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WO1998017373A1 - Method and apparatus for removing particles from suspension - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for removing particles from suspension Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998017373A1
WO1998017373A1 PCT/GB1997/002895 GB9702895W WO9817373A1 WO 1998017373 A1 WO1998017373 A1 WO 1998017373A1 GB 9702895 W GB9702895 W GB 9702895W WO 9817373 A1 WO9817373 A1 WO 9817373A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
particles
fluid
standing wave
carrier element
carrier
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1997/002895
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
William Terence Coakley
Original Assignee
University College Cardiff Consultants Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by University College Cardiff Consultants Limited filed Critical University College Cardiff Consultants Limited
Priority to AU47145/97A priority Critical patent/AU4714597A/en
Publication of WO1998017373A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998017373A1/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D21/00—Separation of suspended solid particles from liquids by sedimentation
    • B01D21/28—Mechanical auxiliary equipment for acceleration of sedimentation, e.g. by vibrators or the like
    • B01D21/283—Settling tanks provided with vibrators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D51/00—Auxiliary pretreatment of gases or vapours to be cleaned
    • B01D51/02—Amassing the particles, e.g. by flocculation
    • B01D51/06—Amassing the particles, e.g. by flocculation by varying the pressure of the gas or vapour
    • B01D51/08—Amassing the particles, e.g. by flocculation by varying the pressure of the gas or vapour by sound or ultrasonics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/10—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing sonic or ultrasonic vibrations

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus and method for removing or separating particles from suspension in a fluid, using a standing wave ultrasound field.
  • an apparatus or method for removing or separating particles from suspension in a fluid in which in use an ultrasound transducer arrangement forms a standing wave ultrasound field in the fluid in which particles are suspended, and at least one carrier element is positioned at one or more pressure amplitude maxima or minima in the standing wave field, to which in use the particles displace.
  • this force acts to displace the particles either to the pressure amplitude maxima or minima in the standing wave field.
  • Bjerknes force which is the force of attraction between particles: it has generally been assumed that the secondary force causes attraction between particles in suspension, to create larger groups of particles, so enhancing the effects of the primary force.
  • the presence of one or more solid carrier elements (or attractors) in the standing wave field gives rise to acoustic microstreaming, dragging the suspended particles close to the attractor(s) and thus acting to enhance the interaction between the suspended particles and the attractor (s) .
  • the carrier element may be of plastics for example. It is important that the carrier element does not significantly affect the standing wave field: preferably therefore the carrier element is thin and may be formed as a mesh.
  • the carrier element or elements are removable, either individually or as a group, so that the particles collected on them can be examined (typically under the microscope) or discarded.
  • the apparatus and method of the present invention draw particles out of suspension in a manner which is independent of particle concentration.
  • the apparatus and method may be used in medical diagnostics, or for filter action in the water or food industries .
  • transducer or reflector of the ultrasound transducer arrangement may be used as a carrier (or attractor) element.
  • Retention of the particles on the carrier element or elements may be enhanced by i munological techniques, or by dielectrophoresis (where microelectrodes are etched on the carrier elements) : the latter arrangement enhances the trapping of dielectric particles out of suspension and selectivity in the retention of particles from suspension.
  • one or more acoustically transparent separators may be used to isolate a volume in which the particle manipulation and removal takes place. The separators are placed where the attractive forces are minimal and/or where the "primary" force acts to repel particles away from that position.
  • FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic section through one embodiment of apparatus in accordance with the present invention
  • FIGURE 2 shows one form which each carrier element of the apparatus of Figure 1 may take;
  • FIGURE 3 shows another form which each carrier element of the apparatus of Figure 1 may take
  • FIGURE 4 shows a further form which each carrier element of the apparatus of Figure 1 may take;
  • FIGURE 5 is a plan view of a second embodiment of apparatus in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIGURE 6 is a diagrammatic section through a modified form of the apparatus shown in Figure 1;
  • FIGURE 7 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a further embodiment of the invention.
  • an apparatus for removing or separating particles from suspension comprising a vessel or container 10 for the liquid L in which the particles e.g. P are suspended.
  • the apparatus further comprises an ultrasound transducer arrangement which comprises a planar transducer T and a planar reflector R forming, or positioned in, opposite side walls of the vessel or container 10.
  • the transducer arrangement provides a standing wave ultrasound field, with successive pressure amplitude minima (nodes) at spaced intervals between the transducer T and reflector R.
  • Carrier elements 12 are positioned at selected nodes, to act as attractors for the particles P, as explained above. Where the particles and the fluid in which they are suspended are such that the particles move to the pressure amplitude maxima, then the carrier elements 12 are positioned at selected antinodes.
  • the carrier elements or attractors 12 are planar, and positioned parallel to the transducer T and reflector R.
  • the carrier elements 12 are required to have no significant affect on the standing wave field and are therefore of a solid material (e.g. plastics) of a compressibility similar to, but different from, that of water.
  • the carrier elements 12 may be in the form of a mesh 12a ( Figure 2) or a sheet 12b with an array of apertures ( Figure 3) or they may comprise a series or array of filaments 12c ( Figure 4) .
  • acoustically transparent separators S may be positioned within the container 10 in order to isolate a volume of the liquid L from the transducer T and reflector R, so preventing the particles being attracted to these components.
  • transducer T and reflector R have been shown, other configurations may be employed, for example an annular or cylindrical transducer T, which provides a radial standing wave field, with a series of concentric nodes at which cylindrical carrier elements or attractors 12' are positioned (Figure 5).
  • the container of vessel 10 may receive a sample to be tested, after which the carrier elements 12 are removed for inspection and the vessel 10 emptied, filled with a fresh sample and fresh carrier elements and re-used.
  • the carrier elements 12 are joined together, e.g. by a bridge 13 as shown in Figure 1, so that they may be removed as a group.
  • the container 10 may be arranged for the through-flow of liquid, the carrier elements or attractors 12 being used for filtering particles from the liquid: the carrier elements are shown mounted together and to the interior of the container 10 by supporting bridges 23.
  • the carrier elements or attractors may comprise particles P 1 freely suspended in water or other liquid L ' , and introduced into the container or vessel: these particles P' are then free, when the ultrasound field is switched on, to move to the pressure amplitude minima (or maxima, depending on the density and compressibility of the particles) to act as attractors.
  • the sample or liquid, in which the particles to be removed are suspended is then introduced into the water or other liquid already in the container or vessel: these particles then move to the attractor particles, in the manner described above.
  • the attractor particles P' may comprise discs, spheres or other elements of plastics material, or may comprise dead cells or non-cellular substances.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Separation Of Solids By Using Liquids Or Pneumatic Power (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)

