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WO1997001678A1 - Matiere reflechissante - Google Patents

Matiere reflechissante Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1997001678A1
WO1997001678A1 PCT/US1996/011045 US9611045W WO9701678A1 WO 1997001678 A1 WO1997001678 A1 WO 1997001678A1 US 9611045 W US9611045 W US 9611045W WO 9701678 A1 WO9701678 A1 WO 9701678A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
portions
layer
retroreflective
strips
top layer
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1996/011045
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Thomas I. Bradshaw
Original Assignee
Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company filed Critical Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company
Priority to BR9609340A priority Critical patent/BR9609340A/pt
Priority to AU64004/96A priority patent/AU6400496A/en
Priority to EP96923513A priority patent/EP0835352A1/fr
Priority to JP9504584A priority patent/JPH11508655A/ja
Publication of WO1997001678A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997001678A1/fr
Priority to NO975444A priority patent/NO975444L/no
Priority to MXPA/A/1997/010360A priority patent/MXPA97010360A/xx

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/12—Reflex reflectors
    • G02B5/126—Reflex reflectors including curved refracting surface
    • G02B5/128—Reflex reflectors including curved refracting surface transparent spheres being embedded in matrix
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/50—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users
    • E01F9/506—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users characterised by the road surface marking material, e.g. comprising additives for improving friction or reflectivity; Methods of forming, installing or applying markings in, on or to road surfaces
    • E01F9/512—Preformed road surface markings, e.g. of sheet material; Methods of applying preformed markings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/50—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users
    • E01F9/506—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users characterised by the road surface marking material, e.g. comprising additives for improving friction or reflectivity; Methods of forming, installing or applying markings in, on or to road surfaces
    • E01F9/524—Reflecting elements specially adapted for incorporation in or application to road surface markings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/60—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs
    • E01F9/604—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs specially adapted for particular signalling purposes, e.g. for indicating curves, road works or pedestrian crossings
    • E01F9/619—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs specially adapted for particular signalling purposes, e.g. for indicating curves, road works or pedestrian crossings with reflectors; with means for keeping reflectors clean
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/60—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs
    • E01F9/658—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs characterised by means for fixing
    • E01F9/669—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs characterised by means for fixing for fastening to safety barriers or the like
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/12—Reflex reflectors
    • G02B5/122—Reflex reflectors cube corner, trihedral or triple reflector type
    • G02B5/124—Reflex reflectors cube corner, trihedral or triple reflector type plural reflecting elements forming part of a unitary plate or sheet

