WO1997038004A1 - Gene family associated with neurosensory defects - Google Patents
Gene family associated with neurosensory defects Download PDFInfo
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- WO1997038004A1 WO1997038004A1 PCT/US1997/005903 US9705903W WO9738004A1 WO 1997038004 A1 WO1997038004 A1 WO 1997038004A1 US 9705903 W US9705903 W US 9705903W WO 9738004 A1 WO9738004 A1 WO 9738004A1
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- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
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Definitions
- Neurodegenerative disorders result from the premature death of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord; for example tracts of the acoustic system in degenerative hearing disorders.
- Such neuronal degeneration has been attributed to genetic defects, transmissible infectious agents, toxic substances, immune system disorders and other as yet undetermined mechanisms.
- a recent hypothesis is that active photoreceptor cell death, which is characteristic of these genetically distinct disorders, is mediated by a common induction of apoptosis.
- Inherited eye disorders are the major cause of childhood blindness in the developed world. Many of these are retinal dystrophies.
- the retina is the sensory tunic of the eye, containing light sensitive receptors, a complex of neurons, and pigmented epithelium, arranged in discrete layers.
- the macula is the portion of the retina that lies directly behind the lens. Cones, the photoreceptor cells responsible for central vision, are heavily concentrated in the macula.
- the peripheral retina is composed mainly of rods, which are responsible for side and night vision.
- CRD cone-rod retinal dystrophy
- a loss of color vision and visual acuity is accompanied by widespread, advancing retinal pigmentation and chorioretinal atrophy of the central and peripheral retina.
- Linkage analysis of a large lineage of autosomal dominant CRD has mapped the disease to chromosome 19q, linked to the polymorphic marker D19S47. It has been suggested that the disease locus for CRD, which affects the central as well as peripheral retina, may also be involved in age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) .
- age-related macular degeneration ARMD
- Retinitis pigmentosa affects approximately 1.5 million people worldwide. Substantial genetic heterogeneity has been observed in th s condition, with over 20 chromosomal loc identified. A predisposition to retinitis pigmentosa can be inherited by autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked or digenic modes. In spite of causal heterogeneity, there is significant clinical similarity among RP subtypes. Common signs and symptoms include early electroretinographic abnormalities, ophthalmoscopic findings, and progressively worsening tunnel vision.
- Ohle iller et al . (1995) Neuroreport 6:845-9 and Heckenlively et al . (1995) P.N.A.S. 92:11100-11104 describe hearing loss and progressive retinal degeneration in tubby mice.
- the retinal degeneration is characterized by loss of photoreceptor cells, resulting m abnormal electroencephalograms by 3 weeks of age.
- Jones et al . (1992) Genomics 14:197-9 localize the tub locus to a specific region of chromosome 7, and demonstrate that it is distinct from the insulin-2 locus.
- the cholecystokinin receptor gene is shown to tightly linked to the tub locus in Samuelson et al . (1995) Genome 6:242-6.
- the mouse tub mutation is described in Coleman and Eicher (1990) J Hered 81:424-7 as an autosomal recessive mutation located on chromosome 7, which causes slowly developing but ultimately severe obesity.
- Nucleic acid compositions are provided that encode a family of mammalian proteins expressed in the retina and brain. Members of the gene family are genetically linked to various neurosensory defects, including cochlear degeneration, peripheral retinal degeneration and cone-rod retinal dystrophy.
- the nucleic acid compositions find use in identifying DNA sequences encoding homologous or related proteins; for production of the encoded protein; and in studying associated physiological pathways.
- modulation of the gene activity in vi vo is used for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes, such as treatment of neurosensory defects, identification of retinal cells based on expression, and the like.
- the DNA is further used as a diagnostic for genetic predisposition to the linked neurosensory defect.
- One family member, tub is associated with mature onset obesity in an animal model, and may be used as in assays and therapies directed to preventing or treating obesity.
- Figure 1 illustrates the N-terminal splicing at the human and mouse TUB locus.
- Figure 2A and Figure 2B show the intron/exon boundaries for TULP1 [SEQ ID NO:12] and TULP2 [SEQ ID NO:14].
- the arrows above the sequence lines indicate splice junctions.
- DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS A family of genes whose members are associated with various defects in sensory neurons are provided (TULP family) . Among the linked diseases are cochlear defects, retinitis pigmentosa (RP-14) and combined rod-cone dystrophy (CRD) . One family member, tub, is also associated with a genetic predisposition to adult onset obesity.
- the nucleotide sequences of human and mouse cDNAs and genomic regions are provided. The coding region sequences are highly conserved between family members at the carboxy terminus, and variable at the amino terminus.
- the nucleic acid compositions find use in identifying DNA sequences encoding homologous or related proteins; for production of the encoded protein; and in studying associated physiological pathways in vivo and in vi tro .
- the nucleic acids are useful in modulating gene activity for diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic purposes, such as treatment of neurosensory defects, identification of retinal cells based on expression, and the like.
- the DNA is further used as a diagnostic for genetic predisposition to the specific genetically linked defect.
- the encoded proteins are useful as an immunogen to raise antibodies that specifically identify TULP expressing cells, in drug screening assays directed at neurosensory defects, and for therapeutic purposes.
- the amino terminal domain of TUB [SEQ ID NO: 10, positions 1- 139] has been shown to direct nuclear localization of the protein.
- TULP or "TULP family” designates the family of genes that includes the specific sequences provided in the SEQLIST and designated in Table 1. By family is intended one or more of the gene or gene products, up to and including TUB, TULP1, TULP2, TULP3 and TULP4. A family member is any one of the genes in the TULP family. Unless otherwise indicated, the sequences are of mammalian origin, and generally refer to the human sequences. In some animal models for TULP function, non-mammalian homologs, e.g. C. elegans , D. melanogaster , etc. are of interest.
- the sequence similarity between family members is high in the carboxy terminal portion of the protein, where there is usually at least about 50% identity at the amino acid level.
- t ub and tulp4 different transcriptional products are formed by alternative exon splicing in the 5' end of the gene. All members of the TULP family are expressed in the retina, although not for all splice variants. In some cases the genes are also expressed in other tissues. Exemplary members of the TULP gene family are as follows:
- the sequences of the human and mouse tub cDNA and encoded protein sequences are provided as SEQ ID NO:l through 10.
- the genomic region 5' to the human TUB locus is provided as SEQ ID NO: 11.
- the cDNA and encoded protein sequences of splicing variants of the human TUB locus are provided as SEQ ID Nos:56 through 64.
- Six cDNA splice variants of TUB have been identified, and are designated as Form 1 through 6.
- the encoded proteins have a common carboxy-terminal sequence [SEQ ID NO: 8], and vary in the amino terminal sequences. Forms 1 through 4 have unique amino termini; Forms 5 and 6 vary from each other only in the non-translated cDNA sequences.
- tub designates a coding region, gene or gene product that maps to the exact chromosomal position of the tub mutation described by Coleman and Eicher, supra , and mammalian, particularly human, homologs thereof.
- the human tub locus maps to chromosome 11, between the polymorphic markers D11S909 and D11S1331. It is expressed at high levels in brain, eye and testis, and at lower levels in various adult and fetal tissues, including small and large intestine, ovary and adipose tissue. Different transcriptional products are formed by alternative exon splicing in the 5' end of the gene.
- tub or tubby encompasses both the normal mammalian sequence and the mutated sequence responsible for the tub phenotype.
- the tub mutation confers a genetic predisposition to maturity onset obesity in mice.
- the tub mutation is also associated with adult-onset degeneration of the retina and cochlea.
- the mutation in tub/tub mice is a G to T transversion at position 1704 resulting in a splicing defect and a truncated protein.
- the sequence of the human TULP1 gene and ts predicted protein product are provided as SEQ ID NOs: 12-13.
- the TULP1 locus is associated with a predisposition to retinitis pigmentosa, form RP-14.
- TULP1 localizes to human chromosome 6p21.
- Two markers, D6S439 and D6S291, that flank TULP1 have been reported not to recombine with the RP 14 locus in a human kindred (Shugart et al . (1995) Am J Hum Genet. 57:499-502) demonstrating that TULP1 is tightly linked to the RP 14 locus.
- the expression of TULP1 is restricted to the retina.
- Loss of function mutations m TULP1 have been shown to co- segregate with retinitis pigmentosa in kindred studies. Such mutations include but are not limited to a point mutation in exon 11 causing an ammo acid substitution of Arg to Pro at a.a. 420 [SEQ ID NO:13]; and a point mutation in exon 12 causing an amino acid substitution of Phe to Leu at A.A 491 [SEQ ID NO:13].
- the presently known polymorphisms that are associated with blindness are located in the conserved carboxy terminal portion of the protein.
- the sequence of the human TULP2 gene and its predicted protein product are provided as SEQ ID Nos: 14-15.
- the expression of TULP2 is restricted to the retina and testes. Retinal expression in adult tissue is relatively low.
- the TULP2 locus is associated with a genetic predisposition to combined rod cone dystrophy, a disease causing early chorioretmal atrophy of the central and peripheral retina.
- TULP2 is tightly linked to framework marker WI-9028 on chromosome 19q, which maps within the reported linked interval for CRD.
- the locus for rod cone dystrophy maps between D19S212 and D19S214.
- the sequence of human TULP3 and its predicted protein product are provided as SEQ ID Nos: 16-17.
- the human TULP3 gene maps to chromosome 12pl3.2-12pl .3.
- the gene is expressed in the retina.
- the sequence of mouse tulp4 and its predicted protein product are provided as SEQ ID Nos: 18-19. Different transcriptional products are formed by alternative exon splicing in the 5' end of the gene. The syntenic location of TULP4 on the human chromosome is 19q.
- Nucleic acids encoding TULP proteins may be cDNA, mRNA or genomic DNA, or a fragment thereof.
