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WO1996030481A1 - Composition de detergents de lessive amelioree contenant de l'amylase - Google Patents

Composition de detergents de lessive amelioree contenant de l'amylase Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996030481A1
WO1996030481A1 PCT/US1996/004029 US9604029W WO9630481A1 WO 1996030481 A1 WO1996030481 A1 WO 1996030481A1 US 9604029 W US9604029 W US 9604029W WO 9630481 A1 WO9630481 A1 WO 9630481A1
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Prior art keywords
gly
amylase
ala
asp
leu
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PCT/US1996/004029
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English (en)
Inventor
Christopher C. Barnett
Stephen G. Boyer
Colin Mitchinson
Scott D. Power
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Genencor International, Inc.
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Application filed by Genencor International, Inc. filed Critical Genencor International, Inc.
Priority to CA002216316A priority Critical patent/CA2216316A1/fr
Priority to JP8529561A priority patent/JPH11502562A/ja
Priority to BR9607751A priority patent/BR9607751A/pt
Priority to EP96909854A priority patent/EP0815193A1/fr
Priority to AU53226/96A priority patent/AU718509B2/en
Priority to NZ305257A priority patent/NZ305257A/xx
Priority to MX9706823A priority patent/MX9706823A/es
Publication of WO1996030481A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996030481A1/fr
Priority to NO974402A priority patent/NO974402L/no

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12N9/2405—Glucanases
    • C12N9/2408—Glucanases acting on alpha -1,4-glucosidic bonds
    • C12N9/2411—Amylases
    • C12N9/2414—Alpha-amylase (3.2.1.1.)
    • C12N9/2417—Alpha-amylase (3.2.1.1.) from microbiological source
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
    • C11D3/386—Preparations containing enzymes, e.g. protease or amylase

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to laundry detergents containing novel alpha-amylase mutants having an amino acid sequence not found in nature, such alpha-amylase mutants having an amino acid sequence wherein one or more amino acid residue (s) of a precursor alpha- amylase, specifically any oxidizable amino acid, have been substituted with a different amino acid.
  • the mutant enzymes of the laundry detergents of the present invention exhibit altered stability/activity profiles including but not limited to altered oxidative stability, altered pH performance profile, altered specific activity and/or altered thermostability.
  • Alpha-amylases (alpha-1, -glucan-4-glucanohydrolase, EC3.2.1.1) hydrolyze internal alpha-1, 4-glucosidic linkages in starch largely at random, to produce smaller molecular weight malto-dextrins.
  • Alpha-amylases are of considerable commercial value, being used in the initial stages (liquefaction) of starch processing; in alcohol production; as cleaning agents in detergent matrices; and in the textile industry for starch desizing.
  • Alpha-amylases are produced by a wide variety of microorganisms including Bacillus and Aspergillus, with most commercial amylases being produced from bacterial sources such as. B. li cheniformis, B.
  • amyloliquefaciens B. subtilis, or B. stearothermophilus .
  • the preferred enzymes in commercial use have been those from B. li cheniformis because of their heat stability and performance, at least at neutral and mildly alkaline pH's.
  • alpha-amylase is inactivated by hydrogen peroxide and other oxidants at pH's between 4 and 10.5 as described in the examples herein.
  • alpha-amylase enzymes can be used under dramatically different conditions such as both high and low pH conditions, depending on the commercial application.
  • alpha-amylases may be used in the liquefaction of starch, a process preferably performed at a low pH (pH ⁇ 5.5).
  • amylases may be used in commercial dish care or laundry detergents, which often contain oxidants such as bleach or peracids, and which are used in much more alkaline conditions.
  • the substitution of different amino acids for an oxidizable amino acid in the alpha- amylase precursor sequence or the deletion of one or more oxidizable amino acid(s) may result in altered enzymatic activity at a pH other than that which is considered optimal for the precursor alpha-amylase.
  • the mutant enzymes of the present invention may also have altered pH performance profiles, which may be due to the enhanced oxidative stability of the enzyme.
  • the present invention relates to novel laundry detergent compositions comprising alpha-amylase mutants that are the expression product of a mutated DNA sequence encoding an alpha- amylase, the mutated DNA sequence being derived from a precursor alpha-amylase by the deletion or substitution (replacement) of one or more oxidizable amino acid.
  • the mutant results from substituting a different amino acid for one or more methionine residue (s) in the precursor alpha-amylase.
  • the mutants comprise substitution of one or more tryptophan residue alone or in combination with the substitution of one or more methionine residue in the precursor alpha-amylase.
  • Such mutant alpha-amylases in general, are obtained by in vi tro modification of a precursor DNA sequence encoding a naturally occurring or recombinant alpha-amylase to encode the substitution or deletion of one or more amino acid residues in a precursor amino acid sequence.
  • substitution or deletion of one or more amino acid in the amino acid sequence is due to the replacement or deletion of one or more methionine, tryptophan, cysteine, histidine or tyrosine residues in such sequence, most preferably the residue which is changed is a methionine residue.
  • the oxidizable amino acid residues may be replaced by any of the other 20 naturally occurring amino acids.
  • the amino acid residue may be substituted with a non-oxidizable amino acid (such as alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, or valine) or another oxidizable amino acid (such as cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, tyrosine or histidine, listed in order of most easily oxidizable to less readily oxidizable) .
  • a non-oxidizable amino acid such as alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, or valine
  • another oxidizable amino acid such as cysteine, methion
  • Preferred laundry detergents comprise mutants comprising the substitution of a methionine residue equivalent to any of the methionine residues found in B. li cheniformi s alpha-amylase (+8, +15, +197, +256, +304, +366 and +438) .
