WO1998047949A1 - Poudre granulaire comportant du polytetrafluorethylene et une charge et procede de fabrication correspondant - Google Patents
Poudre granulaire comportant du polytetrafluorethylene et une charge et procede de fabrication correspondant Download PDFInfo
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- WO1998047949A1 WO1998047949A1 PCT/JP1998/001789 JP9801789W WO9847949A1 WO 1998047949 A1 WO1998047949 A1 WO 1998047949A1 JP 9801789 W JP9801789 W JP 9801789W WO 9847949 A1 WO9847949 A1 WO 9847949A1
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- granular powder
- polytetrafluoroethylene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/12—Powdering or granulating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
- C08J3/205—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring in the presence of a continuous liquid phase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2327/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2327/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08J2327/12—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
- C08J2327/18—Homopolymers or copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a granular powder of polytetrafluoroethylene containing filler and a method for producing the same. Background technology
- a mixture of a filler and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powder has been stirred in water to form a filler.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- Examples of the method of producing the PTFE granular powder containing the powder include, for example, Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 43-8611, 44-226, 19-48, and 48-8-3. No. 7 576, Japanese Patent Publication No. 497-17805, Japanese Patent Publication No. 56-8044, Japanese Patent Publication No. 57-18773, etc. Proposed .
- Japanese Patent Publication No. 60-21669 describes that PTFE powder is prepared in the presence of a water-insoluble organic liquid and an anionic surfactant.
- the PTFE granular powder that has been filled into the filler by stirring the filler that has been surface-treated with the aminosirane compound in water and granulating it.
- a manufacturing method has been proposed, the density of the PTFE granular powder with filler is found. ⁇ The molding obtained from the PTFE granular powder with filler. It is not something that satisfies the requirements such as the tensile strength of the product.
- the PTFE powder and the filler were mixed in a slurry in water in the presence of a surfactant. Furthermore, the above-mentioned problem can be solved by stirring and granulating in the presence of water and an organic liquid forming a liquid-liquid interface. And found out.
- the present inventors have found that the granulation method (hereinafter referred to as “Slurry granulation method”) has more excellent single layer powder properties and physical properties. According to further studies on the granular powder, when a specific nonionic surfactant is used as the surfactant, It has been found that the powder itself has a low charge amount and can give a molded article having a high whiteness (Z value).
- the purpose of the present invention is to provide a PTFE granular powder in a filler and a method for producing the same, which is excellent in force.
- powders with high density, small average particle size, small particle size distribution, small charge, and powder flowability excellent in physical properties, molding such as whiteness and elongation
- An object of the present invention is to provide a filler-containing PTFE granular powder which gives a molded article having excellent physical properties, and a method for producing the same. Disclosure of the invention
- the present invention relates to a method in which granules obtained by stirring polytetrafluoroethylene powder obtained by a suspension polymerization method and a filler in water are stirred. Then, the powder and the filler are put into water separately without being mixed in advance, and a poly (oxo phenol) having 3 to 4 carbon atoms is poured into water. Nonionic surface activity with unitary power, such as hydrophobic and water-segmented units (polystyrene) The slurry is mixed in the presence of an agent to form a slurry, and then stirred in the presence of water and an organic liquid that forms a liquid-liquid interface.
- the present invention relates to a method for producing granular powder containing polytetrafluoroethylene, which is characterized by being granulated.
- the present invention relates to a method in which a powdery polytetrafluoroethylene powder obtained by a suspension polymerization method and a filler are stirred in water and granulated.
- the powder is poured into water, and a poly (oxyalkylene) having 3 to 4 carbon atoms has a unit power of water-repellent segment and poly (
- the mixture is stirred in the presence of a nonionic surfactant having a hydrophilic segment consisting of units to form a slurry. Attach the filler to the slurry! ] And then mixed, and then agitated and granulated in the presence of an organic liquid that forms a liquid-liquid interface with water. This is related to the production method of granular porous powder.
- granules are obtained by stirring the polytetrafluoroethylene powder obtained by the suspension polymerization method and the filler in water.
- the polytetrafluoroethylene water-containing powder after the polymerization is wet-ground without passing through the drying step, and then put into water.
- Hydrophobic segment consisting of 3 to 4 carbon (polyalkylene) units and parent consisting of poly (oxoethylene) units Stir in the presence of a nonionic surface active agent having a water-based segment to bring it into a slurry state, and add a filler to the slurry. And then mixed, and then agitated and granulated in the presence of water and the organic liquid that forms the liquid-liquid interface. This is related to the production of polytetrafluoroethylene granular powder.
- the granular powder obtained by granulation is crushed by applying a force to the means for stirring.
- the present invention relates to the discovery of powdered polytetrafluoroethylene particles in a filler obtained by any of the above-mentioned manufacturing methods.
- density power 0. 7 g Z cm 3 Ri Oh on than, (you define later) liquidity of the granular powder strip coulometric one or force 6 times or more on the 5 0 V hereinafter, or the other has Placing density seen 0. 7 g Z cm 3 or more on the 0. 9 g Roh cm 3 place Oh stomach less than the safe angle of repose is 4 0 degrees or below, 0. 9 g Z cm 3 or more on the 1. 0 g Roh cm 3 situ Ah have a less than has Ahn angle of repose 3 8 degrees hereinafter, 1.
- O g / cm 3 Ba Ah have on more than Ahn angle of repose force 3 6 degrees or less and an average particle
- the present invention relates to filler-filled PTFE granular powder having a diameter of 500 m or less and a charge amount of 50 V or less.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic vertical cross-sectional view of a granulating apparatus that can be used in the production method of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of another granulation apparatus that can be used in the production method of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus used for examining the fluidity of the granular powder in the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is an optical microscope photograph (magnification: 100 ⁇ ) showing the particle structure of the particles in the PTFE granular powder containing filler of the present invention obtained in Example 1. .