- the term "gene” shall be intended to mean an open reading frame encoding a specific TULP polypeptide, as exemplified in Table 1, as well as tranc ⁇ bed adjacent 5' and 3' non- coding nucleotide sequences, in either direction.
- the gene may further encompass non-transcribed regulatory regions adjacent to the transcribed regions.
- the gene may be introduced into an appropriate vector for extrachromosomal maintenance or for integration into the host.
- cDNA as used herein is intended to include all nucleic acids that share the arrangement of sequence elements found in native mature mRNA species, where sequence elements are exons, 5' non-coding regions and 3' non-coding regions. Normally mRNA species have contiguous exons, with the intervening introns deleted, to create a continuous open reading frame.
- Genomic TULP sequences have non-contiguous open reading frames, where introns interrupt the coding regions .
- a genomic sequence of interest comprises the nucleic acid present between an initiation codon and stop codon, as defined in the listed sequences, including all of the introns that are normally present in a native chromosome. It may further include the 3' and 5' untranslated regions found in the mature mRNA. It may further include specific transcriptional and translational regulatory sequences, such as promoters, enhancers, etc., including about 5 kb of flanking genomic DNA at either the 5' or 3' end of the coding region.
- the genomic DNA may be isolated as a fragment of 50 kbp or smaller.
- a preferred genomic sequence will lack those sequences that are linked to TULP m a native chromosome but which do not contribute to the biological function of the TULP gene.
- Genomic regions of interest include the non-transcribed sequences 5' to a TULP family gene, usually from about one to six thousand bp of sequence.
- This region of DNA contains the native promoter elements that direct expression of the linked TULP gene.
- the non-transcribed region 5' to human TUB locus is provided in SEQ ID NO:11.
- the 3' portion of this sequence [nt. 5535 to 5995; SEQ ID NO: 11] is transcribed, but untranslated.
- the sequence of this 5' region may be utilized for promoter elements, including enhancer binding sites, that provide for expression in tissues where TUB s expressed.
- the tissue specific expression is useful for determining the pattern of expression, and for providing promoters that mimic the native pattern of expression.
- the nucleic acid compositions of the subject invention encode all or a part of the subject polypeptides. Fragments may be obtained of the DNA sequence by chemically synthesizing oligonucleotides in accordance with conventional methods, by restriction enzyme digestion, by PCR amplification, etc. For the most part, DNA fragments will be of at least 25 nt, usually at least 30 nt, more usually at least about 50 nt . Such small DNA fragments are useful as primers for PCR, hybridization screening, etc. Larger DNA fragments, i . e . greater than 100 nt are useful for production of fragments of the encoded polypeptide.
- sequences may be derived from the less conserved region of the genes. Such sequences include the 3' terminus, of about one thousand bp , of each of the TULP family cDNA sequences. Probes useful for identifying homologous genes, or multiple family members may be derived from the conserved region of the genes, which includes roughly the 5' 500-1000 bp of each of the TULP family cDNA sequences. For use in amplification reactions, such as PCR, a pair of primers will be used. The exact composition of the primer sequences is not critical to the invention, but for most applications the primers will hybridize to the subject sequence under stringent conditions, as known in the art.
- primers that will generate an amplification product of at least about 50 nt, preferably at least about 100 nt.
- Algorithms for the selection of primer sequences are generally known, and are available in commercial software packages.
- Amplification primers hybridize to complementary strands of DNA, and will prime towards each other.
- the DNA sequences are obtained in substantial purity, generally as a sequence other than a sequence of an intact mammalian chromosome.
- the DNA will be obtained substantially free of other nucleic acid sequences that do not include a TULP sequence or fragment thereof, generally being at least about 50%, usually at least about 90% pure and are typically "recombinant", i.e. flanked by one or more nucleotides with which it is not normally associated on a naturally occurring chromosome.
- the DNA sequences may be used in a variety of ways. They may be used as probes for identifying other TULP genes, including novel family members, homologs and syntenic homologs. Identification of TULP homologs is based on similarity of sequence, chromosomal synteny, or both. The term homology is used to indicate a likeness of structure and conservation of biological function. Calculations of nucleic acid or amino acid sequence identity, as described below, provide a convenient method of identifying homologous or related genes, herein "homologs". Such homologs may be members of a gene family present in the same genome, or may be corresponding genes from different species.
- Chromosomal synteny may be used to further distinguish between homologous genes when there is sufficient evolutionary conservation between the genomes that are being compared, e.g. between mammalian species.
- a "syntenic homolog" has both sequence identity to the reference gene, and has the corresponding chromosomal location in relation to closely linked genes. Syntenic homologs have a high probability of sharing spatial and temporal localization of gene expression, and of encoding proteins that fill equivalent biological roles.
- Mammalian homologs have substantial sequence similarity to the subject sequences, i.e. greater than 50% sequence identity with the amino acid or nucleotide sequence of the subject TULP sequence, as listed in Table 1. Sequence similarity is calculated based on a reference sequence, which may be a subset of a larger sequence, such as a conserved motif, coding region, flanking region, etc. A reference sequence will usually be at least about 18 nt long, more usually at least about 30 nt long, and may extend to the complete sequence that is being compared. Algorithims for sequence analysis are known in the art, such as BLAST, described in Altschul et al . (1990) J Mol Biol 215:403-10.
- Non-identical nucleic acids with sequence similarity are detected by hybridization under low stringency conditions, for example, at 50°C and 10XSSC (0.9 M saline/0.09 M sodium citrate) and remain bound when subjected to washing at 55°C in 1XSSC.
- probes particularly labeled probes of DNA sequences
- the source of homologous genes may be any mammalian species, e.g. primate species, particularly human; murines, such as rats and mice, canines, felines, bovines, ovines, equines, etc.
- nucleic acid analogs For hybridization probes, it may be desirable to use nucleic acid analogs, in order to improve the stability and and binding affinity.
- a number of modifications have been described that alter the chemistry of the phosphodiester backbone, sugars or heterocyclic bases.
- phosphorothioates Among useful changes in the backbone chemistry are phosphorothioates; phosphorodithioates, where both of the non-bridging oxygens are substituted with sulfur; phosphoroamidites; alkyl phosphotriesters and boranophosphates.
- Achiral phosphate derivatives include 3' -0' -5' -S-phosphorothioate, 3' -S-5' -O-phosphorothioate, 3'- CH2-5' -O-phosphonate and 3' -NH-5' -O-phosphoroamidate.
- Peptide nucleic acids replace the entire phosphodiester backbone with a peptide linkage.
- Sugar modifications are also used to enhance stability and affinity.
- the a-anomer of deoxyribose may be used, where the base is inverted with respect to the natural b-anomer.
- the 2' -OH of the ribose sugar may be altered to form 2'-0-methyl or 2'-0-allyl sugars, which provides resistance to degradation without comprising affinity.
- heterocyclic bases must maintain proper base pairing.
- Some useful substitutions include deoxyuridine for deoxythymidine; 5-methyl-2' -deoxycytidine and 5-bromo-2'-deoxycytidine for deoxycytidine.
- 5- propynyl-2' -deoxyuridine and 5-propynyl-2' - deoxycytidine have been shown to increase affinity and biological activity when substituted for deoxythymidine and deoxycytidine, respectively.
- Nucleic acid probes may also be used to identify expression of the gene in a biological specimen, e.g. retinal cells.
- a biological specimen e.g. retinal cells.
- the manner in which one probes cells for the presence of particular nucleotide sequences, as genomic DNA or RNA, is well-established in the literature and does not require elaboration here.
- a biological specimen is used as a source of mRNA.
- the mRNA may be amplified by RT-PCR, using reverse transcriptase to form a complementary DNA strand, followed by polymerase chain reaction amplification using primers specific for the subject DNA sequences.
- the mRNA sample is fractionated by electrophoresis, e.g. capillary or gel electrophoresis, transferred to a suitable support, e.g.
- nitrocellulose and then probed with a fragment of the subject DNA as a probe.
- Other techniques may also find use, including oligonucleotide ligation assays, binding to solid state arrays, etc. Detection of mRNA having the subject sequence is indicative of TULP gene expression in the sample.
- mRNA levels are increased above the basal levels observed in other cells by at least about 100 fold, more usually by at least about 1000 fold. It will be further understood that malignant, or transformed, cells may express genes in an aberrant fashion.
- the subject genes may be employed for producing all or portions of the TULP proteins.
- an expression cassette may be employed, providing for a transcriptional and translational initiation region, which may be inducible or constitutive, where the coding region is under the transcriptional control of the transcriptional initiation region, and a transcriptional and translational termination region.
- Various transcriptional initiation regions may be employed which are functional in the expression host.
- the peptide may be expressed in prokaryotes or eukaryotes in accordance with conventional ways, depending upon the purpose for expression.
- a unicellular organism such as E. coli , B . subtilis, S . cerevisiae, or cells of a higher organism such as vertebrates, particularly mammals, e.g. COS 7 cells, may be used as the expression host cells.
- mammals e.g. COS 7 cells
- Small peptides can also be synthesized in the laboratory.
- the protein may be isolated and purified in accordance with conventional ways.
- a lysate may be prepared of the expression host and the lysate purified using HPLC, exclusion chromatography, gel electrophoresis, affinity chromatography, or other purification technique.
- the purified protein will generally be at least about 80% pure, preferably at least about 90% pure, and may be up to and including 100% pure. Pure is intended to mean free of other proteins, as well as cellular debris.
- a host may be treated with an intact TULP protein, or an active fragment thereof to modulate or reduce neurosensory and/or obesity- associated conditions.
- the peptides will not induce an immune response, particularly an antibody response.
- Xenogeneic analogs may be screened for their ability to provide a therapeutic effect without raising an immune response.
- the protein or peptides may also be administered to in vi tro cell cultures.
