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WO1996002129A1 - Mineraux d'argiles - Google Patents

Mineraux d'argiles Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1996002129A1
WO1996002129A1 PCT/GB1995/001653 GB9501653W WO9602129A1 WO 1996002129 A1 WO1996002129 A1 WO 1996002129A1 GB 9501653 W GB9501653 W GB 9501653W WO 9602129 A1 WO9602129 A1 WO 9602129A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
clay
water
litter box
box according
component
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1995/001653
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Ian Robert Davidson
Original Assignee
Ian Robert Davidson
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ian Robert Davidson filed Critical Ian Robert Davidson
Priority to EP95924469A priority Critical patent/EP0771143A1/fr
Priority to AU28963/95A priority patent/AU2896395A/en
Publication of WO1996002129A1 publication Critical patent/WO1996002129A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
    • A01K1/015—Floor coverings, e.g. bedding-down sheets ; Stable floors
    • A01K1/0152—Litter
    • A01K1/0154—Litter comprising inorganic material

Definitions

  • This invention relates to clay minerals and in particular to a clay mineral composition and its use in handling body waste products.
  • a litter box is charged with a flowable granular composition convertible in contact with a small water addition to agglomerates readily dispersible in a large water addition comprising at least one water-swellable clay mineral and at least one hydrophilic non-clay component additional to any alkali bound to the clay.
  • said component is at least one of a non- surfactant water-soluble material, a water-soluble surfactant and a finely divided water-insoluble material. It is preferably non-polymeric but may be for example a low polymer having up to about 20 repeating units, so as to provide for ready solubility in water.
  • the non-clay component functions by setting up zones of weakness and/or water-accessibility in the agglomerates, thus facilitating dispersion in presence of a large water addition.
  • the invention may be defined in terms of a clay composition in which the balance between cohesiveness and redispersibility is adjusted in favour or redispersibility by inclusion of the said non-clay component.
  • the invention provides also: the composition per se so far as it is novel; processes of making the composition; a process of handling water-wet animal waste products.
  • the clay mineral (referred to hereinafter as clay) should be rapidly swollen by water, suitably to 5-10ml water per g within 3 minutes, to a coherent gel. It is thus preferably non-calcined. It can consist substantially of any smectite clay, for example bentonite or montmorillonite, or possibly attapulgite, beidellite, fuller's earth, hectorite, nontronite, saponite or sepiolite. Whereas it may contain calcium bentonite and may thus benefit from the resulting previously published redispersibility, it preferably does not to any substantial extent for example over 10%.
  • smectite clay for example bentonite or montmorillonite, or possibly attapulgite, beidellite, fuller's earth, hectorite, nontronite, saponite or sepiolite. Whereas it may contain calcium bentonite and may thus benefit from the resulting previously published redispersibility, it preferably
  • any calcium bentonite notionally present as calcium ions in the clay ingredient of the composition or in the non-clay component is avoided. It is preferably at least partly in its alkali metal form, since alkaline earth clays are less swellable.
  • the clay of the composition is over 50, more preferably over 65, especially over 80, % sodium bentonite. There may be a few percent of other minerals such as quartz, cristobalite, iron or titania present, but these do not affect the operation of the invention and may indeed assist by providing hydrophilic finely divided material.
  • the granules can be of any convenient size.
  • cat litter they are preferably to the extent of at least 90% in the range 0.2 to 4.0mm, especially 0.3 to 2.0mm.
  • the granule size is less important for static uses such as in birdcages, slaughter or surgery.
  • the clay and non-clay component (s) should be closely associated together, since this appears to assist dispersion in the larger addition of water. Some or all of the non-clay component can be within the interstices of the clay particles. It is preferred to have the non-clay component, especially if it is a salt, present as solid particles adherent to the exterior of the clay particles.
  • the composition having this structure is believed to be novel per se.
  • the clay is capable of a range of relevant properties dependent on which species of clay is used, where it is mined and what if any physical treatment it undergoes in preparing it for use.
  • it may for example be:
  • the clay is at least partly, for example at least 50%, the product of wet extrusion.
  • the clay component may be an opened clay mineral, that is, one that has been subjected to treatment, typically in presence of water, in shearing conditions. It is believed that such treatment partly disrupts the layer structure of the clay. Preferably such treatment is in presence of mild alkali, for example sodium carbonate 0.5 to 5.0% on dry clay. The quantity of water present should be enough to make the clay workable, but short of full swelling of the clay.
  • the clay raw material may be wet clay as mined.
  • the treatment preferably includes extrusion through a perforated plate.
