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WO1996028169A9 - Glycoconjuges inhibiteurs de la fixation sperme-ovule chez l'homme - Google Patents

Glycoconjuges inhibiteurs de la fixation sperme-ovule chez l'homme

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Publication number
WO1996028169A9
WO1996028169A9 PCT/US1996/002695 US9602695W WO9628169A9 WO 1996028169 A9 WO1996028169 A9 WO 1996028169A9 US 9602695 W US9602695 W US 9602695W WO 9628169 A9 WO9628169 A9 WO 9628169A9
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
paep
endometrial
oligosaccharides
binding
human
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PCT/US1996/002695
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English (en)
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WO1996028169A1 (fr
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Priority to AU51759/96A priority Critical patent/AU5175996A/en
Publication of WO1996028169A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996028169A1/fr
Publication of WO1996028169A9 publication Critical patent/WO1996028169A9/fr

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  • This invention relates to glycoconjugate inhibitors of human sperm-egg binding and their use as diagnostic and prognostic indicators for human fertilization.
  • the invention relates specifically to those carbohydrate sequences that block sperm-zona pellucida binding.
  • the egg binding protein on mouse and hamster sperm have been shown to initially bind carbohydrate sequences associated with a specific protein (designated ZP3) present on the zona pellucida, the specialized extracellular matrix surrounding the mammalian egg (WASSARMAN, 1990).
  • ZP3 a specific protein
  • WASSARMAN the specialized extracellular matrix surrounding the mammalian egg
  • a human analogue of the mouse ZP3 glycoprotein has been identified and cloned (CHAMBERLIN, 1990), but no recombinant form has been shown to inhibit human sperm-zona pellucida binding possibly because of the lack of expression of the appropriate carbohydrate sequence in recombinant cell lines (CHAMBERLIN, 1990).
  • Human sperm manifest a very high degree of specificity for binding to their homologous eggs, unlike sperm from the lower mammalian species (BEDFORD, 1977). Human sperm will only bind to eggs from other higher primates (chimpanzees, gibbons, orangutans, and gorillas). However, because of very highly restricted access to such endangered higher primates, data about human sperm-zona pellucida binding is often obtained using an in vitro system utilizing human sperm and human eggs known as the hemizona assay (HZA) (BURKMAN, 1988).
  • HZA hemizona assay
  • the HZA involves the microbisection of the human egg, resulting in the release of the egg cell contents and the generation of two equally matched hemispheres of the zona pellucida (hemizonae).
  • hemizonae zona pellucida
  • a method for inhibiting sperm-zona pellucida binding comprises: administering a composition comprising endometrial PAEP- associated oligosaccharides to a female, in an amount effective to inhibit human sperm-zona pellucida binding.
  • a second method for inhibiting human sperm-zona pellucida binding comprises: administering to a female a biological macromolecule which specifically binds to endometrial PAEP.
  • a diagnostic method for assessing human sperm dysfunction. The method comprises: determining the number of binding sites for endometrial PAEP on a sample of human sperm, wherein said number of binding sites correlates with ability of said sperm to bind to human zona pellucida.
  • a method for assessing a cause of infertility comprises: detecting expression of oligosaccharides normally found on endometrial PAEP in secretions or tissues of a male or female reproductive tract wherein said oligosaccharides are not expressed in said secretions or tissues of fertile humans.
  • a method of treating an individual aberrantly expressing endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides comprises: administering a biological macromolecule which specifically binds endometrial-associated oligosaccharides to an individual aberrantly expressing endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides, wherein said biological macromolecule is administered in an amount sufficient to promote human sperm binding to human zona pellucida.
  • a contraceptive composition comprises an endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for vaginal, or intrauterine administration.
  • a contraceptive device which is impregnated with a composition comprising an endometrial PAEP- associated oligosaccharide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein said device is selected from the group consisting of: condoms, intrauterine devices, diaphragms, and sponges.
