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WO1998013665A1 - Procede et dispositif de mesure d'une bosse sur une surface, notamment sur la retine d'un oeil - Google Patents

Procede et dispositif de mesure d'une bosse sur une surface, notamment sur la retine d'un oeil Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998013665A1
WO1998013665A1 PCT/EP1997/005270 EP9705270W WO9813665A1 WO 1998013665 A1 WO1998013665 A1 WO 1998013665A1 EP 9705270 W EP9705270 W EP 9705270W WO 9813665 A1 WO9813665 A1 WO 9813665A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
eye
lens
optical axis
measuring
measurement object
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP1997/005270
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
WO1998013665B1 (fr
Inventor
Frank Schaeffel
Eberhart Zrenner
Stefan Weiss
Original Assignee
Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen filed Critical Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen
Publication of WO1998013665A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998013665A1/fr
Publication of WO1998013665B1 publication Critical patent/WO1998013665B1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
    • A61B3/0016—Operational features thereof
    • A61B3/0041—Operational features thereof characterised by display arrangements
    • A61B3/0058—Operational features thereof characterised by display arrangements for multiple images
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
    • A61B3/10—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions
    • A61B3/12—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions for looking at the eye fundus, e.g. ophthalmoscopes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B3/00—Apparatus for testing the eyes; Instruments for examining the eyes
    • A61B3/10—Objective types, i.e. instruments for examining the eyes independent of the patients' perceptions or reactions
    • A61B3/14—Arrangements specially adapted for eye photography
    • A61B3/145—Arrangements specially adapted for eye photography by video means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques
    • G01B11/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
    • G01B11/06—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness ; e.g. of sheet material
    • G01B11/0608—Height gauges

