WO1997014222A1 - Processeur personnel de messages audio et procede associe - Google Patents
Processeur personnel de messages audio et procede associe Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997014222A1 WO1997014222A1 PCT/US1996/017419 US9617419W WO9714222A1 WO 1997014222 A1 WO1997014222 A1 WO 1997014222A1 US 9617419 W US9617419 W US 9617419W WO 9714222 A1 WO9714222 A1 WO 9714222A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- digital
- modem
- analog
- storage means
- signal
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
- H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
- H04M1/64—Automatic arrangements for answering calls; Automatic arrangements for recording messages for absent subscribers; Arrangements for recording conversations
- H04M1/65—Recording arrangements for recording a message from the calling party
- H04M1/6505—Recording arrangements for recording a message from the calling party storing speech in digital form
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
- H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
- H04M1/72—Mobile telephones; Cordless telephones, i.e. devices for establishing wireless links to base stations without route selection
- H04M1/724—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones
- H04M1/72403—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones with means for local support of applications that increase the functionality
- H04M1/7243—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones with means for local support of applications that increase the functionality with interactive means for internal management of messages
- H04M1/72433—User interfaces specially adapted for cordless or mobile telephones with means for local support of applications that increase the functionality with interactive means for internal management of messages for voice messaging, e.g. dictaphones
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
- H04M3/00—Automatic or semi-automatic exchanges
- H04M3/42—Systems providing special services or facilities to subscribers
- H04M3/50—Centralised arrangements for answering calls; Centralised arrangements for recording messages for absent or busy subscribers ; Centralised arrangements for recording messages
- H04M3/53—Centralised arrangements for recording incoming messages, i.e. mailbox systems
- H04M3/533—Voice mail systems
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
- H04M1/00—Substation equipment, e.g. for use by subscribers
- H04M1/72—Mobile telephones; Cordless telephones, i.e. devices for establishing wireless links to base stations without route selection
- H04M1/725—Cordless telephones
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to dictation devices and more particularly, concerns a method and portable apparatus for audio communication, including the recording and editing of voice mail and its transmission and reception over common electrical communication media or data links.
- All electronic message systems with the exception of voice-mail, have intermediate devices or storage media whereby data may be transferred, preferably at a high transmission rate, over a standard communication link and stored in a storage medium or onto an unattended device for later off-line access, review and editing by the intended user.
- voice messages and voice-text are currently recorded by the sender and retrieved by the intended recipient only in real-time.
- a voice mail user is limited to using a telephone handset or speaker-phone to record and listen to voice messages directly.
- Voice messaging limited to on-line and real-time transmission and physically requiring access to a telephone set is unfortunate, particularly because voice communication inherently does not require any external hardware or instrumentation other than a mouth and an ear for a human being to create or access it. Speech is the most natural and sufficient form of communication. Speech is hands-free requiring neither writing instrument, keyboard, screen, dedicated vision or hand-to-eye coordination on the part of the user to input or retrieve it. That voice mail is nonetheless so widely used is more a function of speech's unique characteristics than a vote of approval on the adequacy of the current technology.
- info-text should be the preferred medium for timely data on meetings, speeches and radio broadcasts.
- voice mail should be the preferred mode of communication when traveling, when communicating through time-zones and when accessing timely information which originated in the spoken word (e.g. minutes of a meeting or lecture).
- Voice text i.e. data or text which is spoken by a computer
- Voice "mail” becomes limited to voice “messaging” because of the cost and inconvenience to both the sender and receiver of listening to lengthy, content-rich “mail” over the phone. Furthermore, the cost of transmitting audio signals in real-time and only when the user has access to a telephone (as opposed to un-attended recording at off-peak hours) makes more commercial use of info text (recorded instructions, recorded travelogues, speech transcripts, articles or books on "tape” etc.) and other innovative advertiser/promotional supported uses of voice-text unfeasible.
- the invention provides a low-cost, portable recording and playback dictation device which permits the user to record, edit, play and review voice messages including audio-text, text-to-speech and other audio material which may be received from, and subsequently transmitted to, a remote voice processing or interactive voice response (IVR) host computer over a communication link, such as the public switched telephone system.
- a preferred device contains its own power source, integrated circuitry and control buttons to permit the localized recording, editing, storage and playback of audio signals through a built-in speaker, microphone and removable memory card.
- the device also contains a standard RJ-11 telephone jack, modem chip set and DTMF tone decoder to permit the transmission and control of audio signals to and from a host computer.
- the device contains circuitry which permits it to transmit and receive audio signals at a rate substantially faster than originally recorded.
