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WO1997017809A1 - Codage numerique - Google Patents

Codage numerique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997017809A1
WO1997017809A1 PCT/GB1996/002771 GB9602771W WO9717809A1 WO 1997017809 A1 WO1997017809 A1 WO 1997017809A1 GB 9602771 W GB9602771 W GB 9602771W WO 9717809 A1 WO9717809 A1 WO 9717809A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
buffer
coder
bit rate
decoder
size
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1996/002771
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Peter Ashley Sarginson
Original Assignee
British Broadcasting Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by British Broadcasting Corporation filed Critical British Broadcasting Corporation
Priority to EP96938327A priority Critical patent/EP0860085A1/fr
Publication of WO1997017809A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997017809A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F5/00—Methods or arrangements for data conversion without changing the order or content of the data handled
    • G06F5/06—Methods or arrangements for data conversion without changing the order or content of the data handled for changing the speed of data flow, i.e. speed regularising or timing, e.g. delay lines, FIFO buffers; over- or underrun control therefor
    • G06F5/10—Methods or arrangements for data conversion without changing the order or content of the data handled for changing the speed of data flow, i.e. speed regularising or timing, e.g. delay lines, FIFO buffers; over- or underrun control therefor having a sequence of storage locations each being individually accessible for both enqueue and dequeue operations, e.g. using random access memory
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/102—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or selection affected or controlled by the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/115—Selection of the code volume for a coding unit prior to coding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/146—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output
    • H04N19/152—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output by measuring the fullness of the transmission buffer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/169—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/184—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the coding unit, i.e. the structural portion or semantic portion of the video signal being the object or the subject of the adaptive coding the unit being bits, e.g. of the compressed video stream
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/189—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the adaptation method, adaptation tool or adaptation type used for the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/192—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the adaptation method, adaptation tool or adaptation type used for the adaptive coding the adaptation method, adaptation tool or adaptation type being iterative or recursive
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/60—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding
    • H04N19/61—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using transform coding in combination with predictive coding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/20—Servers specifically adapted for the distribution of content, e.g. VOD servers; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/23—Processing of content or additional data; Elementary server operations; Server middleware
    • H04N21/234—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs
    • H04N21/23406—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing of video streams or manipulating encoded video stream scene graphs involving management of server-side video buffer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
    • H04N21/40—Client devices specifically adapted for the reception of or interaction with content, e.g. set-top-box [STB]; Operations thereof
    • H04N21/43—Processing of content or additional data, e.g. demultiplexing additional data from a digital video stream; Elementary client operations, e.g. monitoring of home network or synchronising decoder's clock; Client middleware
    • H04N21/44—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing a video clip retrieved from local storage with an incoming video stream or rendering scenes according to encoded video stream scene graphs
    • H04N21/44004—Processing of video elementary streams, e.g. splicing a video clip retrieved from local storage with an incoming video stream or rendering scenes according to encoded video stream scene graphs involving video buffer management, e.g. video decoder buffer or video display buffer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/10—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding
    • H04N19/134—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using adaptive coding characterised by the element, parameter or criterion affecting or controlling the adaptive coding
    • H04N19/146—Data rate or code amount at the encoder output
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
    • H04N19/50—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals using predictive coding

