WO1996001049A1 - Activity promoting additives for rest-breaking agents - Google Patents
Activity promoting additives for rest-breaking agents Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1996001049A1 WO1996001049A1 PCT/EP1995/002575 EP9502575W WO9601049A1 WO 1996001049 A1 WO1996001049 A1 WO 1996001049A1 EP 9502575 W EP9502575 W EP 9502575W WO 9601049 A1 WO9601049 A1 WO 9601049A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- groups
- rest
- carbon atoms
- straight
- branched chain
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 title abstract description 33
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title abstract description 11
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 235000021028 berry Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 235000014571 nuts Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 32
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 23
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 18
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanamide Chemical compound NC#N XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 10
- 240000006365 Vitis vinifera Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000014787 Vitis vinifera Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- NGLMYMJASOJOJY-UHFFFAOYSA-O azanium;calcium;nitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[Ca].[O-][N+]([O-])=O NGLMYMJASOJOJY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Natural products NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CSGLCWIAEFNDIL-UHFFFAOYSA-O azanium;urea;nitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].NC(N)=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O CSGLCWIAEFNDIL-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 6
- SEOVTRFCIGRIMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole-3-acetic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(CC(=O)O)=CNC2=C1 SEOVTRFCIGRIMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001450 anions Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005980 Gibberellic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- FAIXYKHYOGVFKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Kinetin Natural products N=1C=NC=2N=CNC=2C=1N(C)C1=CC=CO1 FAIXYKHYOGVFKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002057 carboxymethyl group Chemical group [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])[*] 0.000 claims description 3
- IXORZMNAPKEEDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N gibberellic acid GA3 Natural products OC(=O)C1C2(C3)CC(=C)C3(O)CCC2C2(C=CC3O)C1C3(C)C(=O)O2 IXORZMNAPKEEDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- IXORZMNAPKEEDV-OBDJNFEBSA-N gibberellin A3 Chemical compound C([C@@]1(O)C(=C)C[C@@]2(C1)[C@H]1C(O)=O)C[C@H]2[C@]2(C=C[C@@H]3O)[C@H]1[C@]3(C)C(=O)O2 IXORZMNAPKEEDV-OBDJNFEBSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003617 indole-3-acetic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QANMHLXAZMSUEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N kinetin Chemical compound N=1C=NC=2N=CNC=2C=1NCC1=CC=CO1 QANMHLXAZMSUEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960001669 kinetin Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 244000144725 Amygdalus communis Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000014036 Castanea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 241001070941 Castanea Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000009088 Fragaria x ananassa Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000758791 Juglandaceae Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000002725 Olea europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000007817 Olea europaea Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000001890 Ribes hudsonianum Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000016954 Ribes hudsonianum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000001466 Ribes nigrum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000016911 Ribes sativum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000002355 Ribes spicatum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000281209 Ribes triste Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000016897 Ribes triste Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000235659 Rubus idaeus Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000001717 Vaccinium macrocarpon Species 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000020224 almond Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000021029 blackberry Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000021019 cranberries Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000021013 raspberries Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000021012 strawberries Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000020234 walnut Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 244000172730 Rubus fruticosus Species 0.000 claims 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001301 ethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])O* 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002572 propoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 13
- KSHJAFFDLKPUMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinitro-ortho-cresol Chemical compound CC1=C(O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O KSHJAFFDLKPUMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 244000070406 Malus silvestris Species 0.000 description 5
- 240000005809 Prunus persica Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000006040 Prunus persica var persica Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 241000219094 Vitaceae Species 0.000 description 5
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000021021 grapes Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 4
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene oxide Chemical compound CC1CO1 GOOHAUXETOMSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000005059 dormancy Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005094 fruit set Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000000885 phytotoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 4
- -1 Cl" Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000021016 apples Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 3