- the polypeptide formulation may be given orally, or may be injected intravascularly, subcutaneously, peritoneally, etc.
- the dosage of the therapeutic formulation will vary widely, depending upon the nature of the disease, the frequency of administration, the manner of administration, the clearance of the agent from the host, and the like.
- the initial dose may be larger, followed by smaller maintenance doses.
- the dose may be administered as infrequently as weekly or biweekly, or fractionated into smaller doses and administered daily, semi-weekly, etc. to maintain an effective dosage level.
- oral administration will require a higher dose than if administered intravenously.
- the amide bonds, as well as the amino and carboxy termini, may be modified for greater stability on oral administration.
- the subject peptides may be prepared as formulations at a pharmacologically effective dose in pharmaceutically acceptable media, for example normal saline, PBS, etc.
- the additives may include bactericidal agents, stabilizers, buffers, or the like.
- the peptides may be encapsulated, introduced into the lumen of liposomes, prepared as a colloid, or another conventional technique may be employed that provides for an extended lifetime of the peptides.
- the peptides may be administered as a combination therapy with other pharmacologically active agents.
- the additional drugs may be administered separately or in conjunction with the peptide compositions, and may be included in the same formulation.
- the polypeptide is used for the production of antibodies, where short fragments provide for antibodies specific for the particular motif, and larger fragments or the entire protein allow for the production of antibodies over the surface of the polypeptide.
- Antibodies may be raised to the wild-type or variant forms of TULP protein.
- Antibodies may be raised to isolated peptides corresponding to these domains, or to the native protein, e.g. by immunization with cells expressing a TULP gene, immunization with liposomes having a TULP protein inserted in the membrane, etc.
- Antibodies are prepared in accordance with conventional ways, where the expressed polypeptide or protein is used as an immunogen, by itself or conjugated to known immunogenic carriers, e.g. KLH, pre-S HBsAg, other viral or eukaryotic proteins, or the like.
- immunogenic carriers e.g. KLH, pre-S HBsAg, other viral or eukaryotic proteins, or the like.
- Various adjuvants may be employed, with a series of injections, as appropriate.
- the spleen is isolated, the lymphocytes immortalized by cell fusion, and then screened for high affinity antibody binding.
- the immortalized cells, i . e . hybridomas, producing the desired antibodies may then be expanded.
- the mRNA encoding the heavy and light chains may be isolated and mutagenized by cloning in E. col i , and the heavy and light chains mixed to further enhance the affinity of the antibody.
- Alternatives to in vivo immunization as a method of raising antibodies include binding to phage "display" libraries, usually in conjunction with in vi tro affinity maturation.
- the subject compositions have a number of diagnostic uses, either as isolated family members, or as a panel of different sequences.
- the TULP genes and fragments thereof, encoded protein, and anti-TULP antibodies are useful in the identification of individuals predisposed to neurosensory degenerative conditions, e.g. cochlear degeneration and hearing loss; retinitis pigmentosa; combined rod cone dystrophy, etc.
- the characterization is useful in determining further treatment of the patient.
- Sequences of interest for diagnostic purposes include but are not limited to the conserved portion of the molecule as previously described. The conserved regions are identified by sequence similarity, and conservation of intron/exon structure.
- TULP1 is associated with peripheral retinal dystrophies. In humans, TULP1 is tightly linked to the RP-14 locus. TUB is associated with retinal degeneration and cochlear degeneration in an animal model. TULP2 is associated with combined cone-rod dystrophy. In humans TULP2 is tightly linked to the CRD locus.
- Loss of function mutations in TULP1 have been shown to co- segregate with retinitis pigmentosa in kindred studies. Such mutations include but are not limited to a point mutation in exon 11 causing an amino acid substitution of Arg to Pro at a.a. 420 [SEQ ID NO:13]; and a point mutation in exon 12 causing an amino acid substitution of Phe to Leu at A.A 491 [SEQ ID NO: 13].
- TUB nucleic acids and proteins are also useful for diagnostic applications related to obesity.
- age related reduction in metabolic rate rather than an increase in food intake, leads to accumulation of fat mass.
- Accumulation of fat mass and the severity of complications such as diabetes and atherosclerosis can be modified by genetic and environmental factors.
- the gene is expressed in the hypothalamus, and may be a component of signaling in the brain satiety center.
- TUB mutations that lead to a genetic predisposition to obesity may be determined by the use of the subject TUB sequences.
- DNA from a patient having having one or more neurosensory defects is analyzed for the presence of a predisposing mutation in a TULP gene.
- the diagnosis may be performed in conjunction with kindred studies to determine whether a mutation of inteest co-segregates with disease phenotype in a family.
- a mutated TULP sequence that affects the activity or expression of the encoded gene product may confer an increased susceptibility to the condition.
- Specific mutations of interest include any mutation that leads to neurosensory defects, e . g. retinal degeneration, including insertions, substitutions and deletions in the coding region sequence, introns that affect splicing, promoter or enhancer that affect the activity and expression of the protein.
- normal TULP sequences are provided in the SEQLIST, as described in Table 1.
- the normal sequence shall be understood to include sequence variants in non-coding regions that do not affect the level of expression of the gene, coding region variants that do not change the amino acid sequence, e.g. "third position” changes, and changes that result in an altered amino acid sequence but maintain substantially all of the normal protein function.
- Biochemical studies may be performed to determine whether a candidate mutation in the coding region or control regions predisposes to disease.
- the activity of a candidate TULP protein may be compared with the wild-type protein activity.
- a change in the promoter or enhancer sequence that downregulates expression may also result in predisposition to neurosensory defects.
- Expression levels of a candidate variant allele are compared to expression levels of the normal allele by various methods known in the art. Methods for determining promoter or enhancer strength include quantitation of the expressed natural protein; insertion of the variant control element into a vector with a reporter gene such as ⁇ -galactosidase, chloramphenical acetyltransferase, etc. that provides for convenient quantitation; and the like.
- Retinal dystrophies of interest include retinitis pigmentosa, combined cone rod dystrophy, age related macular dystrophy, Stargardt's macular dystrophy, Best's disease, pigment pattern dystrophies, central alveolar choroidal dystrophy, dominant drusen, hereditary hemorrhagic macular dystrophy, North Carolina macular dystrophy, pericentral choroidal dystrophy, adult foveomacular dystrophy, benign concentric annular macular dystrophy, central aureolar pigment epithelial dystrophy, congenital macular coloboma, dominantly inherited cystoid macular edema, familial foveal retmoschisis, fenestrated sheen macular dystrophy, progressive foveal dystrophy, slowly progressive macular dystrophy, Sorsby's pseudomflammatory dystrophy, progressive cone dystrophy, Leber' s congenital amaurosis and Goldman-Favre syndrome.
- Genomic DNA is isolated from the individual or individuals that are to be tested, from any nucleated cellular source, such as blood, hair shafts, saliva, mucous, biopsy material, feces, etc. Where large amounts of DNA are available, the genomic DNA may be used directly. Alternatively, the region of interest is cloned into a suitable vector and grown in sufficient quantity for analysis, or amplified by conventional techniques. Cells that express TULP genes, such as retinal cells, may be used as a source of mRNA, which may be assayed directly or reverse transcribed into cDNA for analysis.
- PCR amplification can be performed on the DNA from a single cell, although it is convenient to use at least about 10 cells.
- a detectable label may be included n an amplification reaction.
- Suitable labels include fluorochromes, e.g. fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), rhodamine, Texas Red, phycoeryth ⁇ n, allophycocyanin, 6-carboxyfluorescem (6-FAM), 2' , '-d ⁇ methoxy-4' ,5' - dichloro-6-carboxyfluorescein (JOE), 6-carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX) , 6-carboxy-2' , 4' , 7 ' , 4 , 7-hexachlorofluorescem (HEX) , 5-carboxyfluorescein (5-FAM) or N,N,N' ,N' -tetramethyl-6- carboxyrhodamine (TAMRA) , radioactive
- the label may be a two stage system, where the amplified DNA is conjugated to biotin, haptens, etc. having a high afifnity binding partner, e.g. avidin, specific antibodies, etc., where the binding partner is conjugated to a detectable label.
- the label may be conjugated to one or both of the primers.
- the pool of nucleotides used in the amplification is labeled, so as to incorporate the label into the amplification product.
- Hybridization with the variant sequence may also be used to determine its presence, by Southern blots, dot blots, etc.
- the hybridization pattern of a control and variant sequence to an array of oligonucleotide probes immobilised on a solid support, as described in US 5,445,934, or in WO95/35505, may also be used as a means of detecting the presence of variant sequences.
- an array of oligonucleotides are provided, where discrete positions on the array are complementary to at least a portion of mRNA or genomic DNA encoding one or more TULP proteins.
- Such an array may comprise a series of oligonucleotides, each of which can specifically hybridize to a nucleic acid, e.g. mRNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, etc. from one of the TULP family members.
- the complete array may include all of the TULP family members, including the splice variants of TUB. Wild- type sequences and polymorphisms may be represented. For example, see Hacia et al . (1996) Nature Genetics 14:441-447; Lockhart et al . (1996) Nature Biotechnol. 14:1675-1680; and De Risi et al . (1996) Nature Genetics 14:457-460.
- Single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) , and heteroduplex analysis in gel matrices are used to detect conformational changes created by DNA sequence variation as alterations in electrophoretic mobility.
- the amplified or cloned fragment may be sequenced by dideoxy or other methods, and the sequence of bases compared to the normal sequence.
- Various methods are known in the art that utilize oligonucleotide ligation as a means of detecting mutations, see Riley et al . (1990) N. A. R. 18:2887-2890; and Delahunty et al . (1996) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 58:1239-1246.
- the fragment is digested with that endonuclease, and the products size fractionated to determine whether the fragment was digested. Fractionation is performed by gel electrophoresis, particularly acrylamide or agarose gels.