  • raw sodium bentonite may be activated with soda ash and milled in a pan muller, in which it is extruded through slots in the pan floor. It is then dried and screened. Such extrusion exposes the bentonite to efficient activation and makes a homogenised processed product. Conveniently only alkali carbonate is added at this stage, other non-clay componen (s) being added later.
  • a very suitable clay is one intended as a soil sealant for earth dams, for example the granulated sodium bentonite available under the trade name CULSEAL from SAMREC Pty Ltd, of Olifantsfontein, RSA.
  • the clay component can be one or more rendered more swellable by kneading with an alkali metal compound, for example those described in:
  • EP-A-603773 weakly swelling bentonite (40-65% montmorillonite or calcium bentonite) kneaded with sodium carbonate;
  • EP-A-604860 smectic clay reacted with sodium-form ion exchanger such as zeolite;
  • EP-A-604861 low-swelling smectite such as calcium smectite or two-layer silicate such as kaolin kneaded with alkali smectite.
  • the non-clay component can be any that affords flowable particles when mixed with the clay. It can be organic, for example a sugar or viscous hydroxy compound, or possibly urea. Most conveniently it is or includes one or more salts.
  • Such salt preferably has a solubility of at least 4, especially at least 20, g per 100ml of water at ambient temperature. It has the anion preferably of an acid dissociation at least as strong as acetic acid.
  • the pH of its molar aqueous solution is preferably in the range 5-9.
  • Examples of usable salts from among which uni-univalent salts are preferred, are the acetate, bromide, carbonate, chloride, citrate, nitrate, hydrogen-phosphate and sulphate of sodium and/or potassium; other examples are complex salts such as sodium ammonium phosphate, potassium calcium chloride, potassium aluminium sulphate, naturally- occurring complex salts comprising any of those mentioned; also ammonium salts such as the chloride, nitrate or sulphate; and also magnesium sulphate. Of course corrosive or irritant salts should be avoided. Oxidising salts such as persulphates, which have been proposed as components of animal litter in virtue of their reactivity with animal dross, are unnecessary. Preferably two or more salts are present, at least one of which is an alkali metal carbonate, especially when used as a clay activator.
  • the water-soluble component should not be deliquescent at the relative humidity at which it is to be used. If the litter is to be used at will by an animal, the non-clay component should not have a feel or smell offensive to the animal at the content used.
  • the non-clay content of the composition should be sufficient to cause rapid disintegration of the granules or agglomerates thereof when contacted with excess water.
  • the content of water-insoluble non-clay component is preferably in the range 5 to 20%. If the non-clay component is a water soluble salt, its concentration should be kept to about the minimum effective, both on economic grounds and because high concentrations inhibit redispersion or cause flocculation. This applies especially if salt having one or both ions of valency 2 or more is present.
  • finely divided water insoluble non-clay component there may be used for example calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, dolomite or calcium phosphate. Other examples include pulverised fly ash.
  • the composition may contain minor components such as oil, pigment, scent, polymer or surfactant. Some of such materials may enter as impurities or additives in the salt used, for example crystal modifier such as sodium ferrocyanide and/or anti-caking agent such as calcium phosphate and/or humectant such as glycerol in sodium chloride.
  • crystal modifier such as sodium ferrocyanide and/or anti-caking agent such as calcium phosphate and/or humectant such as glycerol in sodium chloride.
  • non-clay component is or includes surfactant, and/or surfactant auxiliary, dispersion of the agglomerates in the larger water addition is facilitated and the resulting dispersion is more stable.
  • the surfactant is preferably anionic or non-ionic, since cationics tend to form water-repellent films on ceramic surfaces commonly encountered in sewerage systems. If it is anionic it is preferably a sulphate or sulphonate, since these are less sensitive to calcium or magnesium ions in hard water.
  • anionics are: a C 10-20 aliphatic hydrocarbon chain terminating in a sulphate or sulphonate group; a sulphonated aromatic ring carrying C 8 . 20 alkyl group; sulphated succinic esters such as dioctyl sodium succinate ; naphthalene sulphonic acids, especially their formaldehyde condensates, for example 'Dispersol L' ;
  • Suitable anionics are salts of C 12 . 20 carboxylic acids, such as common soap (sodium stearate or palmitate) and sarcosine carrying the radical of such carboxylic acids.
  • a water-softening additive may be desirable to assist redispersion in hard water.
  • non-ionics have C 10 . 10 hydrocarbon chain linked directly or through phenyl to polyalkylene oxide.
  • Surfactant having both anionic and non-ionic groups can be used.
  • the surfactant is preferably one available in powdered solid form.
  • the surfactant auxiliary can be for example any of those proposed or used in detergent formulations for functions such a 'building', water-softening and soil dispersion.
  • soluble silicate 'builder' and/or polyphosphate or zeolite water-softener and/or polyalkyleneoxide can be used.