- QGLWBTPVKHMVHM-KTKRTIGZSA-N (z)-octadec-9-en-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCN QGLWBTPVKHMVHM-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BITAPBDLHJQAID-MDZDMXLPSA-N 2-[2-hydroxyethyl-[(e)-octadec-9-enyl]amino]ethanol Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C\CCCCCCCCN(CCO)CCO BITAPBDLHJQAID-MDZDMXLPSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000298697 Actinidia deliciosa Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000009436 Actinidia deliciosa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000011430 Malus pumila Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000015103 Malus silvestris Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 231100000674 Phytotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000009754 Vitis X bourquina Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000012333 Vitis X labruscana Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003905 agrochemical Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100001231 less toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000005956 quaternization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- GELKGHVAFRCJNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-Dimethyloxirane Chemical compound CC1(C)CO1 GELKGHVAFRCJNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LKAWQFHWVVSFTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(methylamino)ethanol;hydrochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[NH2+]CCO LKAWQFHWVVSFTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000954 2-hydroxyethyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])O[H] 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000018633 Prunus armeniaca Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009827 Prunus armeniaca Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001092459 Rubus Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003466 anti-cipated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000693 bioaccumulation Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- RBRXPPLNXDVMKG-GMFCBQQYSA-M bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-methyl-[(z)-octadec-9-enyl]azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CCO)CCO RBRXPPLNXDVMKG-GMFCBQQYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical class [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009546 growth abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002085 irritant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000021 irritant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- JZMJDSHXVKJFKW-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl sulfate(1-) Chemical compound COS([O-])(=O)=O JZMJDSHXVKJFKW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- VUWDAOLDXOYMIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonadecan-1-amine;hydrochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[NH3+] VUWDAOLDXOYMIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009972 noncorrosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000003715 nutritional status Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002420 orchard Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000194 ovacidal Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003151 ovacidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000208 phytotoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylamine Chemical compound CCCN WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000013138 pruning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005604 random copolymer Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012749 thinning agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N33/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic nitrogen compounds
- A01N33/02—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
- A01N33/08—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds containing oxygen or sulfur
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/30—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests characterised by the surfactants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N33/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic nitrogen compounds
- A01N33/02—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
- A01N33/12—Quaternary ammonium compounds
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of particular compounds as activity promoting additives for rest-breaking agents, to rest- breaking compositions comprising these additives and to the use of these compositions for rest-breaking of bushes, shrubs, vines, nuts, berries and non-deciduous fruit trees.
- Measures to reduce the symptoms of delayed foliation include treatment with high volumes of chemical rest-breaking agents during later winter and various physical manipulations such as pruning.
- DNOC dinitro-ortho-cresol
- winter-oil emulsion a lipophilic agent
- DNOC is a non-systemic stomach poison and contact insecticide, ovicidal to the eggs of certain insects. It is strongly phytotoxic and its permissable use as an insecticide is limited to dormant sprays or on waste ground. Further, DNOC is known to act as a cumulative poison in man. Although DNOC is relatively inexpensive and effective as a rest-breaking agent, it is toxic enough to limit its continued use and it is currently on the European Red List of agricultural chemicals which will be prohibited in the future. DNOC is also banned in the United States for use as an agricultural chemical.
- Hydrogen cyanamide is a skin and eye irritant and is especially acute when used in combination with the consumption of alcohol.
- the toxicity and relatively high price limit its market acceptance and hydrogen cyanamide has also been placed on the European Red List.
- the response of a plant to a rest-breaking agent is dependent upon the chemical composition of the agent, its application rate and timing and on the nutritional status of the plant according to Terblanche, J.H. and Strydom, D.K., "Effects of Autumnal Nitrogen Nutrition, ⁇ Urea Sprays and a Winter Rest-Breaking Spray on Budbreak and Blossoming of Young 'Golden Delicious" Trees Grown in Sand Culture," Deciduous Fruit Grower, 23 pp. 8-14 (1973).
- One of the milder rest-breaking agents is potassium nitrate which has been shown to have a positive effect on peaches.
- fruit trees having a lower chill requirement, such as peaches also require lower concentrations of rest-breaking agents, whereas fruits with a higher chill requirement, such as apples, require excessive concentrations of a mild rest-breaking agent.
- Articles demonstrating the effects of thiourea, potassium nitrate and combinations thereof include, Wolak, R.J. and Couvillon, G.A., "Time of Thiourea-KN ⁇ 3 Application on the Rest Requirement and Bud Development in 'Loring' Peach," HortScience, 11(4), pp. 400-402, (1976) and Fernandez-Escobar, R.
