- the second method also only makes it possible to obtain spherical liposomes with a solid core. surrounded by a lipid bilayer which is not linked to the solid core. This method therefore does not make it possible to obtain any structure of any shape and / or having the above-mentioned properties and the advantages of a fixed plasma membrane.
- the third method requires the use of a bilayer of unusual ionic specific phospholipids which alter the fundamental properties (selective tightness and permeability and lateral fluidity) of the bilayer.
- membrane linked by ionic and / or covalent and / or lyotropic bonds on a substrate membrane linked by ionic and / or covalent and / or lyotropic bonds on a substrate
- - artificial structure analogous to a fixed natural plasma membrane structure obtained by synthesis presenting the fundamental functional properties of a natural membrane fixed on a cytoskeleton: selective sealing and permeability, structure of fluid mosaic (lateral fluidity), polymorphism, resistance, stability, autoscellable character.
- the invention aims to propose an artificial membrane structure analogous to fixed natural plasma membranes having a stable functional membrane (that is to say having two-dimensional lateral fluidity properties, and selective sealing and permeability) fixed to a solid phase substrate, in particular a porous substrate formed from a network of polymers, the nature and forms of which can be diverse.
- the invention also aims to propose a process for the preparation of such a simple membrane structure and compatible with industrial constraints of implementation; a particle or a supramolecular synthetic film comprising such a membrane structure and their applications; a polymer which can serve as a bifunctional fixing compound in such a membrane structure; a process for the preparation of this polymer; a drug ; and the therapeutic applications of this membrane structure, and of these particles.
- the invention relates to an artificial membrane structure analogous to fixed natural plasma membranes, characterized in that it comprises: - a solid phase substrate having a surface with a surface density of electrical charges,
- a stable functional membrane of amphiphilic compounds which has a free surface extending opposite the substrate, said surface being adapted to be able to be placed in contact with a medium, said external medium, with a shape such that it do not circumscribe this external environment, at least one bifunctional compound for fixing the functional membrane to the substrate, inserted between the functional membrane and the substrate, and the chemical structure of which comprises: at least one polyionic chain adapted to cooperate by polyelectrolytic complexation with the surface density of electrical charges of the substrate, at least one membrane ligand linked by covalent bond to such a polyionic chain, and adapted to form a stable lyotropic noncovalent bond with the amphiphilic compounds of the functional membrane, without significantly affecting the functional properties of the functional membrane.
- Such an artificial membrane structure thus presents both the properties of the functional membrane (selective sealing and permeability and lateral fluidity) and the polymorphism and mechanical properties which depend on the nature of the substrate chosen.
- the free surface of the functional membrane extending in contact with the external medium makes it possible to manage the exchanges with this external medium.
- This free surface does not circumscribe the external medium, that is to say is not closed around this medium with which it is in contact, and this in contrast to the case of a cationic liposome surrounded by a poly eric structure .
- the free surface of the membrane of a membrane structure according to the invention is distinct from a concave sphere, and is intended to come into contact with an external medium which is distinct from a closed internal spherical cavity.
- the free surface of the membrane of the membrane structure according to the invention is such that it can have a theoretical envelope surface which extends entirely opposite the substrate and which is planar or convex with oriented convexity in the opposite direction to the substrate.
- the free surface of the membrane will itself be flat or convex with convexity oriented opposite "to the substrate.
- this free surface may have concave parts with concavity oriented towards the outside.
- the functional membrane of the membrane structure according to the invention thus achieves a protective barrier with predetermined selective tightness and permeability which separates and protects the bifunctional fixing compounds and the substrate as well as their polyelectrolytic interactions, from the external medium.
- the functional membrane and more generally the membrane structure, is perfectly stable and can be handled without special precautions, including when the substrate is porous.
- the functional membrane of a membrane structure is artificial, that is to say it does not come from a living organism.
- the amphiphilic compounds of the functional membrane can be formed of all amphiphilic compounds, preferably generally neutral (not carrying a net electrical charge), capable of forming a functional membrane, in particular a bilayer, having the state of fluid mosaic.
- the membrane is mainly made up of amphiphilic compounds organized in a bilayer, but can nevertheless incorporate any other compound, in more or less significant proportions, having specific properties, and which is compatible with the bilayer, that is to say preserves them. functional properties and stability.
- the amphiphilic compounds of the membrane are phospholipid compounds of natural or synthetic origin - in particular of the family of phosphatidylcholines - with fatty chains comprising between 12 and 22 saturated or unsaturated carbon atoms, in particular between 16 and 18 carbon atoms.
- Amphiphilic membrane compounds may include, in addition to phospholipids, a greater or lesser proportion " of the compounds belonging to the following families, alone or as a mixture: sphingomyelin; gangliosides; glycolipids; ceramides; di O-alkyl; sterols (cholesterol, ergosterol ).
- the membrane structure according to the invention may comprise a single bifunctional fixing compound, or as a variant, a mixture of several bifunctional fixing compounds of different natures.
- the membrane structure comprises at least one bifunctional fixing compound, the chemical structure of which comprises at least a plurality of membrane ligands, in particular a plurality of similar or identical membrane ligands.
- these membrane ligands are distributed over the molecule of the bifunctional fixing compound at a distance from each other which is greater than that separating the amphiphilic compounds which adjoin in a layer of the functional membrane, so that this membrane presents amphiphilic compounds which are not linked to a membrane ligand.
- the bifunctional fixing compound has a number of unit ion charges of the same sign capable of cooperating by polyelectrolytic complexation with the surface density of electrical charges of the substrate, which is greater than the number of membrane ligands.
- the ionic charges are distributed over the molecule of the bifunctional fixing compound at a distance from each other which is less than the smallest distance separating two membrane ligands.
