WO1998010270A1

WO1998010270A1 - Improvements in or relating to gas sensors

Info

Publication number: WO1998010270A1
Application number: PCT/GB1997/002329
Authority: WO
Inventors: Alan Mason Doncaster
Original assignee: Eev Limited
Priority date: 1996-09-04
Filing date: 1997-08-28
Publication date: 1998-03-12
Also published as: GB9714922D0; GB2317010A; EP0862734A1

Abstract

Radiation emitted from a bulb (17) is reflected along a light path (19) by a reflector (18), through a window (20) of a chamber (12), and on through another window (24). Radiation is detected behind filter window (24) by an absorbance detector (22) and a reference detector (23) inset in recessed passages (28 ,29). The internal surface (15) of the chamber (12) is arranged to reflect substantially no radiation and radiation inhibitors (27, 28) are arranged to restrict reflective radiation entering recessed passages (28, 29). When a gas is present within the chamber (12) it absorbs radiation emitted from the bulb (17) over a particular wavelength and the absorbance detector (22) is arranged to monitor variations in radiation over that wavelength.

Description

IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO GAS SENSORS TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to a non-dispersive radiation detection gas sensor and to a method

of gas sensing

BACKGROUND ART

Currently a gas concentration is detected using a light source, located at one end of a gas

chamber, to transmit radiation through the chamber to a detector located at a remote and

opposite end of the chamber The detector monitors variations in the radiation intensity over specific wavelengths which correspond to those absorbed by a particular gas to be detected

For example, a gas can be passed through the chamber and the radiation from the light source directed through the chamber Gas within the chamber, according to its kind, absorbs radiation of a particular wavelength, absorption of the radiation causing radiation

intensity to decrease at specific wavelengths This decrease in intensity is monitored by

the detector which is arranged to monitor variations in radiation intensity at the particular

wavelength of interest

In the prior art systems there is a problem with generating enough radiation from a light

source to provide a usable signal at the detector This problem has in part been overcome

by radiation dispersive methods, wherein the radiation is caused to reflect off highly

polished internal surfaces of the gas chamber This results in a greater amount of radiation passing through the gas within the gas chamber

The inventor has realised that although Beer's Law, a formula describing the intensity of

radiation absorbed by a gas, is only truly valid for expensive monochromatic light sources

such as Gas, Carbon Dioxide or Excimer lasers, it provides an approximation for non-

monochromatic light sources used in pπor art type gas sensors

Beer's Law is given as -

I = I₀e - ^ζd

where ξ is the extension coefficient, c is the molecular concentration of the gas,

1 is the path length of the radiation through the gas chamber,

I₀ is the reference radiation intensity, and

I is the intensity of the radiation after passing through the gas in the gas chamber over the distance 1

On application of Beer's Law to radiation dispersive devices, the path length, I, of

radiation through the gas chamber, represents the summation of all possible radiation path

lengths through the gas chamber including those radiation path lengths which reflect off

the highly polished internal surfaces of the chamber

The inventor has realised that a disadvantage of radiation dispersive methods, is that over time the highly polished internal surfaces of the chamber may degrade due to oxidation or deposition of material caused by the passing of gas through the chamber The deposit

causes the average radiation path length, 1, to vary with time and a greater number of

erroneous readings to occur at the detector The inventor has realised for Beer's Law to

approximate a non-monochromatic light source over time the radiation path length, 1 must

remain constant with time

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

It is therefore an objective of the present invention to obviate or mitigate this disadvantage

associated with the prior art

According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a gas sensor,

comprising a gas sensor, comprising

a gas chamber having an inner surface exposed to gas within the chamber,

a light source operative to irradiate gas within the chamber, and

an absorbance detector operative to receive radiation from the light source

through gas within the chamber, wherein the absorbance detector is located behind

the inner surface of the chamber and has associated therewith a passage extending

towards the chamber, which passage limits the field of view of the absorbance

detector, the passage being isolated from gas within the chamber by a window In this manner the field of view of the absorbance detector is limited to the light source

by a passage which is isolated from gas, thereby the path length of light remains constant

as deposits earned by the gas accumulate in the chamber

The term light source in the context of the present specification including claims includes

radiation wavelengths at the extremes of the visible spectrum, namely radiation such as

infra-red and ultra-violet

The passage may be arranged to substantially limit the field of view of the detector to the

hght source The inner surface of the passage may be non-reflective In this manner the

absorbance detector only receives radiation emitted direct from the light source without reflection from the passage

