WO1997034969A1 - Combustible emulsionne et l'un de ses procedes d'obtention - Google Patents
Combustible emulsionne et l'un de ses procedes d'obtention Download PDFInfo
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- WO1997034969A1 WO1997034969A1 PCT/FR1997/000475 FR9700475W WO9734969A1 WO 1997034969 A1 WO1997034969 A1 WO 1997034969A1 FR 9700475 W FR9700475 W FR 9700475W WO 9734969 A1 WO9734969 A1 WO 9734969A1
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- Prior art keywords
- weight
- emulsion
- fuel
- water
- parts
- Prior art date
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 102
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 23
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 109
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- -1 sorbitol ester Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N D-Glucitol Natural products OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-FSIIMWSLSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonylphenol Chemical class CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical class N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002528 anti-freeze Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010775 animal oil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical group C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N (2r,3r,4r,5s)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol;(z)-octadec-9-enoic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960005078 sorbitan sesquioleate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007762 w/o emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical class [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007084 catalytic combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 21
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 16
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 10
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 10
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 10
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000010363 phase shift Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000847 nonoxynol Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 3
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorocyclohexane Chemical compound FC1(F)CCCCC1 ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IEORSVTYLWZQJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-nonylphenoxy)ethanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1OCCO IEORSVTYLWZQJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010053481 Antifreeze Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 240000002791 Brassica napus Species 0.000 description 2
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nonylphenol Natural products CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N Sorbitan monooleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-BFWOXRRGSA-N [(2r)-2-[(3r,4s)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-2-hydroxyethyl] (z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)C1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-BFWOXRRGSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCO LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229950004959 sorbitan oleate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000006832 (C1-C10) alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-decene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WECIKJKLCDCIMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-n-(2-cyanoethyl)acetamide Chemical compound ClCC(=O)NCCC#N WECIKJKLCDCIMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MUHFRORXWCGZGE-KTKRTIGZSA-N 2-hydroxyethyl (z)-octadec-9-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCCO MUHFRORXWCGZGE-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RFVNOJDQRGSOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxyethyl octadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCO RFVNOJDQRGSOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-M 9-cis,12-cis-Octadecadienoate Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-HZJYTTRNSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000208140 Acer Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004977 Brassica sinapistrum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrogen dioxide Chemical group O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002565 Polyethylene Glycol 400 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019484 Rapeseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HVUMOYIDDBPOLL-XWVZOOPGSA-N Sorbitan monostearate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O HVUMOYIDDBPOLL-XWVZOOPGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000019486 Sunflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004996 alkyl benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004534 cecum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010908 decantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000011066 ex-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-M hexadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940049918 linoleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- VHWYCFISAQVCCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxymethanol Chemical compound COCO VHWYCFISAQVCCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N palmitic acid group Chemical group C(CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)(=O)O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940051841 polyoxyethylene ether Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000056 polyoxyethylene ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-QJWNTBNXSA-M ricinoleate Chemical compound CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-QJWNTBNXSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940066675 ricinoleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011067 sorbitan monolaureate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013112 stability test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008400 supply water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000005691 triesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc stearate Chemical class [Zn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O XOOUIPVCVHRTMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
Definitions
- the field of the present invention is that of fuel compositions, in particular, fuels intended for use in heat engines. More specifically, the fuels envisaged in the context of the invention mainly contain liquid hydrocarbons and in particular:
- the present invention relates more specifically to new fuel compositions constituted by emulsions of water in at least one hydrocarbon and generally in a mixture of hydrocarbons, such as for example that which composes diesel. It will therefore be a question in this presentation of water / hydrocarbon stabilized emulsions, comprising surfactants capable of allowing the emulsification and stabilization of such emulsions.
- the present invention also relates to a process for obtaining fuels (e.g. fuels) emulsified water / hydrocarbons associated with one or more surfactants.
- the present invention is part of the approach, which has been in vogue for a long time, for the development of fuel compositions, in particular of fuels comprising substitutes for petroleum derivatives, in the interests of economy and limitation of pollution.
- Water quickly appeared as an interesting partial additive or substitute for petrol or diesel.
- Water is indeed an inexpensive and non-toxic liquid, which has been shown to reduce fuel consumption, as well as the emission of visible or invisible pollutants.
- no water, hydrocarbon fuel has hitherto been used industrially, on a large scale, in concrete applications, because of unacceptable difficulties of implementation and use.
- a first approach it has been envisaged to provide for the separate storage of water and fuel on the vehicle and their mixing at the time of use. This approach requires the installation on board the vehicle of a complex and sophisticated device for specific mixing and dosing. The cost, size and fragility of such devices appeared to be completely dissuasive for the development of this approach.
- the second apprehensible approach consists in using ready-made mixtures of water and fuel, but this was without taking into account the considerable problems of storage stability of such mixtures in temperature ranges varying from - 20 ° C to - 70 ° C, and stability under conditions of use of the emulsion in a tank.
- phase separation phase shift / demixing
- US Pat. No. 4,877,414 discloses an emulsified fuel comprising a number of additives, including an emulsifying system formed by sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan mono-oleate and polyoxyethylene ether ( 6 EO) of dodecyl alcohol.
- the total concentration of all additives is approximately 2.1%.
- the other additives that can be used can be: a mono- ⁇ -olefin (decene-1), methoxymethanol, toluene, alkyl benzene and calcium hydroxide. This formulation is extremely complex, if only by the number of additives used. It is also relatively expensive.