  • the methionine to be replaced is a methionine at a position equivalent to position +197 or +15 in B. li cheniformi s alpha-amylase.
  • Preferred substitute amino acids to replace the methionine at position +197 are alanine ' (A) , isoleucine (I), threonine (T) or cysteine (C) .
  • the preferred substitute amino acids at position +15 are leucine (L) , threonine (T) , asparagine (N) , aspartate (D) , serine (S) , valine (V) and isoleucine (I), although other substitute amino acids not specified above may be useful.
  • Two specifically preferred mutants of the present invention are M197T and M15L.
  • Another embodiment of this invention relates to laundry detergents comprising mutants comprising the substitution of a tryptophan residue equivalent to any of the tryptophan residues found in B. licheniformis alpha-amylase (see Fig. 2).
  • the tryptophan to be replaced is at a position equivalent to +138 in B. licheniformis alpha-amylase.
  • a mutation (substitution) at a tryptophan residue may be made alone or in combination with mutations at other oxidizable amino acid residues.
  • the alpha-amylase mutants included in the laundry detergents of the present invention exhibit altered oxidative stability in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and other oxidants such as bleach or peracids, or, more specifically, milder oxidants such as chloramine-T. Mutant enzymes having enhanced oxidative stability will be useful in extending the shelf life and bleach, perborate, percarbonate or peracid compatibility of amylases used in cleaning products. Accordingly, a preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a laundry detergent comprising the mutant alpha-amylases of the invention and further comprising a bleach or peracid compound.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention is a laundry detergent comprising the mutant alpha- amylases according to the invention which has a pH above about 10 and more preferably of between about 10 and about 12. Also preferred is a granular laundry detergent having a pH of between about 10 and about 12 and further containing a bleach or peracid compound.
  • Mutant enzymes according to the invention are also surprisingly characterized by having superior activity in the neutral pH ranges when compared to wild type or non-inventive amylases.
  • another particularly preferred embodiment comprises a laundry detergent comprising the mutant alpha-amylases of the invention and having a pH of between about 5.0 and about 10.0, more preferably between 6.0 and about 10.0.
  • a most preferred embodiment is a liquid laundry detergent having a pH between about 6.0 and about 10.0.
  • reduced oxidative stability may be useful in industrial processes that require the rapid and efficient quenching of enzymatic activity.
  • mutant enzymes of the present invention may also demonstrate a broadened pH performance profile whereby mutants such as M15L show stability for low pH starch liquefaction and mutants such as M197T show stability at high pH cleaning product conditions.
  • the mutants of the present invention may also have altered thermal stability whereby the mutant may have enhanced stability at either high or low temperatures. It is understood that any change (increase or decrease) in the mutant's enzymatic characteristic (s) , as compared to its precursor, may be beneficial depending on the desired purpose and formulation of the laundry detergent comprising the mutant alpha-amylase.
  • the preferred laundry detergents of the invention comprise alpha- amylase mutants derived from a Bacill us strain such as B . li cheniformis , B. amyloliquefaciens , and B. stearothermophilus, and most preferably from Bacillus li cheniformis .
  • a laundry detergent comprising a novel form of the alpha-amylase normally produced by B. li cheniformis .
  • This novel form designated as the A4 form, has an additional four alanine residues at the N- terminus of the secreted amylase.
  • Derivatives or mutants of the A4 form of alpha-amylase are encompassed within the present invention.
  • derivatives or mutants of the A4 form it is meant that the present invention comprises the A4 form alpha- amylase containing one or more additional mutations such as, for example, mutation (substitution, replacement or deletion) of one or more oxidizable amino acid(s).
  • a composition embodiment of the present invention comprises laundry detergent compositions, liquid, gel or granular, comprising the alpha-amylase mutants described herein.
  • detergent compositions comprising a +197 position mutant either alone or in combination with other enzymes such as endoglycosidases, cellulases, proteases, Upases or other amylase enzymes.
  • laundry detergent compositions comprising a M15X/W138X/M197X mutant, and most preferably a M15T/W138Y/M197T ("TYT") mutant.
  • the compositions of the present invention may include an alpha-amylase mutant having more than one site-specific mutation.
  • the laundry detergent composition of the present invention is used in a method to clean soiled laundry.
  • Fig. la-lc shows the DNA sequence of the gene for alpha-amylase from B. li cheniformis (NCIB8061), Seq ID No 31, and deduced translation product as described in Gray, G. et al. (1986) J. Bacter. 166:635-643.
  • Fig. 2 shows the amino acid sequence of the mature alpha-amylase enzyme from B. li cheniformis (NCIB8061), Seq ID No 32.
  • Fig. 3a-3b shows an alignment of primary structures of Ba cill us alpha-amylases.
  • Fig. 4a shows the amino acid sequence of the mature alpha-amylase variant M197T, Seq ID No 36.
  • Fig. 4b shows the amino acid sequence of the A4 form of alpha- amylase from B . li cheniformis NCIB8061, Seq ID No 37. Numbering is from the N-terminus, starting with the four additional alanines .
  • Fig. 5 shows plasmid pA4BL wherein BLAA refers to B. li cheniformi s alpha-amylase gene, PstI to Sstl; Amp R refers to the ampicillin- resistant gene from pBR322; and CAT refers to the Chloramphenicol- resistant gene from pC194.
  • Fig. 6 shows the signal sequence-mature protein junctions for B. licheniformis (Seq ID No 38), B. subtilis (Seq ID No 39), B. licheniformis in pA4BL (Seq ID No 40) and B. licheniformis in pBLapr (Seq ID No 41) .