  • a method of screening for contraceptive substances comprises: contacting a test substance with endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides; and determining those test substances which bind to endometrial PAEP- associated oligosaccharides.
  • a method of screening for contraceptive substances comprises: contacting a test substance with endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides; and determining the presence of antibodies in the body sample which specifically bind to endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides.
  • Fig. 1 schematically represents the concentration dependent inhibition of endometrial PAEP derived from human amniotic fluid on human sperm-zona pellucida binding in the hemizona assay system. Concentration is expressed as ig/ml on the X-axis. The Y axis is the hemizona index (HZI).
  • HZI is calculated on the basis of the following formula: the (number of sperm bound in the presence of a test substance/number of sperm bound in the absence of the test substance) X 100. Therefore the HZI is a percentage of normal binding of sperm in the presence in this case of endometrial PAEP.
  • Fig. 2 is the established protein sequence of endometrial PAEP using conventional abbreviations for amino acid (JULKUNEN, 1988) indicating at the arrow the sites of attachment of the oligosaccharides of endometrial PAEP (asparagine at amino acid 28 and amino acid 63).
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of the mass fragmentation profile (mass to charge ratio) obtained by fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy of the acetylated derivatives of the oligosaccharides obtained from endometrial PAEP.
  • the oligosaccharides were obtained using the following protocol. Endometrial PAEP was digested with trypsin (1:50 ratio of trypsin to endometrial PAEP). The tryptic peptides were digested with N-glycanase (Boehringer Manheim Chemicals, FRG) to release the asparagine-linked oligosaccharides. Free oligosaccharides were separated from peptide fragments by reverse phase chromatography.
  • the oligosaccharides were derivatized by peracetylation and subjected to fragmentation analysis by Fast Atom Bombardment-Mass Spectrometry (FAB-MS) according to a previously established protocol involving A type cleavage and beta cleavage (DELL, 1994).
  • FAB-MS Fast Atom Bombardment-Mass Spectrometry
  • Theperacetylated oligosaccharides were dissolved in methanol and layered onto a monothioglycerol matrix on the end of a FAB probe.
  • the sample was introduced into the atom/ion beam and the FAB spectra were recorded using a VG Analytical ZAB-2SE FPD Mass spectrometer fitted with a Cesium ion gun operated at 20-25 kvolts.
  • Mass fragments obtained were compared to a known library of fragment ions that have been determined for different carbohydrate sequences (DELL, 1994).
  • the X axis is the mass to charge ratio (m/z) ranging in this figure from 1400-5000.
  • the Y axis is a percent abundance of a particular mass fragment.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic representation of the FAB-MS data obtained from peracetylated endometrial PAEP-derived ⁇ -linked oligosaccharides exactly as described in Fig. 2, except that data in the lower mass range (m/z between 200 and 1400) were recorded. The region from 900m/z to 1400 m/z is magnified 40 times.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic representation of the different oligosaccharide chains that were found attached to site 1 (asparagine on amino acid 28) and site 2 (asparagine at amino acid 63).
  • Site 3 (asparagine at amino acid 85) is not glycosylated.
  • Abbreviations used in this figure include: Hex ⁇ Ac; ⁇ -acetylhexosamine (Gal ⁇ Ac or Glc ⁇ Ac); Hex, hexose (Man or Gal); ⁇ euAc, ⁇ -acetylneurmainic acid; and Fuc, fucose.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic representation of the characterized oligosaccharides associated with endometrial PAEP.
  • NeuAc is N-acetylneuraminic acid
  • Gal is galactose
  • GalNAc is N-acetylgalactosamine
  • GlcNAc is N-acetylglucosamine
  • Fuc is fucose
  • Man is mannose.
  • Asn is asparagine, indicating the site of covalent linkage of the oligosaccharides to endometrial PAEP.