- the fuel emulsified according to this patent also suffers from a lack of stability, in particular at low temperature.
- the Applicant has moreover been able to clearly demonstrate this by reproducing the preferred example of implementation of the emulsified fuel according to this US patent. It turned out that the emulsion separates (dephazes) within an hour. The phenomenon is further accentuated at low temperatures below 5 ° C. We hardly dare imagine, what could happen in vehicle tanks containing this emulsion and placed in real winter conditions of use.
- N ° 101: 57 568 z targets an emulsified fuel comprising hydrocarbons constituted by derivatives of extremely viscous and heavy petroleum, water, ethanol and an emulsifier consisting of ethoxylated nonylphenol.
- This emulsified fuel is intended to be used in ovens, conventional oil burners. This fuel cannot meet the expected specifications for combustion performance, limitation of pollutants and low consumption. In addition, the physicochemical stability of this emulsion is not good.
- emulsified fuels which the present invention proposes to improve.
- emulsified fuels which can be fuels, comprise specific quantities of hydrocarbons and a set of additives in minor quantities including in particular an emulsifying system comprising sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene glycol and alkylphenol ethoxylate.
- the dispersed phase of these emulsified fuels consists of water present in an amount of 5 to 35% by weight while the additives are present in an amount of 0.1 to 1.5% by weight.
- concentration ranges for sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene glycol and alkylphenol ethoxylate are, respectively (in% by weight), from 0.20-0.26 / 0.20-0.25 / 0.20-0 , 27.
- the entire patent application reports the use of equal amounts of these three main additives: 1/1/1.
- One of the essential objectives of the present invention is to overcome this shortcoming by providing an emulsified fuel, in particular a fuel, formed by a stable water / hydrocarbon emulsion, which remains perfectly homogeneous over long periods of time, as well in storage tanks only in elements of the circuits constituting the combustion devices, in which said fuels may be used.
- Another essential objective of the present invention is to provide new improved emulsified fuels which provide good results in terms of reducing fuel consumption and reducing the emission of visible pollutants such as smoke and solid particles and pollutants. invisible gases such as CO, NO x and / or SO 2 , unburnt hydrocarbons and CO 2 .
- Another essential objective of the present invention is to provide new emulsified fuels which are of a low cost price, so as not to annihilate the gain obtained by the partial replacement of expensive hydrocarbons with water.
- Another objective of the present invention is to provide a process for the preparation of stable, non-polluting and economical emulsified fuels, which process must also be inexpensive and also easy to implement, without sophisticated operating protocol and device.
- the Applicant has continued its inventive effort and has developed new improved emulsified fuels, the originality of which is, on the one hand, to present an aqueous dispersed phase, consisting of small droplets provided with an interfacial film to counter the phenomenon of coalescence. It is also essential for the stability of the emulsion that the size distribution of the water droplets be as fine as possible, and on the other hand, to select a composition of the emulsifying system contributing to obtaining the stability specifications. , size and size distribution droplets of the aqueous phase in the diesel phase.
- the present invention relates to an improved emulsified fuel, consisting of an emulsion of water in at least one hydrocarbon, said fuel being characterized
- this emulsion comprises an emulsifying system comprising:
- radicals X are identical or different from each other and each correspond to: OH, R'COO- with R 1 representing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, optionally substituted by hydroxyls and having from 7 with 22 carbon atoms, R 1 preferably being a fatty acid residue deprived of a terminal carboxyl, this ester (T) having an HLB of between 1 and 9; ⁇ (H) at least one fatty acid ester of general formula: R2 - CO- ⁇ O ⁇ R 4 (
- R 2 represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, optionally substituted by hydroxyl functions and having from 7 to 22 carbon atoms, R 2 preferably being a fatty acid residue deprived of a terminal carboxyl,
- R 3 being a linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkylene, preferably C 2 -C 3 ,
- - n is an integer greater than or equal to 6, preferably between 6 and 30,
- R 4 corresponds to: H, linear or branched C 1 -C 10 alkyl
- ester (D) preferably having an HLB greater than or equal to 9;
- ⁇ (DI) at least one alkylphenolpolyalkoxylate of general formula:
- - R 6 represents a linear or branched C, -C 20 , preferably C 5 -C 20 alkyl; - m is an integer greater than or equal to 8, preferably between 8 and 15,
- R 7 and R 8 correspond respectively to the same definitions as those given above for R 3 and R 4 of formula (II), this ester (HI) preferably having an HLB of between 10 and 15;
- this emulsifying system has an overall HLB of between 6 erence between 6.5 and 7.5.
- the emulsion is produced such that the average size of the droplets of aqueous dispersed phase is less than or equal to 3 ⁇ m, preferably 2 ⁇ m and more preferably still 1 ⁇ m, with a lower standard deviation at 1 ⁇ m.
- composition suitable for the emulsifying system very clearly differ from the invention according to WO 93 18 117, which the present invention improves.
- the improved emulsified fuels which have these characteristics benefit from great storage stability over long periods of time. They do not phase-shift (phase separation), both in tanks and in the various elements constituting the supply circuits of devices suitable for serving as a seat for combusion, namely: internal combustion engines, burners ...
- the emulsion according to the invention remains perfectly homogeneous so that the risks of malfunction of the combustion devices are extremely limited.