Definitions

  • This invention relates to digital coding and in the most important example to the coding of video signals for transmission or otherwise.
  • the digital broadcast channels currently being specified for use within Europe and elsewhere each have sufficient digital capacity to accommodate a number of independent television services bound together in a "multiplex".
  • the video component For a television service, it is usual for the video component to be compressed using a video compression algorithm such as that known as PEG-2 . Despite the use of video compression it will generally be the case that the encoded video data stream occupies the majority of the bit- rate allocated to that service.
  • a video compression algorithm such as that known as PEG-2 .
  • the ability to subsequently change the video bit rate allocations of services sharing a multiplex is attractive to a broadcaster for the various reason.
  • space may be relinquished to accommodate an additional service.
  • a service that is no longer required may be dropped from the multiplex and its digital capacity may be reassigned to those services remaining thereby increasing their video bit rates and thence their subjective picture quality.
  • Service video bit rates may be reassigned dynamically according to programme content or other criteria. For example, bit-rate may be borrowed from a service carrying visual material that is easy to encode (e.g. a news reader talking in front of an otherwise stationary set) and used to help boost the video bit rate (and hence picture quality) of a service carrying more difficult programme material (e.g. a sports sequence - with fast action and camera pans).
  • a digital television broadcast receiver contains a video decoder whose function is to reverse the encoding process performed by the video coder in order to recover the original picture.
  • An important part of a video decoder is the "decoder buffer" which is used to store coded video data prior to decoding. Study of the behaviour of the decoder buffer shows that a sustained change in the bit rate assigned to the video component of an on-air service will almost certainly lead to overflow or underflow of the buffer. Either condition is highly undesirable and will result in corruption of the decoded picture and may require a complete reset of the decoder in order to recover from the situation.
  • the present invention consists in one aspect in a method of making a sustainable change to the output data rate of a coder without at any time causing overflow or underflow of the buffer of a decoder to which the coder is directly or indirectly connected by means of modifying the upper and lower limits of permitted coder buffer occupancy before, during and after a change in bit rate such that at all times the following equations are satisfied:
  • the present invention consists in a method of coding a signal at a controllable bit rate in a coder having a coder buffer, the coded signal being adapted for decoding in a decoder having a decoder buffer, comprising the steps of testing whether a desired bit rate change falls within acceptable limits; imposing buffer occupancy constraints upon the coder buffer in dependence upon the desired bit rate change; and implementing the bit rate change.
  • the step of testing whether a desired bit rate change falls within acceptable limits comprises comparing the ratio ⁇ r/r of the desired bit rate change ⁇ r to the original bit rate r, with fixed limits which are typically
  • the size of the coder buffer B c is greater than the size of the decoder buffer B d , and said fixed limits are BJB d and -1 .
  • the step of implementing the bit rate change is delayed after the attainment of said buffer occupancy constraints by a time interval not less than the buffer delay T.
  • the step of testing whether a desired bit rate change falls within acceptable limits comprises comparing the coder buffer occupancy ratio at a ⁇ earlier time spaced by a time interval, with a time integral over said interval of the bit rate increased by the desired bit rate change.
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram of a prior art broadcast chain proposal incorporating coding and multiplexing
  • Figure 2 is a graph illustrating the relationship between the occupancy of coder and decoder buffers
  • Figure 3 is a graph similar to Figure 2, illustrating decoder buffer overflow resulting from a step increase in bit rate;
  • Figure 4 is a graph similar to Figure 2, illustrating decoder buffer underflow resulting from a step decrease in bit rate:
  • Figure 5 is a graph showing permitted coder buffer occupancy versus change in bit rate in one arrangement according to the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figures 7 & 8 are flow charts illustrating "loose” and “tight” coupling control procedures, respectively, for the apparatus of Figure 6;
  • Figure 9 is a graph of permitted coder buffer occupancy versus change in bit rate in a modified arrangement according to the present invention.
  • Input video is compressed by a video coder (10) according to a video compression algorithm such as that known as MPEG-2.