- FIG. 5 is an optical microscope photograph (magnification: 200 ⁇ ) showing the particle structure of the particles in the PTFE granular powder containing filler of the present invention obtained in Example 1. .
- FIG. 6 is an optical microscope photograph (magnification: 200 ⁇ ) showing the particle structure of the particles in the filler-containing PTFE granular powder of the present invention obtained in Example 4. .
- FIG. 7 is an optical micrograph (magnification: 200 ⁇ ) showing the particle structure of the particles in the PTFE granular powder containing filler obtained in Example 5 of the present invention. is there .
- the manufacturing method of the present invention is PTFE powder (hereinafter, unless otherwise specified, PTFE powder-containing powder is included)
- Nonionic surface-active surfactant with a hydrophilic segment consisting of lj hereinafter referred to as “specified nonionic surfactant”.
- the most distinctive feature is that the slurry is mixed in a slurry by stirring in water in the presence of PTFE powder.
- PTFE powder is used in advance. There is no need for complicated processes such as mixing fillers and fillers. That is, the manufacturing method of the present invention is as follows.
- PTFE powder and filler Do not need to be mixed in advance, and as a method of injecting into water, for example, first inject PTFE powder or first in a filer. The method of injecting at the same time or at the same time is improved.
- a PTFE powder and a filler are put into water, a specific nonionic surface active agent is added, and the mixture is stirred.
- a specific nonionic surface active agent is added, and the mixture is stirred.
- the PTFE powder and the filler are wetted by water, and by continuing the stirring, the PTFE powder, filler, and water are evenly mixed.
- the state of the compound that is, the slurry state. This is usually a viscous substance having a viscosity of 10 to 1 OO O cps.
- the PTFE powder is put into water, and then a specific nonionic surface active agent is injected.
- the PTFE powder is wetted by water and, when stirred, becomes a uniform mixture with water.
- the filler is further injected and stirred, so that the PTFE powder, the filler and the water are removed.
- a uniform mixture (a viscous substance having a viscosity of 10 to 100 cps) is obtained.
- slurry granulation After adding filler to the filler, slurry granulation may be performed in the same manner as in the manufacturing method (1).
- the PTFE-containing powder is wet-pulverized without going through the drying step as described later, and then poured into water. Start agitation by applying a constant nonionic surface active agent. Then, the slurry is brought into the slurry state, and by applying the filler D in the same manner as in the above-mentioned production method (2), the PTFE powder and the filler are removed. And are uniformly mixed.
- slurry granulation After adding the filler, slurry granulation can be performed in the same manner as in the manufacturing method (1).
- a specific nonionic surface active agent may be added to water in advance.
- the PTFE powder used in the present invention can be obtained by a normal suspension polymerization method.
- a homopolymer of tetrafluorophenol (TFE) or a copolymer with TFE can be used.
- a powder such as a copolymer of a polymerizable monomer and TFE is preferred, and the resulting powder is preferred.
- the average particle size after pulverization is 200 or less, and the average particle size is less than 500. m or less is preferred, but the lower limit is determined by the crushing equipment and crushing technology, and the moisture content after drying is less than 0.1% by weight.
- the powder is less than 0.02% by weight.
- the pulverizer used for the pulverization is, for example, a hammer mill, a pulverizer having a bladed rotor, a pneumatic energy type pulverizer, an impact mill.
- a pulverizer such as a pulverizer is required.
- a PTFE-containing powder can be used as the PTFE powder, for example, by the same suspension polymerization method as the PTFE powder described above.
- the PTFE coarse particles having an average particle diameter of 2 to 3 mm and removed from the polymer system are used, for example, using a non-aqueous homogenizer.
- the resulting mixture is coarsely ground to give a PTFE-containing powder having an average particle diameter of 200 to 100 m and a water content of 5 to 30% by weight.
- the PTFE-containing water-containing powder is put into a free crusher described later, and a screen having a large number of holes having a diameter of 0.1 to 0.3 mm is provided for classification.
- a multi-hole plate with a dynamic power of 2.2 kW and a throughput of 1.0 to 100 kg / hr In this case, wet pulverization is performed, and a powder having an average particle diameter of 210 m and a water content of 530% by weight is obtained, and such a water-containing powder may be used. Alternatively, a drying step for filling the PTFE powder is not required.
- the monomer capable of copolymerizing with the TFFE is, for example, a compound represented by the formula (I):
- R f is a 0- fluoroalkyl group having 110 carbon atoms, a 0- fluoroalkyl group having 49 carbon atoms, a formula (alkoxyalkyl) group, ( ⁇ ):
- n represents an integer of 14
- n represents an organic group represented by the following: ° — Fluorovinyl ether, etc. It is.
- the carbon number of the perfluoroalkyl group is 110, preferably 15, and the solubility is determined by setting the carbon number to a number within this range. While maintaining the property of not being able to be melt-formed, it has the effect of being excellent in creep resistance.
- the polymerization ratio of the monomer capable of co-polymerization with the above-mentioned TFE is within the range of 1.00.00.01% of monol.
- the effect is that it is superior in the property.
- the average particle size of the particles of the TFE powder or the PTFE-containing water-containing powder By setting the average particle size of the particles of the TFE powder or the PTFE-containing water-containing powder to the particle diameter in the above range, the granular powder obtained by granulation can be obtained.
- Handling properties i.e., powder powder, have excellent fluidity and superior density, and have excellent strength and strength. available .
- the filler migrates to the water phase because of its hydrophilicity. It is difficult to mix uniformly with the PTFE powder, that is, the whole of the filler used is not mixed with the PTFE powder, and the granular powder cannot be obtained. Some have the difficulty of remaining in the treated water. This phenomenon is called filer separation.