- the stability of the emulsion is understood to mean that it is maintained in its initial physicochemical state of homogeneous emulsion.
- the fuels emulsified according to the invention provide, at the same time, very interesting and satisfactory performances, with regard to the reduction of polluting emissions and of consumption, and this for a reasonable cost price.
- the mean value in diameter of droplets of aqueous phase fixed at 3 ⁇ m, preferably 1 ⁇ m and more preferably still at 1 ⁇ m, and accompanied by a standard deviation of 1 ⁇ m maximum appeared to be one of the determining factors for guarantee the stability of the emulsion and in particular the limitation of coalescence and phase shift phenomena.
- a “monodisperse” particle size profile is therefore provided around 1 ⁇ m in practice (see curve in FIG. 5). This means that the droplet population is homogeneous in size, the latter also being low enough to contribute to stability.
- HLB Hydrophilic-Lipophilic-Balance
- the qualitative and quantitative composition of the emulsifying system is also an essential element of the invention, which contributes to the results obtained in particular with regard to stability.
- the emulsion comprises at least 5% by weight of water and the concentration of emulsifying system relative to the total mass of the fuel is less than or equal to 3% by weight, preferably 2% by weight.
- the emulsifying system comprises the 3 compounds (I), (IT) and (lu) in the following proportions:
- the fatty acid ester of sorbitan (I) preferably consists essentially of one or more C 18 sorbitan oleates, optionally combined with one or more esters of C 8 fatty acid (linoleic, stearic ) and in C, 6 (palmitic).
- the ester (I) is not limited to monoesters of fatty acids and of sorbitan but extends to di and / or tri-esters and their mixtures.
- one of the selection criteria for this ester (I) is advantageously belonging to the d ⁇ LB range between 1 and 9, which gives it a marked lipophilic tendency.
- L ⁇ LB more particularly preferred for the ester (I) is between 2.5 and 5.5.
- esters essentially consisting of oleates and, in smaller quantities, of palmitate, stearate and sorbitan linoleate. It can, for example, be so sesquioleate sorbitan, such as those marketed under the brand SPAN ® 83 and Arlacel ® 83 (ICI).
- esters (I) of sorbitan include the sorbitan laurates of the type marketed under the trade name SPAN ® 20 or Arlacel ® 20 (ICI), ALKAMULS SML (RHONE POULENC), sorbitan stearates of the type sold under the ARLACEL 60 ® brand (HERE) or ALKAMULS SMS (RHONE POULENC), without this list being exhaustive.
- esters (I) extend to all analogs and derivatives of fatty acid and sorbitan esters.
- the compound (Bf) is chosen from oleates and / or stearates and / or ricinoleates of polyalkyleneglycol and preferably of polyethylene glycol (PEG), preferably from those of which the PEG has a lower molecular weight or equal to 450, preferably around 300. It may, for example, be so PEG 300 monooleate of the type marketed under the trademark TILOL 163 ® (UNION DERIVAN SA), A EMULSOGEN ® (Hoechst ).
- the alkylphenol alkoxylate is preferably chosen from nonylphenols and / or polyethoxylated octylphenols, polyethoxylated nonylphenols being particularly preferred.
- nonylphenol ethoxylate it is eg nonylphenol ethoxylate. It can advantageously be replaced or combined with one or more other alkylphenol alkoxylates. It is thus interesting to retain the alkoxylates of alkylphenol (HT) in which the alkyl radical substituting the phenol contains approximately from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably from 5 to 20. In addition, it is also preferable to select the alkoxylates (eg ethoxylate) of alkylphenol in which the alkoxyl chain preferably comprises from 8 to 20 and, even more preferably, from 8 to 15 groups of alkylene oxide (eg ethylene oxide) per molecule.
- alkylphenol eg ethoxylate
- polyethoxylated nonylphenol is thus preferred: C 9 H 19 -C 6 H 4 - (OCH 2 CH 2 ) m -OH, with 8 ⁇ m ⁇ 15. It indeed appeared essential in the context of the invention to use polyethoxylated nonylphenols, characterized not only by their hydrophilic nature, but also by cloud points, defined within the meaning of standard DIN 53917 with an aqueous solution at 1% by mass greater than 30 ° C.
- compounds (III) include octylphenol polyethoxylated particularly those marketed under the brand OCTAROX ® (SEPPIC) and OP n SINNOPAL ® (SIDOBRE-SINNOVA).
- the compound (IH) of the emulsifying system is a mixture of polyethoxylated nonylphenols, preferably two polyethoxylated nonylphenols having respectively 9 and 12 ethylene oxide residues
- more combustible specifically targeted by the present invention are those in which the hydrocarbon or the mixture of hydrocarbons entering into their constitution is (are) chosen (s) from the following group of products: gas oils, gasolines, kerosene, fuel oils, synthetic fuels , vegetable oils, esterified or not, and mixtures thereof.
- the present invention relates to a particular group of fuels that are fuels (diesel, petrol, kerosene, synthetic fuels, vegetable or animal oils, esterified or not) used as fuel in internal combustion engines or heat engines.
- the fuel or fuel according to the invention can be added using a number of products having various functionalities.
- one of the main advantages of the hydrocarbon / water emulsions according to the present invention is to offer two different types of support for the additives, namely: a lipophilic support constituted by the continuous hydrocarbon phase and a hydrophilic support constituted by the aqueous phase.