- the invention also relates to a method and software utility which enables the user to control the delivery and/or transmission of audio data between the device and a host computer by a simple method such as DTMF encoded delivery commands, or spoken instructions, sent by the user and received by and responded to by the voice processing host computer.
- the utility permits selected voice messages to be retrieved directly into the device or forwarded to the device, which may be located at a remote site and left unattended while connected to a communication link. It is a feature of the present invention that a recording device may be left connected to a communication link and a voice mail user is able to have voice mail forwarded to him at off-peak hours, when telephone rates are lowest and when excess capacity on incoming lines is available.
- the recording device is programmed to respond to control codes issued by the host voice processor to enable automatic and unattended recording of selected incoming voice messages.
- both senders and recipients of voice messages are able to manage voice messages efficiently for transmission to a recording device through a simple method such as DTMF encoded delivery commands, or spoken instructions, provided to the voice processing host computer.
- a sender of voice mail is able to annotate a voice message with a message file title and then leave a more substantive voice file either in the receiver's voice mail box, on his own system or at a service bureau for the intended recipient to retrieve using a code given in the message file title.
- the intended recipient can scan his messages by title, date, length and priority level while on the phone and tag those messages he wishes to have transmitted to his (and possibly additional) recording device(s).
- a user requesting pre-recorded audio text or audio signals may respond to prompts which enable him to designate any telephone number, and the best calling time, to which the unattended recorded device is or will be connected and to which audio text could be forwarded.
- the user requesting prerecorded audio text or audio signals will have the recording device connected to the very line from which he is making his request, in which case he will have the option to have the requested material transmitted directly to his recording device without dropping carrier.
- an interface port such as a standard RJ-ll telephone jack is provided so that the recording device may be connected between a telephone set, computer, cellular phone or personal digital assistant and a communication link to enable the user to select and retrieve voice files while using any of those devices.
- circuitry is provided for the digital conversion and compression of the analog voice signals recorded in the memory of a dictation device to permit high density storage and high speed transmission of digitized voice. Similarly, circuitry is provided for the analog conversion and natural sounding playback of previously stored or received digitized voice.
- a public terminal e.g. in a manner similar to an automated teller machine and located at places such as airports where a user could connect his recording device and select voice messages to be retrieved and transmitted directly by the recording device.
- Figure 1 is a schematic block diagram of a preferred personal audio message processor embodying the present invention.
- Figures 2-6 are flowcharts illustrating how certain processing is performed in the apparatus of Fig. 1.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a presently preferred Personal Voice Server (PVS) system 10 embodying the present invention.
- PVS system 10 broadly comprises five main parts: a highly integrated voice chip 12; a modem chip 24 coupled to the voice chip; a flash memory 14 coupled to the voice chip; peripherals such as a microphone 20, a speaker 28, a keyboard 18, and a display 16 coupled to the voice chip; and control software operating a control processor in the voice chip.
- the embodying device is referred to as a voice server, it should be clear that it is equally useful for other types of audio, including music, as well as other signals.
- the voice chip is preferably an EV1008 available from EUROM Flashware Solutions, Inc. of Santa Clara, California, but may be any chip providing similar functions and operation.
- Voice chip 12 provides integrated voice recording, playback and control, managed by the software in accordance with the invention.
- An internal controller in the voice chip controls the compression of audio, writing and reading of audio data to/from flash memory 14, control of the external modem chip 24 and a standard UART interface.
- the sampling rate of the chip is controlled by the software.
- Flash memory 14 is configured according to the recording time to be available on PVS 10, preferably up to 12 MB of non-volatile flash memory.
- audio compression will result in a data bandwidth of about 1 KByte per second (about 7kbps) .
- a memory of 1 MByte will provide 1000 seconds of audio for retransmission.
- a microphone 20 and speaker 28 are selected based on quality and size.
- the software embedded in the PVS system permits multiple operations by it, such as keying in a command, talking to and recording in the PVS, as well as audio compression either by a scheme on the voice chip 12 (about 8 kbps) or directly by the modem chip 24 (by a standard ADPCM algorithm, to enable 2 bit qauntization and about 14 kbps).
- the compressed data may either be transmitted directly by the modem 24 or stored by the voice chip in the flash memory 14.
- another software algorithm may be added for compressing the audio by standard form of data compression used by a service bureau.
- a controller in the voice chip 12 executes software that is resident in the flash memory 14.
- the program can be updated by automatic reloading of the program over a telephone line over which the audio is sent.
- the core part of the software that handles the modem and the handshake communication is embedded in the kernel program, and the system address base is configured to drive display 16, preferably an LCD display.