- the lipophilic fillers are treated with extra force and water-repellent surface treatment to reduce the surface activity and reduce the particle size of the PTFE powder.
- a more specific example of the above-mentioned surface treatment of a hydrophilic filler is, for example, 7-amino propyl.
- the filler has water repellency, it can be used as it is.
- the above-mentioned fillers include, for example, glass fibers and graphs.
- Aromatic heat-resistant resin powder polyimide powder, tetrafluoroethylene, Organic powders such as 1-fluoro (vinyl alcohol vinyl) copolymer (PFA) powder and polyphenylene sulfide powder It is not limited to one or more than two types of fillers.
- Two or more fillers may be used, for example, glass fiber and graphite powder, glass fiber and disulfated molybdenum.
- Powder, bronze powder and disulfurized molybdenum powder, bronze powder and carbon fiber, graphite powder and coex powder, grapha Preference is given to a combination of it powder and fragrance-based heat-resistant resin powder, ribon fiber and fragrance-based heat-resistant resin powder, and the mixing method is wet. Either the dry method or the dry method may be used.
- the filler-containing PTFE granular powder of the present invention has a high whiteness in the PTFE portion, and therefore has a white or transparent color as a filler.
- a white or transparent color for example, if glass fiber, chiti-boron powder, or acid titan powder is used, a higher whiteness (Z Value) is obtained.
- the filler has an average particle size of 10 to 100 ⁇ m in the case of powder, but has an average fiber length of 10 to 100 m in the case of fiber. I like that.
- the mixing ratio of the PTFE powder and filler is as follows: With respect to 100 parts of PTFE powder (heavy parts, the same applies hereinafter), it is preferable that 2.510 parts of the above-mentioned filler be used. I like things more and more.
- the organic liquid used in the present invention may be any organic liquid that forms a liquid-liquid interface with water and that may exist as liquid droplets in water. It may form a droplet and form a liquid-liquid interface with water, but it may be slightly soluble in water.
- Specific examples include phenolic alcohols such as 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, and the like; Rare ethers and other types of ketones; methyl phenols and ketones; 2-pentenes and other ketones; pentanes, dodecane, etc.
- Aliphatic carbohydrates such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, Recycling ethylene, chlorofluorophore, kuroguchi vent, trichlorotrinofluorene, monofluorocyclone Metachrome, difluorotetrachlorethane, 1, 11 1 Trichloroethane, 1 1-dichloro 22 23, 3, 3- Tough noropropane, 1, 3—Dichloro 1, 1, 1, 2 2 3—Pentafluoropropane, 1 1 — Trifluorophenol, 1, 1-dichloromethane 1 — It is possible to use hydrogenated carbohydrates, such as fluorophenol, etc. it can .
- halogenogenido charcoal hydrogen is preferred, especially 11, 1-trichloroethane, 11-dichloro2, 23 3, 3 - Bae te full O b flop 0 emissions, 1 3 - di click b b - 1, 1 2, 2, 3 - Bae te full O b Bed 0 emissions, 1 1 - di click b b one 2 2 2 — Trifluoroethane, 11 1 — Dichloro-11 Hydrocarbon chloride such as 11 fluoroethane ⁇ Fluorinated carbohydrate water Raw is preferred. They are non-flammable and satisfy the requirements of Fluoro-regulation. These organic liquids may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the addition amount of the organic liquid that forms the liquid-liquid interface is 30 to 80% of the total amount of PTFE powder and filler. (Weight%, the same applies hereinafter), and is preferably 40 to 60%.
- granulation of PTFE powder containing a filler in a liquid droplet of water and an organic liquid forming a liquid-liquid interface is described. It is thought that the liquid droplets are smaller and more spherical due to the specific nonionic surface activity IJ. In order to obtain a shape close to that of the powder, the average particle size is small, particles close to a spherical shape are obtained, and the apparent density of the granular powder is large. It is thought to be a mess.
- nonionic surface active agents include hydrophobic segments composed of poly (oxyalkylene) units having 3 to 4 carbon atoms.
- (Oxyethylene) This is a segmented polyalkylene glycol with unitary power and other hydrophilic segments.
- a segmental water-repellent segment with a hydrophobic segment and a hydrophilic segment is a formula such as a formula (IV):
- p is an integer from 5 to 200
- q is an integer from 2 to 400), and is preferred.
- P is preferably 15 to 40
- q is preferably 7 to 100, because it is easily adsorbed to the PTFE resin.
- Commercially available products include, for example, Pronon # 208 and Pronon # 104 (both of which are manufactured by Nippon Oil & Fats Co., Ltd.). ) Can be used.
- the addition amount of the specific nonionic surfactant is 0.01 to 5% with respect to the total amount of the PTFE powder and the filler. Preferably, it is between 0.1 and 0.3%.
- a surface active agent By using a surface active agent within this range, it is almost spherical, has a small particle size, and a distribution of particle size is a sharp. It is excellent in that it has the effect of obtaining a granular powder having a small charge amount and a high density.
- a normal nonionic surface active agent when used, it is possible to use glass, glass fiber, and other glass, acid titan, titanate, and / or the like.
- a white-colored filer such as Jitsudani Boron, depending on the type of surface active agent used, it is obtained after calcination. There is the power that the molded body becomes colored. If the specific nonionic surface active agent described above is used, the white color does not develop even if a white filler is used. It is possible to produce a shaped body with a high degree (Z value).
- wet pulverization of the PTFE-containing powder is carried out by a pulverizer of a wet pulverization type which is pulverized by an impact force. It is done.
- a pulverizer of a wet pulverization type which is pulverized by an impact force. It is done.
- Various types of mills of this type are known, but in the case of the wet milling, the milling is carried out at the same time as the milling. It is desirable to be able to continuously extract only the fine powder that has been ground to the desired particle size, and to reduce the impact force for that purpose. Power from the hammer!] If you choose from a variety of milling powers, it is desirable that the peripheral speed of the hammer is as large as possible. Yes.