Abstract

Particles P are removed or separated from suspension in a fluid L, using an ultrasound transducer arrangement T, R for forming a standing wave ultrasound field in the fluid. Carrier elements (12) are positioned at pressure amplitude maxima or minima in the standing wave field, to which the particles P displace.

Description

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING PARTICLES FROM SUSPENSION
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for removing or separating particles from suspension in a fluid, using a standing wave ultrasound field.
There are various applications in which it is required to remove particles from suspension in a fluid. For example, it may be desired to test for the presence of or for the nature of biological cells in a sample of fluid, or it may be desired to filter particles from a fluid.
There have been a number of proposals for the use of a standing wave ultrasound field to cause particles in suspension to displace to predetermined regions, being for example the positions of pressure amplitude minima in the standing wave field. However, the efficiency of this process in practical applications depends on the particle concentration. We have now devised an apparatus and method for removing or separating particles from suspension in a fluid, in which the process of displacing particles to one or more predetermined regions in a standing wave ultrasound field is independent, or substantially less dependent, on particle concentration and is therefore significantly more effective.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an apparatus or method for removing or separating particles from suspension in a fluid, in which in use an ultrasound transducer arrangement forms a standing wave ultrasound field in the fluid in which particles are suspended, and at least one carrier element is positioned at one or more pressure amplitude maxima or minima in the standing wave field, to which in use the particles displace.
It is known that particles in suspension in a standing wave ultrasound field are subjected to a force, due to density and compressibility differences between the particles and the suspending fluid: this force (or primary force) acts to displace the particles either to the pressure amplitude maxima or minima in the standing wave field. There is also a secondary force, the Bjerknes force, which is the force of attraction between particles: it has generally been assumed that the secondary force causes attraction between particles in suspension, to create larger groups of particles, so enhancing the effects of the primary force.
However, whilst we find that there is a strong dependence of bacterial removal from suspension on the concentration of bacteria present, calculated times for single particles to form pairs are rather long compared to the times required for a single particle to reach a pressure amplitude minimum under the primary force. Accordingly, the single particle-to-particle interactions do not appear sufficient to account for the observed results.
In accordance with the present invention, we find that the displacement of particles to a pressure amplitude maximum or minimum is significantly enhanced by providing a carrier element at that position. We believe there is an attractive force - the secondary force - acting between the carrier element and the individual particles, which is much greater than between individual particles, and so attracts the particles strongly towards the carrier element. We have found experimental support for this explanation, in studying the displacement of latex spheres in a standing wave ultrasound field: once a clump of such particles has accumulated at a pressure amplitude minimum, individual particles are subsequently drawn into that clump at high speed; however, in accordance with "primary" force theory, the particles should slow down as they approach the pressure amplitude minimum, yet in practice no such deceleration is observed.
We also believe that the presence of one or more solid carrier elements (or attractors) in the standing wave field gives rise to acoustic microstreaming, dragging the suspended particles close to the attractor(s) and thus acting to enhance the interaction between the suspended particles and the attractor (s) . In the apparatus of the present invention, there may be one or more carrier elements, positioned at pressure amplitude maxima or minima and acting as attractors, as explained above. The carrier element may be of plastics for example. It is important that the carrier element does not significantly affect the standing wave field: preferably therefore the carrier element is thin and may be formed as a mesh.
Preferably the carrier element or elements (or attractors) are removable, either individually or as a group, so that the particles collected on them can be examined (typically under the microscope) or discarded.
It will be appreciated that the apparatus and method of the present invention draw particles out of suspension in a manner which is independent of particle concentration. By way of examples only, the apparatus and method may be used in medical diagnostics, or for filter action in the water or food industries .