  • the surfactant and auxiliary can be introduced as a mixture as marketed for domestic or industrial use, provided it does not (for litter likely to contact human or animal skin) contain material that would be irritant at the concentrations used in the composition.
  • the content of surfactant is typically in the range 0.01 to 5%, especially 0.1 to 1%.
  • the content of surfactant auxiliary is typically also in these ranges.
  • the invention provides also processes of making the composition by mixing the components.
  • Mixing should be in conditions affording the required association of the water-soluble component with the clay.
  • the water-soluble component is a solid, such as a salt or surfactant
  • mixing is in presence of sufficient moisture to permit cohesion of the or other fine solid to the clay.
  • the moisture content must evidently be less than would cause agglomeration of the clay.
  • apparently dry clay having a moisture content up to 15, conveniently in the range 5-12, %, supplies sufficient moisture.
  • Salt and/or surfactant may be added as a solution if mixing is vigorous enough to disperse it quickly through the clay particles or if water is simultaneously dried off .
  • Using apparently dry ingredients at least part of the necessary moisture may be supplied from the humidity of the atmosphere, either naturally or by added steam.
  • Moisture may be supplied by using a salt carrying water of crystallisation, and/or by using salt that would in absence of clay be deliquescent, and/or using salt containing humectant.
  • the particle size of the clay ingredient is preferably substantially the same as intended for the composition and litter. If desired, the mixing stage can agglomerate fines up to the intended particle size. Thus dusty clay can be used as starting material. Too much size-enlargement would, however, necessitate subsequent grinding and sieving.
  • the non-clay component if solid is preferably at a smaller particle size than the clay ingredient, suitably 0.1 to 0.5mm. Larger particles would necessitate more vigorous mixing and/or using more water and running a greater risk of agglomeration.
  • the desired small particle size corresponds to a bulk density less than 0.4 g/ml.
  • any dry mixer can be used, conveniently a pan mixer or culinary mixer or concrete mixed or tumbling vessel mixer.
  • the invention provides a combination process comprising the stages: a) shearing and granulating raw wet clay at 25- 35% water with sodium carbonate; b) drying the granules to 5-12% water and (if required) adjusting their particle size; and c) mixing the product of b) with at least hydrophilic component to a total content, including said sodium carbonate, in the range 0.5 to 10.0% if water-soluble or 5 to 20% if water-insoluble, said hydrophilic component having a particle size smaller than said granules.
  • Example 1 The invention is illustrated but not limited by the following Examples.
  • Example 1 The invention is illustrated but not limited by the following Examples.
  • the clay ingredient was a granulated >85% sodium bentonite sold under the Trade Name CULSEAL for use as a soil sealant eg. for waterproofing earth dams. Its composition was:
  • the Na 2 0 was to the extent of 1.1% derived from sodium carbonate added before wet granulation.
  • the salt was sodium chloride in the form of caking-resistant cooking salt of average particle size about 0.5mm, and believed to contain fractional percentages of humectant and powdery anti-caking agent.
  • the ingredients (97 parts clay, 3 parts salt) were mixed dry in a KENWOOD culinary mixer until distinct particles of salt were no longer visible to the naked eye. This mixing did not noticeably break clay granules, but apparently caused some agglomeration into granules of the fines initially present. The resulting composition was put into storage. Test.
  • Half a litre of the composition was spread to a depth of 2cm in a plastics litter tray. Water (5 ml) was dripped on to each of two locations of the litter. To one location ten seconds later a sheet of filter paper was applied, held down for 20 sec by means of a 200g weight, then removed; no wet clay adhered to the paper. The clay at the other location was, after 10-15 seconds, found to be agglomerated to a lump about 2.5cm in diameter. The lump was lifted out without peripheral breakage using a house-plant fork and left overnight in ambient conditions. Next day it was drowned into 2 litres of water containing hypochlorite disinfectant in a bucket, stirred with a plastic paddle, allowed to settle for about 1 min and poured off.
  • Example 3 The test results were substantially the same as in Example 1. Despite being insoluble in water, the calcium carbonate was at the drowning stage stably enough dispersed to leave only a small residue, and the dispersion was toilet-flushed without blockage. Examples 3-5
  • Examples 3a-c were repeated but with also 3% sodium chloride present in each composition.
  • the incipient break-up times were approximately half those noted for the compositions of Examples 3a-c. These are to be compared with 15-20 sec for compositions as in Example 1 containing 3% sodium chloride but no surfactant.
  • the composition contained 97 clay, 3 sodium chloride, and 0.6 'PERSIL automatic' non-biological machine washing powder containing sodium perborate, phosphate water-softener, polymer/polycarboxylate dispersant, sodium carbonate and silicate and sodium sulphate. (It also contained brightening agents and perfume believed to be irrelevant to animal litter use) .