- the crushing chamber has the shape of a flat cylinder, and the opposite two side walls have a rectangular or long elliptical cross section.
- a large number of circular rod-shaped protrusions are implanted, and a disk-shaped rotor that rotates in the center of the grinding chamber is installed in parallel with the two side walls.
- the rod-like projections on the front and back sides of the rotor do not collide with the rod-like projections on the side wall when the mouth-rotor is rotated.
- it has a structure that is planted in large numbers.
- the PTF-containing water-containing powder is supplied to the center of the pulverizer, and is blown outward by the centrifugal force of the rotation of the rotor, so that the side wall and the powder are blown off. It collides with the rod-shaped protrusion of the rotor and is crushed by the impact force.
- a ring-shaped multi-hole plate is provided on the outer periphery of the grinding chamber in the direction of rotation of the rotor, and only the finely ground particles smaller than the hole diameter of the multi-hole plate are formed in this hole. And is extracted outside the perforated plate.
- the multi-hole plate may be a metal net or the like, or a metal or other thin plate having a large number of holes may be used.
- the particle size of the obtained particles changes, and the smaller the pore size, the smaller the particle size, but the particles are made up of water. Because it is moist, the particle size of the particles actually removed is much smaller than the diameter of each hole opened in the multi-hole plate.
- the peripheral speed of the rotor is, for example, about 100 m / s. It is considered that the rotation speed of the rotor of this type may be obtained.
- this is a hammer-type crusher whose peripheral speed is at least as high as that of the free crusher.
- shearing mills such as colloid mills and grinders are basically used, but with these mills, extreme shearing mills are used.
- PTFE powder cannot be used because it undergoes deterioration due to shear.
- the present invention is also characterized in that, when granulating, both stirring and pulverization of powder are used.
- the disintegration is performed by partially disintegrating the granules of an appropriate size that have already been generated as a secondary aggregate of primary particles to reduce the secondary particle diameter. It is a means of lowering the pressure, for example, by high-speed stirring using a disperser blade.
- Stirring and crushing may be performed in parallel at the same time, or stirring and crushing may be performed separately.
- the disintegration mechanism for the powder particles is a secondary aggregate of primary particles, which is a part of the appropriate size of granules that have already been generated.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic vertical sectional views of the device, respectively.
- reference numeral 1 denotes a stirring tank, in which a rotating shaft 2 is disposed vertically in the center of the stirring tank, and radial stirring is provided at a lower end of the rotating shaft.
- a wing 3 is provided, and an upper end is connected to a motor 4.
- Reference numeral 5 denotes a liquid medium supply port. 6 is a crusher, 9 is a motor, and the crusher 6 is connected to the bottom and the top of the stirring vessel 1 by transfer pipes 7 and 8, respectively. It has been.
- a turbine wing-shaped cutter rotates inside the cylindrical body and transfers the liquid medium while being contained in the medium. It is only necessary to use a device that breaks the PTFE powder particles that enter the filter, and if such a device is used, it may cause cutting and impact.
- Pipeline homomixer manufactured by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- de-integrator ( Etc.) are suitable.
- a liquid medium containing PTFE powder in a filler in the stirring tank 1 is supplied from the liquid medium supply port 5.
- the mixing and stirring are performed by the stirring blades 3, and at the same time as the stirring, or after the stirring, the liquid medium is transferred from the bottom of the stirring tank 1 by the transfer pipe 7.
- a crusher 6 By withdrawing and passing through a crusher 6, the large-sized particles mixed and formed are crushed and returned to the stirring tank 1 by the transfer pipe 8.
- the stirring granulation in the stirring tank 1 and the disintegration of the large-diameter particles in the disintegrator 6 are simultaneously performed.
- a granulated product having a uniform particle size can be obtained by performing the process sequentially or alternately. The same applies when the stirrer in this case is not operated and the liquid medium is circulated while using only the crusher 6 to crush the particles and crush the particles. Granulated powder is obtained. The reason is considered to be that the stirring effect was achieved by the circulation of the liquid medium by the crusher.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic longitudinal sectional view showing an embodiment of another apparatus that can be used in the production method of the present invention, and a crusher 21 (dispersion machine) is provided in the stirring tank 10. Wing) and a stirring blade 12 provided on a rotating shaft 11 are arranged in parallel. Reference numeral 13 denotes a motor for the rotating shaft 11, and reference numeral 22 denotes a motor for the crusher 21.
- the stirring blade 12 is radially and spirally mounted on a boss 14 at the lower end of the rotating shaft 11. In this case, the aqueous medium in the tank is agitated by the agitating blades 12 and the filler contained therein is filled with PTFE. The powder is granulated and the crusher 21 crushes the particles.
- the slurry of the PTFE powder in the filler prepared in the manner described above is charged into a stirring tank for granulation and stirred. Preference is given to granulation and disintegration, but depending on the circumstances, the filler-filled PTFE powder is wetted with a small amount of water first, with more force.
- the liquid may be mixed with the remaining liquid medium in the stirring tank, or the liquid medium may be charged into the stirring tank and the liquid medium may be charged beforehand. It is also possible to adopt a method in which PTFE powder is introduced into the slurry and stirred.
- the slurry of PTFE powder in the filler is granulated by the effect of stirring, but at the same time, or after the granulation, For example, more than 200,000 particles are crushed by a crusher, and finally coarse particles exceeding 100,000 , A powder having an average particle size of 500 or less and having a uniform particle size.
- the temperature in the granulation tank is raised to a temperature in the range of 37.5 to 38.0 ° C by increasing the temperature in the granulation tank to 15 to 60 minutes, and the temperature is raised to that temperature. And hold for 0 to 60 minutes.