It will also be appreciated that the transducer or reflector of the ultrasound transducer arrangement may be used as a carrier (or attractor) element.
Retention of the particles on the carrier element or elements may be enhanced by i munological techniques, or by dielectrophoresis (where microelectrodes are etched on the carrier elements) : the latter arrangement enhances the trapping of dielectric particles out of suspension and selectivity in the retention of particles from suspension.
In some cases it may be desired to avoid particles being attracted to the transducer or reflector. In such cases, one or more acoustically transparent separators may be used to isolate a volume in which the particle manipulation and removal takes place. The separators are placed where the attractive forces are minimal and/or where the "primary" force acts to repel particles away from that position.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of examples only and with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:
FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic section through one embodiment of apparatus in accordance with the present invention; FIGURE 2 shows one form which each carrier element of the apparatus of Figure 1 may take;
FIGURE 3 shows another form which each carrier element of the apparatus of Figure 1 may take;
FIGURE 4 shows a further form which each carrier element of the apparatus of Figure 1 may take;
FIGURE 5 is a plan view of a second embodiment of apparatus in accordance with the present invention;
FIGURE 6 is a diagrammatic section through a modified form of the apparatus shown in Figure 1; and
FIGURE 7 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a further embodiment of the invention.
Referring to the drawing, there is shown an apparatus for removing or separating particles from suspension, the apparatus comprising a vessel or container 10 for the liquid L in which the particles e.g. P are suspended. The apparatus further comprises an ultrasound transducer arrangement which comprises a planar transducer T and a planar reflector R forming, or positioned in, opposite side walls of the vessel or container 10. The transducer arrangement provides a standing wave ultrasound field, with successive pressure amplitude minima (nodes) at spaced intervals between the transducer T and reflector R. Carrier elements 12 are positioned at selected nodes, to act as attractors for the particles P, as explained above. Where the particles and the fluid in which they are suspended are such that the particles move to the pressure amplitude maxima, then the carrier elements 12 are positioned at selected antinodes.
In the example shown, the carrier elements or attractors 12 are planar, and positioned parallel to the transducer T and reflector R. The carrier elements 12 are required to have no significant affect on the standing wave field and are therefore of a solid material (e.g. plastics) of a compressibility similar to, but different from, that of water. The carrier elements 12 may be in the form of a mesh 12a (Figure 2) or a sheet 12b with an array of apertures (Figure 3) or they may comprise a series or array of filaments 12c (Figure 4) .
As previously mentioned, acoustically transparent separators S may be positioned within the container 10 in order to isolate a volume of the liquid L from the transducer T and reflector R, so preventing the particles being attracted to these components.
Although a planar arrangement of transducer T and reflector R have been shown, other configurations may be employed, for example an annular or cylindrical transducer T, which provides a radial standing wave field, with a series of concentric nodes at which cylindrical carrier elements or attractors 12' are positioned (Figure 5).
The container of vessel 10 may receive a sample to be tested, after which the carrier elements 12 are removed for inspection and the vessel 10 emptied, filled with a fresh sample and fresh carrier elements and re-used. Preferably the carrier elements 12 are joined together, e.g. by a bridge 13 as shown in Figure 1, so that they may be removed as a group. In an alternative arrangement, shown in Figure 6, the container 10 may be arranged for the through-flow of liquid, the carrier elements or attractors 12 being used for filtering particles from the liquid: the carrier elements are shown mounted together and to the interior of the container 10 by supporting bridges 23.
In a further arrangement in accordance with this invention, shown in Figure 7, the carrier elements or attractors may comprise particles P1 freely suspended in water or other liquid L ' , and introduced into the container or vessel: these particles P' are then free, when the ultrasound field is switched on, to move to the pressure amplitude minima (or maxima, depending on the density and compressibility of the particles) to act as attractors. The sample or liquid, in which the particles to be removed are suspended, is then introduced into the water or other liquid already in the container or vessel: these particles then move to the attractor particles, in the manner described above. The attractor particles P' may comprise discs, spheres or other elements of plastics material, or may comprise dead cells or non-cellular substances.