- the membrane ligands are chosen from phospholipids, fatty acids, isoprenoids, peptides, fatty amines, ethers, sterols, terpenes, glycolipids, shingolipids, gangliosides, ceramides .
- the membrane ligands can be composed of a lipid branch - in particular phospholipid - similar to the amphiphilic compounds of the functional membrane, and of a connecting branch connecting by covalent bonds this lipid branch to the polyionic chain of the bifunctional fixing compound. . In this way, the lipid branch of the membrane ligand is inserted into the layer opposite the bilayer forming the functional membrane, and is therefore linked by lyotropic interactions within this functional membrane.
- the bifunctional fixing compounds are formed from oligomers or from polyionic polymers.
- bifunctional polycationic fixing compounds which can be used in the invention, mention may be made of: polycationic proteins and peptides; polycationic oligo and polysaccha ⁇ des; polyammes; polycationic synthetic polymers.
- bifunctional polyanionic fixing compounds which can be used in the invention, mention may be made of: polyanionic proteins and peptides; polyanionic oligo and polysaccharides; polyacids; polyanionic synthetic polymers.
- the electrical charges of the substrate are negative, and the bifunctional fixing compounds have a polycationic structure.
- the reverse is possible.
- the structure comprises at least one bifunctional fixing compound whose chemical structure comprises at least one group chosen from a peptide, a polypeptide, a protein or an oside.
- all the bifunctional compounds for fixing the membrane structure according to the invention have this chemical structure, so that the membrane structure is biocompatible.
- the structure membrane according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises at least one polyamine as a bifunctional fixing compound.
- a polyamine is a relatively common compound and easy to handle, including on an industrial scale.
- a polyamine is used, the chemical structure of which comprises at least one group chosen from a peptide, a polypeptide, a protein or an oside.
- the bifunctional fixing compound has the advantage of good biocompatibility and is easy to handle on an industrial scale and of low cost.
- a membrane structure according to the invention advantageously comprises a polylysine-succinophospholipid, that is to say a part of the amino groups of which carries a succinophospholipid ligand - in particular N-succinyl - phosphatidylethanolamine - as bifunctional fixing compound.
- the polyamine - in particular the polylysine succinophospholipidic - exhibits a rate of grafting of the amino functions by the membrane ligands of between 1% and 20%.
- the succinophospholipid polylysine has a starting polylysine molecular weight of between 10,000 and 50,000.
- the solid substrate of a membrane structure according to the invention can be chosen from the following solids:
- crosslinked polymers nucleic acids, DNA, RNA; polyanionic proteins: polyaspartate, polyglutamate, sial proteins; polyanionic polysaccharides: hyaluronic acid, alginic acid, xanthan, heparin, and acid derivatives (phosphate, sulfonate, carboxymethyl sulfate, succinate, etc.) of neutral polysaccharides such as cellulose, starch, dextran; synthetic polymers (nylon, silicone, etc.) derived by anionic functions. All these polymers can only be used in solid form and therefore crosslinked.
- the crosslinking can be of covalent or ionic nature. This crosslinking must be carried out before the establishment of the functional membrane.
- Crosslinking can in particular be caused by a polyelectrolytic complexation between the polyanionic polymer and a polycationic polymer, the latter possibly being a polycationic chain of the bifunctional compounds themselves.
- polycationic substrates polycationic proteins: polylysine, poly-arginine, protamine, histone, polycationic polysaccharides: chitosan, DEAE dextran, synthetic polymers derived by basic functions (DEAE Nylon), alumina, cationic tectosilicates, particles and cationic anion exchange membranes.
- the functional membrane of a membrane structure according to the invention can have at least one compound for interaction with said external medium.
- This interaction compound is linked to the functional membrane by any suitable bond so as to extend within the external medium from the free surface of the functional membrane.
- the membrane structure comprises an interaction compound chosen from a peptide, a protein, a carbohydrate, a glycoprotein.
- These compounds of interaction with the external environment can be mono or polyclonal antibodies, recognition ligands (transferri ⁇ e, growth factor, hormone, sugar, immunological markers), receptors, transport proteins, enzymes or even fusion proteins.
- An interaction compound can be linked to at least one membrane ligand of a bifunctional fixing compound by a covalent bond, or on the contrary can be linked by stable non-covalent lyotropic interactions with amphiphilic compounds within the functional membrane.
- the functional membrane of a membrane structure according to the invention formed of a bilayer of amphiphilic compounds extends over a thickness of less than 5 nm, in particular of the order of 4 to 5 nm.
- the substrate has pores of average dimensions greater than 5 nm and less than 0.5 ⁇ m. In this way, in particular, an invasion of the pores of the substrate is avoided by the bilayer of amphiphilic compounds.
- Such a membrane structure according to the invention can be used for obtaining a medicament.
- the membrane structure according to the invention being analogous to natural plasma membranes of the fixed type, has the properties thereof, and can therefore be used as an artificial plasma membrane in medicinal products or therapeutic compositions, in particular for gene therapy.
- a membrane structure according to the invention can be used to prepare synthetic supramolecular particles.
- the invention extends to a synthetic supramolecular particle, characterized in that it comprises a membrane structure according to the invention forming its external periphery and delimiting an internal volume, the functional membrane of the membrane structure having a free surface which extends outside the particle, and which is intended to be placed in contact with an external medium.
- the substrate occupies at least substantially the entire internal volume of the particle, or alternatively, only part of the internal volume of the particle.
- the substrate can advantageously be formed from a synthetic porous polymer matrix - in particular DNA or crosslinked RNA.
- the particle according to the invention may contain a liquid composition, - in particular a therapeutic composition - in its internal volume.
- the internal volume is entirely occupied by a substrate formed from a porous synthetic polymer matrix which incorporates within its pores a liquid composition.