  • Fig. 7a shows inactivation of certain alpha-amylases (Spezyme® AA20 and M197L (A4 form) with 0.88M H 2 0 2 at pH 5.0, 25°C.
  • Fig. 7b shows inactivation of certain alpha-amylases (Spezyme® AA20, M197T) with 0.88M H 2 0 2 at pH 10.0, 25°C.
  • Fig. 7c shows inactivation of certain alpha-amylases (Spezyme® AA20, M15L) with 0.88M H 2 0 2 at pH 5.0, 25°C.
  • Fig. 8 shows a schematic for the production of M197X cassette mutants.
  • Fig. 9 shows expression of M197X variants.
  • Fig. 10 shows thermal stability of M197X variants at pH 5.0, 5mM CaCl 2 at 95°C for 5 mins.
  • Figs. 11a and lib show inactivation of certain amylases in automatic dish care detergents.
  • Fig. 11a shows the stability of certain amylases in CascadeTM (a commercially available dish care product) at 65°C in the presence or absence of starch.
  • Fig. lib shows the stability of certain amylases in SunlightTM (a commercially available dish care product) at 65°C in the presence or absence of starch.
  • Fig. 12 shows a schematic for the production of M15X cassette mutants.
  • Fig. 13 shows expression of M15X variants.
  • Fig. 14 shows specific activity of M15X variants on soluble starch.
  • Fig. 15 shows heat stability of M15X variants at 90°C, pH 5.0, 5mM CaCl 2 , 5 mins.
  • Fig. 16 shows specific activity on starch and soluble substrate, and performance in jet liquefaction at pH 5.5, of M15 variants as a function of percent activity of B. li cheniformis wild-type.
  • Fig. 17 shows the inactivation of B. li cheniformis alpha-amylase (AA20 at 0.65 mg/ml) with chloramine-T at pH 8.0 as compared to variants M197A (1.7 mg/ml) and M197L (1.7 mg/ml) .
  • Fig. 18 shows the inactivation of B. licheniformi s alpha-amylase (AA20 at 0.22 mg/ml) with chloramine-T at pH 4.0 as compared to variants M197A (4.3 mg/ml) and M197L (0.53 mg/ml) .
  • Fig. 19 shows the reaction of B. li cheniformis alpha-amylase (AA20 at 0.75 mg/ml) with chloramine-T at pH 5.0 as compared to double variants M197T/ 138F (0.64 mg/ml) and M197T/W138Y (0.60 mg/ml) .
  • Fig. 20 shows the stability testing results of various alpha- amylase multiple mutants incorporated in automatic dish detergent (ADD) formulations at temperatures from room temperature increased to 65°C.
  • ADD automatic dish detergent
  • Fig. 21 shows the stability of certain amylase mutants (compared to wild-type) in an automatic dish detergent at room temperature over 0-30 days, as determined by percent activity remaining over time.
  • Fig. 22 shows the stability of certain amylase mutants (compared to wild-type) in an automatic dish detergent at 38°C (100°F) with 80% relative humidity over 0-30 days.
  • Fig. 23 shows the pH activity profile of certain amylases on a Phadebas substrate at 25 ⁇ C at neutral and alkaline pH.
  • Fig. 24 shows the stability of certain amylases to peracetic acid over time at pH 9.3 and 52 ⁇ C.
  • Fig. 25 shows the relative cleaning ability of amylase according to the invention ("TYT") compared to Termamyl amylase in liquid laundry detergent at 40 ⁇ C in terms of reflectance (delta from control) vs. ppm amylase added.
  • Fig. 26 shows the relative cleaning ability of amylase according to the invention ("TYT") compared to Termamyl amylase in liquid laundry detergent at 55 ⁇ C in terms of reflectance (delta from control) vs. ppm amylase added.
  • Fig. 27 shows the wash performance of amylase according to the invention in commercially available detergent in terms of reflectance (delta from control) vs. ppm amylase added.
  • amylases used in starch liquefaction may be subject to some form of inactivation due to some activity present in the starch slurry (see commonly owned US applications 07/785,624 and 07/785,623 and US Patent 5,180,669, issued January 19, 1993, incorporated herein by reference) .
  • use of an amylase in the presence of oxidants, such as in bleach- or peracid- containing detergents may result in partial or complete inactivation of the amylase. Therefore, the present invention focuses on altering the oxidative sensitivity of amylases which are added to laundry detergents.
  • the mutant enzymes in the laundry detergents of the present invention may also have an altered pH profile and/or altered thermal stability which may be due to the enhanced oxidative stability of the enzyme at low or high pH's.
  • Alpha-amylase as used herein includes naturally occurring amylases as well as recombinant amylases.
  • Preferred amylases in the present invention are alpha-amylases derived from B. li cheniformis or B. stearothermophil us, including the A4 form of alpha-amylase derived from B. li cheniformis as described herein, as well as fungal alpha- amylases such as those derived from Aspergillus (i.e., A. oryzae and A. ni ger) .
  • Recombinant alpha-amylases refers to an alpha-amylase in which the DNA sequence encoding the naturally occurring alpha-amylase is modified to produce a mutant DNA sequence which encodes the substitution, insertion or deletion of one or more amino acids in the alpha-amylase sequence. Suitable modification methods are disclosed herein, and also in commonly owned US Patents 4,760,025 and 5,185,258, the disclosure of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the relative sequence homology between B. stearothermophil us and B. li cheniformi s amylase is about 66%, as determined by Holm, L. et al. (1990) Protein Engineering 3_ (3) pp. 181-191.