  • PAEP progesterone-associated endometrial protein
  • P14 placental protein 14
  • PEP pregnancy-associated endometrial protein
  • human chorionic alpha-2-microglobulin inhibits human sperm-zona pellucida binding at low concentrations (5-25 g/ml or 1.8-8.9 X 10-7 M; see Fig. 1).
  • PAEP progesterone-associated endometrial protein
  • PP14 placental protein 14
  • PEP pregnancy-associated endometrial protein
  • human chorionic alpha-2-microglobulin inhibits human sperm-zona pellucida binding at low concentrations (5-25 g/ml or 1.8-8.9 X 10-7 M; see Fig. 1).
  • PAEP is a normal endometrial glycoprotein that is expressed during the first 2-3 days of the new menstrual cycle, but then disappears and remains undetectable until five days after ovulation (JULKUNEN, 1985).
  • PAEP concentration peaks between the twelfth and fourteenth postovulatory days of the cycle and then declines (SEPPALA, 1988).
  • PAEP is induced to a very high level in the human decidua (10% of the total protein) following implantation of the human blastocyst (JULKUNEN, 1985). Endometrial PAEP is also secreted into the amniotic fluid, with concentrations exceeding 40 ⁇ g/ml at about 15 weeks gestational age in the human.
  • endometrial PAEP is a "natural contraceptive substance" that may act as a regulator of fertility in the human female.
  • oligosaccharides derived from endometrial PAEP block human sperm-zona pellucida binding in the HZA.
  • carbohydrate chains appear to be responsible for the unique biological activity of PAEP.
  • oligosaccharides derived from endometrial PAEP are either identical to or close structural analogues of the "natural" oligosaccharide ligands that are associated with the human zona pellucida.
  • oligosaccharides derived from endometrial PAEP are inhibitory, a higher concentration is required than necessary for the intact protein. Applicants do not wish to be bound by any theory, however it is possible that the requirement for high concentration of oligosaccharides may be due to a need for precise presentation of one or more oligosaccharide ligands to a receptor (NARKI, 1994). Such oligosaccharides may be presented in a multivalent array or in a unique combination of different oligosaccharide sequences in a specific arrangement (referred to as a "patch") that enables the native glycoprotein to manifest an inhibitory activity at significantly lower concentration than free oligosaccharides released from the native glycoprotein.
  • PAEP and its components are useful as contraceptive agents and are well tolerated in humans because PAEP is naturally found in the female reproductive tract.
  • PAEP and its derivatives have the advantage of being. very highly specific and more natural than the currently existing barrier type contraceptive methods that rely simply upon strong detergents that solubilize the sperm surface membranes.
  • the disadvantage of such detergents is relatively severe irritation that often develops in susceptible individuals following the use of such contraceptive agents.
  • the side effects associated with such a natural contraceptive as PAEP or its associated oligosaccharides are greatly reduced.
  • endometrial PAEP indicate that its arrangement of one or more oligosaccharides bind with high affinity to the egg binding protein(s) located on the surface of the human sperm. Glycoconjugates that can occupy this site on the surface of human sperm are useful for assessing sperm function with regard to the binding interaction of the human sperm with the human zona pellucida. Human sperm which fail to bind endometrial PAEP or oligosaccharides associated with endometrial PAEP indicate a specific dysfunction associated with the sperm's egg-binding protein.
  • Such a dysfunction could be caused by the aberrant expression of PAEP-associated oligosaccharides or close structural analogues of endometrial PAEP in the seminal plasma.
  • Any component of either the seminal plasma or substances in the female reproductive tract e.g., anti-carbohydrate antibodies, antibodies to the egg-binding proteins, aberrantly produced oligosaccharides or glycoconjugates
  • Any component of either the seminal plasma or substances in the female reproductive tract e.g., anti-carbohydrate antibodies, antibodies to the egg-binding proteins, aberrantly produced oligosaccharides or glycoconjugates
  • endometrial PAEP with its sperm binding site could negatively affect fertility.