- the functional membrane in a particle according to the invention, can be adapted to present the kinetics of release of the liquid composition according to a predetermined profile. It suffices in fact to choose the constitution of the functional membrane to obtain the selective sealing and permeability sought with a view to obtaining this kinetics, and this in a manner known per se (for example in the case of liposomes).
- a particle according to the invention can have an average dimension of between 10 nm and 5 mm.
- a particle according to the invention can be the subject of various applications, in particular as a medicament.
- the invention also extends to a medicament, characterized in that it comprises at least one particle according to the invention.
- the invention also extends to a supramolecular synthetic film characterized in that it comprises a membrane structure according to the invention.
- the film according to the invention can also incorporate an ionophore making it possible to selectively transport ions through the bilayer.
- a film according to the invention can be formed of a portion of a membrane structure according to the invention which is not closed in on itself, that is to say in the general form of a sheet.
- a film according to the invention is advantageously at least substantially planar, but can have a certain flexibility.
- a film according to the invention can be the subject of various applications in particular as a separator or extractor of compounds. The invention therefore also extends to the application of a film according to the invention for extracting or separating salts and / or ions from a liquid solution by filtration.
- the invention also extends to a polycationic polymer of purity greater than 95% formed of a polycationic polyamine endowed with a plurality of lipid ligands - in particular phospholipidic - grafted on part of the nitrogen atoms of the amino functions, and capable forming a stable, non-covalent lyotropic bond with a stable functional membrane of amphiphilic compounds, this polymer possibly acting as a bifunctional compound for fixing the functional membrane to the substrate of a membrane structure according to the invention.
- this polyamine has a rate of grafting of the amino functions by the lipid membrane ligands which is between 1% and 20%.
- the polymer is formed from polylysine, in particular a succinophospholipid L-polylysine such as the polylysine N-succinyl-phosphatidylethanolamine.
- the succinophospholipid polylysine has a molecular weight of starting polylysine of between 10,000 and 5,000.
- the invention also extends to the process for the preparation of a polycationic polymer - in particular a polymer according to the invention - provided with a plurality of lipid ligands capable of forming a stable non-covalent lyotropic bond with a stable functional membrane of amphiphilic compounds, so that this polymer can act as a bifunctional compound for fixing the functional membrane to the substrate of a membrane structure according to the invention, characterized in that after having carried out the chemical synthesis operations allowing the obtaining of the polymer molecule, it is brought into contact with a citrate in a polar solvent so as to obtain precipitation of the polymer.
- bifunctional fixing compounds such as polylysines-NSPE
- polar organic solvents such as DMSO.
- DMSO polar organic solvents
- precipitation with citrate has the advantage of being rapid and quantitative.
- the precipitate obtained is stable and can be easily washed with several types of solvent to remove contaminants.
- precipitation is selective for polycations and does not lead to ancillary products.
- precipitation by citrate is easily reversible, quantitatively. Reversion takes place either on the pH or on the ionic strength and leads to a perfectly functional unaltered molecule. The released citrate is easily removed by dialysis and does not disturb the subsequent use of the compound.
- citrate is a natural product, inexpensive, completely non-toxic and remarkably easy to use.
- the citrate purification process therefore makes it possible to envisage carrying out without problem the extraction and purification of bifunctional fixing compounds such as polylysines-NSPE on a scale. industrial which was not possible with traditional processes.
- the invention also extends to the process for preparing a membrane structure according to the invention, which is characterized in that an aqueous suspension of the bifunctional fixing compounds is first prepared in the following manner:
- a solution of the bifunctional fixing compounds in DMSO is prepared, - an aqueous solution is prepared comprising at least one nonionic detergent, at a concentration higher than its critical micellar concentration,
- the bifunctional fixing compounds such as the polylysines-NSPE are amphiphilic compounds insoluble in water and in non-polar organic solvents. When these compounds are obtained in the dry state after purification with citrate, it is practically impossible to dissolve them or even to suspend them directly in aqueous solutions even in the presence of a high concentration of nonionic detergent. In addition, the small amount of compound which seems to disperse does not appear to have the expected properties, that is to say the ability to form polyelectrolytic complexes.
- the inventors have surprisingly found that it is possible to obtain a solubilization of the bifunctional fixing compounds in an aqueous medium by first dissolving it in DMSO and then by injecting this solution, with stirring, into an aqueous detergent solution.
- the bifunctional fixing compounds such as polylysine-NSPE, thus solubilized in DMSO do indeed have the expected polyelectrolytic complexing properties.
- the method is further characterized in that one adds then in said aqueous suspension a composition of polyionic polymers capable of forming a solid substrate by polyelectrolytic crosslinking with the polyionic chains of the bifunctional fixing compounds.
- the method is further characterized in that:
- amphiphilic compounds capable of forming a functional membrane either in the aqueous solution of the detergent, or in the aqueous suspension before or after addition of the composition of polyionic polymers, and so that the concentration of the detergent remains higher than its critical micellar concentration
- the solid substrate is therefore formed of a polyionic polymer crosslinked during the preparation of the membrane structure, by the bifunctional fixing compounds themselves.
- This first variant of the process for preparing the membrane structure according to the invention is more particularly applicable when the substrate is of relatively small dimension, that is to say of average overall dimension of less than 1 ⁇ m.
- this first variant of the preparation process according to the invention makes it possible to produce particles of average size of the order of 50 to 200 nm incorporating a core of DNA as a substrate, on which a functional membrane is attached. These particles are therefore artificial viruses.
- the invention also extends to another variant of the process for preparing the membrane structure according to the invention which is more particularly applicable in the case where the substrate is of larger dimension, that is to say of overall dimension average greater than 1 ⁇ m.