  • the sequence homology between B . li cheniformi s and B . amyloliquefaci ens amylases is about 81%, as per Holm, L. et al., supra . While sequence homology is important, it is generally recognized that structural homology is also important in comparing amylases or other enzymes. For example, structural homology between fungal amylases and bacterial (Bacill us) amylase have been suggested and, therefore, fungal amylases are encompassed within the present invention.
  • An alpha-amylase mutant has an amino acid sequence which is derived from the amino acid sequence of a precursor alpha-amylase.
  • the precursor alpha-amylases include naturally occurring alpha-amylases and recombinant alpha-amylases (as defined) .
  • the amino acid sequence of the alpha-amylase mutant is derived from the precursor alpha-amylase amino acid sequence by the substitution, deletion or insertion of one or more amino acids of the precursor amino acid sequence.
  • Such modification is of the precursor DNA sequence which encodes the amino acid sequence of the precursor alpha-amylase rather than manipulation of the precursor alpha-amylase enzyme per se . Suitable methods for such manipulation of the precursor DNA sequence include methods disclosed herein and in commonly owned US patent 4,760,025 and 5,185,258.
  • amino acid position number refers to the number assigned to the mature Bacill us li cheniformi s alpha-amylase sequence presented in Fig. 2.
  • the invention is not limited to the mutation of this particular mature alpha-amylase [ B. li cheniformis ) but extends to precursor alpha-amylases containing amino acid residues at positions which are equivalent to the particular identified residue in B.
  • a residue (amino acid) of a precursor alpha-amylase is equivalent to a residue of B. li cheniformi s alpha-amylase if it is either homologous (i.e., corresponding in position in either primary or tertiary structure) or analogous to a specific residue or portion of that residue in B . li cheniformi s alpha-amylase (i.e., having the same or similar functional capacity to combine, react, or interact chemically or structurally) .
  • Fig. 3 The four highly conserved regions shown in Fig. 3 contain many residues thought to be part of the active-site (Matsuura, Y. et al. (1984) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 95:697-702; Buisson, G. et al. (1987) EMBO J. 6:3909-3916; Vihinen, M. et al. (1990) J. Biochem. 107:267- 272) including, in the li cheniformis numbering, Hisl05; Arg229; Asp231; His235; Glu261 and Asp328.
  • Expression vector refers to a DNA construct containing a DNA sequence which is operably linked to a suitable control sequence capable of effecting the expression of said DNA in a suitable host.
  • control sequences may include a promoter to effect transcription, an optional operator sequence to control such transcription, a sequence encoding suitable mRNA ribosome-binding sites, and sequences which control termination of transcription and translation.
  • a preferred promoter is the B . subti lis aprE promoter.
  • the vector may be a plasmid, a phage particle, or simply a potential genomic insert. Once transformed into a suitable host, the vector may replicate and function independently of the host genome, or may, in some instances, integrate into the genome itself.
  • plasmid and vector are sometimes used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector at present.
  • the invention is intended to include amylases produced by other forms of expression vectors which serve equivalent functions and which are, or become, known in the art.
  • Host strains (or cells) useful in the present invention generally are procaryotic or eucaryotic hosts and include any transformable microorganism in which the expression of alpha-amylase can be achieved.
  • host strains of the same species or genus from which the alpha-amylase is derived are suitable, such as a Bacill us strain.
  • Bacill us strain Preferably an alpha-amylase negative Bacill us strain (genes deleted) and/or an alpha-amylase and protease deleted Bacill us strain such as Bacillus subtilis strain BG2473
  • Host cells are transformed or transfected with vectors constructed using recombinant DNA techniques. Such transformed host cells are capable of either replicating vectors encoding the alpha-amylase and its variants (mutants) or expressing the desired alpha-amylase.
  • mutants of the present invention are secreted into the culture medium during fermentation.
  • Any suitable signal sequence such as the aprE signal peptide, can be used to achieve secretion.
  • Alpha-amylase mutants of the present invention are useful in formulating various detergent compositions, particularly certain laundry detergent cleaning compositions, and especially those cleaning compositions containing known oxidants, such as bleach or peracid compounds.
  • Alpha-amylase mutants of the invention can be formulated into known powdered, liquid or gel detergents having pH between about 4.5 to about 12.0, preferably between about 5.0 and about 10.0 and most preferably between about 6.0 and about 10.0.
  • An additional preferred embodiment comprises laundry detergents having a pH of between about 10.0 and about 12.0, wherein bleach is present in the composition.
  • Suitable granular amylase containing compositions may be made as described in commonly owned US patent applications 07/429,881, 07/533,721 and 07/957,973, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • These detergent cleaning compositions can also contain other enzymes, such as known proteases, lipases, cellulases, endoglycosidases or other amylases, as well as builders, stabilizers or other excipients known to those skilled in the art. These enzymes can be present as co-granules or as blended mixes or in any other manner known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, it is contemplated by the present invention that multiple mutants may be useful in cleaning or other applications.
  • a mutant enzyme having changes at both +15 and +197 may exhibit enhanced performance useful in a cleaning product or a multiple mutant comprising changes at +197 and +138 may have improved performance.
  • Specifically preferred mutant enzymes for use in detergent products, and particularly laundry detergent formulations include but are not limited to M15T/M197T; M15S/M197T; W138Y/M197T; M15S/W138Y/M197T; and M15T/W138Y/M197T ("TYT”) .
  • Another embodiment of the present invention comprises the combination of the mutant alpha-amylase enzymes described herein in combination with other enzymes (i.e., proteases, lipases, cellulases, etc.), and preferably oxidatively stable proteases.