- a lipophilic support constituted by the continuous hydrocarbon phase
- a hydrophilic support constituted by the aqueous phase.
- additives which are soluble or miscible in water or else in hydrocarbons.
- These additives can therefore consist of one or more procetane products chosen, preferably, from peroxides and / or nitrates and their mixtures.
- the alkyl nitrates are examples of procetanes which can be incorporated into the emulsion via the hydrocarbon phase.
- Nitrate salts are the hydrophilic counterparts of alkyl nitrates. Their quality of salts allows them to be supported by the aqueous phase.
- the anti-soot function is another function which it is possible to provide in the emulsified fuels of the invention.
- the promoters of such a function are advantageously additives consisting of at least one metallic or alkaline earth catalyst, capable of promoting the post-combustion reaction of the soot, said catalyst preferably being based on magnesium, calcium, barium, cerium, copper. , iron or their mixtures.
- These catalytic promoters for the destruction of soot are all the easier to introduce since they are generally compounds whose salts are soluble in water, which makes them compatible with the aqueous phase of the emulsions according to the invention. It is not the same for conventional fuels of the prior art exclusively consisting of hydrophobic hydrocarbons.
- the detergent function can also prove to be advantageous for the emulsions according to the invention. It is therefore advisable to consider the case where these include one or more detergent agents or additives.
- the nitrogen dioxide function (NOJ which can be provided by ammonia compounds (of the urea or ammonia type), is also valued in fuels and more particularly in fuels.
- NOJ which can be provided by ammonia compounds (of the urea or ammonia type)
- emulsified fuel composition according to the invention: - hydrocarbon (s) 50 to 99% preferably 65 to 99% water 0.1 to 50% preferably 1 to 35 % emulsifying system 0.05 to 5% preferably 0.1 to 3% additives 0.01 to 5% preferably 0.05 to 2%.
- the present invention is perfectly in step with the current trend of using "green oil” as a partial substitute for fuel, in particular diesel.
- They can be, for example, rapeseed, soybean or sunflower oils, esterified or not, which can enter the fuel composition up to 5%, 30% or even 50% by mass for example.
- the present invention also relates to a composition of fuel additives essentially comprising:
- the present invention relates to a process for obtaining an emulsified fuel, characterized in that it essentially consists, simultaneously or not: - a - to use at least one hydrocarbon, water and an emulsifying system comprising:
- radicals X are identical or different from each other and each correspond to: OH, R ] COO- with R 1 representing an aliphatic hydrocarbon radical, saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, optionally substituted by hydroxyls and having from 7 to 22 atoms carbon, R 1 preferably being a fatty acid residue deprived of a terminal carboxyl, this ester (I) having an HLB of 1 or 9; ⁇ (O) at least one fatty acid ester of general formula:
- - R 2 represents a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic hydrocarbon radical, optionally substituted by hydroxyl functions and having from 7 to 22 carbon atoms, R 2 preferably being a fatty acid residue deprived of a carboxyl terminal, - R 3 being a linear or branched C, -C, 0 , preferably C 2 -C 3 alkylene,
- - n is an integer greater than or equal to 6, preferably between 6 and 30,
- R 4 corresponds to: H, linear or branched C, -C ] alkyl
- - R 6 represents a linear or branched C, -C 20 , preferably C 5 -C 20, alkyl;
- - m is an integer greater than or equal to 8, preferably between 8 and 15,
- R 7 and R 8 correspond respectively to the same definitions as those given above for R 3 and R 4 of formula (II), this ester (lu) preferably having an HLB of between 10 and
- this emulsifying system having an HLB of between 6 and 8, preferably between 6.5 and 7.5. > and any other additives;
- the process according to the invention can therefore be summarized as an emulsion formation and a fractionation of this emulsion, so as to reduce the size of the droplets of aqueous dispersed phase until obtaining and maintaining a monodisperse particle size of 1 ⁇ m with a difference type less than 1 ⁇ m.
- the emulsification is largely based on the emulsifying system.
- the latter preferably has the following composition: (I) from 2.5 to 3.5 parts by weight, preferably 3 parts by weight (H) from 1.5 to 2.5 parts by weight preferably 1.5 to 2 parts by weight (IH) from 0.5 to 1.9 parts by weight preferably 0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight .
- the process according to the invention can be one of those which can be used to prepare the improved emulsified fuel (eg fuel) described above. It follows that by extension, the characteristics and the observations given in the description above with regard to the products used in the emulsion, can be entirely transposed in this part of the description relating to the process.
- the fractionation of the emulsion is a mechanical or thermomechanical treatment aimed at breaking the cohesive force of the droplets, so as to promote their subdivision.
- the fractionation means preferably used during step (c) are of the static mixer, centrifugal or other pump type, colloidal mill or other, rotor mixer, ultrasonic mixer and other method of fragmenting a liquid in another immiscible liquid.
- static mixers can be used as fractionation means. These static mixers are bodies through which the emulsion is passed at high speed and in which it undergoes sudden changes in direction and / or in diameter of the pipes which make up the interior of the mixers. This leads to a pressure drop, which is a factor in obtaining a correct emulsion in finesse and stability.
- a rotor mixer of the type sold under the brand ULTRA-TURRAX ® can be used , a high pressure homogenizer of the type sold by APV-BAKER or any process known to those skilled in the art and allowing easy scaling up of scale.