- Antibodies specific for TULP polymorphisms may be used in screening immunoassays. A reduction or increase in a TULP protein and/or presence of disease associated polymorphisms is indicative that a candidate neurosensory defect is TULP-associated. Immunoassays may utilize a patient sample from a patient suspected of having TULP- associated neurosensory defect. Samples, as used herein, include biological fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid, tears, saliva, lymph, dialysis fluid and the like; organ or tissue culture derived fluids; and fluids extracted from physiological tissues. Also included in the term are derivatives and fractions of such fluids.
- Diagnosis may be performed by a number of methods.
- the different methods all determine the absence or presence or altered amounts of normal or abnormal TULP protein in patient cells suspected of having a predisposing polymorphism.
- detection may utilize staining of cells or histological sections, performed in accordance with conventional methods.
- the antibodies of interest are added to the cell sample, and incubated for a period of time sufficient to allow binding to the epitope, usually at least about 10 minutes.
- the antibody may be labeled with radioisotopes, enzymes, fluorescers, chemiluminescers, or other labels for direct detection.
- a second stage antibody or reagent is used to amplify the signal. Such reagents are well known in the art.
- the primary antibody may be conjugated to biotin, with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated avidin added as a second stage reagent.
- Final detection uses a substrate that undergoes a color change in the presence of the peroxidase.
- the absence or presence of antibody binding may be determined by various methods, including flow cytometry of dissociated cells, microscopy, radiography, scintillation counting, etc.
- An alternative method for diagnosis depends on the in vi tro detection of binding between antibodies and TULP protein in a lysate. Measuring the concentration of TULP protein binding in a sample or fraction thereof may be accomplished by a variety of specific assays.
- a conventional sandwich type assay may be used. For example, a sandwich assay may first attach TULP-specific antibodies to an insoluble surface or support. Other immunoassays are known in the art and may find use as diagnostics. Ouchterlony plates provide a simple determination of antibody binding. Western blots may be performed on protein gels or protein spots on filters, using a detection system specific for TULP protein as desired, conveniently using a labeling method as described for the sandwich assay.
- the TULP genes are useful for analysis of expression, e.g. in determining developmental and tissue specific patterns of expression, and for modulating expression in vi tro and m vivo . Modulation of expression may be used to up-regulate desired TULP genes in specific target tissues, e.g. retina, hypothalamus, etc., or to down-regulate undesired, e.g. disease-associated, TULP genes.
- Retroviral vectors known in the art include modified retroviral genomes such as moloney leukemia virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Retroviral vectors typically include viral sequences that are required for packaging, integration and expression of the inserted TULP genes. The vectors are "defective" in the ability to encode viral proteins required for productive infection. Replication requires growth in a packaging cell line that provides the gag, pol , and env proteins necessary for completion of the infectious cycle. Adenovirus vectors are also of interest, as described in Li et al .
- Micro- injection may be employed, fusion, or the like for introduction of genes into a suitable host cell. See, for example, Dhawan et al . (1991) Science 254:1509-1512 and Smith et al . (1990) Molecular and Cellular Biology 3268-3271.
- An expression vector will have a transcriptional initiation region oriented to produce functional mRNA.
- the native transcriptional initiation region, or an exogenous transcriptional initiation region may be employed.
- the promoter may be introduced by recombinant methods m vi tro, or as the result of homologous integration of the sequence into a chromosome.
- Many strong promoters are known in the art, including the b-actin promoter, SV40 early and late promoters, human cytomegalovirus promoter, retroviral LTRs, methallothionein responsive element (MRE) , tetracycline- ducible promoter constructs, etc.
- Expression vectors generally have convenient restriction sites located near the promoter sequence to provide for the insertion of nucleic acid sequences.
- Transcription cassettes may be prepared comprising a transcription initiation region, the target gene or fragment thereof, and a transcriptional termination region.
- the transcription cassettes may be introduced into a variety of vectors, e.g. plasmid; retrovirus, e.g. lentivirus; adenovirus; and the like, where the vectors are able to transiently or stably be maintained in the cells, usually for a period of at least about one day, more usually for a period of at least about several days to several weeks.
- Antisense molecules are used to down-regulate expression of TULP genes in cells.
- the anti-sense reagent may be antisense oligonucleotides (ODN) , particularly synthetic ODN having chemical modifications from native nucleic acids, or nucleic acid constructs that express such anti-sense molecules as RNA.
- ODN antisense oligonucleotides
- the antisense sequence is complementary to the mRNA of the targeted gene, and inhibits expression of the targeted gene products .
- Antisense molecules inhibit gene expression through various mechanisms, e.g. by reducing the amount of mRNA available for translation, through activation of RNAse H, or steric hindrance.
- One or a combination of antisense molecules may be administered, where a combination may comprise two or more different sequences.
- Antisense molecules may be produced by expression of all or a part of the target gene sequence in an appropriate vector, where the transcriptional initiation is oriented such that an antisense strand is produced as an RNA molecule.
- the antisense molecule is a synthetic oligonucleotide.
- Antisense oligonucleotides will generally be at least about 7, usually at least about 12, more usually at least about 20 nucleotides in length, and not more than about 500, usually not more than about 50, more usually not more than about 35 nucleotides in length, where the length is governed by efficiency of inhibition, specificity, including absence of cross-reactivity, and the like. It has been found that short oligonucleotides, of from 7 to 8 bases in length, can be strong and selective inhibitors of gene expression (see Wagner et al . (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:840-844) .
- a specific region or regions of the endogenous sense strand mRNA sequence is chosen to be complemented by the antisense sequence. Selection of a specific sequence for the oligonucleotide may use an empirical method, where several candidate sequences are assayed for inhibition of expression of the target gene in an in vi tro or animal model. A combination of sequences may also be used, where several regions of the mRNA sequence are selected for antisense complementation.
- Antisense oligonucleotides may be chemically synthesized by methods known in the art (see Wagner et al . (1993) supra , and Milligan et al . , supra . ) Preferred oligonucleotides are chemically modified from the native phosphodiester structure, in order to increase their intracellular stability and binding affinity. Such modifications have been previously discussed with respect to the use of probes.
- catalytic nucleic acid compounds e.g. ribozymes, anti-sense conjugates, etc. may be used to inhibit gene expression.
- Ribozymes may be synthesized in vi tro and administered to the patient, or may be encoded on an expression vector, from which the ribozyme is synthesized in the targeted cell (for example, see International patent application WO 9523225, and Beigelman et al. (1995) Nucl. Acids Res 23:4434-42) .
- Examples of oligonucleotides with catalytic activity are described in WO 950676 .
- Conjugates of anti-sense ODN with a metal complex, e.g. terpy ⁇ dylCu(II) capable of mediating mRNA hydrolysis are described in Bashkin et al . (1995) Appl Biochem B otechnol 54:43-56.
- transgenic is intended to encompass genetically modified animals having a deletion or other knock-out of TULP gene activity, or having an exogenous TULP gene that is stably transmitted in the host cells. Transgenic animals may be made through homologous recombination, where the TULP locus is altered. Alternatively, a nucleic acid construct is randomly integrated into the genome. Vectors for stable integration include plasmids, retroviruses and other animal viruses, YACs, and the like. Of interest are transgenic mammals, e.g. cows, pigs, goats, horses, etc., and particularly rodents, e.g. rats, mice, etc.
- Investigation of gene function may also utilize non-mammalian models, particularly using those organisms that are biologically and genetically well-characterized, such as C. elegans, D . melanogas ter and S. cerevisiae.
- transposon (Tel) insertions in the nematode homolog of a TULP gene, e.g. tub (fl0b5.4) are made.
- the sub j ect gene sequences may be used to knock-out or to complement defined genetic lesions in order to determine the physiological and biochemical pathways involved in TULP function.
- a number of human genes have been shown to complement mutations in lower eukaryotes. Drug screening may be performed in combination with complementation studies.
- yeast has been shown to be a powerful tool for studying protein-protein interactions through the two hybrid system described in Chien et al . (1991) P.N.A.S. 88:9578-9582.
- the modified cells or animals are useful in the study of TULP function and regulation.
- a series of small deletions and/or substitutions may be made in a TULP gene to determine the functional role of different domains.
- Specific constructs of interest may include anti-sense TULP, which will block TULP expression, expression of dominant negative TULP mutations, and over-expression of a TULP gene.
- a detectable marker, such as lac Z may be introduced into the TULP locus, where upregulation of TULP expression will result in an easily detected change in phenotype.
- TULP gene or variants thereof in cells or tissues where it is not normally expressed or at abnormal times of development.
- by providing expression of TULP protein in cells in which it is otherwise not normally produced one can induce changes in cell behavior.
- DNA constructs for homologous recombination will comprise at least a portion of the TULP gene with the desired genetic modification, and will include regions of homology to the target locus.
- DNA constructs for random integration need not include regions of homology to mediate recombination. Conveniently, markers for positive and negative selection are included. Methods for generating cells having targeted gene modifications through homologous recombination are known in the art. For various techniques for transfecting mammalian cells, see Keown et al . (1990) Methods in Enzvmology 185:527-537.
- an ES cell line may be employed, or embryonic cells may be obtained freshly from a host, e.g. mouse, rat, guinea pig, etc. Such cells are grown on an appropriate fibroblast-feeder layer or grown in the presence of appropriate growth factors, such as leukemia inhibiting factor (LIF) .
- LIF leukemia inhibiting factor
- ES cells When ES cells have been transformed, they may be used to produce transgenic animals. After transformation, the cells are plated onto a feeder layer in an appropriate medium. Cells containing the construct may be detected by employing a selective medium. After sufficient time for colonies to grow, they are picked and analyzed for the occurrence of homologous recombination or integration of the construct.
- Blastocysts are obtained from 4 to 6 week old superovulated females.