- the present invention relates to a process for enhancing the rest- breaking in bushes, shrubs, vines, nuts, berries and non-deciduous fruit trees which comprises the step of applying to at least one of these plants, before blossom, an effective amount of at least one rest-breaking agent and a compound selected from the group consisting of alkoxylated amines represented by the following general formula:
- n is an integer from 1 to 50
- A represents an alkylene group and when n>l, each A may be the same or different alkylene groups
- R is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 8 to 22 carbon atoms and groups represented by the formula:
- m is an integer from 1-50
- A*_ represents an alkylene group and when n>l, each A]_ may be the same or different alkylene groups
- x is an integer from 1-6
- R 2 is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 8 to 22 carbon atoms
- R3 is selected from hydrogen, 1-8 carbon atom straight or branched chain alkyl and alkenyl groups and aryl groups having up to 8 carbon atoms
- Ri is selected from hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl and alkenyl groups having 1-22 carbon atoms, a group represented by the formula:
- n' is an integer from 1 to 50 and A 2 represents an alkylene group and when n'>l each A may be the same or different alkylene groups; and alkoxylated quaternary ammonium compounds represented by the following general formula:
- n, A, Rj and R3 are as defined above, X is an anion, R5 is selected from hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and benzyl, or R5X- is carboxy- methyl as in betaines or oxygen as in a ine oxides; R4 is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl and alkenyl groups having 8-22 carbon atoms and groups represented by the formula:
- X may be halides such as Cl", Br ⁇ , CH3SO4", and C2H5SO4 " , among others.
- the anion associated with these quaternary ammonium compounds is not critical to the process of the present invention.
- the preferred alkylene oxides for use in the present invention are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, isobutylene oxide and butylene oxide.
- the compounds of the present invention are made in such a way as to introduce varying numbers of alkylene oxide units onto the amino nitrogen.
- these alkylene oxide groups may be all the same, such as, for example, one or more ethylene oxide units, or the groups may be different to form, for example, block copolymer chains of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide units, random copolymer chains consisting of several units of each of two or more different alkylene oxides, or alternating units of two or more alkylene oxides. Any conceivable combination of alkylene oxide units up to 50 units long may be employed at each location on the amino nitrogen which is to contain such units. In addition, a single amino nitrogen may contain two different alkylene oxide chains attached thereto or two chains which are the same.
- block copolymer chains of ethylene oxide and one or more of propylene oxide or butylene oxide are employed.
- the molar weight of the compounds used in the present invention is less than 8000 though higher molecular weight compounds can be employed in some circumstances.
- the amino compounds can also be quaternized by known quaternization methods to produce quaternary ammonium compounds which are also useful in the process of the present invention.
- the fourth substituent added to the amino nitrogen by quaternization may be an alkyl, aryl or alkenyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the anion associated with such quaternary ammonium compounds is not critical to the process of the present invention.
- Typical compounds suitable for use in the process of the present invention include, but are not limited to, cocobis (2-hydroxyethyl)methylammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene (15) cocomethylammonium chloride, oleylbis (2-hydroxyethyl)methylammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene (15) stearylmethylammonium chloride, cocobis (2-hydroxyethyl )amine, polyoxyethylene(5)cocoamine, polyoxyethylene(15)cocoamine, tallowbis (2-hydroxyethyl)amine, polyoxyethylene(5)tallowamine, polyoxyethylene(15)tallowamine, tal1ow/oleylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, oleylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, polyoxyethylene(5)oleylamine, polyoxyethylene(15)oleylamine, hydrogenated tal1owbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, hydrogenated polyoxyethylene(5)tallowamine, hydrogenated polyoxyethylene(15)tallowamine, hydrogenated polyoxyethylene(50)tallowamine
- N,N' ,N' -polyoxyethylene(15)-N-tallow-l,3-diaminopropane N,N' ,N' -polyoxyethylene(15)-N-tallow-l,3-diaminopropane.
- the process of the present invention is useful for rest-breaking of bushes, shrubs, vines, nuts, berries and non-deciduous fruit trees to produce improvements advancing the time of bloom, budbreak and/or leaf cover and fruit set.
- the present process also enables the use of either milder rest-breaking agents or smaller quantities of harsher rest-breaking agents thus providing considerable advantages in toxicity to man and insect populations as well as safety advantages in the application of these agents.