- the preparation process is characterized in that:
- Amphiphilic compounds capable of forming a functional membrane are introduced either into said aqueous solution of the detergent, or into said aqueous suspension, - then, the concentration of the detergent in said aqueous suspension is reduced to a concentration below its critical micellar concentration ,
- this aqueous suspension is placed in contact with a solid phase substrate,
- membranes called “supported membranes” which are formed of a lipid bilayer on a flat solid substrate such as quartz (cf. "Supported planar membrane in studies of cell-cell recognition in the immune System” HM Me Connell and al, Biochimica and Biophysica Acta 864 (1986) 95-106).
- the bilayer is not not fixed on the substrate, so that the system has a very high brittleness, which considerably reduces its practical interest.
- hydrophobic chains are grafted on the surface by covalent bonds on the solid support, on which a monolayer of phospholipids is deposited, then optionally a succession of bilayers.
- a stable functional membrane is not formed, since the monolayer associated with the hydrophobic chains linked to the solid support cannot exhibit the fundamental properties of a bilayer.
- the lipid bilayers possibly present above the monolayer are not fixed and are therefore, here again, very fragile and unstable.
- the polymer has not been purified or characterized and cannot be obtained in practice.
- Their authors mistakenly consider that the total consumption of the NHS-ester of NGPE demonstrates the obtaining of lipopolylysine, and do not envisage purification.
- the compound obtained is capable of forming a clear solution in water in the absence of detergent, which is not the case, and cannot be the case, of the lipopolylysine that they describe.
- the structure of the product obtained in this document does not correspond to the lipopolylysine that they claim to have obtained which, because it carries two lipid groups NGPE, would be insoluble in water, and could at best only disperse therein.
- the DNA and cationic liposome complexes described by these authors in the second document comprise DNA adsorbed by polyelectrolytic bond to the outside of liposomal complexes (which are not in fact true liposomes) formed of lipopolylysine (LPLL) with non-phospholipid DPSG chains and of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE).
- LPLL lipopolylysine
- DOPE dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine
- the LPLL is therefore not linked to a functional membrane formed by a stable bilayer of amphiphilic compounds since DOPE does not form such a functional bilayer, but a hexagonal structure.
- the DPSG triglyceride chains (considered preferable to the NGPE chains which the authors have given up in this second document) cannot be inserted into a functional bilayer.
- the invention in fact provides the only means of establishing and fixing a functional membrane continuously covering a porous substrate.
- the inventors have in fact found that, in a membrane structure according to the invention, the bifunctional fixing compound restricts the relative mobility of the phospholipid bilayer with respect to the substrate by preventing its penetration inside the pores.
- FIG. 1 is a reaction scheme for the preparation of a polycationic polymer according to the invention
- FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the results of tests of Example 3 of inhibition of fluorescence by L-polylysine-NSPE in solution in DMSO and added to an aqueous solution of DNA, detergent and BET,
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating the general structure of an artificial viral particle according to the invention obtained in example 4,
- FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the results of tests of example 5 of inhibition by the
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the kinetics of hemoglobin release from the particles according to the invention in accordance with Example 7,
- FIG. 6 is a partial sectional view of a membrane structure according to one embodiment of the invention.
- EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of a polycationic polymer according to the invention: an L-polylysine N-succinylphosphatidylethanolamine.
- EYPE egg yolk phosphatidylethanolamine compound (I) FIG. 1
- 824.2 mg of EYPE egg yolk phosphatidylethanolamine compound (I) FIG. 1
- 163 ⁇ l of TEA triethylamine are added with magnetic stirring.
- 176.7 mg of succinic anhydride (II) is added and the reaction is allowed to continue for two hours.
- the disappearance of free amines is monitored by chromatography on silica gel with a chloroform / methanol / water mixture (1/2 / 0.9; v / v / v) as eluent.
- the product (III) is dissolved in 15 ml of chloroform and 560 mg of N-hydroxysuccinimide (compound (IV)) are added with magnetic stirring. Then weighed 1.457 g of dried N, N '-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) and solubilized in 6 ml of chloroform. To the solution of III + IV, 1 ml of DCCD solution is gradually added every 10 min with magnetic stirring at room temperature. After the last addition of DCCD, the mixture is allowed to incubate overnight at room temperature. The reaction medium is filtered on glass wool to remove the precipitate of dicyclohexylurea.
- DCCD N-hydroxysuccinimide
- the reaction scheme for these first three synthesis steps is illustrated in FIG. 1. It allows the synthesis of the product (VI) which is an L-polylysine N-succinyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, that is to say an L-polylysine of which certain amino groups carry the phospholipid ligands NSPE.
- such a phospholipid polylysine is designated by polylysine-NSPE or, when it is desired to specify its molecular weight and its rate of grafting by phospholipid ligands, by the designation: L-polylysine (x) -NSPE-dsy where x is the molecular weight (in kilodaltons) of L-polylysine in the form of starting hydrobromide and y is the grafting rate expressed as a percentage of substituted amino functions.
- the precipitate is taken up in 2 ml of DMSO, then 1 ml of H 0 and finally, 100 ⁇ l of 1N HCl allowing the pH to be lowered under the pK of citric acid. Homogenized with magnetic stirring. The solution becomes clear.
- the lyophilized sample is taken up in 2 ml of DMSO in which it dissolves perfectly.
- the sample is subjected to a traditional protein and phospholipid assay. It is noted that the sample obtained contains 7.55 mg of proteins and 180 ⁇ g of phosphorus which corresponds to a grafting rate of L-polylysine of 10% of the amino groups, that is to say to L- polylysine (19, 2) - NSPE-ds10.
- EXAMPLE 2 variation of the grafting rate:
- the number of amino groups carrying a phospholipid ligand on the total number of amino groups of the polymer (VI) constitutes its grafting rate.
- the purification procedure is identical to that described in Example 1 steps 4) to 6) for L-polylysine (19, 2) -NSPE-ds10.
- the products (VI) obtained by synthesis in the form of a powder are essentially insoluble in water unlike the starting L-polylysine (19,2), thus highlighting the chemical modification of L-polylysine. These products are also insoluble in a buffer containing a nonionic detergent such as HECAMEG at pH 7.