- the temperature maintaining process and the mixing process using the dispersing wings after the addition of the organic liquid that forms the liquid-liquid-liquid interface are described in the following.
- glass fiber, bronze powder, gold powder, silver powder, copper powder, stainless steel powder, stainless steel fiber In the case of metal fiber or metal powder such as Niggel powder, Nigger fiber, etc., the point of separation of the filler does not occur.
- a granular powder having powder properties and molded article physical properties such as, for example, sponge is obtained. Since the particle size distribution is a shape, small particles can be removed by sieving, or PTFE powder and filler can be removed by sieving.
- a method for producing PTFE granular powder with fillers that cannot be obtained by conventional manufacturing methods, such as complicated processes such as mixing in advance are not required. It is.
- Finding density 0.7 g / cm3 or more
- Angle of breath 40 degrees or less
- Powders above 40 degrees are not flowable and are not preferred. However, if the density is higher than 0.9 g / cm3, the density is lower than 38 g if the density is less than 1.0 g / m3, and the density is lower than 1.0 gcm3. The upper case is below 36 degrees.
- the angle of repose of the powder becomes smaller as the apparent density becomes higher due to the shadow of gravity.
- the angle of repose of the powder obtained by the method of the present invention is also found, and the angle of repose varies with the density.
- it is smaller than the powder obtained according to the prior art.
- the angle of repose of the powder obtained by the conventional technique is found only when the apparent density is not less than 0.7 g / cm3 and less than 0.9 g / cm3. If the apparent density is more than 0.9 g / cm3 and less than 1.0 g Z cm3, it exceeds 38 degrees and the apparent density is more than 1.0 g / cm3. Exceeds 36 degrees.
- Granularity distribution A 10 Granular powder remaining on mesh sieve 0%
- the uniformity of the particle size is preferable because the filling in the mold is eliminated because the granularity is uniform.
- the granular powder present on the sieves of the 10 mesh and the 20 mesh is 0%.
- Particle size distribution B 50% by weight or more
- the filling of the mold is eliminated, which is preferable. In particular, it is preferably at least 60% by weight.
- Average particle size less than 500 ⁇ m
- the PTFE powder charged above 50 V adheres not only to the molding dies but also to hoppers, feeders, etc. due to static electricity. It hinders liquidity. Preferably below 10 V, no drop in fluidity occurs at that charge. (Physical properties of molded products) Tensile strength: 100 kgf / cm2 or more
- Molded products smaller than 100 kgf / cm2 have poor mechanical strength.
- it is 150 kgfZcm2 or more, and is determined according to the application.
- Molded objects smaller than 100% may be cut off when mounting on equipment or processing. It is preferably at least 150%.
- Molded objects exceeding O ⁇ m are not preferable because the surface has large irregularities. Particularly preferred is no more than 2.0 m.
- the PTFE molded product is preferred to have a high white chromaticity, and it is preferable that the molded product has a high white chromaticity in terms of commercial value.
- the filler of the present invention is filled with the PTFE granular powder.
- the process is the same as the production method (1).
- a granular powder having powder properties or molded product properties such as, for example, tsugi is obtained.
- the particle size distribution is a shape, it is necessary to remove particles with a small particle size by sieving as before, or to predict the PTFE powder and filler as in the past.
- This is a method for producing filler-filled PTFE granular powder that cannot be obtained by conventional methods, such as complicated processes such as mixing are not required.
- Powders above 40 degrees are not flowable and are not preferred. However, if the apparent density is 0.9 gZcm3 or more and less than 1.0 gcm3, it is 38 degrees or less, and if the apparent density is 1.0 or more, it is 36 degrees. Below the degree.
- Granularity distribution A 10 0% granular powder remaining on the mesh sieve
- the filling in the mold does not become uneven, which is preferable.
- the granular powder present on the sieves of the 10 mesh and the 20 mesh is 0%.
- Particle size distribution _ B 50 weight% or more
- Average particle size 500 m or less
- the PTFE powder charged above 50 V adheres not only to the molding dies but also to the phono, hopper and feeder by electrostatic discharge. As a result, the flowability is impaired. Preferably below 10 V, no drop in fluidity occurs at that charge.
- Molded products smaller than 100 kgf / cm2 have poor mechanical strength.
- it is 150 kgf / cm2 or more, and is determined according to the use.
- Molded products smaller than 100% can be cut off when they are mounted on equipment or when they are processed. It is preferably at least 150%.
- Molded products exceeding 3.0 / m have large concaves and convexes on the surface and are not preferred. Particularly preferred is 2.0 / m or less.
- PTFE molded bodies are favored for high white chromaticity, and the power of high white chromaticity in terms of commercial value is good.
- Manufacturing method (3) In a normal suspension polymerization method, coarse PTFE particles having an average particle diameter of 2 to 3 mm extracted from a polymer system are used using a pipeline homogenizer. To obtain a PTFE-containing powder having an average particle diameter of 200 to 100 m. And a water content of 5 to 30% by weight. Next, this PTFE-containing water-containing powder was injected into the above-mentioned free crusher, and the pore diameter was reduced to 0 :! A screen with a large number of holes of 0.3 mm is used as a multi-hole plate for classification, with a dynamic force of 2.2 kW and a processing amount of 1.0 to 100 kg / hr.
- a granular powder having powder properties or molded product properties, for example, such as sashimi is obtained, and in particular, a granular powder is obtained. Since the distribution is a shape, it is possible to remove particles with a small particle size by sieving as in the past, or to remove PTFE powder and filler as in the past. It does not require complicated processes such as mixing in advance, but it is a method of producing filler-filled PTFE granular powder that cannot be obtained by conventional manufacturing methods. is there .