Claims

1) An apparatus for removing or separating particles from suspension in a fluid, comprising an ultrasound transducer arrangement for forming a standing wave ultrasound field in a fluid in which said particles are suspended, and at least one carrier element positioned at one or more pressure amplitude maxima or minima in the standing wave field, said particles displacing, in use of the apparatus, to said pressure amplitude maxima or minima.
2) An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, in which the or each said carrier element comprises a physical member or structure mounted at its respective position.
3) An apparatus as claimed in claim 2, in which the or each said carrier element comprises a planar member or structure.
4) An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 or 3 , in which the or each said carrier element comprises a sheet member formed with an array of apertures, a mesh or a series or array of filaments .
5) An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 4 , in which the or each carrier element is formed of plastics material .
6) An apparatus as claimed in claim 2 or 3 , in which said ultrasound transducer arrangement comprises a transducer and a reflector, said transducer and/or said reflector forming a said carrier element.
7) An apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 2 to 5, further comprising at least one acoustically transparent separator for isolating a volume of said fluid from at least part of said ultrasound transducer arrangement. 8) A method of removing or separating particles from suspension in a fluid, comprising using an ultrasound transducer arrangement to form a standing wave ultrasound field in the fluid in which said particles are suspended, and providing at least one carrier element positioned at one or more pressure amplitude maxima or minima in said standing wave field, to which said particles displace.
9) A method as claimed in claim 8, in which said carrier elements comprise attractor particles freely suspended in a carrier fluid and said method comprises switching on said standing wave ultrasound field to cause said attractor particles to displace to said pressure amplitude maxima or minima, then introducing a sample fluid, in which the particles to be removed or separated are suspended, into said carrier fluid, and allowing the latter particles to displace to said carrier particles.
PCT/GB1997/002895 1996-10-19 1997-10-20 Method and apparatus for removing particles from suspension WO1998017373A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU47145/97A AU4714597A (en) 1996-10-19 1997-10-20 Method and apparatus for removing particles from suspension