- the capacity of the L-polylysines-NSPE synthesized as described previously in Example 1 to interact with DNA is more precisely studied by their property in displacing a fluorescent probe, ethidium bromide (BET), which is intercalated naturally between the bases of DNA.
- BET ethidium bromide
- the BET is displaced from the DNA / BET complex and loses its fluorescence. This loss of fluorescence is represented by the curves of FIG. 2 as a function of the amount of added L-polylysine expressed on the abscissa by the ratio (+/-) between the positive charges of L- polylysine and the negative charges of 1 'AD ' N.
- Curve A represents the displacement of BET by L-polylysine (19, 2) not phospholidated
- curve B represents the displacement of BET by L-polylysine (19, 2) -NSPE-ds1
- curve C represents displacement of BET by L-polylysine (19, 2) - NSPE-ds1,7
- curve D represents the displacement of BET by L-polylysine (19, 2) -NSPE-ds3
- curve E represents the displacement of BET by L-polylysine (19, 2) -NSPE-ds10
- curve F represents the displacement of BET by L- polylysine (19, 2) -NSPE-ds21
- curve G represents displacement of BET by L- polylysine (19, 2) -NSPE-ds30.
- EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of artificial viral particles according to the invention: In a 50 ml flask, a lipid solution is prepared in 1 ml of chloroform containing 250 ⁇ g of egg yolk lecithin (L- ⁇ -phosphatidylcholine from yolk). egg, EPC - Lipoid) and 25 ⁇ g of cholesterol. This solution is dried under nitrogen and then lyophilized for 12 h.
- the DNA core 31 can be considered as an artificial nucleocapsid.
- the artificial viral particles are stable for at least 15 days.
- EXAMPLE 5 Demonstration of the Transfecting Properties of Artificial Viral Particles. Coupling of a cellular and intracellular targeting interaction compound, a defective adenovirus, to the outer surface of artificial viral particles. Viral particles are synthesized in the same manner as in Example 4 but by adding, to the phospholipid composition, 5 mol% of egg yolk phosphatidylethanolamine N - ⁇ - 4- (N- maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 -carbonyl ⁇ (MCC-EYPE).
- MCC-EYPE Neutravidin substituted with N-Succinimidyl-3- (2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) is grafted onto the MCC-EYPE residues present on the external surface of the particles.
- MCC-EYPE was obtained from EYPE (egg yolk phosphatidylethanolamine) and SMCC (Succinimidyl 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 - carboxylate) as follows.
- EYPE 113.7 mg of EYPE are dissolved in 5 ml of anhydrous chloroform. 24 ⁇ l of triethyla ine (TEA) are added then 50 mg of SMCC in solution in 0.5 ml of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The mixture is incubated for 2 hours at 40 ° C with shaking. The appearance of MCC-EYPE is followed by thin layer chromatography on silica gel. The product is extracted with a chloroform / methanol / water mixture. After centrifugation for 10 min at 4000 rpm, the aqueous phase is eliminated and the chloroform phase containing the MCC-EYPE is evaporated. The structure of the MCC-EYPE is characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance.
- N-propionyl-thiol-neutravidin thiolated neutravidin: 10 mg of neutravidin are dissolved in 1 ml of 200 mM Hepes buffer, 300 mM NaCl, pH 7.9. The suspension is passed through a column of SEPHADEX® G25 filtration gel at the outlet from which 500 ⁇ l fractions are collected. 95% of the protein is recovered in fractions 7 to 10.
- a solution of SPDP N-Succinimidyl-3- (2-pyridyldithio) propionate
- SPDP N-Succinimidyl-3- (2-pyridyldithio) propionate
- the mixture is incubated for one hour at room temperature and then washed on G25 with 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2.
- the neutravidin-PDP is treated with 100 ⁇ l of a 0.1M solution of dithiothreitol for 10 min at room temperature.
- the thiolated neutravidin is washed on a SEPHADEX® G25 column with 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2.
- the grafting rate is 10 thiols per molecule of neutravidin.
- Biotin fixation on defective adenovirus particles a 400 ⁇ M solution of biotin- NHS is prepared in a 5 mM Hepes buffer, 150 mM NaCl, glycerol 10%, pH 7, 9. To 1 ml of this solution, 2.5 ⁇ 10 9 adenoviral particles are added and the whole is left for 3 hours at room temperature with gentle stirring. The unreacted biotin is eliminated by three successive passages in ultrafiltration (10 min at 1500 g). The biotinyl adenoviruses are taken up in 1 ml of PBS buffer (Phosphate Buffer Saline, 10mM phosphate, 150mM NaCl, pH 7.4).
- PBS buffer Phosphate Buffer Saline, 10mM phosphate, 150mM NaCl, pH 7.4
- Coupling of biotinyl defective adenoviruses with neutravidinylated artificial viral particles an amount of artificial viral particles corresponding to 5 ⁇ g of DNA is incubated for one hour at room temperature with gentle agitation with 8.10 adenoviral particles. The suspension is adjusted to 500 ⁇ l with PBS.
- Transfections are carried out in 35 mm diameter dishes or in multi-well plates where the wells are the same size. Cells are transfected at 80% confluence (approximately 8.10 cells per well). The 500 ⁇ l of the suspension obtained in the preceding step are deposited homogeneously on the cells. After 1 hour of incubation, the medium is replaced by 2 ml of culture medium supplemented with serum. The cells are incubated for 48 hours at 37 ° C. to observe a transient expression.
- modified transferrin 1 ⁇ mol of modified transferrin is mixed dissolved in a 100 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.8 with particles containing 0.1 ⁇ mol of 3-mercaptopropionate DPPE and dispersed in a 20 mM sodium acetate buffer. The preparation is stirred for 24 h at room temperature, then is ultrafiltered through a 100KD membrane to remove the excess transferrin.