- the steps b and c of mixing / fractionation are, for example, sequential, that is to say that the procedure consists in mixing the ( or the) hydrocarbon (s) and the emulsifying system and any additives, the premix being subsequently mixed and emulsified with water.
- Steps - a - to - c - of the process according to the invention take place at ambient temperature, which is also that of the fluids and the raw materials used.
- the emulsified fuel according to the invention and / or obtained by the process according to the invention is used for multiple industrial applications and commercial.
- thermal engine e.g. diesel
- the fuel may be fuel oil.
- FIG. 1 represents a photograph under an optical microscope with a given magnification of a water / diesel emulsion according to the invention, with droplets of dispersed aqueous phase, of size less than or equal to 1 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 2 represents a photograph under an optical microscope with the same magnification as that of FIG. 1 of a water / diesel emulsion according to the closest prior art, with droplets of dispersed aqueous phase, of size greater than or equal to 10 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 3 represents a diagram of an example of an emulsion fractionation device, capable of being used in the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 4 represents a graph of a cyclic engine speed (revolution / minute) as a function of time t (second), imposed on buses equipped with a diesel engine, for carrying out functional characterization tests of fuels emulsified according to l invention and according to the prior art. (Example H).
- FIG. 5 represents a graph of the monodisperse particle size distribution of an emulsified fuel according to the invention, in which the mean diameter d of the droplets of the aqueous phase is plotted on the abscissa and on the ordinate ⁇ N / N, N being the total number of droplets and ⁇ N the number of droplets of a given d.
- Figure 6 represents the cycles of temperature variations and agitation applied to the summer formulations (fig. 6.1) and winter (fig. 6.2) to determine their stability in use.
- compositions of the emulsifying systems tested are given in Table 2.
- Table 2 the compositions have been presented in the form of the weight proportions of each of the constituents of the emulsifying system, it being specified that this represents 1.86% by weight of the final emulsion formulation.
- compositions A to F are those of the invention
- composition G is that described in WO-93/18117.
- compositions H to L serve as comparative examples demonstrating the superiority of the compositions of the invention over those comprising only two of the constituents or those having an HLB outside the claimed range.
- the quality of the emulsion obtained is characterized by the following criteria.
- Stability criterion This criterion is twofold and relates to stability under conditions of use (dynamic character) as well as stability in storage at different temperatures.
- Figure 6 For each “summer” and “winter” formulation, the profile of the temperature variation cycle is illustrated in Figure 6. Note that the system must be agitated (gentle mechanical agitation, approximately 60 rpm), or at rest depending on the phase of the cycle.
- Figure 6.1. illustrates the summer formulation cycle and Figure 6.2. that of the winter formulation.
- Storage stability is assessed by the more or less long time for the formulation to exhibit the phenomenon of demixing.
- EXAMPLE II PREPARATION OF A GAS OIL / WATER / EMULSIFIER SYSTEM (ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION AND ACCORDING TO THE NEAREST PRIOR ART) ⁇ .1. EMULSION ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION (3: 2: 1 EMULSION)
- the 4 kg of emulsifier system is incorporated into the 164 kg of diesel fuel and this mixture is homogenized using the propeller agitator rotating at a speed of a few hundred revolutions / min for a few minutes.
- the propeller agitator rotating at a speed of a few hundred revolutions / min for a few minutes.
- the device used is that shown in FIG. 3.
- This device consists: - of a container 1 intended to contain a liquid 2 formed by all the constituents of the emulsion with the exclusion of water before fractionation or by the emulsion stabilized at the end of fractionation;
- Container 1 is a conventional container, which is continuously or discontinuously supplied with a diesel / emulsifier / additive premix
- the fractionation means 3 comprise a static mixer 5 of the type of those of the SMV - 4DM 20 type (5 mixing elements in series) sold by the company SULZER.
- This mixer consists of a hollow cylinder having a fluid inlet and outlet and defining, inside the cylinder, a zig-zag path for the fluid, using several stages of transverse partitions provided with oblique slots forming fluid passage pipes.
- the outlet of the static mixer 5 is connected to a conduit 6 opening into the interior of the container 1 (means of conveying 6 the effluent into the container 1), while its inlet is connected to a conduit 7 equipped with a pump 8.
- the free end 9 of this pipe 7 plunges into the premix or emulsion bath 2 contained in the container 1.
- This device is also connected upstream and in the vicinity of the pump inlet 8 to a pipe 10 of water supply, which forms with the valve 11, the circuit 4 mentioned above.
- This device is capable of ensuring a large pressure drop, at nominal flow rate, so as to cause the dispersion of the emulsion.
- the fractionation using this device takes place as follows: after filling the container 1 with the diesel / SE / additives premix, the pump 8 is put into operation so as to establish a circulation of fluid through the mixer static 5. The solenoid valve 11 is then opened to supply water and mix it with the G / SE / A premix within pump 8, this mixture then being conveyed to the static mixer for undergo the desired splitting. The pressure of the fluid at the outlet of pump 8 is 5 MPa.
- the 30 kg of water are introduced in approximately 1 min.
- the system works in a loop to ensure fractionation for 30 min.
- 200 kg of emulsion corresponding to the characteristics of the invention are thus obtained.
- This emulsion has a whitish color and a kinematic viscosity of 6.2 mm 2 / s at 20 ° C. ⁇ .2.