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a retroreflective marking material.
  • Pavement markings such as those on the centerline and edgeline of a roadway, are important in order to provide visual guidance for motor vehicle drivers.
  • Pavement marking materials are used as traffic control markings for a variety of uses, such as short distance lane striping, stop bars, and pedestrian pavement markings at intersections and long line lane markings, etc. on roadways.
  • a common form of pavement marking materials is adhesive-backed tape that is applied to the roadway surface in desired location and length; the top surface of the tape having selected color and typically retroreflective characteristics.
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 4,388,359 (Ethen et al.), 4,988,555 (Hedblom) , 4,988,541 (Hedblom) , and 5,227,221 (Hedblom) disclose pavement marking sheets with protrusions bearing microspheres partially embedded in and protruding from a binder layer containing pigment materials. Such constructions will provide improved retroreflective brightness at high entrance angles but are more expensive to manufacture.
  • the failure mode of many pavement marking materials is weakening and loss of the adhesive bond to the road surface such that significant portions of a marking tape are dislodged.
  • the present invention provides novel materials that exhibit surprisingly effective retroreflective properties and that can be made relatively inexpensively.
  • Materials of the invention exhibit effective retroreflective performance at high entrance angles (e.g., 85° or more), and are well suited for use on vertical and horizontal surfaces.
  • marking materials of the invention exhibit surprisingly good adhesion to the road, thereby providing longer useful life.
  • a glossary of some of the terms used in this application appears at the end of this specification. Much of the following description is made with specific reference to embodiments of the invention to be used as retroreflective pavement marking materials. It will be understood that many aspects of such embodiments will also be relevant to embodiments used as retroreflective markings on vertical surfaces.
  • retroreflective materials of the invention comprise a top layer comprising a plurality of exposed-lens retroreflective elements, e.g., transparent microspheres partially embedded in and protruding from a binder layer containing pigment particles.
  • First portions of the layer are arranged in an upwardly (i.e., relatively normal to the body of the layer) contoured profile and second portions of the layer are arranged a lower, sometimes substantially planar position.
  • a material of the invention will comprise a plurality of such first portions and second portions in a single continuous sheet.
  • Retroreflective marking materials of the invention can be made in flexible form and can be made in desired color.
  • the materials provided herein can be made low profile and highly conformable so as to conform to road surfaces very well.
  • Retroreflective articles of the invention are particularly well suited for applications where light is incident at high entrance angles greater than about 85°, e.g., pavement markings. They are also well suited for applications where the incident light may come from a number of orientations. Examples include intersections and so-called horizontal signs. Illustrative examples of horizontal signs include the legends and symbols commonly placed on pavement in parking lots to denote handicapped parking, and the arrows and lane markings placed on the pavement at an intersection.
  • retroreflective articles of the invention are also well suited for use on vertical surfaces, particularly those that are observed at high incidence angles such as guard rails, building walls along alleys, Jersey barriers, bridge abutments, posts, traffic barrels, etc.
  • Figure 1 is a plan view of a portion of an illustrative pavement marking material of the invention
  • Figure 2 is a cross section of the material shown in Figure 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross section of another illustrative pavement marking materials of the invention. These figures, which are idealized, are not to scale and are intended to be merely illustrative and non-limiting. Detailed Description of Illustrative Embodiments
  • Articles of the invention typically comprise a retroreflective top layer sheet, configuration member, optional backing material, and adhesive layer.
  • the configuration member is used to impart upwardly contoured portions to the article. Upwardly is used in this context with reference to the general elevation of the first portions apart from the second portions and the fact that pavement markings are applied to generally horizontal surfaces. It will be understood to also refer to the manner in which first portions protrude beyond second portions in vertical markings.
  • FIG. 1 An illustrative marking material of the invention is shown in Figures 1 and 2.
  • Material 10 comprises top layer 12 with microspheres 16 and skid particles 17 protruding from binder layer 14.
  • First portions 18 of top layer 12 are arranged in an upwardly contoured profile and second portions 20 of top layer 12 are arranged a lower, sometimes substantially planar position.
  • Marking material 10 further comprises a backing made up of optional conformance layer 22 and adhesive layer 24 by which it can be secured to a desired substrate such as a road (not shown) .
  • first portions 18 are elevated above second portions 20 by configuration member 19.
  • the various component elements of the retroreflective sheet preferably adhere together in all types of weather conditions, even under repeated impact and shear stress resulting from road traffic passing over the sheeting in the case of pavement marking applications.
  • the top layer comprises microspheres protruding from a binder layer containing pigment particles.
  • An advantage of such lens systems is that they can be made in a variety of desired, brilliant or true day time colors. This can be particularly useful in embodiments intended to be applied to concrete or other relatively light road surfaces where brighter colored markings are desired to achieve better contrast and visibility during the day. Desired color under daytime and retroreflective viewing conditions can be achieved by selection of suitable pigment and dye materials for the binder layer and selection of colorless or colored microspheres.
  • the backing materials of the article will comprise an optional conformance layer and/or an optional scrim layer for the reasons known in the art.
  • the backing materials of the article will comprise an optional conformance layer and/or an optional scrim layer for the reasons known in the art.
  • Those with ordinary skill in the art will be able to readily select suitable conformance layer and scrim materials.
  • the adhesive provides a mechanism for attaching the retroreflective article to a surface, e.g., a roadway.
  • a layer of adhesive or primer may be applied to the surface prior to laminating the retroreflective article.
  • Selection of a suitable adhesive e.g., pressure sensitive adhesive, hot melt adhesive, activated adhesive, etc., will depend in part upon the application conditions, the ambient environment of the substrate, and the nature of the layer of the article to which the adhesive layer must adhere.
  • Suitable adhesive layers may be readily selected by those with ordinary skill in the art.
  • pavement marking materials of the invention can be wound into roll form.
  • a release liner or apply a release treatment, e.g., silicone, to the top surface of the marking.