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for measuring an elevation of a surface of an object arranged behind a lens.
  • An infrared photoretinoscope is known from US-A-4 834 528.
  • the well-known retinoscope which is also referred to as a photoskiascope, comprises a conventional video camera with a lens.
  • an opaque diaphragm is arranged, which is semicircular and covers one half, preferably the lower half, of the lens opening.
  • Several light sources, preferably light-emitting diodes, are arranged in front of the diaphragm.
  • the ametropia and the accommodation of eyes can be determined fully automatically.
  • a patient is placed in front of the video camera at a distance of one to two meters.
  • the patient is instructed to look into the lens with the eye to be examined to look at the video camera.
  • the LEDs emit infrared light that is not visible to the patient.
  • the infrared light emitted from an eccentric position passes through the lens of the eye to be examined and is reflected behind it by the retina of the eye.
  • the light cone reflected by the retina of the eye is more or less captured by the upper, open half of the lens of the video camera.
  • the measured video image then consists of a segment of a circle ("crescent"), the position (top / bottom) or size of which enables a statement to be made as to whether the eye is short-sighted (myopic) or farsighted (hyperopic) and how the refraction, ie ametropia, of the Eye size.
  • the invention has for its object to develop a method and an apparatus of the type mentioned in such a way that the elevation of a surface of an object arranged behind a lens, in particular the topography of the surface, can be measured with simple means.
  • the object on which the device is based is achieved with:
  • e means for determining the elevation from the slope on the basis of a predetermined characteristic curve which takes the refraction of the lens relative to the surface into account.
  • the invention takes advantage of the method of infrared photosciascopy known from ophthalmology and explained above, in order to instead of refraction, i.e. the ametropia of an eye to measure the elevation of a surface arranged behind a lens.
  • this can be the measurement of a retina of the eye, but the invention is not restricted to this application, since other objects, in particular lifeless objects, workpieces and the like, can also be measured using the described method.
  • the invention is thus based on the consideration that the refraction of an imaging system can be changed by either the focal length of the optics is changed (as is done in the eye) or by changing the distance between the main plane of the optical apparatus and the image plane (as is done with a camera). Since it is known from the infrared photoskiascopy method described at the outset to precisely determine the refraction of an eye, this method can be used according to the invention to determine the exact topography, more generally the elevation of a surface at least one point, in depth measured.
  • the elevation is measured at a plurality of points on the surface in order to measure the topography of the surface.
  • This measure has the advantage that, for the first time, it is possible to carry out an exact mapping of the topography of a surface not only along a single axis, but with respect to a large number of points by using the known method of infrared photosciascopy.
  • the measurement object is a retina of an eye
  • this is achieved in a further development of this exemplary embodiment in that, in order to determine the position of individual measurement points on the retina, first the optical axes of the camera and the eye are made to coincide, and then a mark along the optical axis essentially rectangular coordinates are moved, the direction of view of the eye following the mark being determined from the position of the Purkinje 'reflex appearing in the video image on the lens of the eye.
  • the object is a lifeless measuring object
  • the object is a lifeless measuring object
  • the brand can be carried out by hand, it being possible to recognize in the image of the topography of the surface which is being built up on a screen which areas of the surface still have to be run over with the brand. In this way, redundancy in the recording of measured values can be minimized by optical control.
  • an automated procedure can be selected in which the measuring object is scanned line by line, for example, and the position of the image point can be determined via the position of the luminous point.
  • a device preferably used comprises: a) an arrangement for fixing the eye on the optical axis of the lens;
  • the device provided according to the invention preferably comprises:
  • the measurement object is an impression of an object.
  • This measure has the advantage that a homogeneous impression material can be used to produce the impression, the optical properties, in particular reflection properties, of which are constant over the entire surface. Measurement errors due to differently reflecting areas of the surface to be measured are avoided in this way.
  • Figure 1 is a front view of a video camera as used in the present invention.
  • FIG. 11 shows, on an enlarged scale, a video image of an eye which is examined in accordance with a variant of the methods illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 4;
  • FIG. 12 shows a brightness curve from the video image according to FIG. 11;
  • FIG. 13 shows a characteristic curve determined from the family of curves according to FIG. 12;
  • FIG. 14 shows a schematic block diagram of an arrangement for carrying out a first embodiment of a method according to the invention in ophthalmology
  • FIG. 15 shows an illustration, similar to FIG. 14, but for a general technical application of measuring a lifeless measuring object.
  • FIG. 1 10 denotes an otherwise common video camera with a housing 11 and a lens 12 placed on the front. Of a lens 13 of the lens 12, only the upper half can be seen in FIG. 1, since the lower half is by means of a semicircular diaphragm 14 is covered. The diaphragm 14 is delimited on its upper side along a diameter 15 which runs through the center of the objective 12.
  • a first row 20 is spaced by a eccentricity e ⁇ of the diameter 15, the remaining rows 21, 22 and 23 are each provided with increasing eccentricity e:, e 3 and e 4 are arranged.
  • the number of light-emitting diodes in the rows 20 to 23 increases with the eccentricity e to e 4 in order to compensate for non-linearities due to the eccentric arrangement.
  • the video camera 10, whose optical axis is designated by 26, can be seen in the right half.
  • An eye 30 is located in the extension of the optical axis 26.
  • a lens 31 and a retina 32 are indicated schematically in the eye 30.
  • the focal plane of the eye 30 is designated 33.
  • FIG. 2 is intended to represent the case of nearsightedness (myopia), there is no focusing on the retina 32. Rather, a diffuse image is reflected by the retina 32, as represented by second light beams 35a and 35b. These light beams 35a, 35b intersect in the focal plane of the eye 33 and generate a light cone 36 directed towards the objective 12.
  • the light cone 36 is designed in a predetermined manner with regard to the angle of inclination and the opening angle.
  • the upper half 37 is an image of the lower half 38 of the pupil 39, as shown in FIG. 5, where the video image recorded in FIG. 2 is shown.
  • the camera 10 captures a video image of the pupil 39 in which approximately the lower half of the pupil 39 appears bright, as in 38 with a "crescent", i.e. a section of a circle.
  • FIG. 7 shows that the camera 10 therefore records a video image of the pupil 39 which is completely unilluminated.
  • FIG. 4 shows the case of a farsighted (hyper-open) eye.
  • the light beams only cross behind the retina 32, so that a light cone 36b is produced, as is shown in FIG. 4.
  • the upper half 37b of the light cone 36b which falls on the objective 12, thus also depicts the upper half 38b of the pupil.
  • FIG. 8 where the case is shown that only the first row 20 of light-emitting diodes is switched on.
  • 9 and 10 show, analogously to FIGS. 6 and 7, the situations in which the eccentricity e of the rows 20 to 23 increases.
  • the pupil 39 of the eye 30 has a continuously varying brightness curve in the video image 50, in which a lower region 51 of the pupil 39 is bright and an upper region 52 of the pupil 39 is darker. The transition is continuous.