- Examples of the types of plants to which the present invention is applicable are grape vines, olive trees, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, blackberries, loganberries, blackcurrants, redcurrants and any non-deciduous fruit trees.
- Nuts include, but are not limited to, almonds, walnuts and chestnuts.
- the optimum time to break rest for a particular plant will depend upon several factors including the type of fruit, the cultivar, the climatic conditions and the type and amount of rest-breaking agent being applied. For some fruit or cultivar species, the best rest-breaking effects are accomplished by early application of the rest-breaking agent to the plants whereas for others it is best to wait until just before blossom. In general, the rest-breaking agent will be applied at some point between the time when winter has peaked and the time when blossoming begins.
- One of the effects of the rest-breaking agents of the present invention is to accelerate the blossoming of the plants. Accordingly, in the application of these rest-breaking agents consideration should be given to this effect and the agents should not be applied too early such that blooming occurs when there is still a risk of harsh weather.
- the process of the present invention is carried out by the application of an effective amount of at least one rest-breaking agent in combination with an amount of at least one compound as defined herein to enhance the rest-breaking activity of said rest-breaking agent.
- the rest-breaking compositions are preferably applied in the form of an aqueous solution in a concentration of 0.25 to 30% and more preferably from 0.5 to 10%.
- the lower limit is generally determined by the upper limit on application volume for the particular application equipment being employed, as well as by the type of fruit, the cultivar and the particular rest-breaking composition.
- the upper concentration limit will generally be dictated by phytotoxicity considerations since higher concentrations of certain compounds have a localized phytotoxic effect on the trees. Thus, a concentration should be selected which provides adequate rest-breaking without unwanted phytotoxic effects on the remainder of the plant. Such concentrations can be selected by routine experimentation with the particular species of plant.
- the activity promoting additive of the present invention is generally employed in a concentration of 0.1-10.0% in the aqueous solution and more preferably, 0.2-5.0%. Again, the amount of activity promoting additive required will depend on the fruit, the cultivar and the particular rest-breaking agent, as well as the quantity of rest-breaking agent to be employed.
- Rest-breaking agents which may be used in the process and composition of the invention include any known rest-breaking agent. Examples include hydrogen cyanamide, calcium ammonium nitrate, urea ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, the potassium salt of gibberellic acid, kinetin, indoleacetic acid, thiourea, and combinations thereof.
- the most preferred rest-breaking agents for use in the present invention are calcium ammonium nitrate and urea ammonium nitrate, especially when used on grapes. Also preferred is potassium nitrate. These nitrates are milder agents for which the activity can be enhanced to the desired level by the adjuvants of the present invention.
- the composition is preferably applied in a manner similar to the manner in which commercial insecticides are applied. More particularly, conventional equipment such as knapsack sprayers, hand held spray guns, mist blowers, and aerial spraying equipment among others may be used. The composition is applied the same way as in pesticide application. The compositions may also be applied directly to the plant by hand, if desired. 11
- the process of the present invention has the significant advantages that it breaks rest to the extent that the use of known, highly toxic rest-breaking agents can be eliminated or considerably reduced, it can be done in a manner which is safe for the crops and the treatment has no long term phytotoxic effect on the plants, if carried out correctly. Further, the rest-breaking process will cause significantly less harm to beneficial insects when applied within the normal application volume, and the process appears to be envi onmentally acceptable, non-hazardous to operators of the application equipment, and non-corrosive to the equipment.
- ArmobreakTM which is a tallowamine containing fives moles of ethylene oxide derived units and a total of 12 moles of propylene oxide units, can be represented by the general formula:
- Comparative Examples A-C are the control examples where only Dormex'" was applied.
- *UAN32 is a commercially available solution of urea ammonium nitrate
- CAN17 is a commercially available solution of calcium ammonium nitrate.
- Example M The use of nitrates alone, at the concentrations employed, causes little advance in budbreak relative to control (Example M) .
- the addition of 2% Armobreak causes an improvement in the advance of budbreak with all nitrates tested.
- particular nitrates combined with 2% Armobreak can provide especially large improvements in advance of budbreak.
- Calcium ammonium nitrate/Armobreak (Example 28) can be seen to provide equal advance of budbreak to the use of 4% Dormex alone (Example N) .