  • portions of the top layer have a profile with first portions upwardly contoured relative to second portions.
  • These upwardly contoured portions have several advantages such as: (1) high entrance angle light will be more effectively retroreflected, (2) rain water, if present, will drain off, and (3) increased adhesion to the roadway as tires repeatedly contact the upwardly contoured portions.
  • the desired selectively upwardly contoured profile is defined by the configuration member which may be a single member, e.g., a imesh of connected fibers, or an array of separate members;, e.g., an array of independent fibers or nodule.s. It is preferably a mesh, e.g., of point bonded nylon cr polyester fibers, which is discontinuous with openings between fibers. The openings permit surrounding components, e.g., the top layer and adhesive layer, to bond directly together through the configuration member.
  • Configuration members may be of any suitable shape so long as they elevate some portions of the retroreflective sheet as described herein. The configuration members should be flexible so as to permit easy conformance to the road.
  • the configuration members used herein are typically polymeric.
  • polymeric materials include polyurethanes and polyolefin copolymers such as polyethylene acid copolymer consisting of ethylene methacrylic acid (EMAA) , ethylene acrylic acid (EAA) , ionically crosslinked EMAA or EAA.
  • EAA ethylene methacrylic acid
  • EAA ethylene acrylic acid
  • EAA ionically crosslinked EMAA
  • first portions will be in the form of discrete protrusions. These can be achieved using an array of nodules as the configuration member.
  • the nodules may be substantially independent or may be connected by relatively thinner filaments. The latter embodiment is typically easier for handling purposes during fabrication of the retroreflective marking material.
  • the first portions will be in the form of strips that may be substantially non- intersecting or that intersect in an interconnected network. Each strip may be substantially straight, they may be curved, they may be arranged in a nested array of sinusoids, or other configuration as desired.
  • the shape and arrangement of the first portions defines the shape of the second portions. Some illustrative examples of shapes of the second portions are rectangles, diamonds, hexagons. If the first portions are intersecting, the second portions may be separated from one another. If the first portions are discrete and do not connect, the second portions are adjoining. Combinations of such arrangements may be used as desired. Other components of the article should be sufficiently conformable so that the desired upwardly contoured profile of the top sheet can be achieved.
  • the configuration member will self adhere to the conformance layer, if present, as this is believed to be a more durable final product.
  • the mesh can impart improved mechanical properties to the pavement marking material in similar manner as the scrims disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 4,146,635 (Eigenmann) and 4,299,874 (Jones et al.).
  • some parts of the upwardly contoured portions will be higher than other parts of the first portions.
  • the upwardly contoured portions that are perpendicular to the direction of travel may be raised higher than those that are parallel to the direction of travel. In this way, the higher upwardly contoured portions provide effective retroreflective performance.
  • the lower upwardly contoured portions permit water, if any, to drain away.
  • the height of the upwardly contoured portions is preferably selected with distance between these portions in mind.
  • the upwardly contoured portions along a line of sight from an approaching vehicle should be placed far enough apart so as to minimize shadowing.
  • the distance between the upwardly contoured portions i.e., the width of the second portions
  • the tops of the first portions are elevated to at least 0.1 millimeters, preferably between about 1 to 4 millimeters, higher than the second portions. Closer spacing between upwardly contoured portions may be used without significant effects on retroreflective brightness but would require a larger number of configuration members than would be optimally necessary.
  • Marking material of the invention can be readily made by laminating a preformed top layer, a configuration member, conformance layer, if any, and adhesive layer, simultaneously or separately, in the desired order.
  • the other components may be assembled and the top layer formed thereon if desired.
  • An advantage of the present invention is that a mesh or net used as the configuration member is easily worked with and can be readily incorporated into a marking material to achieve the desired upwardly contoured profile more easily and less expensively than by selectively embossing protrusions in a member and then applying or forming a binder layer material with protruding microspheres thereon.
  • skid control particles sometimes referred to as anti-skid particles
  • Anti-skid particles are well known in the art. Suitable embodiments can be readily selected by those skilled in the art.
  • anti-skid particles can be randomly sprinkled on the top layer while the binder is in a softened state. It has been found that anti-skid particles can be preferentially deposited close to the zenith of the upwardly contoured portions. For example, a web of retroreflective sheet with upwardly contoured portions could be kiss-coated on the top of the first portions with a binder composition, and as the composition remains wet, copious amounts of anti-skid particles are sprinkled on to the web. Because the rest of the retroreflective sheet is dry, the particles adhere only to the wet areas. Excess anti-skids particles are vibrated off the web.
  • the web is sent through a series of ovens to dry, cure, or solidify the wet binder composition.
  • the anti-skid particles are secured to the top regions of the upwardly contoured portions thereby providing anti-skid resistance. This approach may result in some loss of retroreflective performance
  • Material of the invention may be wound upon itself into a roll form.
  • the projections made by the upwardly contoured profiles are not substantial enough to interfere with wind-up.
  • material of the invention will be between about 7.5 and 30 centimeters (3 and 12 inches) wide and at least 30 centimeters (12 inches) long. Usually, the pavement marking is much longer. Marking material of the invention will typically be formed in sizes conforming to standard materials. In the United States, pavement marking tapes are typically about 4, about 6, or about 8 inches wide. In Europe, pavement marking tapes are typically about 15 or 30 centimeters wide.
  • Reference Axis is the line normal to a retroreflective article at the point where light is incident thereto.
  • Entrance Axis (sometimes also referred to as the “Incidence Axis”) is the axis defined by the path of incident light from the light source, e.g., the headlight of a motor vehicle, to the point of incidence on the article.
  • Entrance Angle (sometimes referred to as “Incidence Angle” and also as ⁇ ) is the angle between the Reference Axis and the Incidence Axis.
  • Observation Axis is the axis defined by the path of retroreflected light from the point of incidence on the article to the observation point, e.g., the eyes of the driver of the motor vehicle.
  • Observation Angle (sometimes referred to as ⁇ ) is the angle between the Entrance Axis and Observation Axis.
  • Entrance Plane is the plane defined by the Reference Axis and the Incidence Axis.
  • Observation Plane is the plane defined by the Observation Axis and the Incidence Axis.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)