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

Boîte à déchets dans laquelle on a déposé une composition granulaire présentant une certaine fluidité et transformable, par addition d'une petite quantité d'eau, en agglomérats possédant une bonne dispersibilité dans une quantité d'eau de remplissage, cette composition comprenant au moins un minéral d'argile gonflant dans l'eau ainsi qu'au moins un ingrédient hydrophile non argileux en plus d'un quelconque alcali lié à l'argile. De préférence, l'ingrédient non argileux est choisi parmi le groupe consistant en un matériau soluble dans l'eau et non tensioactif, en tensioactif soluble dans l'eau et en matériau insoluble dans l'eau et finement divisé. L'invention concerne également la composition ci-dessus mentionnée dans laquelle l'ingrédient non argileux est présent sous forme de particules solides adhérant à l'extérieur des particules d'argile, ainsi qu'un procédé de fabrication de ladite composition.
PCT/GB1995/001653 1994-07-16 1995-07-12 Mineraux d'argiles WO1996002129A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP95924469A EP0771143A1 (fr) 1994-07-16 1995-07-12 Mineraux d'argiles
AU28963/95A AU2896395A (en) 1994-07-16 1995-07-12 Clay minerals

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9414404A GB9414404D0 (en) 1994-07-16 1994-07-16 Clay minerals
GB9414404.5 1994-07-16

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1996002129A1 true WO1996002129A1 (fr) 1996-02-01

Family

ID=10758457

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1995/001653 WO1996002129A1 (fr) 1994-07-16 1995-07-12 Mineraux d'argiles