- 200 kg of emulsion are also prepared with 164 kg of diesel, 4 kg of emulsifying system, 2 kg of additives consisting of magnesium oxide and toluene and 30 kg of water.
- SORBITHOM® S06 TILOL 163®: NONILFENOL® 9m ® OXEETHIL are 1: 1: 1 rather than 3: 2: 1 as described in paragraph II.1. above.
- This emulsifying system has an HLB of 8.7.
- the operating protocol used is that described in PCT patent application WO 93/18 117.
- Figures 1 and 2 attached clearly show the difference in dimensional profile of the droplets of aqueous dispersed phase.
- emulsion ⁇ .l.
- a homogeneity in diameter of the droplets with a maximum value of the order of ⁇ m which establishes the monodispersion of the droplets.
- the water droplets of the emulsion ⁇ .2. known data show a very large dimensional disparity, with a majority of droplets larger than 5 ⁇ m and a non-negligible proportion of droplets larger than 10 ⁇ m. 2 - Stability tests during real use on public transport buses
- the buses used for these tests are Renault Vehicles vehicles
- a first bus is supplied with 300 liters of the emulsion according to ⁇ .l. and a second comparative bus also with 300 liters of the emulsion according to H.2.
- the two buses cover a 100 km urban route.
- the comparative bus stalls, which is not the case for the bus whose fuel is formed by the emulsion according to the invention.
- the setting of the comparative bus is explained by the lack of stability of the emulsion ⁇ .2., Which underwent a phase shift by gravity settling during the 48-hour standstill. It follows that during the withdrawal of fuel from the tank base, large amounts of phase-shifted water were brought by the injection pump to the combustion chamber. These excessively high water contents cause the engine to stall irreparably.
- Such circuits include a filter having a filtration threshold of between 1 and 2 ⁇ m corresponding to the functional clearance of the injection pump and the injector.
- a filter having a filtration threshold of between 1 and 2 ⁇ m corresponding to the functional clearance of the injection pump and the injector.
- a series of tests is carried out on the RVI R312 vehicles mentioned above by subjecting them to an operating cycle as shown in FIG. 4 and comprising a phase R of idling, a phase A of acceleration, a phase P of full speed (plateau) and a deceleration phase D.
- the speeds vary from 500 rpm in phase R to 2,200 rpm in phase P.
- the duration of the RAPD phases of the cycle is given on the graph. In test conditions, this cycle is repeated a few tens of times on RVI 312 vehicles.
- DD measures the maximum smoke opacity during phase A
- This measurement is carried out using a full-flow (online) opacimeter of the technotest 490 type.
- the maximum opacity is on average 3.51 for pure diesel and 1.22 for the emulsion according to the invention.
- the measurements of solid particles are carried out using a dilution minitunnel according to the standardized method ISO 8178. Same conditions as above.
- Tests are carried out using the Peugeot 106 vehicles referred to above, according to protocols standardized in the European Union for the approval of vehicles, namely: ECE (urban route) and EUDC (peri-urban route - engine hot). The average pollutant contents are measured under these test conditions.
- composition of the emulsion prepared is as follows: - 122 kg diesel
- the emulsion prepared in TV.l is stable and has substantially the same dimensional profile of aqueous droplets as the emulsion obtained according to example ⁇ .1.
- the speed imposed on the engine during the tests is 2,250 rpm with an average effective pressure of 8.4 MPa (full load).
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (15)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE69700529T DE69700529T2 (de) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-17 | Emulgierter brennstoff und verfahren zur dessen herstellung |
PL97328827A PL188448B1 (pl) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-17 | Paliwo emulsyjne, sposób jego wytwarzania oraz urządzenie do wytwarzania paliwa emulsyjnego |
BR9708074-8A BR9708074A (pt) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-17 | Combustivel emulsionado aperfeicoado, composicão de aditivos para combustivel, processo de obtencão de um combustivel emulsionado e dispositivo para a realizacão do processo |
UA98094738A UA56158C2 (uk) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-17 | Емульговане паливо, присадка для палива, спосіб одержання емульгованого палива, пристрій для його здійснення |
AU22963/97A AU711348B2 (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-17 | Emulsified fuel and one method for preparing same |
US09/147,031 US6068670A (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-17 | Emulsified fuel and one method for preparing same |
JP53320297A JP3236024B2 (ja) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-17 | 乳化燃料及びその製造方法 |
DK97915509T DK0888421T3 (da) | 1997-03-17 | 1997-03-17 | Emulgeret brændstof og en af fremgangsmåderne til opnåelse heraf |
CA002248631A CA2248631C (fr) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-17 | Combustible emulsionne et l'un de ses procedes d'obtention |
KR10-1998-0707259A KR100416119B1 (ko) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-17 | 유화연료 및 그 제조법 |