  • the video coder generates a variable number of bits per input video picture depending on the picture content.
  • the variable bit rate output from the video coder is converted to a fixed bit rate in the coder buffer (12).
  • the coder buffer is a first- in-first-out memory device enabling data to enter the buffer at a variable bit rate and be removed at a fixed bit rate determined by the multiplexer (14).
  • a feedback system is employed to prevent the coder buffer becoming too full (a condition known as "overflow") or empty (a condition known as "underflow").
  • the coded video data is delivered along with other programme components via the digital broadcast channel to a demultiplexer (16).
  • the demultiplexer extracts the coded video and delivers it at a fixed bit rate to the decoder buffer (18).
  • the video decoder (20) decodes pictures at regular intervals determined by the television standard being used (e.g. 25 pictures per second). However, because each picture is represented by a variable amount of data, this necessarily means that the video decoder must read a variable amount of data per picture period from the decoder buffer.
  • the decoder buffer adapts the fixed bit rate video from the demultiplexer to the variable bit rate needs of the video decoder. Reconstructed video is output from the video decoder.
  • Figure 2 shows how the positions (addresses) of the write and read pointers within the coder and decoder buffers vary with time. It is usual for the coder buffer size, B c and the decoder buffer size, j9,to be equal.
  • the buffers are "circular" meaning that when a write or read pointer reaches address (B - 1), it is automatically reset to address 0 upon the next address increment. This is reflected in the labelling of the vertical axis in Figure 2.
  • Variable bit-rate data is input to the coder buffer.
  • the coder buffer write address does not increment linearly with time.
  • Data is read from the coder buffer at a fixed bit rate and so the coder buffer read address does increment lineariy with time.
  • Data read from the coder buffer is transferred via the multiplexer, broadcast channel and demultiplexer to the decoder buffer. This transfer process will take a fixed and finite time, however, in this analysis for the sake of clarity and without loss of generality, the transfer time is ignored and the coder buffer read address and decoder buffer write address are assumed to be equal for all time, t
  • Figure 2 it is shown that data read from coder buffer address n is instantaneously transferred and written into decoder buffer address n.
  • coder will generally contain a sophisticated internal control system to prevent the coder buffer becoming too full (overflow) or too empty (underflow). So long as the control system achieves this goal it is certain that the decoder buffer will also never overflow or underflow.
  • bit rate i.e. the rate at which data is transferred from coder buffer to decoder buffer
  • Figure 3 illustrates the effect of a sustained increase in bit rate on the reference system.
  • the point where the decoder read address curve crosses the minimum decoder read address limit represents the onset of decoder buffer overflow.
  • For increases in bit rate of 100% or more it will be found to be quite impossible to draw a coder write address curve that does not result in decoder buffer overflow.
  • For increases in bit rate less than 100% it will be found possible to devise a coder write address curve that does not cause decoder buffer overflow but only by constraining the permitted range of coder buffer occupancy towards the higher end of the coder buffer. Such constraints are undesirable and may be impossible to achieve in a practical system.
  • Figure 4 illustrates the effect of a sustained decrease in bit rate on the reference system.
  • the point where the decoder read address curve crosses the decoder write address line represents the onset of decoder buffer underflow.
  • buffer underflow will generally be the result of a decrease in bit rate, it is always possible to devise a coder write curve that does not cause decoder buffer overflow. However, to achieve this it is necessary to constrain the coder buffer occupancy towards the lower end of the coder buffer. Again, such constraints are undesirable and may be impossible to achieve in a practical system.
  • the reason a sustained change in bit rate may lead to decoder buffer overflow or underflow is as follows: It is essential that the buffer delay, 7 * , remains constant regardless of any changes in bit rate, otherwise temporal distortion of the decoded video will occur.
  • the buffer delay is made up of two components. They are the time taken for an item of data to propagate through the coder buffer, T c and the time taken for the item of data to propagate through the decoder buffer, 7 " ,.
  • Bo a is the coder buffer occupancy at time t, .
  • Boont is the decoder buffer occupancy at time t,. ( ⁇ r + r) is the bit rate
  • Bo dt2 (r * A ⁇ T - Bo ⁇ [5]
  • the present invention provides a novel method of controlling a video coder such that sustained changes in bit rate may be achieved over a limited range - subject to certain constraints - without causing interruption of the decoded video.