  • Suitable oxidatively stable proteases include genetically engineered proteases such as those described in US Re 34,606, incorporated herein by reference, as well as commercially available enzymes such as DURAZYM (Novo Nordisk), MAXAPEM (Gist-brocades) and PURAFECT OXP (Genencor International, Inc.).
  • protease mutants oxidatively stable proteases
  • mutants having a substitution for the methionine at a position equivalent to M222 in B. amyloliquefaci ens are described in US Re 34606.
  • Suitable methods for determining "equivalent" positions in other subtilisins are provided in Re 34606, EP 257,446 and USSN 212,291, which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Example 1 Substitutions for the Methionine Residues in B . li cheniformis Alpha-Amylase
  • the alpha-amylase gene (Fig. 1) was cloned from B. li cheniformi s NCIB8061 obtained from the National Collection of Industrial Bacteria, Aberdeen, Scotland (Gray, G. et al. (1986) J. Bacteriology 166:635-643) .
  • the 1.72kb Pstl-Sstl fragment, encoding the last three residues of the signal sequence; the entire mature protein and the terminator region was subcloned into M13MP18.
  • a synthetic terminator was added between the Bell and Sstl sites using a synthetic oligonucleotide cassette of the form:
  • Bold letter indicate base changes introduced by oligonucleotide.
  • Underlining indicates restriction endonuclease site introduced by oligonucleotide.
  • the heteroduplex was used to transfect E. coli mutL cells (Kramer et al. (1984) Cell 38:879) and, after plaque-purification, clones were analyzed by restriction analysis of the RF1 's. Positives were confirmed by dideoxy sequencing (Sanger et al. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:5463-5467) and the Pstl-Sstl fragments for each subcloned into an E. coli vector, plasmid pA4BL.
  • B . subtilis pA4BL is a plasmid able to replicate in E. coli and integrate into the B. subtili s chromosome. Plasmids containing different variants were transformed into B . subtilis (Anagnostopoulos, C. and Spizizen, J. (1961) J. Bacter. 81:741-746) and integrated into the chromosome at the aprE locus by a Campbell-type mechanism (Young, M. (1984) J. Gen. Microbiol. 130:1613-1621) .
  • the Bacillus subtili s strain BG2473 was a derivative of 1168 which had been deleted for amylase ( ⁇ a- ⁇ jyE) and two proteases (Aapr, Anpr) (Stahl, M.L. and Ferrari, E., J. Bacter. 158:411-418 and US Patent 5,264,366, incorporated herein by reference) .
  • the sacU32(Hy) (Henner, D.J. et al. (1988) J. Bacter. 170:296-300) mutation was introduced by PBS-1 mediated transduction (Hoch, J.A. (1983) 154:1513-1515) .
  • Example 2 Oxidative Sensitivity of Methionine Variants
  • B. li cheniformi s alpha-amylase such as Spezyme® AA20 (commercially available from Genencor International, Inc.) is inactivated rapidly in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (Fig. 7) .
  • Various methionine variants were expressed in shake-flask cultures of B. subtilis and the crude supernatants purified by ammonium sulphate cuts. The amylase was precipitated from a 20% saturated ammonium sulphate supernatant by raising the ammonium sulphate to 70% saturated, and then resuspended. The variants were then exposed to
  • primer LAAM12 (Table II) was used to introduce another silent restriction site (BstBI) over codons 186-188.
  • the cassettes were designed to destroy the EcoRV site upon ligation, thus plasmids from E. coli transformants were screened for loss of this unique site.
  • the common bottom strand of the cassette contained a frame-shift and encoded a Nsil site, thus transformants derived from this strand could be eliminated by screening for the presence of the unique Nsil site and would not be expected, in any case, to lead to expression of active amylase.
  • Soluble Substrate Assay A rate assay was developed based on an end-point assay kit supplied by Megazyme (Aust.) Pty. Ltd.: Each vial of substrate (p-nitrophenyl maltoheptaoside, BPNPG7) was dissolved in 10ml of sterile water, followed by a 1 to 4 dilution in assay buffer (50mM maleate buffer, pH 6.7, 5mM calcium chloride, 0.002% Tween20). Assays were performed by adding lO ⁇ l of amylase to 790 ⁇ l of the substrate in a cuvette at 25°C. Rates of hydrolysis were measured as the rate of change of absorbance at 410nm, after a delay of 75 seconds. The assay was linear up to rates of 0.4 absorption units/min.
  • amylase protein concentration was measured using the standard Bio-Rad assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories) based on the method of Bradford, M. (1976) Anal. Biochem. 72:248) using bovine serum albumin standards.
  • Starch Hydrolysis Assay The standard method for assaying the alpha-amylase activity of Spezyme® AA20 was used. This method is described in detail in Example 1 of USSN 07/785,624, incorporated herein by reference. Native starch forms a blue color with iodine but fails to do so when it is hydrolyzed into shorter dextrin molecules.
  • the substrate is soluble Lintner starch 5gm/liter in phosphate buffer, pH 6.2 (42.5gm/liter potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 3.16gm/liter sodium hydroxide) .
  • the sample is added in 25mM calcium chloride and activity is measured as the time taken to give a negative iodine test upon incubation at 30°C.
  • Activity is recorded in liquefons per gram or ml (LU) calculated according to the formula:
  • V volume of sample (5ml)
  • t dextrinization time (minutes)
  • Starch liquefaction was typically performed using a Hydroheater M 103-M steam jet equipped with a 2.5 liter delay coil behind the mixing chamber and a terminal back pressure valve. Starch was fed to the jet by a Moyno pump and steam was supplied by a 150 psi steam line, reduced to 90-100 psi. Temperature probes were installed just after the Hydroheater jet and just before the back pressure valve.