- the system database is configured to read the keyboard 18. Every time a key of the keyboard is pressed, an interrupt is generated to the controller, which then polls the system data to determine which key was pressed. The software decides what action to perform.
- a voice input is provided from microphone 20, through an amplifier 22, to the analog data input of voice chip 12.
- the controller in the voice chip applies the voice input to an internal ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) , reads the output of the ADC, compresses the output data and causes it to be stored in flash memory 14.
- the voice chip plays back the data when it receives an appropriate command from the keyboard 18 or directly from a telephone line connected to the receiving machine.
- the data is read back from the flash memory, decompressed, and converted to an analog signal via a DAC
- modem chip 24 is connected through a conventional telephone jack 30, such as an RJ-11, which permits connection to a telephone line.
- the modem could also be a cellular or other radio transmission modem.
- the modem is also connected to the UART interface of voice chip 12. Transmission of previously recorded audio is performed by the controller reading data from flash memory 14, which data is previously compressed audio. This data is sent by the modem to the external telephone line for transmission to the receiver. Prior to this, controlling software dials the required number and waits for the receiving telephone to prepare for the transmission. This is done by a known handshake procedure or communications protocol, such as ZMODEM, KERMIT, or X/Y MODEM.
- the modem After communication is established, the modem transmits all the bits of the digital audio to the receiver by V.34 standard protocol (28.8 Kbps). These audio bits are extracted by the controller from a predefined location in flash memory, under control of the software.
- the software has a directory of messages in the flash memory which can be retrieved independently by the controller.
- the modem While receiving the messages, the modem sends the received stream of bits to the controller of the voice chip.
- the controller by means of software manages the pool of messages and free space in the flash memory and stores the data bits in the free space of the memory.
- This data can be either raw data compressed by an identical voice chip or by other voice chips of audio providers (e.g. A personal computer with audio board and compression software).
- audio coming from the microphone may be digitized and stored directly and compressed by the voice chip, or it may be compressed by the modem and then re-captured by the UART of the voice chip. This enables storage of audio which contains compatible ADPCM standard compression, as used by the modem chip and many types of hardware.
- Speaker 28 and microphone 20 are connected to the voice chip through amplifiers 22 and 26, respectively.
- Flow-diagrams are presented in Figs. 2-6 to describe the reception by and transmission of messages to and from the Personal Voice Server (PVS) and all the different operational options for receiving, storing, retrieving, transmitting and playing messages to and from the PVS.
- PVS Personal Voice Server
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart illustrating how the PVS receives previously digitized messages from a central message server which is compatible with the communication protocol used by the PVS (this could be any supported de- facto or proprietary standard, e.g. DSVD (Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data) , which is sent via V.34 protocol at 28.8 kbps and which would permit the user to talk while data is being transmitted to his/her PVS.
- a central message server which is compatible with the communication protocol used by the PVS (this could be any supported de- facto or proprietary standard, e.g. DSVD (Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data) , which is sent via V.34 protocol at 28.8 kbps and which would permit the user to talk while data is being transmitted to his/her PVS.
- DSVD Digital Simultaneous Voice and Data
- Operation begins at block 200.
- the modem in response to a ring, answers the call, completes its handshake procedure, and begins receiving information.
- Data bits from the modem are received by voice chip 12 at block 212.
- the voice chip decodes the incoming data at block 214.
- a test performed to determine whether the operation desired to be performed is storing a previously digitized, incoming message. If not, control switches to the process of Fig. 3. Otherwise, operation continues at block 218, where the incoming data packets are stored in flash memory 14.
- a test is performed at block 222 to determine whether the memory was filled before the complete message was stored.
- Figure 3 is a flowchart which illustrates the process for retrieving previously digitized and compressed messages from the PVS and transmitting them to a central server.
- a test is performed to determine whether the requested service is retrieval and transmission of a previously digitized, compressed and stored message. If not, control is transferred to the procedure of Fig. 4. If so, the requested data is retrieved from memory at block 310.
- This data is managed by the controller in voice chip 14.
- the various messages are grouped as a collection of messages and are described in a compact directory which is managed by the controller. The messages are retrieved from the flash memory by going to its starting location, splitting its contents into packets, and sending the data to the modem.
- the data packets are sent without compression (block 320), since they have been compressed previously, upon storage.
- the controller loops through the entire pool of messages (block 330) and sends out all messages that need to be transmitted (block 330) , preferably at a substantially higher rate than would be used for normal digital sound, whereupon control is transfer to the procedure of Fig. 2.
- this mode of operation makes the PVS a particularly useful and convenient device.