  • a coordinate system yx ' is placed over the pupil 39.
  • the ordinate y then runs essentially at right angles to the diameter 15 of the diaphragm 14.
  • the abscissa x' is in the case of FIG. 11 placed at the bottom of the pupil 39.
  • Curve 56 corresponds approximately to the profile of brightness H in video image 50 from FIG. 11, since brightness H decreases with increasing ordinate direction y. This corresponds to a positive refraction, as indicated by positive diopter values + D in FIG. 12.
  • the second curve 57 relates to an essentially normal-sighted eye, while the third curve 58 represents the case of a far-sighted eye with negative refraction (- D).
  • the slope angle of the approximately rectilinear curves 56 to 58 is designated.
  • 13 shows a straight line 60 as a characteristic curve.
  • the straight line 60 represents the linear dependence of the refraction R (measured in diopter D) on the slope tan a.
  • a slope corresponds to, for example 0.3 a refraction of 3 diopters.
  • the brightness curve H (y) can be determined with a measurement according to FIG. 11 and the refraction R in diopter D can be determined directly from the gradient of the brightness curve via the characteristic curve according to FIG. 13.
  • FIG. 14 shows a first measuring arrangement 70 for applications in ophthalmology.
  • the viewing direction of the eye 30 In order to carry out the measurements described with reference to FIGS. 11 to 13 for different measuring points on the retina, the viewing direction of the eye 30 must be varied and quantified in each case.
  • the relative position of the first Purkinje reflex 72 in the pupil 39 is recorded within the recorded video image.
  • the examining person guides a mark 71 along coordinate directions y, x, which are each essentially perpendicular to the optical axis 26.
  • the coordinate system yx is designated 73 in FIG. 14.
  • the video images recorded by the video camera 10 are fed via a line 75 to a measuring and display device 80.
  • the device 80 comprises a computing unit 81 which, among other things, comprises a characteristic curve memory 82.
  • the device 80 further comprises a display unit 85 with preferably five different displays 86, 87, 88, 89 and 90.
  • the first display 86 shows the recorded video image of the pupil 39.
  • the second display 87 symbolizes the coordinate system y-x 73 or the position of the mark 71 moved therein.
  • the third display 88 represents the refraction R over time t as curve 93 for each scan, e.g. is carried out automatically with a repetition frequency of 25 Hz.
  • the fourth display 89 shows the brightness curve already shown with reference to FIG. 12.
  • the fifth display 90 is used for scan control, i.e. it enables the examining person to determine whether the entire examination area has already been scanned via the hand-held marker 71 or not.
  • the coordinates x and y can be fed to the device 80 via an input 95.
  • the test subject is positioned at a distance of approximately 1.2 m from the camera 10.
  • the refraction measurements are then carried out at a repetition frequency automatically performed by, for example, 25 Hz.
  • the viewing direction of the eye 30 is simultaneously recorded by the relative position of the first Purkmje 'see reflex 72 m of the pupil 39.
  • the examining person carries the mark 71, for example a pencil or a small image, in the visual field of the eye Subject hm and fro. He strives to cover the subject's field of vision as far as possible
  • the refraction values R are now determined and m stored in the computing unit 81 as a function of the associated viewing angle position m.
  • the survey values z are now determined via characteristic curves R (z) stored in the characteristic memory 82.
  • the characteristic curves are determined from the known optical data of the eye 30, taking advantage of the considerations which are known with regard to the axis hyperopia or axis myopia Certain ametropia (refraction) of an eye that is too short or too wide, the focal point of the eye lens being behind or in front of the retina without the use of corrective glasses. Conversely, the refraction of a certain measuring point on the retina can be used to determine its elevation relative to a reference plane.
  • a measuring arrangement 98 is used to measure the topography of a lifeless measuring object, for example a workpiece, an integrated circuit of a denture impression or the like
  • a lifeless measuring object for example a workpiece, an integrated circuit of a denture impression or the like
  • the measuring arrangement essentially corresponds to the arrangement according to FIG. 14, so that the same reference numerals have been used in FIG. 15 for the same elements and for explanation in this respect to the explanations for FIG. 10 may be referred.
  • a slide 100 is provided in the arrangement according to FIG. 15, which can be moved from a cross table 101 in the direction of a coordinate system y-x, the axes y and x being essentially perpendicular to the optical axis 26.
  • the specimen slide 100 is laterally provided with an arm 103, which carries a light point 104, for example a light-emitting diode, at its free end. Illuminated dot 104 is positioned such that it appears in the video image of video camera 110.
  • a measurement object 105 is attached to the slide 100.
  • a lens 106 for example a commercially available lens of a film or photo camera, is arranged between the measurement object 105 and the video camera 10.
  • the objective 106 could now be tilted into different “viewing directions”, as is done in a similar way in the ophthalmological examination according to FIG. 14. This would mean that the Purkinje 'reflex must also be detected on the lens 106, but this can lead to problems with a multi-lens lens, because each lens of the lens has two such reflections, namely on the front and on the back, generated. In addition, the changes in commercial lenses Refraction if the beam path is not parallel but at an angle to the optical axis.
  • the procedure is therefore to move the measurement object 105 by moving the object carrier 100 along the coordinates x, y and to position the objective 106 fixed between the video camera 10 and the measurement object 105.
  • the light point 104 is detected in a rigid coupler with the measurement object 105 and is also shown in the recorded video image, so that an exact assignment of the measurement point to the surface of the measurement object 105 is possible.
  • a commercially available lens of a photo camera with a focal length of 50 mm can be used as the lens 106.
  • a refraction change of 0.1 diopter corresponds to a change in the elevation in depth (z) of approximately 0.208 mm. Since the refraction measurement described can achieve a resolution of the refraction of the order of 0.02 diopter, the accuracy in the measurement of the elevation is below 40 / im. This accuracy is given linearly over at least a range of approximately 2 mm in depth. However, this accuracy can be significantly improved by using higher quality lenses.
  • the resolution in the image plane x / y depends on the resolution of the video image and on the precision of the cross 101.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif de mesure d'une bosse (32) sur une surface d'un objet disposé derrière une lentille (13), par ex. sur la rétine d'un oeil (30). Une caméra (10) enregistre une image vidéo (50) de la surface (32). Pratiquement la moitié de l'objectif (13) de la caméra (10) est recouverte au moyen d'un élément d'obturation (14) de forme pratiquement semi-circulaire. La surface (32) est illuminée au moyen d'une pluralité de sources lumineuses (20) disposées devant l'élément d'obturation (14). La courbe de brillance de l'image vidéo (50) est mesurée le long d'un axe pratiquement perpendiculaire au diamètre (15) délimitant l'élément d'obturation. La pente de la courbe de brillance est déterminée. La bosse est déterminée à partir de la pente au moyen d'une courbe caractéristique (82) prédéterminée, prenant en considération la réfraction (R) de la lentille par rapport à la surface.
PCT/EP1997/005270 1996-09-27 1997-09-25 Procede et dispositif de mesure d'une bosse sur une surface, notamment sur la retine d'un oeil WO1998013665A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19639809.6 1996-09-27
DE1996139809 DE19639809A1 (de) 1996-09-27 1996-09-27 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Vermessen einer Erhebung einer Oberfläche, insbesondere einer Netzhaut eines Auges