  • Starch slurry was obtained from a corn wet miller and used within two days. The starch was diluted to the desired solids level with deionized water and the pH of the starch was adjusted with 2% NaOH or saturated Na 2 C0 3 . Typical liquefaction conditions were:
  • Starch was introduced into the jet at about 350 ml/min. The jet temperature was held at 105°-107°C. Samples of starch were transferred from the jet cooker to a 95°C second stage liquefaction and held for 90 minutes .
  • the degree of starch liquefaction was measured immediately after the second stage liquefaction by determining the dextrose equivalence (DE) of the sample and by testing for the presence of raw starch, both according to the methods described in the Standard Analytical Methods of the Member Companies of the Corn Refiners Association, Inc., sixth edition.
  • Starch when treated generally under the conditions given above and at pH 6.0, will yield a liquefied starch with a DE of about 10 and with no raw starch. Results of starch liquefaction tests using mutants of the present invention are provided in Table IV. TABLE IV
  • Example 5 Construction of M15X Variants Following generally the processes described in Example 3 above, all variants at M15 (M15X) were produced in native B. li cheniformi s by cassette mutagenesis, as outlined in Fig. 12:
  • Site directed mutagenesis via primer extension in M13 was used to introduce unique restriction sites flanking the M15 codon to facilitate insertion of a mutagenesis cassette. Specifically, a BstBI site at codons 11-13 and a Mscl site at codons 18-20 were introduced using the two oligonucleotides shown below:
  • Mutagenesis cassettes were created as with the M197X variants. Synthetic oligomers, each encoding a substitution at codon 15, were annealed to a common bottom primer. Upon proper ligation of the cassette to the vector, the Mscl is destroyed allowing for screening of positive transformants by loss of this site.
  • the bottom primer contains an unique SnaBl site allowing for the transformants derived from the bottom strand to be eliminated by screening for the SnaBl site. This primer also contains a frameshift which would also eliminate amylase expression for the mutants derived from the common bottom strand.
  • Example 6 Bench Liquefaction with M15X Variants Eleven alpha-amylase variants with substitutions for M15 made as per Example 5 were assayed for activity, as compared to Spezyme® AA20 (commercially available from Genencor International, Inc.) in liquefaction at pH 5.5 using a bench liquefaction system.
  • the bench scale liquefaction system consisted of a stainless steel coil
  • the coil except for each end, was immersed in a glycerol-water bath equipped with thermostatically controlled heating elements that maintained the bath at 105-106°C.
  • Example 7 Characterization of M197X Variants As can be seen in Fig. 9, there was a wide range of amylase activity (measured in the soluble substrate assay) expressed by the M197X (A4 form) variants.
  • the amylases were partially purified from the supernatants by precipitation with two volumes of ethanol and resuspension. They were then screened for thermal stability
  • the li cheniformis amylase is restricted in what residues it can accommodate at position 197 in terms of retaining or enhancing thermal stability: cysteine and threonine are preferred for maximal thermal stability under these conditions whereas alanine and isoleucine are of intermediate stability.
  • cysteine and threonine are preferred for maximal thermal stability under these conditions whereas alanine and isoleucine are of intermediate stability.
  • other substitutions at position +197 result in lowered thermal stability which may be useful for other applications.
  • different substitutions at +197 may have other beneficial properties, such as altered pH performance profile or altered oxidative stability.
  • the M197C variant was found to inactivate readily by air oxidation but had enhanced thermal stability.
  • both M197T and M197A retained not only high thermal stability (Fig. 10), but also high activity (Table III), while maintaining resistance to inactivation by peroxide at pH 5 to pH 10 (Fig. 7) .
  • Example 8 Stability and Performance in Detergent Formulation The stability of the M197T (A4 form), M197T and M197A (A4 form) was measured in automatic dish care detergent (ADD) matrices. 2ppm
  • SavinaseTM (a protease, commercially available from Novo Industries, of the type commonly used in ADD) were added to two commercially available bleach-containing ADD's: CascadeTM (Procter and Gamble, Ltd.) and SunlightTM (Unilever) and the time course of inactivation of the amylase variants and TermamylTM (a thermally stable alpha-amylase available from Novo Nordisk, A/S) followed at 65°C.
  • the concentration of ADD product used in both cases was equivalent to 'pre-soak' conditions: 14gm product per liter of water (7 grams per gallon hardness) .
  • Figs. 11a and lib both forms of the M197T variant were much more stable than
  • TermamylTM and M197A (A4 form) , which were inactivated before the first assay could be performed.
  • This stability benefit was seen in the presence or absence of starch as determined by the following protocol. Amylases were added to 5ml of ADD and SavinaseTM, prewarmed in a test tube and, after vortexing, activities were assayed as a function of time, using the soluble substrate assay.
  • the "+ starch” tube had spaghetti starch baked onto the sides (140°C, 60 mins.). The results are shown in Figs. 11a and lib.
  • Example 9 Characterization of M15X Variants All M15X variants were propagated in Bacillus subtilis and the expression level monitored as shown in Fig. 13. The amylase was isolated and partially purified by a 20-70% ammonium sulfate cut. The specific activity of these variants on the soluble substrate was determined as per Example 3 (Fig. 14) . Many of the M15X amylases have specific activities greater than that of Spezyme® AA20. A benchtop heat stability assay was performed on the variants by heating the amylase at 90°C for 5 min. in 50 mM acetate buffer pH 5 in the presence of 5 mM CaCl 2 (Fig. 15) . Most of the variants performed as well as Spezyme® AA20 in this assay.