- the combination of Armobreak with urea ammonium nitrate also effects a large advance of budbreak, and the combination of Armobreak with potassium or calcium nitrates also provides some improvement in advance of budbreak relative to the control.
- the CAN17/Armobreak combination is particularly preferred for use on grapevines. Examples 29-32 and Comparative Example M (control)
- the following table shows the effect of ArmobreakTM, used with potassium nitrate dormancy breaking agent, upon budbreak of kiwi fruit vines.
- the data are from an experiment in which the treatment solutions were applied to dormant vines about 6 weeks prior to anticipated budbreak, at a solution spray volume of 1600 1/ha. In kiwi fruit it is desirable that any budbreaking treatment also reduce the number of side flowers so as to avoid excessive hand labour.
- Table 5 shows the results.
- Armobreak enhances the effect of potassium nitrate upon budbreak, and upon the reduction of undesirable side flowers.
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Abstract
Activity promoting additives for rest-breaking agents are disclosed. Further, rest-breaking compositions comprising these additives and a rest-breaking agent are also disclosed. Finally, a process for breaking the rest of bushes, shrubs, vines, nuts, berries and non-deciduous fruit trees is disclosed. The activity promoting additives enhance the activity of rest-breaking agents thereby leading to improvements in the yields and quality of fruit, nuts and berries in regions which have mild winter weather conditions.
Description
Activity Promoting Additives for Rest-Breaking Agents
The present invention relates to the use of particular compounds as activity promoting additives for rest-breaking agents, to rest- breaking compositions comprising these additives and to the use of these compositions for rest-breaking of bushes, shrubs, vines, nuts, berries and non-deciduous fruit trees.
Background of the invention
Fruit and nut trees, as well as bushes, shrubs, vines and berries, require winter chilling to grow normally. The amount of chilling required depends upon the kind of fruit and the cultivar. If winter chilling is insufficient, then growth abnormalities such as delayed and uneven blossoming, poor leaf cover, insufficient fruit-set and reduced fruit size can occur. These symptoms are generally referred to as delayed foliation according to the article, Blom aert, K.L.J., "Winter Dormancy and Delayed Foliation," The Deciduous Fruit Grower, (1956).
Measures to reduce the symptoms of delayed foliation include treatment with high volumes of chemical rest-breaking agents during later winter and various physical manipulations such as pruning.
In South Africa, for example, most apple trees receive insufficient winter chilling to break rest completely and thus annual application of a chemical rest-breaking agent is standard practice. The most widely used rest-breaking agent in commercial apple orchards is dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) in combination with winter-oil emulsion (a lipophilic agent) (Erez, A. et al . , "Improved Methods of Breaking Rest in the Peach and Other Deciduous Fruit Species," J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci ., 96, pp. 519-522 (1971)). This article also mentions the use of the potassium salt of gibberellic acid, kinetin, indoleacetic acid and thiourea as potential rest-breaking agents.
DNOC is a non-systemic stomach poison and contact insecticide, ovicidal to the eggs of certain insects. It is strongly phytotoxic and its permissable use as an insecticide is limited to dormant sprays or on waste ground. Further, DNOC is known to act as a cumulative poison in man. Although DNOC is relatively inexpensive and effective as a rest-breaking agent, it is toxic enough to limit its continued use and it is currently on the European Red List of agricultural chemicals which will be prohibited in the future. DNOC is also banned in the United States for use as an agricultural chemical.
One of the most effective alternatives to DNOC is hydrogen cyanamide according to the publications, Snir, I., "Chemical Dormancy Breaking of Red Raspberry," HortScience, 18, pp. 719-713 (1983); North, M.S., "Effects of Cyanamide and DNOC/oil on Budbreak, Yield and Fruit Size of Golden Delicious Apples," S. Afr. J. Plant Soil, 6(3), pp. 176-178 (1989); Stadler, J.D., North, M.S. and Lutze, G.F.A., "Artificial Rest-Breaking of Apricot and Plum Cultivars Using Hydrogen Cyanamide," J.S.Afr.Soc.Hort.Sci., 1(1), pp. 9-11, (1991); Nee, C.C. and Fuchigami, L.H., "Overcoming Rest at Different Growth with Hydrogen Cyanimide," Scientia Horticulturae, 50, pp. 107-113 (1992); and North, M.S., "Alternative Rest-Breaking Agents to DNOC/oil for Apples," S^ Afr. J. Plant Soil, 9(1), pp. 39-40 (1992).