- Angle of repose 40 degrees or less
- Powders above 40 degrees are not flowable and are not preferred. However, if the density is 0.9 gcm 3 or more and less than 1.0 g / cm 3, the density is 38 degrees or less, and the density is 1.0 or more. Is less than 36 degrees.
- Granularity distribution A 10 Granular powder remaining on sieve of mesh 0%
- Granularity distribution B 50% by weight or more
- the filling of the mold is eliminated.
- it is preferably at least 60% by weight.
- Average particle size less than 500 / m
- Tensile strength 100 kgf / cm2 or more
- Molded products smaller than 100 kgf / cm2 have poor mechanical strength.
- it is at least 150 kgfZcm2, which is determined according to the intended use.
- Molded products smaller than 100% may be cut off during mounting on equipment or processing. It is preferably at least 150%.
- Molded articles exceeding 3.0 m have large concaves and convexes on the surface and are not preferred. Particularly preferred is no more than 2.0 m.
- PTFE molded bodies are preferred for high whiteness, and those with high whiteness in terms of commercial value are preferred.
- a sponge is preferably used as a condition for the method of producing the PTFE granular powder in the filler of the present invention.
- polypropylene glycol is used as a polyethylene glycol blocker.
- the molecular weight of polyoxypropylene segment is 100,000 and the molecular weight of polyoxyethylene segment is 666.7. Apply 90 ml of a 5% by weight aqueous solution of Pronon # 104) manufactured by Co., Ltd.
- the temperature in the vessel was raised to 38 ° C over a period of 20 minutes, the stirring was stopped, and the granulated material was removed by using a 150 mesh sieve. Separated from water, the obtained granules were placed in an electric furnace and dried at 16 ° C. for 16 hours to obtain the PTFE granular powder containing the filler of the present invention. Well, the next test was done.
- the upper and lower hoppers 31 and 32 supported and supported.
- the upper hopper 31 has a diameter of 74 mm for the inlet 33, a diameter of 12 mm for the outlet 34, and a height from the inlet 33 to the outlet 34. In mm, there is a partition plate 35 at the outlet 34, so that the powder inside can be suitably retained or dropped.
- the lower hopper 32 has a diameter of 76 mm for the inlet 36, a diameter of 12 mm for the outlet 37, a force of 36 for the inlet, and a height of 120 mm for the outlet 37.
- a partition plate 38 is provided at the outlet 37 as in the case of the upper hook and °. Top Hono ,.
- the distance between the first hopper and the lower hopper is adjusted so that the force between each partition is 15 cm. 3 9 and 40 in Fig. 3
- the outlet power of each hono and ° is respectively, and 41 is a receiver for the powder that has fallen.
- the fluidity of the powder is determined by subtracting 1 from the number of cups when the fluidity becomes “bad”.
- Granularity distribution of granulated powder A and average grain size 10, 20, 32, 48, 60, and 83 meshes in order from the top Lay the standard sieve on the mesh), place the PTFE granular powder on the 10 mesh sieve, shake the sieve, and move the sieve downward in order. Drop the granulated PTFE granular powder particles, determine the percentage of PTFE granular powder remaining on each sieve in%, and then sift the screen onto log probability paper. The cumulative percentage of the residual ratio (vertical axis) is scaled with respect to the opening (horizontal axis), and these points are connected by a straight line and divided on this straight line. The particle size that gives a total of 50% is determined, and this value is used as the average particle size.
- Particle size distribution B The weight ratio of particles having a diameter of 0.7 to 1.3 times the average particle size to all the particles, which is 0.7 times the average particle size. Is calculated by multiplying the value by 1.3 times, and the weight percentage is obtained by writing the point in the cumulative curve.
- Whiteness (Z value) 200 g of granulated powder is filled in a mold having a diameter of 50 mm, kept at a molding pressure of 500 kcm 2 for 5 minutes, and the obtained preformed product ( The diameter is about 50 mm and the height is about 50 mm) from room temperature to 365 ° C at a heating rate of 50 ° C / hr, and 5.5 at 365 ° C. After maintaining the time, the molded product cooled at 50 ° C / hr was cut side by side with a lathe at about 25 mm (center part) from the end, and cut. The Z value at the center of the released part was measured based on the XYZ system Z value measurement method specified by the International Commission on Illumination.
- Roughness Powder 2 1 0 g was filled in a mold having a diameter of 5 0 mm, at a molding pressure 5 0 0 kg / cm 2 and held for 5 minutes, gills a preliminary molded product 5 0 ° C
- the temperature is raised from room temperature to 365 ° C at a heating rate of / hr, maintained at 365 ° C for 5.5 hours, and then cooled at 50 ° C / hr.
- You The upper surface of the obtained molded product was measured using a surface roughness measuring instrument manufactured by Tokyo Seimitsu Kikai Co., Ltd., and the center line average roughness (JISB061) described in JISB061 was used. The measurement was performed according to the Ra) method.
- Particle shape Images at 100 ⁇ and 200 ⁇ magnification using an optical microscopic video microscope manufactured by Sony Corporation. Slime powder
- Example 1 The amount of the specific nonionic surface active agent used in Example 1 was set to the amount shown in Table 1, and the power was the same as in Example 1.
- La-filled PTFE powder was manufactured, and various physical properties were examined in the same manner as in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
- a polyethylene glycol block is used as the activator.
- Example 1 the temperature in the vessel was raised to 38 ° C in 20 minutes, the stirring was stopped, and the granulated material and water were removed using a 150 mesh sieve. And the obtained granules are placed in an electric furnace and dried at 16 ° C. for 16 hours to obtain a PTFE granular powder containing the filler of the present invention. Thus, the same test as in Example 1 was performed. The results are shown in Table 1.
- PTFE powder in the filler was observed with a microscope and photographed in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Fig. 6 shows the photograph taken (200x magnification).