NZ331828A NZ331828A (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-17 | Fuel emulsified with a surfactant such as a sorbitol and its preparation |
EP97915509A EP0888421B1 (fr) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-17 | Combustible emulsionne et l'un de ses procedes d'obtention |
NO19984254A NO317504B1 (no) | 1996-03-15 | 1998-09-14 | Emulgert brennstoff og fremgangsmate for fremstilling derav, samt additivblanding for brennstoff. |
HK99104745A HK1019614A1 (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1999-10-25 | Emulsified fuel and one method for preparing same |
GR990403203T GR3032123T3 (en) | 1996-03-15 | 1999-12-14 | Emulsified fuel and one method for preparing same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR96/03547 | 1996-03-15 | ||
FR9603547A FR2746106B1 (fr) | 1996-03-15 | 1996-03-15 | Combustible emulsionne et l'un de ses procedes d'obtention |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1997034969A1 true WO1997034969A1 (fr) | 1997-09-25 |
Family
ID=9490411
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1997/000475 WO1997034969A1 (fr) | 1996-03-15 | 1997-03-17 | Combustible emulsionne et l'un de ses procedes d'obtention |
Country Status (22)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6068670A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0888421B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3236024B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR100416119B1 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1089364C (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE184639T1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU711348B2 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR9708074A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2248631C (fr) |
CZ (1) | CZ294200B6 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69700529T2 (fr) |
ES (1) | ES2140968T3 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2746106B1 (fr) |
GR (1) | GR3032123T3 (fr) |
HK (1) | HK1019614A1 (fr) |
NO (1) | NO317504B1 (fr) |
NZ (1) | NZ331828A (fr) |
PL (1) | PL188448B1 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2167920C2 (fr) |
TR (1) | TR199801826T2 (fr) |
UA (1) | UA56158C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1997034969A1 (fr) |
Cited By (26)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2140350A1 (es) * | 1998-06-30 | 2000-02-16 | I Feliu Tomas Coll | Un aditivo para realizar emulsiones estables de agua con aceites o grasas en forma de emulsiones o carburantes y utilizacion de dicho aditivo. |
FR2786780A1 (fr) * | 1998-12-08 | 2000-06-09 | Elf Antar France | Procede de preparation d'un combustible emulsionne et son dispositif de mise en oeuvre |
FR2802941A1 (fr) * | 1999-12-23 | 2001-06-29 | Elf Antar France | Combustible emulsionne stable en temperature |
WO2001051593A1 (fr) * | 2000-01-12 | 2001-07-19 | Cam Tecnologie S.P.A. | Combustible contenant une emulsion eau-hydrocarbure liquide |
US6368366B1 (en) | 1999-07-07 | 2002-04-09 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition |
US6368367B1 (en) | 1999-07-07 | 2002-04-09 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition |
US6383237B1 (en) | 1999-07-07 | 2002-05-07 | Deborah A. Langer | Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions |
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US7491247B1 (en) | 1997-12-12 | 2009-02-17 | Jakush Edward A | Fuel emulsion compositions having reduced NOx emissions |
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AU761001B2 (en) * | 1998-12-08 | 2003-05-29 | Elf Antar France | Method for preparing an emulsified fuel and implementing device |
FR2786780A1 (fr) * | 1998-12-08 | 2000-06-09 | Elf Antar France | Procede de preparation d'un combustible emulsionne et son dispositif de mise en oeuvre |
WO2000034419A1 (fr) * | 1998-12-08 | 2000-06-15 | Elf Antar France | Procede de preparation d'un combustible emulsionne et son dispositif de mise en oeuvre |
US6652607B2 (en) | 1999-07-07 | 2003-11-25 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Concentrated emulsion for making an aqueous hydrocarbon fuel |
US6383237B1 (en) | 1999-07-07 | 2002-05-07 | Deborah A. Langer | Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions |
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US6368367B1 (en) | 1999-07-07 | 2002-04-09 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Process and apparatus for making aqueous hydrocarbon fuel compositions, and aqueous hydrocarbon fuel composition |
US6793694B2 (en) | 1999-12-23 | 2004-09-21 | Elf Antar France | Temperature-stable emulsified fuel |
FR2802941A1 (fr) * | 1999-12-23 | 2001-06-29 | Elf Antar France | Combustible emulsionne stable en temperature |
KR100730067B1 (ko) * | 1999-12-23 | 2007-06-20 | 엘프 앙타르 프랑스 | 온도에 안정적인 유화연료 |
WO2001048123A1 (fr) * | 1999-12-23 | 2001-07-05 | Elf Antar France | Combustible emulsionne stable en temperature |
EP1721956A3 (fr) * | 2000-01-12 | 2006-11-29 | Pirelli & C. Ambiente Eco Technology S.p.A. | Polymère tensioactif pour combustible comprenant une émulsion eau-huile |
KR100741407B1 (ko) * | 2000-01-12 | 2007-07-23 | 캠 테크놀러지 소시에떼 퍼 아찌오니 | 물과 액체 탄화수소와의 에멀션을 포함하는 연료 |
US7018433B2 (en) | 2000-01-12 | 2006-03-28 | Cam Tecnologie S.P.A.. | Fuel comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
WO2001051593A1 (fr) * | 2000-01-12 | 2001-07-19 | Cam Tecnologie S.P.A. | Combustible contenant une emulsion eau-hydrocarbure liquide |