The light source may compnse a window that forms part of the inner surface of the

chamber A reflector may be arranged about the light source to focus radiation directly

towards at least one detector

The gas sensor may comprise two detectors, one of which is a reference detector having

an associated passage that limits the field of view of the reference detector to the light

source and the passage is isolated from gas within the chamber by a window Each

detector

be formed of a pvro-electnc material or may be formed of a lead salt

matenal Preferably, each passage may be isolated from gas within the chamber by a common

window The common window may be transmissive to radiation of selected wavelengths

or alternatively, the common window may be transmissive to white light and each passage

may comprise a respective difference filter associated with each detector By using a

common window that is transmissive to white light the gas chamber is heated and

condensation of gas within the chamber is mitigated

Preferably, each passage is separated from gas within the chamber by respective different

windows which are transmissive to different frequency bands

The chamber may further compnse gas inlet and outlet passageways

According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of sensing

gas, compnsing passing gas through a gas chamber,

operating a light source to emit radiation and using the radiation to irradiate gas

within the chamber,

providing a passage associated with the absorbance detector, forming the passage

to limit the field of view of the absorbance detector to the light source isolating

the passage to prevent gas passing through the chamber coming into contact with

the absorbance detector, and detecting variations in intensity of the radiation received by the absorbance detector

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The invention is further described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which.

Figure 1 is a cross sectional view along a longitudinal axis of a first embodiment of a gas sensor, in accordance with the present invention,

Figure 2 illustrates a schematic end elevation of a detector housing of the gas sensor of

Figure 1;

Figure 3 is a cross sectional view along a longitudinal axis of a second embodiment of a

gas sensor, in accordance with the present invention, and

Figure 4 is a cross sectional view of a reduced capacity gas sensor illustrating limiting of

the field of view of the detectors

DESCRIPTION

Referring to Figure 1, a gas sensor 10, comprises a housing 1 1 having a tubular gas

chamber 12 extending co-axially along a longitudinal axis X of the housing 1 1 The

chamber 12 has a gas inlet 13 and a nas outlet 14 The inner surfaces 15 of the chamber 12 are coated with a non-reflective layer, for example, with a matt black finish or

alternatively, the housing 11 is constructed from a non-reflective material and the chamber

12 formed within the material to give non-reflective inner surfaces 15

Arranged at one end of the chamber 12 is a light source housing 16 affixed to the housing

11 The light source housing 16 comprises a long life tungsten bulb 17 and a reflector 18 positioned to direct radiation emitted from the tungsten bulb 17, along the longitudinal

axis X of the chamber 12, towards the remote and opposite end of the chamber 12 to form a radiation path 19

The tungsten bulb 17 and reflector 18 are partitioned from the chamber 12 and thus any gas in the chamber 12 by a window 20 which allows selected wavelengths of radiation

emitted from the bulb 17 to pass therethrough The window 20 is formed from materials

such as mica, quartz, germanium or saphire with an appropriate filter coating. The coating is selected such as to permit at least two frequencies or groups of frequencies of radiation to pass One frequency, or group of frequencies, is selected which is absorbed by the gas

to be sensed, hereinafter referred to as the absorbance frequency, whilst the other

frequency, or group of frequencies, is selected which is close to the absorbance frequency

but is not absorbed by the gas, hereinafter referred to as the reference frequency

Arranged at the remote and opposite end of the chamber 12 to that carrying the light source housing 16, in alignment with the radiation path 19, is a detector housing 21

affixed to housing 1 1 The detector housing 21 comprises an absorption detector 22 and reference detector 23 Both of the detectors 22, 23 are arranged to face the radiation

path 19 in alignment with the longitudinal axis X of the chamber 12

The detectors 22,23 are partitioned from the chamber 12 and thus any gas passed through the chamber 12 by a common window 24 which allows the radiation emitted from the bulb