- the user may carry it with him at all times, recording messages as he wishes, when he wishes.
- Upon arrival at a convenient location he can then connect to a telephone line and dispatch all of the accumulated messages at once.
- This process is particularly efficient, because all of the messages are precompressed, organized and packetized by the PVS.
- transmission time and expense are minimized, because the messages are compressed and can be sent in a burst, at the maximum speed of the modem, rather than at the usual transmission rate for digitized voice.
- Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating the routine performed by the controller of voice chip 12 when a received analog audio message is to be recorded.
- a test is performed to determine whether the incoming audio message is from the built-in microphone. If not, control is transferred to the routine of Fig. 5. If so, the audio message is digitized and compressed (block 410) and placed in the working pool of data (block 420).
- a test is performed to determine whether memory was filled before an entire message was stored. If not, the routine is terminated, and control returns to the routine of Fig. 2. If so, recording is disable (block 440), and the operator is notified, as by a warning light, that the memory is full (block 450). Control then reverts to the routine of Fig. 2.
- Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating the routine performed to record analog audio from the telephone line.
- a test is performed to determined whether an audio message being received is from the communications link (telephone line). If not, control is transferred to the routine of Fig. 6. If so, the message is passed through the modem 24 as audio (block 510), and a test is performed at block 520 to determine whether compression is to be performed by the voice chip. If so, the message is stored in local memory
- the PVS can determine whether an incoming signal on the telephone line is digital or analog. It is the analog messages that are subjected to the routine of Fig. 5. Such messages are then digitized and compressed and are stored in the same form as all other messages. Also, the user has the option of having compression performed by the PVS or the modem. This assures compatibility with the ultimate recipient of a message. For example, the recipient may not have a PVS or other device to reverse the compression performed by the PVS. However, he would be likely to be able to decompress a message compressed by the modem.
- Figure 6 is a block diagram of the routine performed by the voice chip controller to play stored audio through the built-in speaker.
- the operator selects a message from the pool of messages stored in the device.
- a test is performed to determine whether stored message to be read was originally compressed by the voice chip. If not, control is transferred to block 620. If so, the message is read and decompressed using the voice chip (block 630), and the decompressed message is applied to the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in the voice chip (block 640) . The message is then played via the built-in speaker 28 through the amplifier 26 (block 650), and control is returned to the routine of Fig. 2.
- DAC digital-to-analog converter
- a test is performed at block 620 to determine whether the stored message was originally compressed by the modem chip. If not, the user is notified (block 660), and control is returned to the routine of Fig. 2. If so, the message is read by the controller (block 670), and it is then sent to the modem to be decompressed and then returned from the modem to memory 14 through the UART port of voice chip 12 (block 680). Control is then transferred to block 640, and playback is handled in the same manner as a message originally compressed by the voice chip.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- General Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- Telephonic Communication Services (AREA)
Abstract
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU75276/96A AU7527696A (en) | 1995-10-13 | 1996-10-11 | Personal audio message processor and method |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US526695P | 1995-10-13 | 1995-10-13 | |
US60/005,266 | 1995-10-13 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997014222A1 true WO1997014222A1 (fr) | 1997-04-17 |
Family
ID=21715039
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1996/017419 WO1997014222A1 (fr) | 1995-10-13 | 1996-10-11 | Processeur personnel de messages audio et procede associe |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU7527696A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1997014222A1 (fr) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999017516A1 (fr) * | 1997-09-29 | 1999-04-08 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Circuit de commutation integre pour appareil radio mobile possedant une fonction de repondeur telephonique |
GB2332130A (en) * | 1997-11-18 | 1999-06-09 | Nec Corp | Mobile telephone with voice data memory |
WO1999030472A1 (fr) * | 1997-12-05 | 1999-06-17 | Tsuchiya Co., Ltd. | Processeur de messages vocaux point par point, procede et dispositif d'enregistrement/reproduction |