Country Status (5)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0771143A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2896395A (fr)
GB (1) GB9414404D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1996002129A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA955890B (fr)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999046979A1 (fr) * 1998-03-18 1999-09-23 Gimborn, Inc. Litiere pour animaux et son procede de production
US7603964B2 (en) 2005-04-29 2009-10-20 The Clorox Company Composite particle animal litter and method thereof
US9253961B2 (en) 2003-07-11 2016-02-09 The Clorox Company Composite absorbent particles
US9283540B2 (en) 2003-07-11 2016-03-15 The Clorox Company Composite absorbent particles
US10071363B2 (en) 2009-11-24 2018-09-11 The Clorox Company Non-visible activated carbon in absorbent materials
US10440934B2 (en) 2014-08-26 2019-10-15 Ep Minerals, Llc Low density compositions with synergistic absorbance properties
US11918969B2 (en) 2019-12-06 2024-03-05 The Clorox Company Low dusting, small clumping highly absorptive animal litter

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4278047A (en) * 1979-10-03 1981-07-14 Luca Sebastiano F Absorbent for animal excreta
US4570573A (en) * 1984-10-18 1986-02-18 Cincinnati Fiber Inc. Composition useful as a cat litter, plant mulch, or grease and oil absorbent
EP0424001A1 (fr) * 1989-10-18 1991-04-24 American Colloid Company Litière pour animaux et procédé
US5094189A (en) * 1991-03-26 1992-03-10 Western Industrial Clay Products, Ltd. Animal litter capable of agglomerating
US5109804A (en) * 1989-12-20 1992-05-05 Osamu Chikazawa Coated animal litter
US5188064A (en) * 1991-10-07 1993-02-23 Venture Innovations, Inc. Clumping cat litter
EP0573303A1 (fr) * 1992-06-05 1993-12-08 Peter Barnes Sorbant granulaire stabilisant de liquides
US5279259A (en) * 1991-08-07 1994-01-18 Floridin Company Animal litter compositions
EP0603773A1 (fr) * 1992-12-21 1994-06-29 Süd-Chemie Ag Procédé de préparation d'un sorbant pour le recueil de fluides

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4278047A (en) * 1979-10-03 1981-07-14 Luca Sebastiano F Absorbent for animal excreta
US4570573A (en) * 1984-10-18 1986-02-18 Cincinnati Fiber Inc. Composition useful as a cat litter, plant mulch, or grease and oil absorbent
EP0424001A1 (fr) * 1989-10-18 1991-04-24 American Colloid Company Litière pour animaux et procédé
US5109804A (en) * 1989-12-20 1992-05-05 Osamu Chikazawa Coated animal litter
US5094189A (en) * 1991-03-26 1992-03-10 Western Industrial Clay Products, Ltd. Animal litter capable of agglomerating
US5279259A (en) * 1991-08-07 1994-01-18 Floridin Company Animal litter compositions
US5188064A (en) * 1991-10-07 1993-02-23 Venture Innovations, Inc. Clumping cat litter
EP0573303A1 (fr) * 1992-06-05 1993-12-08 Peter Barnes Sorbant granulaire stabilisant de liquides
EP0603773A1 (fr) * 1992-12-21 1994-06-29 Süd-Chemie Ag Procédé de préparation d'un sorbant pour le recueil de fluides

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999046979A1 (fr) * 1998-03-18 1999-09-23 Gimborn, Inc. Litiere pour animaux et son procede de production
US9253961B2 (en) 2003-07-11 2016-02-09 The Clorox Company Composite absorbent particles
US9283540B2 (en) 2003-07-11 2016-03-15 The Clorox Company Composite absorbent particles
US7603964B2 (en) 2005-04-29 2009-10-20 The Clorox Company Composite particle animal litter and method thereof
US10071363B2 (en) 2009-11-24 2018-09-11 The Clorox Company Non-visible activated carbon in absorbent materials
US10440934B2 (en) 2014-08-26 2019-10-15 Ep Minerals, Llc Low density compositions with synergistic absorbance properties
US11918969B2 (en) 2019-12-06 2024-03-05 The Clorox Company Low dusting, small clumping highly absorptive animal litter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0771143A1 (fr) 1997-05-07
GB9414404D0 (en) 1994-09-07
AU2896395A (en) 1996-02-16
ZA955890B (en) 1996-02-19

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