Abstract

Cette invention concerne une matière réfléchissante (10) destinée au marquage d'une chaussée, laquelle comprend, à sa surface supérieure, une feuille réfléchissante (12) comportant des lentilles exposées et se composant d'une couche unique d'éléments réfléchissants. Les premières parties de cette monocouche unique sont disposées de manière à présenter un profil arrondi orienté vers le haut (18), tandis que les deuxièmes parties de cette monocouche sont disposées en une position (20) inférieure et sensiblement plane.
PCT/US1996/011045 1995-06-29 1996-06-27 Matiere reflechissante WO1997001678A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BR9609340A BR9609340A (pt) 1995-06-29 1996-06-27 Material de marcação retrorreflexivo e superfície de rodovia
AU64004/96A AU6400496A (en) 1995-06-29 1996-06-27 Retroreflective material
EP96923513A EP0835352A1 (fr) 1995-06-29 1996-06-27 Matiere reflechissante
JP9504584A JPH11508655A (ja) 1995-06-29 1996-06-27 再帰反射材料
NO975444A NO975444L (no) 1995-06-29 1997-11-26 Tilbakereflekterende materiale
MXPA/A/1997/010360A MXPA97010360A (en) 1995-06-29 1997-12-18 Retrorreflect material

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US70895P 1995-06-29 1995-06-29
US60/000,708 1995-06-29

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1997001678A1 true WO1997001678A1 (fr) 1997-01-16

Family

ID=21692693

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1996/011045 WO1997001678A1 (fr) 1995-06-29 1996-06-27 Matiere reflechissante