  • antibodies that are specific for the oligosaccharide sequences of endometrial PAEP can be used to diagnose deficient or aberrant expression of carbohydrate ligand for sperm binding on the zona pellucida of an egg. This would be particularly useful to a patient undergoing in vitro fertilization.
  • an abnormal binding parameter is established for either the male or female counterpart of an infertile couple, that couple can be referred for direct sperm injection into the human oocyte, a procedure known as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
  • ICSI intracytoplasmic sperm injection
  • Oligosaccharides associated with endometrial PAEP may be aberrantly expressed on secretions or tissues associated with either the male or female reproductive tracts. Such individuals exhibit decreased fertility.
  • the oligosaccharides may also be aberrantly expressed temporally, i.e., expressed at a time when normal fertile humans do not express them in that tissue.
  • Functional infertility arises due to direct inhibition of human sperm-zona pellucida binding or a decrease in the motility or non-specific acrosome reaction of affected human sperm.
  • Sperm from infertile men have often been shown to exhibit greatly reduced motility or have much lower binding affinity for the human zona pellucida.
  • the mucins found in the reproductive tracts of infertile women often reduce the binding capacity of sperm in the hemizona assay.
  • Such clinical observations may be explained by the aberrant expression of endometrial PAEP-derived oligosaccharides on tissues or secretions of the male or female reproductive tract.
  • Proteins that bind to endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides can be used for the diagnosis/prognosis of sperm infertility related to aberrant expression of such endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides on tissues or secretions of the male or female reproductive tract.
  • diagnostic methods can be used to facilitate clinical techniques used in human reproduction including intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization (TV ), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), sperm cryopreservation, or methods for enhancement of human sperm capacitation.
  • Substances that can specifically bind to the endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides aberrantly expressed on the tissues or secretions of the male or female reproductive tract and inactivate them are also contemplated by the invention. Use of such substances promote the binding of the human sperm to the human zona pellucida.
  • Biological macromolecules which specifically bind to endometrial PAEP- associated oligosaccharides can be used to bind aberrantly expressed endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides or related substances on the human zona pellucida. Assessment of such binding can be employed for diagnostic/prognostic purposes to assess zona pellucida dysfunction.
  • the binding sites for endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides on human sperm can be determined by conjugating endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides to indicator molecules such as fluorophores, enzymes, radiolabels, matrices, colloidal substances, lectins, lipid carriers, biotin conjugates, proteins, polysaccharides or other substances used for tagging molecules for detection. Both primary and secondary detection methods can be employed using such reagents for detection of binding sites.
  • Endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides are defined, for the purposes of this application, as endometrial PAEP itself, oligosaccharides derived from endometrial PAEP, or conjugates of the endometrial PAEP-derived oligosaccharides.
  • PAEP-associated oligosaccharides refers to those oligosaccharides, whether biologically produced or synthetically produced, which are the same as those oligosaccharides which are found on endometrial PAEP.
  • Conjugates may contain proteins, natural or synthetic lipids, inert matrices (such as agarose beads, glass beads, polyacrylamide beads, latex beads) polysaccharides of natural or synthetic origin, polymers of amino acids, or polymers that contain groups that react with oligosaccharides at their reducing terminals. Proteins which are particularly useful are those enzymes that inhibit human sperm-zona pellucida binding. Other substances used in the art of glycobiology to couple oligosaccharides may also be used. Retention of biological activity after conjugation is desirable.
  • Chemical mimetics or structural analogues of the oligosaccharides derived from endometrial PAEP can also be used as "endometrial PAEP-related substances" or "PAEP-associated oligosaccharides” for the purpose of this invention. Since the major oligosaccharide sequences associated with endometrial PAEP have now been determined, it is within the skill of the art to produce a recombinant form of endometrial PAEP that bears the same sequence, for example by use of a cell line which properly glycosytates human proteins such as the human kidney 293 cell line.
  • Endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides can be modified by covalent modification with at least one molecule selected from the group consisting of sugar moieties, lipids, phosphate groups, acetyl groups, methyl groups, propyl groups, mineral acids, and polymeric molecules. Such modifications may favorably influence pharmacokinetic properties, such as half-life and tissue distribution. They may also lead to an augmented contraceptive activity level.
  • oligosaccharides attached to endometrial PAEP are either similar or identical to those found on the human zona pellucida.
  • substances that can bind to endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides are of both contraceptive and diagnostic/prognostic use.
  • substances which are known to bind oligosaccharide sequences include monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies. Such antibodies can be specifically designed to react with a known oligosaccharide sequence using established technologies (MAGNANI, 1987; SPITALNIK, 1987).
  • Lectins including wheat germ agglutinin, concanavalin A, and Wisteria floribunda
  • proteins and enzymes can also bind to carbohydrates and either degrade, modify or block their biological function. Once the amino acid sequence of such antibodies, proteins, enzymes or lectins are determined, amino acids in the binding site can be determined to produce biologically active fragments equivalent or more potent than the intact molecules.
  • Substances which specifically bind to endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides can be used to promote human sperm-egg binding using assisted reproduction techniques [such as intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization (INF), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), sperm cryopreservation or methods for enhancement of human sperm capacitation].
  • assisted reproduction techniques such as intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization (INF), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), sperm cryopreservation or methods for enhancement of human sperm capacitation.
  • Endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides may be administered to a patient by any appropriate route that could lead specifically to blocking human sperm-zona pellucida binding or decrease sperm motility.
  • routes may be intravaginal, intrauterine, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, oral, rectal, or inhalation.
  • Endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides or substances that bind endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides could also be delivered via a contraceptive device (e.g., condom, intrauterine device (IUD), sponge or diaphragm) or as an admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that would come into contact with human sperm during or after coitus.
  • a contraceptive device e.g., condom, intrauterine device (IUD), sponge or diaphragm
  • IUD intrauterine device
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that would come into contact with human sperm during or after coitus.
  • the present invention is based on the discovery that endometrial PAEP and endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides inhibit human sperm-zona pellucida binding.
  • Useful forms of endometrial PAEP for the purpose of this invention include natural and recombinant forms of endometrial PAEP as well as derivatives, oligosaccharides or fragments of endometrial PAEP (including chemically synthesized forms, mimetics or analogues of such derivatives and fragments).
  • Such forms of endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides (1) retain ability to block human sperm-zona pellucida binding, and (2) can be used for diagnosis/prognosis of human sperm-zona pellucida binding defects.
  • One particularly useful derivative of endometrial PAEP-associated oligosaccharides contains half sulfate esters in place of sialic acid residues on the oligosaccharides.
  • Half sulfate esters having a single negative charge have been shown to substitute for sialic acid on oligosaccharides with complete retention of biological activity (VARKI, 1994).
  • This example demonstrates the inhibitory effect of PAEP on human sperm- egg binding.
  • This example demonstrates the inhibitory effect of PAEP oligosaccharides on sperm-egg binding.
  • the human egg is coated with a thick extracellular matrix known as the zona pellucida.
  • This extracellular matrix is the initial site of contact for human sperm binding during normal fertilization. Therefore specific agents that can block the initial binding of human sperm to the zona pellucida would have a primary contraceptive effect.
  • To assay the contraceptive activity of different substances we have employed the hemizona assay system (BURKMAN, 1988).
  • the HZA involves the microbisection of the human egg, resulting in the release of the egg cell contents and the generation of two equally matched hemispheres of zona pellucida (hemizonae).