- the viral particles are obtained as represented in FIG. 3 provided with ligands 34 formed of transferrin.
- L-polylysine of molecular weight 19200 is weighed, which is dissolved in 10 ml of DMSO with magnetic stirring. 40 ⁇ l of triethylamine are added and wait 10 min. 1.1 mg of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) are then added in solution in 149 ⁇ l of dimethylformamide (DMF). The reaction continues at 30 ° C for 2 h. The product is analyzed by chromatography on silica gel which shows the disappearance of the free FITC and the appearance of a protein and fluorescent product on deposition. L-polylysine-fluorescein is purified as follows.
- the DMSO of the reaction medium is dialyzed twice for 2 h against distilled water at pH 6.5.
- the dialysis product is then incubated with 500 mg of SEPHADEX® C50 in 100 ml of distilled water, then deposited on a column.
- the column is first washed with 100 ml of distilled water pH 7.
- the L-polylysine-fluorescein is eluted from the column with 100 ml of a 2M NaCl solution, pH 9. This solution is dialyzed against water distilled.
- the final solution contains 35 mg of protein.
- the quantity of fluorescein is estimated by spectrometry at 496 nm with a molecular extinction coefficient of 90,000 m ⁇ 1 cm ⁇ 1 .
- the grafting rate is 1/233 of the amino functions.
- polylysines-NSPE synthesized as described above to allow the establishment of a membrane structure impermeable to cupric ions (Cu ++ ) surrounding the complexed DNA is studied by the method of inhibiting the fluorescence of a fluorescent probe linked to DNA complex.
- This probe is L-polylysine (19, 2) -fluorescein-dsO, 4 obtained in 1).
- the viral particles are prepared as described in Example 4 with the only difference that L-polylysine-NSPE-dsO, 1 is replaced by a mixture of 90% of L-polylysine (19, 2) -NSPE- ds (n ) and 10% L-polylysine (19, 2) -fluorescein-dsO, 4.
- the mixture (phospholipids + cholesterol + detergent + L (polylysine-NSPE-ds (n) + L-polylysine (19, 2) - fluorescein- ds0,4 + DNA) is then dialyzed and the fluorescence of the particles is analyzed with a spectrofluorimeter.
- the intensity of the fluorescence is analyzed during the progressive addition of Cu ++ .
- the value represented on the ordinate in the figure 4 represents the fluorescence inhibition rate, expressed as a percentage and calculated as follows: (Ig-If) / I / ' or ⁇ 0 es ⁇ the fluorescence intensity in the absence of copper, and If is the intensity of the fluorescence in the presence of copper.
- Curve A represents the rate of inhibition of the fluorescence of the particles obtained from L-polylysine-NSPE-ds10 but in the presence of detergent which prevents the establishment of a functional membrane around the particle. It is observed that the inhibition rate of the fluorescence of L-polylysine (19, 2) -fluorescein- ds0.4 reaches a value close to 100% for a Cu + + concentration of 50 ⁇ M.
- Curve B represents the rate of inhibition of the fluorescence of the particles obtained from L-polylysine-NSPE-dsl after dialysis of the detergent.
- Curve D represents the rate of inhibition of the fluorescence of the particles obtained from L-polylysine-NSPE-ds10 after dialysis of the detergent. It is observed that the rate of inhibition of the fluorescence of L- polylysine (19, 2) -fluorescein-dsO, 4 reaches a value close to 25% for a Cu + + concentration of 50 ⁇ M.
- Curve E represents the rate of inhibition of the fluorescence of the particles obtained from L-polylysine-NSPE-ds21 after dialysis of the detergent. It is observed that the inhibition rate of the fluorescence of L-polylysine (19, 2) - fluorescein-dsO, 4 reaches a value close to 20% for a Cu ++ concentration of 50 ⁇ M.
- the artificial viral particles can be used for therapeutic purposes to ensure the intracellular delivery in vivo of therapeutic genes, for example for the treatment of genetic diseases (cystic fibrosis, etc.), certain cancers or for the preparation of gene vaccines.
- micellar preparation is sonicated for 1 min in an ultrasonic bath, then is dialyzed against distilled water to give a suspension of the polylysine-NSPE and of the bilayer-forming phospholipids. The presence of particles of average size between 300 and 600 nm is observed in the particle analyzer.
- preparation of neutral control liposomes proceed as indicated in a), but without adding the polylysine-NSPE solution to the dispersion of the lipids in the detergent. The presence of liposomes of average size between 200 e: 400 nm is observed.
- absorption of hemoglobin on the porous substrate 5 mg of porous particle (SEPHADEX®
- SPC50 with a diameter of 150 ⁇ m derived by suifopropyl groups and the size of the pores of which is sufficient to allow molecules of a maximum molecular weight of 250,000 to penetrate are dispersed in 5 ml of 10 mM bistris buffer at pH 6.5 (where hemoglobin is cationic is drawn into the anionic sites of porous particles). 20 mg of hemoglobin extracted from human red blood cells by the lysis method in a hypotonic medium are added to this dispersion. The preparation is stirred for 24 h at 4 ° C on a sun shaker. The particles are then decanted and the amount present in the supernatant is determined by UV spectrometry at 410 nm.
- the particles loaded with hemoglobin are incubated in 5 ml of 150 mM PBS buffer at pH 7.4 (where
- FIG. 5 illustrates the curves of kinetics of hemoglobin release obtained over time with the ordinate the mass in mg of hemoglobin released and on the abscissa the time in hours.
- Curve C51 corresponds to the result obtained with the particles simply charged with hemoglobin from step c) of Example 7.