- the ES cells are trypsinized, and the modified cells are injected into the blastocoel of the blastocyst. After injection, the blastocysts are returned to each uterine horn of pseudopregnant females. Females are then allowed to go to term and the resulting litters screened for mutant cells having the construct.
- chimeric progeny can be readily detected.
- the chimeric animals are screened for the presence of the modified gene and males and females having the modification are mated to produce homozygous progeny. If the gene alterations cause lethality at some point in development, tissues or organs can be maintained as allogeneic or congenic grafts or transplants, or in in vi tro culture.
- the transgenic animals may be used in functional studies, drug screening, etc., e.g. to determine the effect of a candidate drug on retinal disease.
- the protein may have the biological activity associated with the wild-type protein, or may have a loss of function mutation due to a point mutation in the coding sequence, substitution, insertion, deletion, etc., including scanning mutations as previously discussed.
- Drug screening identifies agents that provide a replacement or enhancement for TULP function in affected cells.
- screening assays for agents that have a low toxicity for human cells.
- a wide variety of assays may be used for this purpose, including labeled in vi tro protein-protein binding assays, protein-DNA binding assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, immunoassays for protein binding, and the like.
- the purified protein may also be used for determination of three-dimensional crystal structure, which can be used for modeling intermolecular interactions, transcriptional regulation, etc.
- agent as used herein describes any molecule, e.g.
- TULP protein or pharmaceutical, with the capability of altering or mimicking the physiological function of a TULP protein.
- assay mixtures are run in parallel with different agent concentrations to obtain a differential response to the various concentrations.
- one of these concentrations serves as a negative control, i.e. at zero concentration or below the level of detection.
- Candidate agents encompass numerous chemical classes, though typically they are organic molecules, preferably small organic compounds having a molecular weight of more than 50 and less than about 2,500 daltons.
- Candidate agents comprise functional groups necessary for structural interaction with proteins, particularly hydrogen bonding, and typically include at least an amine, carbonyl, hydroxyl or carboxyl group, preferably at least two of the functional chemical groups .
- the candidate agents often comprise cyclical carbon or heterocyclic structures and/or aromatic or polyaromatic structures substituted with one or more of the above functional groups.
- Candidate agents are also found among biomolecules including, but not limited to: peptides, saccharides, fatty acids, steroids, purines, pyrimidines, derivatives, structural analogs or combinations thereof.
- Candidate agents are obtained from a wide variety of sources including libraries of synthetic or natural compounds. For example, numerous means are available for random and directed synthesis of a wide variety of organic compounds and biomolecules, including expression of randomized oligonucleotides and oligopeptides. Alternatively, libraries of natural compounds in the form of bacterial, fungal, plant and animal extracts are available or readily produced. Additionally, natural or synthetically produced libraries and compounds are readily modified through conventional chemical, physical and biochemical means, and may be used to produce combinatorial libraries. Known pharmacological agents may be subjected to directed or random chemical modifications, such as acylation, alkylation, esterification, amidification, etc. to produce structural analogs.
- the screening assay is a binding assay
- the label can directly or indirectly provide a detectable signal.
- Various labels include radioisotopes, fluorescers, chemilum escers, enzymes, specific binding molecules, particles, e.g. magnetic particles, and the like.
- Specific binding molecules include pairs, such as biotin and streptavidin, digoxin and antidigox etc.
- the complementary member would normally be labeled with a molecule that provides for detection, in accordance with known procedures.
- reagents may be included in the screening assay. These include reagents like salts, neutral proteins, e.g. albumin, detergents, etc that are used to facilitate optimal protein- protein binding and/or reduce non-specific or background interactions. Reagents that improve the efficiency of the assay, such as protease inhibitors, nuclease inhibitors, anti-microbial agents, etc. may be used. The mixture of components are added in any order that provides for the requisite binding. Incubations are performed at any suitable temperature, typically between 4 and 40°C. Incubation periods are selected for optimum activity, but may also be optimized to facilitate rapid high-throughput screening. Typically between 0.1 and 1 hours will be sufficient.
- the compounds having the desired pharmacological activity may be administered in a physiologically acceptable carrier to a host for treatment of neurosensory defect or obesity attributable to a defect in TULP gene or protein function.
- the compounds may also be used to enhance TULP function.
- the therapeutic agents may be administered in a variety of ways, orally, topically, parenterally e.g. subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, by viral infection, mtravascularly, etc. Inhaled treatments are of particular interest.
- the compounds may be formulated in a variety of ways .
- the concentration of therapeutically active compound in the formulation may vary from about 0.1-100 wt.%.
- compositions can be prepared in various forms, such as granules, tablets, pills, suppositories, capsules, suspensions, salves, lotions and the like.
- Pharmaceutical grade organic or inorganic carriers and/or diluents suitable for oral and topical use can be used to make up compositions containing the therapeutically- active compounds.
- Diluents known to the art include aqueous media, vegetable and animal oils and fats.
- Stabilizing agents, wetting and emulsifying agents, salts for varying the osmotic pressure or buffers for securing an adequate pH value, and skin penetration enhancers can be used as auxiliary agents.
- a pathway of particular interest is sensory neuron apoptosis.
- Drug screening assays may be performed with mutant and wild-type TULP protein to detect agents that mimic or act as agonists or antagonists for TULP function.
- the interaction of TULP protein with other proteins in these pathways is of particular interest, and may be detected in a variety of assays, e.g. yeast two hybrid system, in vi tro protein-protein binding assays, genetic complementation, etc.
- assays e.g. yeast two hybrid system
- vi tro protein-protein binding assays e.g. yeast two hybrid system
- genetic complementation etc.
- Complementation in animal and yeast models is particularly useful in the study of apoptosis.
- the genetics of programmed cell death has been well-defined in several animal models.
- Both C. elegans and D. melanogas ter regulate apoptosis through the expression of two gene products, ced-3 and ced-9, and rpr and hid, respectively.
- the relative simplicity of these pathways is attractive for biochemical and genetic analysis.
- Both animals are used as screening tools in conjunction with the subject gene sequences, and with their corresponding TULP homologs.
- a number of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes are expressed in neurons and photoreceptors, and may be involved in retinal degeneration. These cells depend on factors such as nerve growth factor and brain derived neurotrophic factor for survival, and may undergo apoptosis where the factor or its receptor are mutated.
- the anti-apoptotic genes of interest are bcl -2, bcl -xL and mcl -1 .
- Inducers of apoptosis include fas (CD95), myc, bax, bcl -xs , TNF receptor and the family of cysteine proteases that includes interleukin 1 b- converting enzyme.
- the tubby mutation arose spontaneously in the C57BL/6J mouse strain. Homozygotes are recognizable by increased body weight at 3 to 4 months in males and at 4 to 6 months in females. Both sexes are fertile. The increased weight is composed of excess adipose tissue.
- Blood glucose is normal, but plasma insulin is increased prior to obvious signs of obesity and may rise to 20 times normal by 6 months.
- the islets of Langerhans are moderately enlarged with signs of hyperactivity and the mice display early onset retinal degeneration leading to blindness.
- D7Pjnl2 SEQ ID NO:22 SEQ ID NO:23 TGGTGAGCAAAACAAGGAAC TGGGGAAAGCAATTTCTGG
- D7Pjn24 SEQ ID NO:24 SEQ ID NO:25 GCCTGTCAGCAAGGACCTT CCATGTCCCAAACAAGATGG
- YAC clones were obtained by PCR screening of mouse YAC DNA pools from Research Genetics, Inc. (Huntsville, AL) and Pl clones were obtained from Genome Systems (St. Louis, MO) . Briefly, DNA from YAC or Pl pools was used as a template in PCR with a specific primer pair as shown above. Only pools comprising a YAC or Pl that contains the sequence tag defined by the primer pair will yield an amplification product. Then the process is repeated with the subpools corresponding to the positive superpools. In the YACS this process is continued until a single positive YAC can be identified. In the case of Pis, no subpools for the secondary pools exist, so that the secondary pools are plated, transferred to nylon filter and screened with the labeled sequence tag obtained with the specific primer pair. A positive Pl pool is then isolated.
- Pl and cosmid clones were made from YAC967d4, which spans most of the minimal genetic interval, and were used in direct cDNA selection against cDNA from adult testis, brain and eye of C57BL/6 mice.
- Ten randomly chosen cosmids were used in the cDNA selection. Pis used include 3636, 1848, 2617, Y, 14.6, 4171, 17.12, 4154, and 24.2.
- cDNAs for selection were a mixture obtained from testis, brain and eye mRNA. The selection was carried out as described by Lovett, Current protocols in Human Genetics ⁇ eds . Dracopoli et al . ) 6.3.1-13 (Current Protocols, NY 1994) and modified by Segre et al .
- RNA was eluted in 10 mM Tris pH 7.2, 10 mM EDTA.
- Northern blot analysis 2-5 ⁇ g poly A RNA was fractionated on a 1% agarose-formaldehyde gel, transferred to Hybond N+ membrane (Amersham) and hybridized with the indicated probes in the presence of 500 mM NaP04, 7% SDS, ImM EDTA at 65°C.
- Blots were washed in 40 mM NaP04, 1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA at 65°C, followed by a stringent wash in 0.1%SDS, 0.1XSSC at 68°C. Integrity, equal loading and transfer efficiency were assessed by control hybridization with a rat GAPDH probe.
- An intron specific probe was generated by amplification of genomic PCR product of C13F2 and C13R with oligonucleotide primers C13F3 and C13R3. Nested PCR was used to generate the intron specific fragment in order to obtain a cleaner probe.
- Probe C15 was obtained by EcoRI digestion of the cDNA clone cl5 from the cDNA selection. Probes were random labeled with 32 P[ ⁇ dCTP] (Amersham, Arlington Heights, IL) .