  • Endometrial PAEP is a glycoprotein consisting of 17.5% carbohydrate (BOHN, 1982). To determine the structure of the biologically active oligosaccharides, chemical analysis of these components and their linkage site to the endometrial PAEP protein backbone was performed. The natural form of endometrial PAEP consists of 162 amino acids (JULKUNEN, 1988). There are three sites for asparagine-linked (N-linked oligosaccharides on the protein (at amino acids 28, 63 and 85 from the N-terminal end of the protein) (Fig. 2).
  • Endometrial PAEP was trypsin-digested to obtain peptides and glycopeptides that were separated by reverse phase chromatography and analyzed by electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS) as previously described (DELL, 1994). Comparison of the fragmentation pattern with the known protein structure indicated that the asparagine at the 85th amino acid was not glycosylated. However, the first site (asparagine at position 28) was found to always be glycosylated. The second site (asparagine at position 63) was glycosylated on a subset of the glycoforms of endometrial PAEP.
  • ES-MS electrospray mass spectrometry
  • a method known as fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) (DELL, 1994) was employed to determine the sequence of the asparagine-linked oligosaccharides derived from endometrial PAEP.
  • FAB-MS fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry
  • the identification of the fragment ions is based upon the known m/z values obtained from an established library for carbohydrate sequences (DELL, 1994). Analysis conducted in this upper mass regions (m/z exceeding 1400) indicated that the majority of the intact N-linked endometrial PAEP-derived glycans are in the mass range expected for biantennary or hybrid type structures while a minority are in the mass range for tri- and tetra-antennary structures and/or bi- and triantennary structures with repeating N-acetyllactosamine type sequences.
  • the notable features of this fragmentation data obtained in the m/z below 1400 include: (1) the existence of antennae having two N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc) residues which can be unsubstituted, fucosylated, or sialylated but not both sialylated and fucosylated; linkage analysis experiments before and after treatment with exoglycosidases indicated that the antennae contain GalNAc31-4GlcNAc/31 which can be sialylated on the 6 position of the GalNAc or fucosylated on the 3-position of the GlcNAc; and (2) in addition to the antennae described in (1), there are antennae comprised of the normal mammalian building block viz N-acetyllactosamine (Gal/-?l-4GlcNAc-»l-) which occurs in up to three repeats.
  • HexNAc N-acetylhexosamine
  • These antennae can be unsubstituted, sialylated at the 3-, or 6-position of the Gal, or fucosylated at the 3-position of the GlcNAc.
  • the Lewis" epitope (Gal/31-4[Fucc.l-3]GlcNAc/31-R) may be expressed on the antennae of a substantial subset of the glycans.
  • Endometrial PAEP was digested in separate experiments with trypsin, cyanogen bromide and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease to obtain peptides and glycopeptides that were separated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid/acetonitrile gradients and analyzed by on-line liquid chromatograph (LC) and direct injection electrospray mass spectrometry (E-MS) as previously described (DELL, 1994). Comparison of the masses obtained with the known protein structure allowed identification of the putative glycosylation positions in the glycoprotein and determination of which are occupied and with which oligosaccharide structures. Asparagine 85 was found not to be glycosylated.
  • the first potential glycosylation site (asparagine at position 28) and the second site (asparagine 63) were found to be glycosylated both from the ES-MS mass data and by the FAB-NS analysis of permethylated oligosaccharides released by peptide N-glycosidase F from the purified glycopeptides.
  • a library of different oligosaccharide chains attached to the first and second N-glycosylation site of endometrial PAEP was determined (Fig. 5).
  • the structures of the major endometrial PAEP glycans that we have fully characterized can be divided into the categories as shown in Fig. 6. Structures falling in group 1 are unusual biantennary type oligosaccharides with GalNAc/5 * l-4GlcNAc linked via 01-2 to mannose and N-acetyllactosamine (Gal/3 l-4GlcNAc) linked to mannose on the other arm. Up to two moles of fucose can be linked to this core structure.
  • fucose linkages in this case are Fuc l-3GlcNAc (in the outer antenna) or Fuc ⁇ l-6GlcNAc at the GlcNAc proximal to the Asn.