  • equation [4] shows that limited, sustained changes in bit rate may be accommodated without causing overflow or underflow of the decoder buffer provided that the coder buffer occupancy is constrained to a reduced range.
  • equations [1], [2] and [3] apply and assuming that the original bit rate, r is changed by an amount, ⁇ r , then the constrained range of permitted coder buffer occupancy, Bo c is given by:
  • the coder controller has a means to convey instructions to the video coder and a means of receiving messages returned from the coder.
  • the "demand clock generator” block (64) effectively sets the actual output bit rate of the video coder under the direction of the coder controller.
  • the coder controller and the demand clock generator may form part of the multiplexer and the data passed from the coder to the coder controller may be incorporated into the coded video data stream. It is possible to devise control procedures for the coder controller that facilitate a sustained change in the output bit rate of the video coder whilst ensuring that equations [9] & [10] are always satisfied and hence without causing overflow or underflow of the decoder buffer. Two examples of these are given in the flowcharts of Figures 7 and 8. They are referred to as “loosely coupled” and “tightly coupled” respectively.
  • Control procedures as illustrated in Figure 7 permit a fairly "loose" coupling between coder and controller meaning that the dialogue between coder and coder controller is quite relaxed, permitting the use of low data rate connections. Such a control procedure may be especially useful in situations where the coder is physically remote from the coder controller.
  • coder buffer occupancy is constrained as follows
  • Figure 9 is a graph of permitted coder buffer occupancy plotted against ( ⁇ r/r) for a coder possessing a large buffer. It is apparent that the range of possible bit rates has been increased when compared to Figure 5 which shows the equivalent graph for a coder with buffer of size, fl . Also apparent and of special importance is the fact that for operation at bit rates in the range:
  • flosky TM is the maximum permitted buffer occupancy.
  • flo ⁇ is the minimum permitted buffer occupancy.
  • a coder possessing a large buffer can support sustained changes in its output bit rate without causing overflow or underflow of the decoder buffer and without requiring a reduction in the range of coder buffer occupancy.
  • the coder buffer is with advantage at least twice the size of the decoder buffer and, with further advantage, at least four times the size of the decoder buffer, in MPEG-2, there is defined the VBV (Virtual Buffer Verifier) buffer.
  • a coder buffer size is preferably at least twice and more preferably four times the size of the VBV buffer.
  • Equations [9] and [10] are still valid for a coder possessing a large coder buffer and must be satisfied at all times if overflow and underflow of the decoder buffer is to be avoided.
  • a control procedure designed to facilitate the adjustment of the output bit rate of a coder possessing a large coder buffer must ensure that equations [9] and [10] are satisfied before, during and after the change of bit rate.
  • control procedures are possible including enhancements of the "loosely coupled” and "tightly coupled” procedures presented earlier.
  • a further possibility is to avoid the use of a step change in bit rate but instead to change the bit rate slowly from one value to another whilst at the same time slowly changing the values of Bo ⁇ and Bo ⁇ , in such a way as to ensure that equations [9] and [10] are satisfied at all times.
  • Bo Bo condition Decoder buffer occupancy. (Units : bits). flo rt , Coder buffer occupancy at time, f,. (Units : bits). flo ⁇ Decoder buffer occupancy at time, ⁇ . (Units : bits).
  • BO ⁇ T Coder buffer occupancy at time, (t-T). (Units : bits). o ⁇ , Maximum permitted coder buffer occupancy. (Units : bits). o ⁇ Minimum permitted coder buffer occupancy. (Units : bits). r Nominal bit rate. (Units : bits per second).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)

Abstract

Il est possible de faire varier la vitesse binaire d'un codeur MPEG-2 ou autre codeur sans dépassement positif ou négatif de capacité du tampon dans un décodeur aval en régulant l'encombrement du tampon du codeur et en utilisant un tampon de codeur surdimensionné.
PCT/GB1996/002771 1995-11-10 1996-11-11 Codage numerique WO1997017809A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP96938327A EP0860085A1 (fr) 1995-11-10 1996-11-11 Codage numerique

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9523042.1 1995-11-10
GB9523042A GB2307151A (en) 1995-11-10 1995-11-10 Digital coding of video signals

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1997017809A1 true WO1997017809A1 (fr) 1997-05-15

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PCT/GB1996/002771 WO1997017809A1 (fr) 1995-11-10 1996-11-11 Codage numerique

Country Status (3)

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EP (1) EP0860085A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB2307151A (fr)
WO (1) WO1997017809A1 (fr)

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