- Genomic DNA was PCR amplified with oligonucleotide primers flanking the donor splice site, C13F2 and C13R, and was gel purified and manually sequenced by dideoxy cycle sequencing (Sequitherm, Epicentre Technologies, Madison, Wl) .
- Primer 2.61F1 was used with C13R to obtain a probe DNA fragment for northern blots by amplifying cDNA. Random hexamer priming, as described by Sambrook et al . , supra , was used to label the amplification product..
- RT-PCR Reverse transcription-PCR .
- RT-PCR was performed with RNA from adult tissues using primers 2.40R and 2.40F, or GAPDH.
- the tub gene specific primers span two introns with a combined length of about 1 kb.
- Two ⁇ g poly A+ RNA were treated with DNAse I (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN) and reverse transcribed using SuperscriptTM Preamplification System (Gibco/BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) .
- PCR was performed using 1-10 ng sscDNA, primer 2.40F [SEQ ID NO: 31] GATGGCAAGAAGGTGTTCC and 2.40R [SEQ ID NO:32] TCATTGCGGGGGCGGATAC and AmpliTaqTM (Perkin Elmer, CA) under the following conditions: 95°C 1 min denaturation, 94°C 20 sec, 58°C 20 sec, 72°C 30 sec for 49 cycles followed by 72°C 2 min.
- Forward and reverse GAPDH oligomers were [SEQ ID NO:33] ATGGTGAAGGTCGGTGTGAA and [SEQ ID NO:34] ACCAGTAGACTCCACGACAT, respectively.
- the amplification products were electrophoresed in 1% agarose gel, transferred to Hybond N+ (Amersham) and hybridized with either exon or GAPDH cDNA probes.
- cDNA library screening A mouse testis cDNA library from mouse strain CD-I (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) inserted into lambda UNI-ZAP XR was screened according to the manufacturer's instructions with the 1.6 kb 2.61F-C13R PCR probe, identifying 24 plaques, two of which were purified and sequenced automatically (Prism, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) . Clone length was between 1 and 2.5 kb.
- the coding region cDNA sequence of Form I is described in the sequence listing, SEQ ID NO:l.
- the predicted amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO:2.
- the coding region cDNA sequence of Form II is described in the sequence listing SEQ ID NO: 3, the predicted am o acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 4.
- Tubby was previously mapped in an interspecific (CSlBL/6-tub/tub X CAST/EIIF-L intercross to 2.4 ⁇ 1.4 cM from Hbb . Markers across a 20 cM interval encompassing Hbb were tested to identify areas of recombination and to define more closely the minimal tub region, using the DNA from the cross described above. Three mapping crosses were used to refine the minimal region containing the gene to between markers D7M ⁇ t94 and D7M ⁇ t325.
- mice or 1640 meioses were tested. Initially, 680 meioses were tested proximally with D7M ⁇ tl 85 and distally with D7M ⁇ tl30. As a narrower region was identified, 458 and 502 meioses were tested with proximal markers, D7M ⁇ tl26 and D7P n2, respectively. Of 44 markers contained within the largest interval tested, 34 (77%) were polymorphic between C57BL- tub/tub and Overall, 20 recombinant mice were identified in this intercross. The minimal region containing tub lay between markers D7M ⁇ t219 and D7M ⁇ tl30 with a genetic distance of 0.18 ⁇ 0.11 cM.
- a YAC contig was established spanning the minimal genetic region, establishing order and distance for those markers not separated by recombinants.
- the minimal genetic interval was shown to be flanked by crossovers at D7Mi t94 and D7Mit325, which could be mapped within Pl clones 524 and 242, respectively.
- the location of the tub gene relative to each crossover was unambiguously determined by progeny testing. Animals carrying crossovers in the region were mated to tub/tub homozygotes and the progeny examined for the tubby phenotype (50% tubby if the crossover chromosome still contained the tubby gene, 0% tubby if the crossover chromosome had lost the tubby gene) .
- flanking markers were shown to map within YAC67d4, giving a maximal physical separation of 650 kb.
- a high resolution physical map of the region was constructed by Pl, BAC and cosmid assembly using STSs derived from end sequencing Pis, by subcloning and sequencing cosmid pools derived from YAC 132bll (1 Mb, non-chimaeric) and by searching public databases.
- c33 One cDNA clone, c33, from a DNA contig of 12 overlapping sequences, showed an altered hybridization pattern in tubby derived mRNA when compared to C57BL/6.
- Tubby mice express a slightly larger transcript in brain and testis, 6.6 kb vs . 6.3 kb.
- clone c33 identified a 2.1 kb transcript in tubby derived mRNA that is not observed in C57BL/6.
- oligonucleotide primers were made according to the cDNA sequences from the contig of overlapping clones and used to PCR amplify gene specific fragments from cDNA and genomic DNA.
- the genomic nucleotide sequence was compared, and it was found that there was a G to T transversion in the tubby donor splice site, changing the wild- type donor splice site consensus sequence from GTGAGT to TTGAGT.
- a PCR generated probe specific for the intron was hybridized to a northern blot.
- the probe detected a transcript only in the tubby mRNA, but not in wild- type.
- the 2.1 kb transcript is likely to arise from truncation of the full length transcript by introduction of a polyadenylation site contained in the unspliced intron. This is supported by hybridization analysis with a sequence 3' of the unspliced intron, which does not hybridize to the 2.1 kb transcript.
- the carboxy terminal 260 amino acids show a strong similarity (62% identity) to a putative mouse testis- specific phosphodiesterase (GenBank accession number X69827), as well as the C. elegans 48.2K protein (GenBank Q09306, 59% identity) .
- a cDNA library generated from human brain mRNA and cloned into lambda gtll (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA) was used to isolate the human tubby gene.
- the phage library was plated at 1.2 x 10 pfu/plate onto E. coli Y1090 m standard bacterial medium. The plates were incubated for 9 hours at 37°C. Two nitrocellulose filters were lifted from each plate as described in Sambrook et al . , supra . , pp.2.114. The filters were hybridized in 10% dextran sulfate, 1% SDS, IM NaCl, 100 ⁇ g/ml
- the hybridization probes are PCR amplification products of cDNA sequences isolated by exon trapping with the Pl clone 3636, as described in Example 1.
- the cDNA sequences were cloned into the pSPL3b vector (BRL, Bethesda, MD) and amplified according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- a 171 bp probe was generated having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:35, and a 99 bp probe was generated having the sequence of SEQ ID NO:36.
- the DNA was labeled by random hexamer priming, as described in Example 1.
- the filters were washed at 65°C in a buffer of 2 x SSC, 0.1% SDS for 45 m , followed by two washes in 0.2 x SSC, 0.1% SDS for 45 minutes each. Positive plaques were isolated and rescreened. A total of 18 positive plaques were identified.
- the cDNA inserts from the positive plaques were amplified by PCR and subcloned. Briefly, agar plugs containing positive phage plaques were picked, and resuspended in 10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA to elute phage. A PCR reaction was set up with phage eluate and primers specific for the region of lambda gtll flanking the insert.
- the individual amplification products were digested with EcoRI, purified by gel electrophoresis and QIAEX IITM gel extraction kit (Qiagen) , and inserted into pUC9 at the EcoRI site.
- the subcloned inserts ranged in size from 1.0-3.3 kb.
- TULP1 cDNA Isolation of TULP1 cDNA
- a human retinal cDNA library was screened with the conserved 3' coding region of human tubby gene as a probe, under low stringency conditions .
- the TULP1 gene was identified by this screening method. 77% aa identity was observed in the conserved region between TULP1 and TUB. In contrast to TUB, probing a variety of ti-ssue northern blots with TULP1 showed no hybridizing bands. Thus, TULP1 expression is restricted to retina.
- TULP1 Gene specific PCR primers for TULP1 were used to determine its chromosomal location, using the Stanford G3 Radiation Hybrid panel. TULP1 localizes to chromosome 6p21.3. Two markers, D6S439 and D6S291, that flank TULP1 have been reported not to recombine with the RP 14 locus in a human kindred (Shugart et al . (1995) Am J Hum Genet. 57:499- 502) demonstrating that TULP1 is tightly linked to the RP 14 locus.
- Adul t brain cDNA isola tion To isolate the TUB gene, approximately 1.2x10 plaque forming units of human adult brain cDNA lambda gtll library were plated according to the manufacturer's
- Filters lifted from the phage plates were hybridized with labeled probe in 10% dextran sulfate, 1% SDS, IM NaCl, 100 ⁇ g/ml of salmon testes DNA, at 65°C for 18 hr. After hybridization, filters were washed at 65°C in 2xSSC, 0.1% SDS for 45 min; 0.2xSSC, 0.1% SDS for 45 min and 0.2xSSC, 0.1% SDS for 45 min. Following plaque purification, cDNA inserts were PCR amplified using lambda gtll primers (BRL) and directly cloned into pCR2.1 for sequencing, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen) . Automated fluorescence sequencing was utilized (Prism, Applied Biosystems) .
- Retinal cDNA isola tion To identify TULP1 , approximately 1x10 pfus of human retinal cDNA lambda gtll library (Clontech) were
- Amplifications products were gel purified (Qiagen) and sequenced automatically (Prism, Applied Biosystems) or manually by dideoxy cycle sequencing (Sequitherm, Epicentre Technologies) . Alternately, gel purified products were subcloned into TA cloning vector according to manufacturer's instruction (BRL), electroporated into DH10B cells, grown, and plasmids isolated by standard protocol prior to sequencing (Ausubel, et al . Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley- Interscience, New York, updated to 1995) .
- Genomic DNAs from a number of animal species were digested with EcoR I and the DNA transferred to nylon membranes by
- Oligonucleotide primers for PCR amplification were constructed from the novel 5' end of TUB, generating a product of 225 bp for cDNA and ⁇ 850 bp for genomic DNA: (SEQ ID NO: 37) CTTAAACCCACTCCATCCTGTG (SEQ ID NO: 38) ATCTCCCTTCCTTCCTTCCAGT.