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WO1998013665A1 true WO1998013665A1 (fr) 1998-04-02
WO1998013665B1 WO1998013665B1 (fr) 1998-06-11

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PCT/EP1997/005270 WO1998013665A1 (fr) 1996-09-27 1997-09-25 Procede et dispositif de mesure d'une bosse sur une surface, notamment sur la retine d'un oeil

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WO (1) WO1998013665A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6976998B2 (en) 2002-01-17 2005-12-20 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Minimally invasive retinal prosthesis
CN116202425A (zh) * 2022-06-15 2023-06-02 武汉鑫岳光电科技有限公司 一种激光测距装置
EP4520253A1 (fr) * 2023-09-06 2025-03-12 Essilor International Dispositif d'aide retinoscopique

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19719694C2 (de) * 1997-05-09 1999-08-19 Univ Eberhard Karls Vorrichtung zum Erfassen und zum Anzeigen der Fehlsichtigkeit einer Person

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3621983A1 (de) * 1986-07-01 1988-01-14 Peter Baumbach Augenuntersuchungsgeraet zur messung topografischer daten des augenhintergrundes
US4834528A (en) 1986-08-15 1989-05-30 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. Infrared photoretinoscope
US5134665A (en) * 1990-03-08 1992-07-28 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Apparatus and method of inspecting solder printing

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3621983A1 (de) * 1986-07-01 1988-01-14 Peter Baumbach Augenuntersuchungsgeraet zur messung topografischer daten des augenhintergrundes
US4834528A (en) 1986-08-15 1989-05-30 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. Infrared photoretinoscope
US5134665A (en) * 1990-03-08 1992-07-28 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Apparatus and method of inspecting solder printing

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"Betrifft Photoskiaskops", JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, no. 461, 1 January 1993 (1993-01-01), pages 301-320
F. SCHAEFFEL ET AL.: "Inter-Individual Variability in the Dynamics of Natural Accomodation in Humans", JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, vol. 461, 1993, GB, pages 301 - 320, XP002056594 *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6976998B2 (en) 2002-01-17 2005-12-20 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Minimally invasive retinal prosthesis
CN116202425A (zh) * 2022-06-15 2023-06-02 武汉鑫岳光电科技有限公司 一种激光测距装置
CN116202425B (zh) * 2022-06-15 2023-09-12 武汉鑫岳光电科技有限公司 一种激光测距装置
EP4520253A1 (fr) * 2023-09-06 2025-03-12 Essilor International Dispositif d'aide retinoscopique

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