- Curve C53 corresponds to the results obtained with the particles obtained in Step e) of Example 8 (neutral liposomes obtained in b) brought into contact in the polylysine-NSPE / phospholipid suspension obtained in a)). Curve C52 corresponds to the results obtained with the particles according to the invention obtained in d) of Example 8.
- the particles loaded with doxorubicin are dispersed in 4 ml of distilled water. Then 1 ml of the polylysine-NSPE suspension and of the bilayer phospholipids obtained in step a) of example 7 are added, and the mixture is gently stirred for 2 h at 4 ° C. Then 625 ⁇ l of solution of 40 mM non-ionic detergent HECAMEG, stirred for 5 min, and the particles are decanted and the pellet is washed with distilled water to remove the detergent and the excess polylysine-NSPE / phospholipid complexes.
- Example 8 a control experiment is carried out using a suspension of neutral liposomes composed solely of phospholipids (EYPC) and cholesterol.
- EYPC phospholipids
- the particles are dispersed in 150 ml of 150 mM PPS buffer at pH 7.1 and gently stirred. Aliquots are taken at regular time intervals and the concentration of doxorubicin in the supernatant is measured by UV spectrophotometry at 480 nm.
- the results obtained indicate that, after 1 hour, 45% by weight of the doxorubicin has been released from the particles of the control experiment and from the particles loaded with doxorubicin used before being brought into contact with the polylysine-NSPE / phospholipid suspension, that is to say particles free of a fixed functional membrane.
- the particles according to the invention comprising a fixed functional membrane, only 5% of the doxorubicin was released.
- the fixed functional membrane formed of phospholipids makes it possible to effectively retain doxorubicin inside the particles according to the invention.
- porous matrix SEPHADEX® C25 is dispersed in 100 ml of distilled water and the preparation is ground for 15 min with a propeller mill. The preparation is then centrifuged at 3000 g for 10 min, the supernatant is recovered and then subjected to another centrifugation at
- the size of the particles obtained, measured with the particle analyzer, is between 300 and 500 nm.
- small size complexes are prepared. To do this, 9 mg of phospholipids EYPC and 1 mg of cholesterol are dissolved in 1 ml of chloroform which is evaporated under reduced pressure on a rotary evaporator. The lipids are then dispersed in 2.5 ml of an aqueous solution of nonionic detergent
- micellar preparation is sonicated for 1 min in an ultrasonic bath , then is quickly diluted in 10 ml of distilled water and dialyzed against water distilled to give a preparation of small polylysine-NSPE / phospholipid complexes. The presence of particles with an average size of 50 nm is observed with the particle analyzer. The porous particles of small sizes according to the invention are then prepared.
- 625 ⁇ l of 40 mM HECAMEG® nonionic detergent solution are added to 2.5 ml of the suspension of polylysine-NSPE / phospholipids prepared previously, so as to obtain a concentration of 10 mM in detergent.
- the suspension is sonicated for 1 min in an ultrasonic bath and is added slowly to 2.5 ml of the suspension of small porous particles loaded with doxorubicin prepared above, then placed in a continuous dialysis cell, kept under stirring.
- Example 12 The particles prepared in Example 12 are dispersed in 150 ml of PBS buffer at pH 7.4 150 mM and gently stirred. Aliquots are taken at regular time intervals, the concentration of doxorubicin released is measured by UV spectrophotometry at 480 nm after ultrafiltration on a membrane whose filtration threshold is at 50,000.
- EYPC 9 mg of EYPC, 1 mg of cholesterol and 0.05 mg of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine rhodamine (DPPERd) are dissolved in 1 ml of chloroform and then evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue is taken up in 10 ml of a 40 m HECAMEG® solution. When the solution has become completely clear, it is dialyzed against distilled water. The fluorescent liposomes obtained are very difficult to distinguish upon observation and appear, owing to their small size, in the form of a uniform background noise.
- DPPERd dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine rhodamine
- Preparation of polylysine-NSPE / fluorescent phospholipid complexes The procedure is as above by adding 100 ⁇ l of a 40 mM HECAMEG® solution containing 1 mg of L- polylysine (19, 2) -NSPE-d6 to the solution of lipids. detergent. The preparation is sonicated for 1 min in an ultrasonic bath and then dialyzed against distilled water. The polylysine-NSPE / fluorescent phospholipid complexes are larger than the control liposomes and are visible in the form of small fluorescent spots.
- the particles of SEPHADEX ® are first visualized by phase contrast microscopy. They are in the form of regular spheres with a diameter between 100 and 150 ⁇ m. These particles (0.1 mg in 0.5 ml are then incubated with 20 ⁇ l of the preparation of the polylysine-NSPE / fluorescent phospholipid complexes.
- the particles obtained are then incubated with 2 ml of 150 mM NaCl PBS buffer for 10 min. It is observed that the appearance of the particles remains unchanged.
- the energy involved in the formation of polyelectrolytic complexation is, indeed, considerable and this complexation remains stable over a large range of pH and ionic strength.
- the preparation is then decanted and incubated with 2 ml of a 5 mM HECAMEG® solution for 10 min. It can be seen that the appearance of the crown has been modified and is becoming completely regular. This result indicates that the entities which had hung individually on the surface of the particles have now merged with each other to form a continuous phospholipid bilayer fixed to the particulate substrate.
- the preparation is then decanted again and incubated with 2 ml of a 40 mM HECAMEG® solution for 10 min.
- a control is, moreover, produced with neutral fluorescent liposomes incubated with particles of SEPHADEX® SPC50. There is no interaction between the particles which appear in black and the liposomes which appear in a uniform fluorescent background. This result indicates that the adhesion properties of the polylysine-NSPE / phospholipid complexes are indeed due to the presence of the polylysine-NSPE / phospholipid.