  • Chloramine-T sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonimide
  • chloramine-T will modify both methionine and tryptophan (Schechter, Y., Burstein, Y. and Patchornik, A. (1975) Biochemistry 14 (20) 4497-4503) .
  • Fig. 17 shows the inactivation of B.
  • tryptophan residue is also implicated in the chloramine-T mediated inactivation event.
  • tryptic mapping and subsequent amino acid sequencing indicated that the tryptophan at position 138 was oxidized by chloramine-T (data not shown) .
  • site-directed mutants were made at tryptophan 138 as provided below:
  • W138 and Ml97 Certain variants of W138 (F, Y and A) were made as double mutants, with M197T (made as per the disclosure of Example 3) .
  • the double mutants were made following the methods described in Examples 1 and 3.
  • single negative strands of DNA were prepared from an M13MP18 clone of the 1.72kb coding sequence (Pst I-Sst I) of the B. li cheniformis alpha-amylase M197T mutant.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis was done using the primers listed below, essentially by the method of Zoller, M. et al. (1983) except T4 gene 32 protein and T4 polymerase were substituted for klenow.
  • the primers all contained unique sites, as well as the desired mutation, in order to identify those clones with the appropriate mutation.
  • the 1.24kb Asp718-Sstl fragment containing the M197T mutation in plasmid pBLapr (W138X, M197T) of Example 7 was replaced by the wild-type fragment with methionine at 197, resulting in pBLapr (W138F), pBLapr (W138Y) and pBLapr (BspE I, Xma I) .
  • mutants 138L, W138H and 138C were made by ligating synthetic cassettes into the pBLapr (BspE I, Xma I) vector using the following primers:
  • a 4000 ppm solution of automatic dishwashing detergent (ADD) containing perborate and TAED was prepared in water with a hardness of 7 gpg.
  • Certain amylase mutants described above were added to this ADD solution to yield a rate of 0.4 when assayed by the Ceralpha method (Megazyme (Austr.) Pty. Ltd., Parramatta, NSW, Australia) .
  • One set of samples was held at room temperature (21- 23°C) for about 30 min. (non-heated) .
  • a second set of samples was warmed from room temperature to about 65°C after addition of the enzyme (heated) .
  • 30 min. after addition of the enzyme the activity of the amylase mutants was measured and the activity relative to the activity at the time of addition of the enzyme was calculated (relative activity %).
  • a 4000 ppm solution of automatic dishwashing detergent (ADD) containing perborate and TAED was prepared in water with a hardness of 7 gpg and three cooked pieces of elbow macaroni were added.
  • the amylase mutants described above were added to this ADD solution to yield a final concentration of 5 ppm active enzyme.
  • the tubes were incubated at 50°C for about 30 min. and the concentration of reducing sugars released was measured against a glucose standard curve using the dinitrosalicylic acid method. Results are shown in Table VI.
  • Dishes were evenly soiled with a cooked, blended oatmeal paste and dried overnight at 37°C. Dishes were loaded in an ASKO Model 770 dishwasher and washed at 45°C on the Quick Wash cycle using 10 g of automatic dishwashing detergent containing 5% perborate, 3% TAED and 11 mg of certain amylase enzyme(s) . The plates were weighed before soiling, after soiling and after washing, and the average % soil removed from all plates was calculated. The data are shown below in Table VII.
  • mutant enzymes provided a benefit greater than that provided by the wild-type.
  • Wild-type amylase provided a 20% greater cleaning benefit in removing oatmeal than did ADD without amylase.
  • Example 12 Dish Care Cleaning Composition 1% (w/w) granules of wild-type and mutant amylases were formulated with a Korex Automatic Dishwasher Detergent to which 5% (w/w) sodium perborate monohydrate and 3% (w/w) TAED were added. Samples of these formulations were placed at room temperature (21-23°C) or at 38°C and 80% relative humidity for four weeks. Results are shown in Figs. 21 and 22.
  • Example 13 Oxidatively Sable Protease/ Oxidatively Stable Amylase Stability Studies
  • Enzyme granules containing either: 1) wild-type protease and wild- type amylase; or 2) bleach stable protease (GG36-M222S) made by the methods described in US Re 34606 and bleach stable amylase (AA20- M15T/W138Y/M197T) were dissolved in buffer containing 0.1 M sodium borate pH 10.2 and 0.005% Tween 80 at a concentration of 12.5 mg of each enzyme.
  • To 9 ml of these solutions was added either 1 ml distilled water or 1 ml 30% hydrogen peroxide. After incubation of the solutions at 25°C for 30 minutes, the protease and amylase activity in each solution was measured and is reported as % of the original activity. The data are shown below in Table VIII.
  • the data show that the combination of a bleach-stable amylase mutant and a bleach-stable protease mutant, both with mutations at amino acid residues sensitive to oxidation, provides the combined benefits of protease and amylase in a formulation resistant to inactivation by bleach.
  • the combination of a bleach-stable amylase and a bleach-stable protease retains most of its initial activity after 30 minutes in bleach, while the combination of wild-type enzymes loses over 80% of its initial activity in the same period of time.
  • the activity profiles of amylase variants were obtained.
  • Two Phadebas tablets (Phadebas Amylase Test Kit, Pharmacia Diagnostics) were dissolved in separate vials of 12 milliliters of buffer (0.05M borate/0.05M potassium phosphate/0.005M calcium chloride) at pH of about 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0 and 11.0 to determine relative starch hydrolysis activity of each tested enzyme.