- Amplification primers for the 3' non-coding region for TUB, generating a product of 221bp were constructed: (SEQ ID NO:39) TGCCTGGGAATCCTGCTGC; (SEQ ID NO:40) TCCTAAGGGTCCTGCCACT.
- SEQ ID NO:39 TGCCTGGGAATCCTGCTGC
- SEQ ID NO:40 TCCTAAGGGTCCTGCCACT.
- TULPl generating a product of 92 bp, the following primers were constructed:
- Loss of function mutations in TULPl have been shown to co- segregate with retinitis pigmentosa in kindred studies. Such mutations include but are not limited to a point mutation in exon 11 causing an amino acid substitution of Arg to Pro at A.A. 420 [SEQ ID NO: 13]; and a point mutation in exon 12 causing an amino acid substitution of Phe to Leu at A.A 491 [SEQ ID NO:13].
- the human TULP2 gene was isolated from a human cDNA library by the following methods.
- TULP2 was identified as a member of the tubby gene family.
- TULP2 cDNA was isolated by hybridization of a probe from the mouse p46 sequence, at reduced stringency, to a human cDNA library.
- the mouse p46 gene was previously identified as a cDNA sequence in a public database, with homology to tubby.
- TULP2 extends approximately 700 bp further than p46 on its 5' end, and has numerous nucleotide differences throughout the length of the gene.
- the p46 sequence has the GenBank accession number X69827.
- DR2 (Clontech) were plated according to the manufacturer's instructions, using K802 as bacterial host. After over night incubation at 37°C, 2 membranes were lifted from each plate. Those membranes were hybridized in 10% dextran sulfate, 1% SDS, IM NaCl,
- the labeled probe was a PCR amplification product from a mouse testis cDNA library, using primers MP46.1 (SEQ ID NO:43)
- the probe corresponds to nt 1360-1650 of TULP2 (SEQ ID NO:14) .
- the hybridization was done m ExpressHyb solution (Clontech) at 60°C for 2 hr, according to the manu acturer's instructions.
- the blots were washed 3 times in 2xSSC, 0.05%SDS at room temp, followed by washing with O.lxSSC, 0.1%SDS at 55°C 2 x 40 mm., with O.lxSSC, 0.1% SDS at 65°C for 40 min.
- the TULP2 transcript was detected only in testis, with an approximate size of 1.8 kb.
- a human retinal cDNA library (Clontech) was plated, and filters lifted, as described above. Using the same TULP2 probe and hybridization conditions, positive plaques were identified at a frequency of 1/10 plaques, indicating low level expression in adult retina tissue.
- TULP2 The genomic location of TULP2 was mapped using the Genebridge radiation hybrid panel. Oligonucleotide primers for PCR amplification were constructed from the 2nd exon from 3' end of TULP2 (position 1360- 1521), generating a product of 162 bp both cDNA and genomic DNA. The primers used were: (SEQ ID NO:47) HP46.F1 5 '-CCACTAAATGAACAGGAGTCGC-3' (SEQ ID NO:48) HP46.R2 5'-TTGGAAGTTCTTCACCGAAGCC-3'
- the PCR conditions were 94°C, 45 sec; 55°C, 45 sec; 72°C, 60 sec for a total of 30 cycles.
- the retention patterns for each oligonucleotide pair were obtained by PCR assay in the Genebridge radiation hybrid panel (see Walter et al . (1994) Nature Genetics 7:22- 28) .
- Data entered into an online database was analyzed by RHMAP software developed by Boehnke et al . (1991) Am J Hum Genet 49:1174- 1188.
- the public domain mapping data may be obtained through the Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research, Human Genomic Mapping Project, Data Release 10 (March 1996) .
- the Genebridge mapping data for TULP2 and WI-9028 is as follows: WI-9028 000000000100000000101000000001000000001011001100011000000000011110010 010010000000002011100201 TULP2
- TULP2 is expressed in the testes and retina, but not in other adult tissue. Genomic mapping data indicate that the gene is closely associated with the locus for cone- rod retinal dystrophy, a disease causing early chorioretinal atrophy of the central and peripheral retina.
- Figure 2 shows a comparison of the intron-exon structure of human TULPl and TULP2.
- the intron exon boundaries were determined by comparison of the cDNA sequence to the corresponding genomic sequence obtained by direct sequencing of bacterial artificial chromosomes encompassing the TULP2 or TULPl genomic locus.
- the intron exon structure is highly conserved at the sequences encoding the carboxy terminal portion of these molecules, and highly divergent over sequences encoding the amino terminal portion. These are sequences that are highly conserved in the TULP family across divergent species. Loss of function mutations that have been identified in TULPl map to the conserved regions.
- Ramping PCR conditions were used: 95°C for 2 min, then 5 cycles of 95°C for 5 sec, 40°C for 10 sec, 72°C for 40 se , followed by 30 cycles at 95°C for 5 sec, 50°C for 10 se , 72°C for 40 sec, followed by an final extension at 72°C for 7 min.
- the products obtained from this reaction were subcloned and sequenced according to standard protocols.
- the new sequences corresponding to new TULP family members were then used to design primers for RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) amplification of retina cDNA, as described below.
- an adaptor ligated human retinal double-stranded cDNA library (Marathon-Ready cDNA, Clontech) was amplified using a kit for Marathon cDNA amplification for 5'- and 3'-RACE (Clontech) .
- 0.2 ng of cDNA was subjected to 5' Marathon RACE using a Tth-XL amplification kit (Perkin-Elmer) with the primers Ap-1 [SEQ ID NO:49] (5'-CCATCCTAATACGACTCACTATAGGGC-3' , Clontech) and the h5.7Rl primer [SEQ ID NO:50] (5'- AATCCAGTGTGAACACGTCAT-3' ) .
- PCR reactions were performed in a MJ Research PTC-100 cycler with the following program: 37 cycles of 94°C for 5 sec, 54°C for 10 sec, 72°C for 2min., followed by a final extension at 72°C for 7 min.
- PCR reactions were performed in a MJ Research PTC-100 cycler with the following program: 27 cycles of 94°C for 5 sec, 54°C for 10 sec, 72°C for 2mm., followed by a final extension at 72°C for 7 min.
- the resulting product was run on a 1.2% agarose gel, stained with EtBr, and a ⁇ 1.3 kb band was excised.
- the DNA was isolated from the agarose using a QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen) and recovered in 50 ul TE buffer. The 3' RACE reaction was similarly performed.
- PCR reaction a 1/50 dilution of reaction 1 was prepared and the 3' Marathon RACE reaction was performed using 2 ul of the diluted product in a 20 ul reaction of the Tth-XL amplification kit (Perkm-Elmer), along with the Ap2 primer [SEQ ID NO:54] (5'-ACTCACTATAGGGCTCGAGCGGC- 3', Clontech) and the h5.7-f5 primer [SEQ ID NO:55] (5'- GCCCCCGTCTGGAACAGTG-3' ) .
- Ap2 primer 5'-ACTCACTATAGGGCTCGAGCGGC- 3', Clontech
- SEQ ID NO:55 5'- GCCCCCGTCTGGAACAGTG-3'
- the PCR reaction were again performed in the MJResearch PTC-100 cycler with the following program: 27 cycles of 94°C for 5 sec, 54°C for 10 sec, 72 C for 2m ⁇ n., followed by a final extension at 72 C C for 7 mm.
- the resulting product was run on a 1.2% agarose gel, stained with EtBr and a ⁇ 500 bp band was excised and weight. DNA was isolated using the QIAquick gel extraction kit.
- the DNA sequence was obtained by directly sequencing the 5' and 3' RACE products by automated sequencing on an ABI 480 sequencing system using the h5.7 F5 and h5.7 R2 primers.
- TUB protein is expressed in a variety of human tissues, including brain, colon, heart, skeletal muscle and stomach. TUB function is therefore not restricted in neuronal tissues.
- the pattern of protein expression is consistent with the pattern of mRNA expression observed by Northern blot analysis.
- Western blot analysis also indicates that multiple protein products observed in both neuronal and non-neuronal tissues, ranging n s ze from 36 kDa to 98 kDa.
- 5' RACE PCR a series of alternative spliced forms of human tubby were identified, which can account for these alternative protein products, and which will have different biochemical activities.
- TUB transcripts There are 6 alternative 5' ends for the TUB transcript, which lead to different amino acid sequences of the N terminus.
- the predicted amino acid sizes for each TUB protein form are listed, along with the SEQ ID NO of the appropriate 5' RACE product.
- Forms 1-4 are identical in their 3' end sequence from residue 69 to 561 [SEQ ID NO:10], and vary in the 5' sequence as shown.
- Forms 5 and 6 are spliced such that translation initiation occurs at an internal methionine at residue 102 [SEQ ID NO:10] and leading to a predicted protein of 460 amino acids [SEQ ID NO:8].
- the alternative splicing form has been observed in both mouse (tub) and human ( TUB) transcripts.
- GFP protein was tagged at the amino terminus of the chimeric protein.
- Electroporation was used to obtain a transient transfection of Cos7 cell with these expression plasmids. After 8-24 hours of transfection, the cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and examined using a fluorescence microscope to determine the subcellular localisation of the construct.
- TUB 506 A distinct (predominantly) cytoplasmic location for TUB 506 [SEQ ID NO: 62] is indicated by GFP assays described above, and by immunohistochemistry in mouse brain sections, where cytoplasmic rather than nuclear staining is obvious.
- the major form of mouse tubby protein in adult brain has been previously shown to be homologous to SEQ ID NO: 62.