US7994260B2 (en) | 2000-01-12 | 2011-08-09 | Cam Tecnologie S.P.A. | Fuel comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
US6733549B2 (en) | 2000-01-25 | 2004-05-11 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Fuel-water emulsions containing polybutene-based emulsifying agents |
US6606856B1 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2003-08-19 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Process for reducing pollutants from the exhaust of a diesel engine |
US6949235B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2005-09-27 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Process for reducing pollutants from the exhaust of a diesel engine |
US7028468B2 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2006-04-18 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Process for reducing pollutants from the exhaust of a diesel engine |
US7276093B1 (en) | 2000-05-05 | 2007-10-02 | Inievep, S.A. | Water in hydrocarbon emulsion useful as low emission fuel and method for forming same |
EP1616933A3 (fr) * | 2000-05-05 | 2008-09-10 | Intevep SA | Emulsion d' eau en hydrocarbure utilisable comme combustible a faibles émissions et méthode de sa préparation |
EP1616933A2 (fr) | 2000-05-05 | 2006-01-18 | Intevep SA | Emulsion d' eau en hydrocarbure utilisable comme combustible a faibles émissions et méthode de sa préparation |
US7704288B2 (en) | 2000-05-05 | 2010-04-27 | Intevep, S.A. | Water in hydrocarbon emulsion useful as low emission fuel and method for forming same |
EP1152049A3 (fr) * | 2000-05-05 | 2003-02-05 | Intevep SA | Emulsion d' eau en hydrocarbure utilisable comme combustible a faibles émissions et méthode de sa préparation |
US6725653B2 (en) | 2000-06-20 | 2004-04-27 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Process for reducing pollutants from the exhaust of a diesel engine using a water diesel fuel in combination with exhaust after-treatments |
US6840290B2 (en) | 2000-12-06 | 2005-01-11 | Bp Oil International Limited | Process and apparatus for fuelling a marine vessel |
US7041145B2 (en) | 2001-07-09 | 2006-05-09 | Cam Technologie S.P.A. | Fuel comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
WO2003006588A1 (fr) * | 2001-07-09 | 2003-01-23 | Cam Tecnologie S.P.A. | Combustible comprenant une emulsion entre l'eau et un hydrocarbure liquide |
US8511259B2 (en) | 2002-03-28 | 2013-08-20 | Cam Technologie S.P.A. | Method for reducing emission of pollutants from an internal combusion engine, and fuel emulsion comprising water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
EP1408101A1 (fr) | 2002-10-04 | 2004-04-14 | Infineum International Limited | Additifs et compositions d'huile combustible |
EP1477550A1 (fr) | 2003-05-16 | 2004-11-17 | Intevep S.A. | Composition de tensio-actifs and émulsion eau-dans-huile |
FR2855525A1 (fr) * | 2003-06-02 | 2004-12-03 | Total France | Combustible emulsionne eau/hydrocarbures, sa preparation et ses utilisations |
WO2004108864A3 (fr) * | 2003-06-02 | 2005-02-10 | Total France | Combustible emulsionne eau / hydrocarbures, sa preparation et ses utilisations |
US7413583B2 (en) | 2003-08-22 | 2008-08-19 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Emulsified fuels and engine oil synergy |
EP1512736A1 (fr) | 2003-09-05 | 2005-03-09 | Infineum International Limited | Compositions d'additifs stabilisées pour carburants diesel |
EP2546325A4 (fr) * | 2010-03-11 | 2013-11-13 | Jx Nippon Oil & Energy Corp | {0>oil composition, and trace amount oil supply type cutting/grinding processing method<}0{>composition huileuse et procédé de traitement par meulage/découpage à très faible lubrification<0} |
US9050696B2 (en) | 2010-03-11 | 2015-06-09 | Jx Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation | Oil composition, and trace amount oil supply type cutting/grinding processing method |
WO2013098630A1 (fr) | 2011-12-29 | 2013-07-04 | E.Fuel S.A. | Émulsion de gasoil et d'eau |
US20170313922A1 (en) * | 2014-11-18 | 2017-11-02 | Total Marketing Services | Anti-dust additive composition for construction material |
US11214719B2 (en) * | 2014-11-18 | 2022-01-04 | Total Marketing Services | Anti-dust additive composition for construction material |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69700529D1 (de) | 1999-10-21 |
NO984254D0 (no) | 1998-09-14 |
NO984254L (no) | 1998-11-16 |
HK1019614A1 (en) | 2000-02-18 |
JP2000502743A (ja) | 2000-03-07 |
CA2248631C (fr) | 2005-07-26 |
NZ331828A (en) | 2000-02-28 |
TR199801826T2 (xx) | 1998-12-21 |
DE69700529T2 (de) | 2000-03-23 |
AU711348B2 (en) | 1999-10-14 |
CZ291498A3 (cs) | 1999-03-17 |
EP0888421B1 (fr) | 1999-09-15 |
KR20000064594A (ko) | 2000-11-06 |
ES2140968T3 (es) | 2000-03-01 |
CN1089364C (zh) | 2002-08-21 |
CA2248631A1 (fr) | 1997-09-25 |
PL328827A1 (en) | 1999-02-15 |
NO317504B1 (no) | 2004-11-08 |
US6068670A (en) | 2000-05-30 |
KR100416119B1 (ko) | 2004-05-07 |
ATE184639T1 (de) | 1999-10-15 |
FR2746106B1 (fr) | 1998-08-28 |
BR9708074A (pt) | 2000-01-04 |
CN1216571A (zh) | 1999-05-12 |
JP3236024B2 (ja) | 2001-12-04 |
PL188448B1 (pl) | 2005-02-28 |
RU2167920C2 (ru) | 2001-05-27 |
FR2746106A1 (fr) | 1997-09-19 |
GR3032123T3 (en) | 2000-04-27 |
AU2296397A (en) | 1997-10-10 |
CZ294200B6 (cs) | 2004-10-13 |
EP0888421A1 (fr) | 1999-01-07 |
UA56158C2 (uk) | 2003-05-15 |
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