  • the resultant pH values were 6.21, 7.0, 7.68, 8.75, 9.72 and 10.63.
  • Each vial was mixed by magnetic stirring and, while mixing, 200 microliter aliquots were pipetted into a 96 well Costar polystyrene plate.
  • Enzyme samples were obtained from solutions containing 9.9 mg/ml of Termamyl® (wild type Bacillus li cheniformis alpha amylase available from Novo Nordisk, Denmark,), 5.2 mg/ml Spezyme® AA20 ( Bacill us li cheniformis alpha amylase available from Genencor International, Inc., South San Francisco Ca.) or 4.1 mg/ml mutant amylase according to the invention (M15T/W138Y/M197T) . Each sample was diluted to 1/5000 into an amylase assay buffer (50 mM acetate buffer, pH 6.7, 5mM CaCl 2 , .002% Tween 20.
  • an amylase assay buffer 50 mM acetate buffer, pH 6.7, 5mM CaCl 2 , .002% Tween 20.
  • the mutant enzyme according to the present invention possesses superior activity at a pH range of from at least 6 to about 8.5 when compared to Termamyl® or Spezyme®AA20.
  • the mutant enzyme according to the present invention retains an exceptionally high percentage of its initial activity when compared to Termamyl® when incubated with an oxidant at a ph of 9.3.
  • Example 16 Comparative Wash Performance of Amylase in Liquid Laundry Detergent
  • Corn starch/india ink soiled cotton swatches PEPD 7435WRL obtained from Scientific Services S/D, Inc., Sparrow Bush, N.Y.
  • Grease releasing TIDE® concentrated detergent available commercially and from Proctor & Gamble, Cincinnati Ohio was heated at 90 ⁇ C for one hour to inactivate any enzymes present (e.g., protease or lipase) .
  • Amylases used were the Termamyl® 60T amylase
  • the mutant amylase of the present invention significantly outperforms commercially available amylase in cleaning ability.
  • Example 17 Wash Performance of Inventive Amylase in Liquid Detergents
  • SA8® commercially available from Amway Corp., Ada, Michigan
  • Purex® commercially available from the Dial Corp., Phoenix, Arizona
  • Mutant amylase M15T/W138Y/M197T
  • SA8® was added to the wash liquor in a quantity of 0.75gram/liter to bring the wash solution to a pH of 6.5 and a temperature of 55*C.
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • xi SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID N0:2: TGGGACGCTG GCGCAGTACT TTGAATGGT 29
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
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  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • xi SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:19: CGAATGAAAA CGGCAACTAT GATTATTTGA CATATGCCGA C 41
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
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  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • GACTGTCCAA ACATGGTTTA AGCCGCTTGC TTACGCTTTT ATTCTCACAA GGGAATCTGG 1320
  • MOLECULE TYPE protein
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • xi SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:42: CACCTAATTA AAGCTTTCAC ACATTTTCAT TTT 33
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
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  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
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  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)

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Abstract

Cette invention concerne des détergents de lessive contenant de nouveaux mutants d'alpha-amylase dérivés des séquences d'ADN d'alpha-amylases recombinantes ou d'origine naturelle. Les alpha-amylases mutantes sont obtenues de manière générale par des modifications in vitro d'une séquence d'ADN précurseur codant pour les alpha-amylases recombinantes ou d'origine naturelle, ceci afin d'engendrer la substitution (le remplacement) ou l'effacement d'un ou de plusieurs résidus d'acides aminés oxydables dans la séquence d'acides aminés d'une alpha-amylase précurseur. Ces détergents de lessive contenant des alpha-amylases mutantes possèdent une plus grande stabilité pour ce qui est de leur capacité de nettoyage et/ou des caractéristiques de performance pH modifiées et/ou une stabilité thermique modifiée en comparaison du précurseur.
PCT/US1996/004029 1995-03-24 1996-03-22 Composition de detergents de lessive amelioree contenant de l'amylase WO1996030481A1 (fr)

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CA002216316A CA2216316A1 (fr) 1995-03-24 1996-03-22 Composition de detergents de lessive amelioree contenant de l'amylase
JP8529561A JPH11502562A (ja) 1995-03-24 1996-03-22 アミラーゼを含有する改善された洗濯洗剤組成物
BR9607751A BR9607751A (pt) 1995-03-24 1996-03-22 Uma composiçao detergente aperfeiçoada para lavandeira compreendendo amílase
EP96909854A EP0815193A1 (fr) 1995-03-24 1996-03-22 Composition de detergents de lessive amelioree contenant de l'amylase
AU53226/96A AU718509B2 (en) 1995-03-24 1996-03-22 An improved laundry detergent composition comprising amylase
NZ305257A NZ305257A (en) 1995-03-24 1996-03-22 A laundry detergent containing a modified alpha amylase
MX9706823A MX9706823A (es) 1995-03-24 1996-03-22 Una composicion mejorada de detergente para lavar ropa que contiene amilasa.
NO974402A NO974402L (no) 1995-03-24 1997-09-23 Vaskemiddelsammensetning inneholdende amylase

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NO974402L (no) 1997-11-19
EP0815193A1 (fr) 1998-01-07
JPH11502562A (ja) 1999-03-02
CA2216316A1 (fr) 1996-10-03
NO974402D0 (no) 1997-09-23
NZ305257A (en) 1999-01-28
KR19980702783A (ko) 1998-08-05
AU5322696A (en) 1996-10-16
MX9706823A (es) 1997-11-29
BR9607751A (pt) 1998-06-23
AU718509B2 (en) 2000-04-13

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