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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GBGB9621832.6A GB9621832D0 (en) 1996-10-19 1996-10-19 Removing partiles from suspension
GB9621832.6 1996-10-19

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GB2339703A (en) * 1998-07-22 2000-02-09 Univ Cardiff Separation of particles from fluid using acoustic standing wave field
DE102005050167A1 (en) * 2005-10-19 2007-04-26 Advalytix Ag Concentration method, concentration apparatus and reaction method
WO2009071733A1 (en) * 2007-12-05 2009-06-11 Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas Micro-device and method for non-invasive and selective separation and extraction of particles in polydispersed suspensions, production method, and the applications thereof
US7568251B2 (en) 2006-12-28 2009-08-04 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Process for dyeing a textile web
WO2011146991A1 (en) * 2010-05-25 2011-12-01 Crc Care Pty Ltd Improved gravity sedimentation process and apparatus
WO2013030691A2 (en) 2011-08-30 2013-03-07 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Device for handling objects, using acoustic force fields
US8858892B2 (en) 2007-12-21 2014-10-14 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Liquid treatment system
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US9283188B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2016-03-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Delivery systems for delivering functional compounds to substrates and processes of using the same
WO2016054192A1 (en) * 2014-09-30 2016-04-07 Flodesign Sonics, Inc. Acoustophoretic clarification of particle-laden non-flowing fluids
US9421504B2 (en) 2007-12-28 2016-08-23 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ultrasonic treatment chamber for preparing emulsions
US9701955B2 (en) 2012-03-15 2017-07-11 Flodesign Sonics, Inc. Acoustophoretic separation technology using multi-dimensional standing waves
US9738867B2 (en) 2012-03-15 2017-08-22 Flodesign Sonics, Inc. Bioreactor using acoustic standing waves
US9744483B2 (en) 2014-07-02 2017-08-29 Flodesign Sonics, Inc. Large scale acoustic separation device
US9745548B2 (en) 2012-03-15 2017-08-29 Flodesign Sonics, Inc. Acoustic perfusion devices
US9745569B2 (en) 2013-09-13 2017-08-29 Flodesign Sonics, Inc. System for generating high concentration factors for low cell density suspensions
US9752114B2 (en) 2012-03-15 2017-09-05 Flodesign Sonics, Inc Bioreactor using acoustic standing waves
US9783775B2 (en) 2012-03-15 2017-10-10 Flodesign Sonics, Inc. Bioreactor using acoustic standing waves
US9796956B2 (en) 2013-11-06 2017-10-24 Flodesign Sonics, Inc. Multi-stage acoustophoresis device
US9987625B2 (en) 2006-10-02 2018-06-05 M-I Drilling Fluids Uk Limited Desulfurization agent
US10106770B2 (en) 2015-03-24 2018-10-23 Flodesign Sonics, Inc. Methods and apparatus for particle aggregation using acoustic standing waves
US10322949B2 (en) 2012-03-15 2019-06-18 Flodesign Sonics, Inc. Transducer and reflector configurations for an acoustophoretic device
US10350514B2 (en) 2012-03-15 2019-07-16 Flodesign Sonics, Inc. Separation of multi-component fluid through ultrasonic acoustophoresis
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GB2339703A (en) * 1998-07-22 2000-02-09 Univ Cardiff Separation of particles from fluid using acoustic standing wave field
GB2339703B (en) * 1998-07-22 2002-05-01 Univ Cardiff Particle manipulation device
DE102005050167A1 (en) * 2005-10-19 2007-04-26 Advalytix Ag Concentration method, concentration apparatus and reaction method
DE102005050167B4 (en) * 2005-10-19 2009-02-19 Advalytix Ag Concentration method, concentration apparatus and reaction method
US9023658B2 (en) 2005-10-19 2015-05-05 Beckman Coulter, Inc Acoustic concentration method and device and a reaction method
US9283188B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2016-03-15 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Delivery systems for delivering functional compounds to substrates and processes of using the same
US9239036B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2016-01-19 Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. Ultrasonic liquid treatment and delivery system and process
US9987625B2 (en) 2006-10-02 2018-06-05 M-I Drilling Fluids Uk Limited Desulfurization agent
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