WO1999033248A1 (fr) * | 1997-12-19 | 1999-07-01 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Equipement repondeur telephonique et procede permettant de transferer des informations a cet equipement telephonique |
DE19905919A1 (de) * | 1999-02-12 | 2001-10-25 | Rudzinski Elisabeth | Übertragung von digitalen, komprimierten Sprachaufzeichnungen und anderen Daten über Sonderschnittstelle am Telefon mit Hilfe von ISDN-Leitung (oder anderen digitalen Leitung) ohne PC/Laptop Unterstützung |
GB2399674A (en) * | 2003-03-20 | 2004-09-22 | Marlon Greenidge | Voice recording device |
Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4602129A (en) * | 1979-11-26 | 1986-07-22 | Vmx, Inc. | Electronic audio communications system with versatile message delivery |
US4640991A (en) * | 1979-11-26 | 1987-02-03 | Vmx, Inc. | Electronic audio communications systems network |
US5132988A (en) * | 1990-12-03 | 1992-07-21 | Board Of Trustees, Leland Stanford Jr. University | Adaptive decision feedback equalizer apparatus for processing information stored on digital storage media |
US5251261A (en) * | 1990-06-15 | 1993-10-05 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Device for the digital recording and reproduction of speech signals |
US5325238A (en) * | 1990-10-24 | 1994-06-28 | Sony Music Entertainment Inc. | Method and apparatus for high speed duplication of audio or digital signals |
US5424735A (en) * | 1992-09-15 | 1995-06-13 | Advanced Intelligence Inc. | Analogue to digital and digital to analogue converters |
US5430661A (en) * | 1990-12-03 | 1995-07-04 | Board Of Trustees Leland Stanford, Jr. University | Adaptive decision feedback equalizer apparatus for processing information stored on digital storage media |
US5451942A (en) * | 1994-02-04 | 1995-09-19 | Digital Theater Systems, L.P. | Method and apparatus for multiplexed encoding of digital audio information onto a digital audio storage medium |
US5508733A (en) * | 1988-10-17 | 1996-04-16 | Kassatly; L. Samuel A. | Method and apparatus for selectively receiving and storing a plurality of video signals |
-
1996
- 1996-10-11 WO PCT/US1996/017419 patent/WO1997014222A1/fr active Application Filing
- 1996-10-11 AU AU75276/96A patent/AU7527696A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4602129A (en) * | 1979-11-26 | 1986-07-22 | Vmx, Inc. | Electronic audio communications system with versatile message delivery |
US4640991A (en) * | 1979-11-26 | 1987-02-03 | Vmx, Inc. | Electronic audio communications systems network |
US5508733A (en) * | 1988-10-17 | 1996-04-16 | Kassatly; L. Samuel A. | Method and apparatus for selectively receiving and storing a plurality of video signals |
US5251261A (en) * | 1990-06-15 | 1993-10-05 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Device for the digital recording and reproduction of speech signals |
US5325238A (en) * | 1990-10-24 | 1994-06-28 | Sony Music Entertainment Inc. | Method and apparatus for high speed duplication of audio or digital signals |
US5132988A (en) * | 1990-12-03 | 1992-07-21 | Board Of Trustees, Leland Stanford Jr. University | Adaptive decision feedback equalizer apparatus for processing information stored on digital storage media |
US5430661A (en) * | 1990-12-03 | 1995-07-04 | Board Of Trustees Leland Stanford, Jr. University | Adaptive decision feedback equalizer apparatus for processing information stored on digital storage media |
US5424735A (en) * | 1992-09-15 | 1995-06-13 | Advanced Intelligence Inc. | Analogue to digital and digital to analogue converters |
US5451942A (en) * | 1994-02-04 | 1995-09-19 | Digital Theater Systems, L.P. | Method and apparatus for multiplexed encoding of digital audio information onto a digital audio storage medium |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999017516A1 (fr) * | 1997-09-29 | 1999-04-08 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Circuit de commutation integre pour appareil radio mobile possedant une fonction de repondeur telephonique |
GB2332130A (en) * | 1997-11-18 | 1999-06-09 | Nec Corp | Mobile telephone with voice data memory |
GB2332130B (en) * | 1997-11-18 | 2002-08-07 | Nec Corp | Mobile telephone |
US6584308B2 (en) | 1997-11-18 | 2003-06-24 | Nec Corporation | Mobile telephone with voice data compression and recording features |
WO1999030472A1 (fr) * | 1997-12-05 | 1999-06-17 | Tsuchiya Co., Ltd. | Processeur de messages vocaux point par point, procede et dispositif d'enregistrement/reproduction |
WO1999033248A1 (fr) * | 1997-12-19 | 1999-07-01 | Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) | Equipement repondeur telephonique et procede permettant de transferer des informations a cet equipement telephonique |
DE19905919A1 (de) * | 1999-02-12 | 2001-10-25 | Rudzinski Elisabeth | Übertragung von digitalen, komprimierten Sprachaufzeichnungen und anderen Daten über Sonderschnittstelle am Telefon mit Hilfe von ISDN-Leitung (oder anderen digitalen Leitung) ohne PC/Laptop Unterstützung |
GB2399674A (en) * | 2003-03-20 | 2004-09-22 | Marlon Greenidge | Voice recording device |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU7527696A (en) | 1997-04-30 |
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