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0835352A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH11508655A (fr)
KR (1) KR19990028420A (fr)
AU (1) AU6400496A (fr)
BR (1) BR9609340A (fr)
CA (1) CA2224326A1 (fr)
NO (1) NO975444L (fr)
WO (1) WO1997001678A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA965382B (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998040562A1 (fr) * 1997-03-12 1998-09-17 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Bande de reperage de trottoir
WO1998044202A1 (fr) * 1997-03-31 1998-10-08 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Plaque reflectorisee a grand angle d'incidence
US6048069A (en) * 1998-03-09 2000-04-11 3M Innovative Properties Company Wide angle image-displaying sheet and system
WO2001001172A1 (fr) * 1999-06-25 2001-01-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Article reflechissant et procede de fabrication associe
WO2009142859A1 (fr) * 2008-05-22 2009-11-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Eléments optiquement actifs comprenant plusieurs couches de perles

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3172942A (en) * 1959-11-02 1965-03-09 Reflective dry strip transfer
US4145112A (en) * 1977-07-14 1979-03-20 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Low-profile raised retroreflective sheeting
US4235512A (en) * 1979-05-07 1980-11-25 Ferro Corporation Retro-reflective assembly and method of manufacturing same
US4388359A (en) * 1982-04-23 1983-06-14 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Embossed pavement-marking sheet material
FR2557896A1 (fr) * 1984-01-09 1985-07-12 Tech Special Securite Procede de fabrication d'un element de construction en beton notamment d'une bordure de voie de circulation ainsi qu'element obtenu par la mise en oeuvre de ce procede.
EP0373826A2 (fr) * 1988-12-12 1990-06-20 Briteline Corporation Bande de signalisation horizontale
EP0381886A1 (fr) * 1989-02-10 1990-08-16 Briteline Corporation Bande de marquage sur des surfaces
WO1995008426A1 (fr) * 1993-09-20 1995-03-30 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Marquage de la chaussee et feuille de base

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3172942A (en) * 1959-11-02 1965-03-09 Reflective dry strip transfer
US4145112A (en) * 1977-07-14 1979-03-20 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Low-profile raised retroreflective sheeting
US4235512A (en) * 1979-05-07 1980-11-25 Ferro Corporation Retro-reflective assembly and method of manufacturing same
US4388359A (en) * 1982-04-23 1983-06-14 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Embossed pavement-marking sheet material
FR2557896A1 (fr) * 1984-01-09 1985-07-12 Tech Special Securite Procede de fabrication d'un element de construction en beton notamment d'une bordure de voie de circulation ainsi qu'element obtenu par la mise en oeuvre de ce procede.
EP0373826A2 (fr) * 1988-12-12 1990-06-20 Briteline Corporation Bande de signalisation horizontale
EP0381886A1 (fr) * 1989-02-10 1990-08-16 Briteline Corporation Bande de marquage sur des surfaces
WO1995008426A1 (fr) * 1993-09-20 1995-03-30 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Marquage de la chaussee et feuille de base

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998040562A1 (fr) * 1997-03-12 1998-09-17 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Bande de reperage de trottoir
WO1998044202A1 (fr) * 1997-03-31 1998-10-08 Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company Plaque reflectorisee a grand angle d'incidence
US5975706A (en) * 1997-03-31 1999-11-02 3M Innovative Properties Company Wide incident angle reflective plate
US6048069A (en) * 1998-03-09 2000-04-11 3M Innovative Properties Company Wide angle image-displaying sheet and system
WO2001001172A1 (fr) * 1999-06-25 2001-01-04 3M Innovative Properties Company Article reflechissant et procede de fabrication associe
US6517923B1 (en) 1999-06-25 2003-02-11 3M Innovative Properties Company Reflective article and method for manufacturing the same
WO2009142859A1 (fr) * 2008-05-22 2009-11-26 3M Innovative Properties Company Eléments optiquement actifs comprenant plusieurs couches de perles

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
MX9710360A (es) 1998-03-29
NO975444D0 (no) 1997-11-26
BR9609340A (pt) 1999-05-11
EP0835352A1 (fr) 1998-04-15
CA2224326A1 (fr) 1997-01-16
ZA965382B (en) 1997-12-25
NO975444L (no) 1998-02-26
JPH11508655A (ja) 1999-07-27
AU6400496A (en) 1997-01-30
KR19990028420A (ko) 1999-04-15

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