- the particles are incubated in the same way for 5 min with the fluorescent polylysine solution. They are then washed with distilled water, incubated with 2 ml of 150 mM PBS buffer NaCl for 10 min and finally washed with 2 times 2 ml of PBS buffer. The results of the observation indicate that the fluorescence has apparently been maintained quantitatively around the particle. Likewise, no modification is made by incubation with a 40 mM HECAMEG® solution.
- silica particles pore size 60 Angstroms, particle size 40 ⁇ m
- 0.1 mg of silica particles are incubated with 200 ⁇ l of the fluorescent polylysine solution for 5 min, then decanted and washed with 2 ml of distilled water.
- the results are observed in phase contrast and fluorescence. They indicate that polylysine has a strong affinity for silica.
- a incubation of these particles with 2 ml of PBS 150 mM NaCl buffer indicates that this affinity is not affected by this buffer, the stability of the polyelectrolytic interactions between polylysine and silica is therefore also very strong with a material such as silica.
- any glass-based material can be covered with a functional membrane according to the invention and be used as a solid substrate.
- a functional phospholipid membrane is fixed on a flat porous substrate formed by an ion exchange filter.
- a polylysine-NSPE / phospholipid suspension is prepared as indicated in step a) of Example 6, but with 20% by weight of cholesterol relative to the phospholipids EYPC. 2 ml of this suspension are dissolved in 200 ml of distilled water, and the mixture is placed in an ultrafiltration cell 47 mm in diameter and equipped with a Gelman anionic filter (reference 60943) with a porosity of 0.445 ⁇ m and equal diameter at 47 mm. This anionic filter therefore forms the solid porous substrate of the film. The cell pressure is adjusted to obtain an initial flow rate of 2 ml / min.
- a control experiment is carried out using neutral liposomes as in Example 8.
- Another experiment is also prepared by fixing a functional membrane containing an ionophore (agent facilitating the diffusion of ions) on the filter.
- a suspension of polylysine-NSPE / phospholipids is prepared as indicated previously in this example, but by adding 0.1 mg of monensin (ionophore) to the chloroform solution of phospholipids EYPC (1% by weight of the total). The suspension is then used to establish the membrane on the filter in the same manner as previously indicated.
- EXAMPLE 16 Study of the impermeability to ions of films. 200 ml of a 25 g / l NaCl solution, the resistivity of which is 55 mS / cm, are introduced into the ultrafiltration cell.
- the pressure is established to obtain a flow rate of 0.5 ml / min and fractions of 1 ml are collected on which the conductivity is measured.
- the experiments are carried out under different conditions with: a filter alone, a filter resulting from the control experiment associated with neutral liposomes, a synthetic film according to the invention formed of the filter and the fixed functional membrane, and a film according to the invention formed of the filter provided with a fixed functional membrane containing an ionophore.
- the results obtained are expressed in the following table: Conductivity
- the functional membranes fixed according to the invention on planar supports retain the same selective permeability properties as the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells, and can like them, extend over considerable surfaces while remaining functional.
- a film according to the invention can be used to extract or separate salts and / or ions from a liquid solution by filtration.
- FIG. 6 illustrates in detail but schematically the composition of a membrane structure according to the invention, and therefore a portion of film according to the invention.
- This structure comprises a bilayer 63 forming a functional membrane, polycationic L-polylysine-NSPE 62, and the porous substrate 61 " formed of the filter.
- the L-polylysine-NSPE form polycationic polymer chains 64 and carry membrane ligands 65, the phospholipid chains 66 are inserted by lyotropic interaction within the functional membrane 63.
- the invention can be subject to numerous variants and applications.
- polycationic or polyanionic polymers can be used as bifunctional compounds; other amphiphilic compounds can be used to form the membrane; other solid polyionic substrates can be used as soon as they have a surface density of positive and / or negative electrical charges.
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Abstract
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EP97911315A EP0938580A1 (fr) | 1996-10-23 | 1997-10-22 | Structure membranaire artificielle polymerique, procede pour sa preparation, procede de preparation de ce polymere, particule et film comprenant cette structure |
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FR9613101A FR2754828B1 (fr) | 1996-10-23 | 1996-10-23 | Structure membranaire artificielle, procede et polymere pour sa preparation, procede de preparation de ce polymere, particule et film comprenant cette structure |
FR96/13101 | 1996-10-23 |
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US20050221081A1 (en) * | 2004-03-23 | 2005-10-06 | Liu Gang-Yu | Stabilization of self-assembled monolayers |
FR2873379B1 (fr) * | 2004-07-23 | 2008-05-16 | Jerome Asius | Procede de preparation d'acide hyaluronique reticule, acide hyaluronique reticule susceptible d'etre obtenu par ledit procede, implant contenant ledit acide hyaluronique reticule, et son utilisation |
US11285494B2 (en) | 2009-08-25 | 2022-03-29 | Nanoshell Company, Llc | Method and apparatus for continuous removal of sub-micron sized particles in a closed loop liquid flow system |
CA2770697A1 (fr) | 2009-08-25 | 2011-03-03 | Agnes Ostafin | Procede et appareil permettant une elimination en continu des particules submicroniques presentes dans un systeme d'ecoulement de liquide en circuit ferme |
US10751464B2 (en) | 2009-08-25 | 2020-08-25 | Nanoshell Company, Llc | Therapeutic retrieval of targets in biological fluids |
US10099227B2 (en) | 2009-08-25 | 2018-10-16 | Nanoshell Company, Llc | Method and apparatus for continuous removal of sub-micron sized particles in a closed loop liquid flow system |
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1996
- 1996-10-23 FR FR9613101A patent/FR2754828B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 1997-10-22 US US09/284,754 patent/US20030036518A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-10-22 WO PCT/FR1997/001891 patent/WO1998017818A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
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EP0938580A1 (fr) | 1999-09-01 |
US20030036518A1 (en) | 2003-02-20 |
FR2754828A1 (fr) | 1998-04-24 |
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