- the tetrafluoroethylene is continuously urged to maintain the internal pressure at 6 atm. ! ] After 4 hours, stop stirring and collect tetrafluoroethylene, then the contents Take out.
- the PTFE coarse particles having an average particle diameter of 2 to 3 mm, which is the resulting polymer, are added to T.K.
- Coarse powder is crushed with an IPLINE HOMOMIXER 2S type machine (manufactured by Tokushu Kika Kogyo Co., Ltd.), and PTFE coarse powder with an average particle diameter of about 400 ⁇ m is produced. .
- the PTFE coarse powder which is not dried and contains about 25% by weight of water, is poured into a free-flowing pulverizer M-2 (manufactured by Nara Machinery Co., Ltd.) and wet pulverized. became.
- a screen having a large number of holes with a hole diameter of 0.25 mm was used as a multi-hole plate for classification, with a dynamic force of 2.2 KW and a processing amount of 3
- Wet pulverization at 8 kg / hr yielded PTFE powder with an average particle size of 36 / m.
- the polyethylene glycol block polyethylene is used as a nonionic surface active agent.
- the PTFE powder gets wet with water and the viscosity increases. It becomes a viscous slurry state of 100 to 100 cps.
- glass fiber (same as in Example 1), which had been treated with a water repellent treatment with an amino silane coupling agent, was added in advance. Then, if the mixture is stirred for 2 minutes at a rotation speed of 300 rpm using a 100-degree dispersing blade, the glass fibers are also wetted by water, and the viscosity becomes 10 to 10%. It becomes a viscous slurry state of 1000 cps. In this state, stir and mix for another 3 minutes. Next, add 700 ml of water and liquid-organic liquid (methylene chloride) that forms the liquid interface, and use a 100-degree disk and ° -wings. At a stirring speed of 1500 to 2000 rpm; Granulate by stirring for ⁇ 2 minutes.
- liquid-organic liquid methylene chloride
- PTFE powder per filler was observed under a microscope and photographed in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Fig. 7 shows the photograph taken (200x magnification).
- the PTFE granular powder per filler obtained by any of the manufacturing methods of the present invention is not apparent. It has a large density, especially a small particle size and a shape of particle size distribution, a small charge, and a small particle size. It has excellent fluidity, and the molded product obtained from the granular powder has excellent tensile strength and elongation, and surface roughness.
- the production method of the present invention controls the average particle size and the particle size distribution of the PTFE granular powder containing the filler, depending on the amount of the specific surfactant added. I can control what I can do.
- the resulting molded article has a white chromaticity (green value) of 80 or more, and even more than 95 or more. This is an unprecedentedly high price.
- FIGS. 4 to 5 show Example 1
- FIGS. 6 and 7 show the filler-filled PTFE granular powder of the present invention obtained in Examples 4 and 5, respectively.
- These are optical micrographs showing the particle structure of the particles in the powder.
- These figures show the power of the present invention.
- PTF ⁇ It can be seen that the particles in the granular powder are almost spherical.
- the filler of the present invention has a remarkably superior powder fluidity even though the average particle size of the particles is small. It is considered that the shape of the particles is almost spherical, for example, as in this case. Industrial availability
- the filler of the present invention the granular PTFE powder contained therein has a high apparent density, and most of the particles are almost spherical, and the average particle diameter is small and the particle size distribution is small. Is a shape, has a small amount of charge, and has excellent fluidity of the powder despite its small average particle size, and is obtained from the granular powder.
- the product is superior in tensile strength and elongation, has low surface roughness and high whiteness.
- the production methods (1) to (3) of the present invention are as described above.
- the amount of the specific nonionic surface active agent it is possible to provide a filler-containing PTFE granular powder having excellent physical properties, and it is possible to provide the nonionic surface active agent.
- the average particle size and the particle size distribution can be controlled, and a granular powder with a sharp particle size distribution can be obtained.
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
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- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69833250T DE69833250T2 (de) | 1997-04-22 | 1998-04-15 | Gefülltes körniges Polytetrafluorethlenpulver und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
EP98914089A EP0980886B1 (en) | 1997-04-22 | 1998-04-15 | Filled granular polytetrafluoroethylene powder and process for the production thereof |
KR1019997009475A KR20010006388A (ko) | 1997-04-22 | 1998-04-15 | 충전제 첨가 폴리테트라플루오로에틸렌 입상분말 및 그의 제법 |
US09/403,596 US6350801B1 (en) | 1997-04-22 | 1998-04-15 | Filled granular polytetrafluoroethylene powder |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP9/120180 | 1997-04-22 | ||
JP12018097A JP3718955B2 (ja) | 1997-04-22 | 1997-04-22 | フィラー入りポリテトラフルオロエチレン粒状粉末およびその製法 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1998047949A1 true WO1998047949A1 (fr) | 1998-10-29 |
Family
ID=14779905
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1998/001789 WO1998047949A1 (fr) | 1997-04-22 | 1998-04-15 | Poudre granulaire comportant du polytetrafluorethylene et une charge et procede de fabrication correspondant |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6350801B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0980886B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3718955B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20010006388A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1097070C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69833250T2 (ja) |