  • N-acetylneuraminic acid may or may not be attached via c.2-3 or ⁇ 2-6 linkages to either terminal GalNAc or Gal.
  • Structures falling in group 2 are similar to group 1, except that both antennae are GalNAc/? l-4GlcNAc sequences.
  • Structures in group 3 are similar to group 1 except that fucose is attached only to the GlcNAc proximal to the Asn linkage site and N-acetylneuraminic acid is attached via ⁇ 2-3 or ⁇ 2-6 linkages to both GalNAc and Gal at terminal positions of the core structure.
  • Structures in group 4 and 5 fall into the category known as hybrid type oligosaccharides, with mannosyl residues in the antennae and a sialylated N-acetyllactosamine or sialylated GalNAcjSl-4GlcNAc sequence attached to the other antennae. Sequences falling in group 6 are relatively common and are known as high mannose type structures.
  • GalNAcjSl-4GlcNAc terminal sequence has been associated with hormones that have a specific tripeptide sequence Proline-(any amino acid)-Arginine/Lysine (Pro-X-Arg/Lys) (DHARMESH 1993).
  • This tripeptide is a recognition sequence for a /SI, 4- N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase that is necessary for the synthesis of terminal /?l,4-linked GalNAc sequence.
  • l-4GlcNAc sequence has been found in human lutropin (GREEN 1986) and Bowes melanoma tissue plasminogen activator (CHAN 1991).
  • the terminal sequence (GalNAc/?l-4[Fucc-l-3]GlcNAc-R) has been found as a major structure in lower animals (e.g. schistosomes, filarial worms and egg jelly coats of Axolotyl maculatum) (SRIVATSAN 1992; STRECKER 1994).
  • SRIVATSAN 1992 schistosomes, filarial worms and egg jelly coats of Axolotyl maculatum
  • HZA The hemizona assay
  • ORGANISM Homo sapiens
  • FEATURE FEATURE
  • ATC CCC CAG ACC AAG CAG GAC CTG GAG CTC CCA AAG TTG GCA GGG ACC 152 lie Pro Gin Thr Lys Gin Asp Leu Glu Leu Pro Lys Leu Ala Gly Thr 25 30 35
  • Pro Lys Lys Phe Lys lie Asn Tyr Thr Val Ala Asn Glu Ala Thr Leu 100 105 110
  • Val Glu Asp Asp Glu lie Met Gin Gly Phe lie Arg Ala Phe Arg Pro 145 150 155 160

Abstract

Il est possible d'utiliser comme contraceptif une glycoprotéine humaine et ses oligosaccharides. Les oligosacharides conjugués à d'autres polymères et substances peuvent servir dans des méthodes diagnostiques et thérapeutiques relatives à la stérilité.
PCT/US1996/002695 1995-03-15 1996-03-14 Glycoconjuges inhibiteurs de la fixation sperme-ovule chez l'homme WO1996028169A1 (fr)

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US5614559A (en) * 1993-11-23 1997-03-25 Procept Inc. Compound for inhibiting HIV infectivity
US5958399A (en) * 1997-05-01 1999-09-28 Procept, Inc. Sulfonic acid and aldehyde condensation polymers for preventing pregnancy
WO2000065521A2 (fr) 1999-04-23 2000-11-02 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Systeme et procede de notation de polymeres
US20060057638A1 (en) * 2004-04-15 2006-03-16 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods and products related to the improved analysis of carbohydrates
US20060127950A1 (en) * 2004-04-15 2006-06-15 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Methods and products related to the improved analysis of carbohydrates
WO2013012749A2 (fr) * 2011-07-15 2013-01-24 The Curators Of The University Of Missouri Glycoprotéines humaines de la zone pellucide, leurs oligosaccharides et leurs utilisations

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Seppälä et al. Glycodelins: role in regulation of reproduction, potential for contraceptive development and diagnosis of male infertility
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