17 to pass and to follow radiation path 19 The window 24 is formed of the same

matenal as that of window 20 partitioning the bulb 17 and reflector 18 from the chamber

12 Radiation path 19 therefore extends substantially along the longitudinal axis X of the chamber 12, from the bulb 17 and reflector 18 towards the absorbance detector 22 and

reference detector 23, and the radiation path 19 is substantially parallel to the inner

surfaces 15 of the chamber 12

In addition to the window 24, a further window 25 is positioned between the chamber 12

and the reference detector 23 which has a filter coating which blocks the absorbance

frequency but does not attenuate the reference frequency

To ensure that the radiation reaching the detectors 22, 23 along radiation path 19 is

directly from the bulb 17 and reflector 18 with minimum radiation reflected from any of

the inner surfaces 15 of the chamber 12, the detectors 22. 23 are recessed in detector

housing 21 and are provided with radiation inhibitors 26, 27 comprising passages 28, 29

that extend towards the common window 24 which prevent radiation travelling at a

reflected angle from reaching the recessed detectors 22, 23 As already mentioned the

inner surfaces 1 5 of the chamber 12 are coated with a non-reflective layer or are constructed from non-reflective material which is used to prevent reflection of radiation

off the internal surfaces 15, in the same manner surfaces of the passages 28, 29 can also

be formed from or coated in a non-reflective material

In Figure 2, there is shown detector housing 21 with the absorbance detector 22 mounted

within mounting position 30 and its associated passage 28 forward of the absorbance detector 22 Also shown is reference detector 23 mounted within mounting position 31

and its associated passage 29 forward of the reference detector 23

A number of fixing positions 32 are also provided for mounting a buffer circuit (not shown) to provide electrical connection to the detectors 22, 23 Mounting positions (not shown) are provided on the gas sensor 10 to provide fixing positions to a suitable base

(not shown)

In operation, the radiation emitted from the bulb 17 is reflected along radiation path 19

by reflector 18, through the window 20 to irradiate any gas passing through the chamber

12 The radiation continues along radiation path 19, through window 24, into the passages 28. 29 and to each detector 22, 23 Substantially no radiation is reflected off

the inner surfaces 15 of the chamber 12 Should reflected radiation be present in the

chamber 12 it is prevented from reaching the detectors 22, 23 by passages 26, 27

Accordinα to Beer's Law which is tπven as - I = I₀e -^cl Wherein, ξ is the extension coefficient, c is the molecular concentration of the gas, 1 is the

path length of the radiation through the gas chamber, I₀ is the reference radiation intensity,

and I is the intensity of the radiation after passing through the gas in the gas chamber over

distance 1

Although Beer's Law only stnctly holds true for monochromatic light sources since the extension co-efficient ξ, is dependent on the wavelength, it also holds sufficiently true for limited wavelengths employed with the present invention

The extension coefficient (ξ) is deduced by empirical calculation, and the mean radiation path length (1) is also known, being equal to the direct path length along radiation path 19

The reference intensity (LJ can, however, vary with time due to deposits on the windows

20, 24 laid by the gas passing through the chamber 12 and vanations in the intensity of

radiation emitted from the bulb 17 The value for the reference intensity (I₀) is obtained from the output of the reference detector 23, this output being dependent only on

reference intensity (I₀) as it is not effected by the concentration (c) of the gas

Given now that the values of radiation intensity (I) through an unknown gas, reference

intensity (I₀), the radiation path length (1) and the extension coefficient (ξ) are all known,

the molecular concentration (c) of the gas to be monitored for can be found by application

of Beer's Law In Figure 3, the same reference numerals are used to indicate like parts in Figure 1 In this embodiment, window 33 allows white light to pass from the bulb 17 and reflector 18

along radiation path 19 to another window 34 which also allows wavelengths of white

light to pass along radiation path 19

Further windows 35, 36 are positioned between the chamber 12 and their respective

detectors 22, 23 Window 35 allows wavelengths of radiation absorbed by the gas, passed

through chamber 12, to pass to the absorbance detector 22 and window 36 allows

wavelengths of radiation close to that absorbed by the gas, but which are not absorbed by the gas, to pass to the reference detector 23