TW (2) | TW474958B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1998047949A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11809933B2 (en) | 2018-11-13 | 2023-11-07 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Method of detecting a concealed pattern |
US11808833B2 (en) | 2016-10-28 | 2023-11-07 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Coatings for increasing near-infrared detection distances |
US12001034B2 (en) | 2019-01-07 | 2024-06-04 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Near infrared control coating, articles formed therefrom, and methods of making the same |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6685854B2 (en) * | 2001-04-10 | 2004-02-03 | Honeywell International, Inc. | Electrically conductive polymeric mixture, method of molding conductive articles using same, and electrically conductive articles formed therefrom |
US20050010007A1 (en) * | 2001-10-24 | 2005-01-13 | Massayuki Tsuji | Ptfe powder and method of producing ptfe powder for molding |
US6911489B2 (en) * | 2002-06-10 | 2005-06-28 | Asahi Glass Fluoropolymers Usa, Inc. | Methods for preparing agglomerated pellets of polytetrafluoroethylene and molded articles and the agglomerated pellets of polytetrafluoroethylene and molded articles prepared thereby |
CN109796708B (zh) * | 2019-02-18 | 2020-05-08 | 武汉理工大学 | 一种ptfe基复合介质板用浸渍浆料的物理混合方法及浸渍浆料和应用 |
WO2020220143A1 (en) * | 2019-05-02 | 2020-11-05 | Tekna Plasma Systems Inc. | Additive manufacturing powders with improved physical characteristics, method of manufacture and use thereof |
KR102478940B1 (ko) * | 2021-11-30 | 2022-12-19 | 주식회사 마이크로원 | Ptfe 파이버 제조 방법 및 이를 이용한 ptfe 멤브레인 촉매필터 |
JP2025073119A (ja) * | 2023-10-25 | 2025-05-12 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | ポリテトラフルオロエチレン造粒粉体 |
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JPS5417782B1 (ja) * | 1970-12-11 | 1979-07-03 | ||
JPH03255133A (ja) * | 1989-12-15 | 1991-11-14 | Hoechst Ag | ポリテトラフルオロエチレンおよび疎水性充填剤より成る凝集成形粉末の製造方法 |
JPH04309548A (ja) * | 1991-04-05 | 1992-11-02 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 帯電防止性フッ素樹脂組成物 |
JPH0673189A (ja) * | 1992-08-28 | 1994-03-15 | Daikin Ind Ltd | ポリテトラフルオロエチレンの造粒法 |
JPH08208929A (ja) * | 1994-10-21 | 1996-08-13 | Hoechst Ag | 易流動性ポリテトラフルオルエチレン成形粉 |
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GB1033638A (en) | 1963-09-09 | 1966-06-22 | Du Pont | Polytetrafluoroethylene moulding powders and their preparation |
US3674736A (en) * | 1969-04-15 | 1972-07-04 | Nat Distillers Chem Corp | Process for the preparation of pigmented polymer powders of controlled particle shape and size and size distribution and product |
US3915916A (en) * | 1974-05-24 | 1975-10-28 | Du Pont | Process for reducing filler loss |
JPS5821228B2 (ja) | 1977-07-08 | 1983-04-27 | 甫 羽田野 | アコ−ステイツクエミツシヨン検出用変換器における圧電振動子と保護板との接着方法 |
JPS6021694B2 (ja) | 1980-07-08 | 1985-05-29 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | フイラ−入りポリテトラフルオロエチレン成形粉末の製造方法 |
DE69636119T2 (de) | 1995-09-18 | 2006-11-30 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Gefülltes körniges polytetrafluorethylenpulver und verfahren zur ihrer herstellung |
JP3255133B2 (ja) * | 1999-01-07 | 2002-02-12 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Dcブラシレスファン |
JP5417782B2 (ja) * | 2008-09-22 | 2014-02-19 | 株式会社三洋物産 | 遊技機 |
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1997
- 1997-04-22 JP JP12018097A patent/JP3718955B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-04-15 KR KR1019997009475A patent/KR20010006388A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-04-15 WO PCT/JP1998/001789 patent/WO1998047949A1/ja active IP Right Grant
- 1998-04-15 US US09/403,596 patent/US6350801B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-15 CN CN98804388A patent/CN1097070C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-15 DE DE69833250T patent/DE69833250T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-15 EP EP98914089A patent/EP0980886B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-17 TW TW087105930A patent/TW474958B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-04-17 TW TW089105123A patent/TWI263651B/zh active
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JPS5417782B1 (ja) * | 1970-12-11 | 1979-07-03 | ||
JPH03255133A (ja) * | 1989-12-15 | 1991-11-14 | Hoechst Ag | ポリテトラフルオロエチレンおよび疎水性充填剤より成る凝集成形粉末の製造方法 |
JPH04309548A (ja) * | 1991-04-05 | 1992-11-02 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 帯電防止性フッ素樹脂組成物 |
JPH0673189A (ja) * | 1992-08-28 | 1994-03-15 | Daikin Ind Ltd | ポリテトラフルオロエチレンの造粒法 |
JPH08208929A (ja) * | 1994-10-21 | 1996-08-13 | Hoechst Ag | 易流動性ポリテトラフルオルエチレン成形粉 |
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11808833B2 (en) | 2016-10-28 | 2023-11-07 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Coatings for increasing near-infrared detection distances |
US11977154B2 (en) | 2016-10-28 | 2024-05-07 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Coatings for increasing near-infrared detection distances |
US11809933B2 (en) | 2018-11-13 | 2023-11-07 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Method of detecting a concealed pattern |
US12050950B2 (en) | 2018-11-13 | 2024-07-30 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Method of detecting a concealed pattern |
US12001034B2 (en) | 2019-01-07 | 2024-06-04 | Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. | Near infrared control coating, articles formed therefrom, and methods of making the same |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69833250D1 (de) | 2006-04-06 |
DE69833250T2 (de) | 2006-11-02 |
EP0980886A1 (en) | 2000-02-23 |
KR20010006388A (ko) | 2001-01-26 |
JPH10298299A (ja) | 1998-11-10 |
CN1097070C (zh) | 2002-12-25 |
CN1252820A (zh) | 2000-05-10 |
TW474958B (en) | 2002-02-01 |
TWI263651B (en) | 2006-10-11 |
EP0980886A4 (en) | 2000-09-20 |
EP0980886B1 (en) | 2006-01-18 |
JP3718955B2 (ja) | 2005-11-24 |
US6350801B1 (en) | 2002-02-26 |
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