- Mouse adult brain section was obtained using standard procedure. After deparaffinization and hydration of the tissue section, slides were blocked with 3% normal goat serum. The primary antiserum from rabbit used for this study was raised against recombinant human TUB fragment (exons 7 to 12) . After overnight incubation with primary antibody at 4°C, the slides were washed several times and incubated with biotinylated anti-rabbit-IgG for 30 min at room temperature. Slides were washed again and incubated with fluorescein streptavidin for another 30 min at room temperature. After that, the slides were washed and mounted with anti-fade mounting medium containing 200ng/ml DAPI.
- NAME Sherwood, Pamela J.
- GACTACATCG TCATGCAGTT TGGCCGGGTA GCAGAAGATG TGTTCACCAT GGATTACAAC 1800 TACCCACTGT GTGCACTGCA GGCCTTTGCC ATTGCTCTGT CCAGCTTTGA CAGCAAGCTG 1860
- TTGCCAGTGT ACAGCTGGGA GCCACCCGCC CACCAGCACC AGCCTCAGCC AAGAAATCCA 540
- CTTCAGCCCC CAGCCCAGCC GCCCCAGAGC CACCAGTGGA TATTGAGGTC CAGGATCTAG 960
- ACTTCCAGAT CATCCACGGC AATGACCTTG AGTGTTGCCA CTCCCTGTTT TTGATGTTGT 60 ACGCATGGTG CCCAGCCCCC ACCCCACCCC CAATCCCCTG ATCTGGTCCA TATCAGCCAG 120 TGATGGGATG TGGGTATATG GCTTTTGTTA GAACTTTCTA ACTGTAGTGA TCTAGAGTCC 180 TGCCCCTAGT GCCCTGCATG TCTGGGGCTT GGGAATACCC TTTAAATGGA TGTCTTTTCT 240 CTCCTGGGCC CTGCTGTCTG TGTGCATCTC CCCCCTTCAC CCTCTTGCTT CATAATGTTT 300 CTCTTGAACC TTTGTTTTGT TCATCCTTTC GATCTCTTTG GCATTTCTGC TTTCTCCTTC 360 CCTCTTGTGG CCCATGTCTT ACCTGGTCTC CCTGTCTCCA CCAATTCTTG CTTGGTGCAT 420 GCCACAGCGG ACTACATCGT CATG
- CAGTCAGACC ACGCCCAGGA CGCAGGGGAG ACGGCAGCTG GTGGGGGCGA ACGGCCCAGC 420 GGGCAGGATC TCCGTGCCAC GATGCAGAGG AAGGGCATCT CCAGCAGCAT GAGCTTTGAC 480
- ATCCATGGCA ATGACCCGGA CTACATCGTG ATGCAGTTTG GCCGGGTAGC AGAGGATGTG 1320
- MOLECULE TYPE protein
- CAGGGTGGCT CAGCTTCTCT CTTCGCAGGT GCCCAGGGCA GCAGGGGACC CAAAGGGCCC 2520
- GTCATGTTCT GTGGGGCCAT GGAGGACAGA ACTAGGACTG AAGGGAGGTG TGTTTGAGCT 3540
- TCTCCAGCGT CCATTTGGGG TGGGGTCAGC AATGTCCAGC TTTGCATCTG GGTATCACTT 4500 TTCCTTCTGA TACTTGAAAT TGGATTCTGA AGATTCCTAA TTATTGTTCC AAGTTCTCAT 4560
- GGAATTTCAA CAGGCTCCAG GTCTTACTAT GCAGCCTGAA GTGGGACCAT CCCTTAAACC 5820
- GCCCGTGCCC CAGACGCGGA GGACGAGGAG GAGGAGGAAG AGGAGGACGA GGAGGACGAG 420 GAAGAGGAGG CAGAGGAAAA GAAAGAGAAA ATCCTTCTGC CTCCCAAGAA GCCCCTGAGA 480
- CTTCCTACTA CCTCTACCTG GAGGGCGAGG ATGGTGTAGC ACATTTCCTT CTGGCTGGGC 1080
- GATATCCTCT TTGCCCGCTC CAAGCCTTCG
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP97920276A EP0892807A1 (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1997-04-10 | Gene family associated with neurosensory defects |
AU24507/97A AU2450797A (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1997-04-10 | Gene family associated with neurosensory defects |
JP9536472A JP2000509255A (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1997-04-10 | Gene family associated with sensory neuropathy |
US09/032,365 US6114502A (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1998-02-27 | Gene family associated with neurosensory defects |
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/630,592 | 1996-04-10 | ||
US08/630,592 US5770432A (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1996-04-10 | Obesity associated genes |
US08/701,380 US5686598A (en) | 1996-08-22 | 1996-08-22 | Genes associated with retinal dystrophies |
US08/701,380 | 1996-08-22 | ||
US08/706,292 US5705380A (en) | 1996-09-04 | 1996-09-04 | Identification of a gene encoding TULP2, a retina specific protein |
US08/706,292 | 1996-09-04 | ||
US08/714,991 | 1996-09-17 | ||
US08/714,991 US5776762A (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1996-09-17 | Obesity associated genes |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/032,365 Continuation US6114502A (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1998-02-27 | Gene family associated with neurosensory defects |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997038004A1 true WO1997038004A1 (en) | 1997-10-16 |
Family
ID=27505192
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1997/005903 WO1997038004A1 (en) | 1996-04-10 | 1997-04-10 | Gene family associated with neurosensory defects |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0892807A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2000509255A (en) |
AU (1) | AU2450797A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2251603A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997038004A1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0859637A1 (en) * | 1995-06-30 | 1998-08-26 | Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compositions for the treatment and diagnosis of body weight disorders, including obesity |
WO2001092530A1 (en) * | 2000-06-02 | 2001-12-06 | Rhein Biotech Proz & Prod Gmbh | Nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence coding for an sdf-1 gamma chemokine, a neuropeptide precursor or at least one neuropeptide |
US7011952B2 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2006-03-14 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Diagnostics and therapeutics for macular degeneration-related disorders |
US7351524B2 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2008-04-01 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Diagnostics and therapeutics for macular degeneration-related disorders |
WO2011138671A3 (en) * | 2010-05-04 | 2011-12-29 | Universite Rene Descartes - Paris 5 | Tubby-like protein isoforms and their applications |
CN112553233A (en) * | 2020-11-16 | 2021-03-26 | 扬州大学 | Tulp2 polyclonal antibody and preparation method and application thereof |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5646040A (en) * | 1995-06-30 | 1997-07-08 | Millennium Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Mammalian tub gene |
-
1997
- 1997-04-10 WO PCT/US1997/005903 patent/WO1997038004A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-04-10 CA CA002251603A patent/CA2251603A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-04-10 AU AU24507/97A patent/AU2450797A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-04-10 JP JP9536472A patent/JP2000509255A/en active Pending
- 1997-04-10 EP EP97920276A patent/EP0892807A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5646040A (en) * | 1995-06-30 | 1997-07-08 | Millennium Pharmaceutical, Inc. | Mammalian tub gene |
Non-Patent Citations (5)
Title |
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BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA, 01 March 1994, Vol. 1217, No. 2, VAMBUTAS et al., "Identification and Characterization of the Developmentally Regulated Pattern of Expression in the Testis of a Mouse Gene Exhibiting Similarity to the Family of Phosphodiesterases", pages 203-206. * |
CELL, 19 April 1996, Vol. 85, KLEYN et al., "Identification and Characterization of the Mouse Obesity Gene Tubby: A Member of a Novel Gene Family", pages 281-290. * |
DATABASE GENBANK, NATIONAL CENTER FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY INFORMATION, NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, (Bethesda, MD, USA), Accession No. X69827, Locus MMPHDIEST, VAMBUTAS et al., "Identification and Characterization of the Developmentally Regulated Pattern of Expression in the Testis of a Mouse Gene Exhibiting * |
NATURE, 11 April 1996, Vol. 380, NOBEN-TRAUTH et al., "A Candidate Gene for the Mouse Mutation Tubby", pages 534-538. * |
PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. U.S.A., 01 April 1997, Vol. 94, No. 7, NORTH et al., "Molecular Characterization of TUB, TULP1 and TULP2, Members of the Novel Tubby Gene Family and Their Possible Relation to Ocular Diseases", pages 3128-3133. * |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0859637A1 (en) * | 1995-06-30 | 1998-08-26 | Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Compositions for the treatment and diagnosis of body weight disorders, including obesity |
EP0859637A4 (en) * | 1995-06-30 | 2001-11-14 | Millennium Pharm Inc | Compositions for the treatment and diagnosis of body weight disorders, including obesity |
US6605437B2 (en) | 1995-06-30 | 2003-08-12 | Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Screening methods for compounds useful for the treatment of body weight disorders, including obesity |
US7011952B2 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2006-03-14 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Diagnostics and therapeutics for macular degeneration-related disorders |
US7344846B2 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2008-03-18 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Diagnostics and therapeutics for macular degeneration-related disorders |
US7351524B2 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2008-04-01 | University Of Iowa Research Foundation | Diagnostics and therapeutics for macular degeneration-related disorders |
WO2001092530A1 (en) * | 2000-06-02 | 2001-12-06 | Rhein Biotech Proz & Prod Gmbh | Nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence coding for an sdf-1 gamma chemokine, a neuropeptide precursor or at least one neuropeptide |
WO2011138671A3 (en) * | 2010-05-04 | 2011-12-29 | Universite Rene Descartes - Paris 5 | Tubby-like protein isoforms and their applications |
CN112553233A (en) * | 2020-11-16 | 2021-03-26 | 扬州大学 | Tulp2 polyclonal antibody and preparation method and application thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2000509255A (en) | 2000-07-25 |
CA2251603A1 (en) | 1997-10-16 |
EP0892807A1 (en) | 1999-01-27 |
AU2450797A (en) | 1997-10-29 |
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