The use of white light radiation through the chamber 12 serves to provide greater energy to heat the optical components and thereby reduce the condensation on the optical components which come into contact with the gas passed through the chamber 12

In Figure 4, there is shown a gas sensor 10 with a reduced capacity gas chamber 12, note that the gas inlet and gas outlet have been omitted for clanty and like references are used

to identify like components previously described above In this embodiment windows 20

and 24 are spaced closer together to provide less capacity within the gas chamber 12

thereby allowing a different concentration of the gas past through the chamber to be

monitored As shown the absorption detector 22 and reference detector 23 further

comprise an active area 33, 34 that can receive light Each active area 33, 34 and its

associated radiation inhibitors 26, 27 are arranged to substantially mited the field of view 35, 36 of each active area 33, 34 to the bulb 17 and reflector 18

It should be understood that the passing of gas through the chamber 12 can be a

continuous process and a processor can be arranged to continuously provide the current

value of molecular concentration (c) Depending on the application the reference detector

23 may only need to be used initially duπng set up of the sensor Alternatively it can be

used as a constant reca bration device

The gas inlet and gas outlet can be replaced by slots or a series of holes which allow gas

to diffuse through to the gas chamber for detection The slots may be filled with a light tight matenal which allows gas to pass through to the chamber or the gas sensor may be

surrounded by a light tight material to prevent light escaping from the chamber

One embodiment of a gas sensor has been described above by way of example only, but it will be realised that the invention is equally applicable to vanous types and variations of gas sensors, which will be within the scope of the appended claims In particular, the

invention is equally applicable to gas sensors for monitoring for gas within their

surroundings, l e of the type where the chamber is open to the ambient atmosphere

Claims

1 A gas sensor, comprising

a gas chamber having an inner surface exposed to gas within the chamber,

a light source operative to irradiate gas within the chamber, and

an absorbance detector operative to receive radiation from the light source

the inner surface of the chamber and has associated therewith a passage extending towards the chamber, which passage limits the field of view of the absorbance detector, the passage being isolated from gas within the chamber by a window

A gas sensor, as in Claim 1, wherein the passage is arranged to substantially limit the field of view of the detector to the light source

A gas sensor, as in Claim 1 or 2, wherein the inner surface of the passage is non-

reflective

A gas sensor, as in any preceding claim, wherein the light source comprises a

window that forms part of the inner surface of the chamber A gas sensor, as in any preceding claim, wherein a reflector is arranged about the light source to focus radiation directly towards at least one detector

A gas sensor, as in any preceding claim, comprising two detectors, one of which

is a reference detector having an associated passage that limits the filed of view

of the reference detector to the light source and the passage is isolated from gas within the chamber by a window

A gas sensor, as in Claim 6, wherein each passage is isolated from gas within the chamber by a common window

A gas sensor, as in Claim 7, wherein the common window is transmissive to radiation of selected wavelengths

A gas sensor, as in Claim 7, wherein the common window is transmissive to white

light and each passage comprises a respective different filter associated with each

detector

A gas sensor, as in Claim 6, wherein each passage is separated from gas within the

chamber by respective different windows, which windows are transmissive to

difference frequency bands

A gas sensor, as in any preceding claim, wherein the chamber further comprises gas inlet and outlet passageways.

A gas sensor substantially as illustrated and/or described with reference to the

accompanying drawings.

A method of gas sensing, comprising

passing gas through a gas chamber,

operating a light source to emit radiation and using the radiation to irradiate gas within the chamber,

to limit the field of view of the absorbance detector to the light source, isolating the passage to prevent gas passing through the chamber coming into contact with

the absorbance detector, and

detecting variations in intensity of the radiation received by the absorbance

detector.

A method of gas sensing substantially as illustrated and/or described with

reference to the accompanying drawings