Hydrogen cyanamide is a skin and eye irritant and is especially acute when used in combination with the consumption of alcohol. The toxicity and relatively high price limit its market acceptance and hydrogen cyanamide has also been placed on the European Red List.
Thus, there exists an immediate need for new, milder rest-breaking agents, not only in South Africa, but also in countries which are currently developing agricultural industries but do not have an ideal climate therefor, such as Brazil. Further, there is a need for such new rest-breaking agents in countries with existing agricultural
industries that, up to now, did not appreciate the extent of the problem of delayed foliation.
The response of a plant to a rest-breaking agent is dependent upon the chemical composition of the agent, its application rate and timing and on the nutritional status of the plant according to Terblanche, J.H. and Strydom, D.K., "Effects of Autumnal Nitrogen Nutrition, < Urea Sprays and a Winter Rest-Breaking Spray on Budbreak and Blossoming of Young 'Golden Delicious" Trees Grown in Sand Culture," Deciduous Fruit Grower, 23 pp. 8-14 (1973).
Many chemicals have been found to have rest-breaking ability. A summary of some of these chemicals can be found in Saure, M.C., "Dormancy Release in Deciduous Fruit Trees," Janick, J. (Ed.), Horticultural Reviews, 7, pp. 239-287, AVI Publishing Co. Inc., Westport, Connecticut (1985). The efficacy of these various rest-breaking agents appears to be directly related to their physiological harshness.
One of the milder rest-breaking agents is potassium nitrate which has been shown to have a positive effect on peaches. Generally, fruit trees having a lower chill requirement, such as peaches, also require lower concentrations of rest-breaking agents, whereas fruits with a higher chill requirement, such as apples, require excessive concentrations of a mild rest-breaking agent. Articles demonstrating the effects of thiourea, potassium nitrate and combinations thereof include, Wolak, R.J. and Couvillon, G.A., "Time of Thiourea-KNθ3 Application on the Rest Requirement and Bud Development in 'Loring' Peach," HortScience, 11(4), pp. 400-402, (1976) and Fernandez-Escobar, R. and Martin, R., "Chemical Treatments for Breaking Rest in Peach in Relation to Accumulated Chilling," J. Hort. Sci., 62(4), pp. 457-461, (1987).
For the foregoing reasons, there exists a need in the art for improved rest-breaking agents which are, affordable, effective, less toxic than the present rest-breaking agents and which can be employed in reasonable concentrations.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for enhancing the rest- breaking in bushes, shrubs, vines, nuts, berries and non-deciduous fruit trees which comprises the step of applying to at least one of these plants, before blossom, an effective amount of at least one rest-breaking agent and a compound selected from the group consisting of alkoxylated amines represented by the following general formula:
(A0)nR3
R-N
\ Rl wherein n is an integer from 1 to 50, A represents an alkylene group and when n>l, each A may be the same or different alkylene groups, R is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 8 to 22 carbon atoms and groups represented by the formula:
(CH2)χ- R2N
\ (AiO)mR3 wherein m is an integer from 1-50, A*_ represents an alkylene group and when n>l, each A]_ may be the same or different alkylene groups, x is an integer from 1-6, and R2 is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, R3 is selected from hydrogen, 1-8 carbon atom straight or branched chain alkyl and alkenyl groups and aryl groups having up to 8 carbon atoms;
and Ri is selected from hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl and alkenyl groups having 1-22 carbon atoms, a group represented by the formula:
(A2θ)n'R3
wherein n' is an integer from 1 to 50 and A2 represents an alkylene group and when n'>l each A may be the same or different alkylene groups; and alkoxylated quaternary ammonium compounds represented by the following general formula:
wherein f \ , m, R , R3, R5 and x are as defined above.
More particularly, X may be halides such as Cl", Br~, CH3SO4", and C2H5SO4", among others. The anion associated with these quaternary
ammonium compounds is not critical to the process of the present invention.
These compounds are known from European patent application publication number 0 463 241 where it is disclosed that these compounds are useful as blossom thinning agents for stone fruits. In addition, a small group of the foregoing compounds are known from European patent 0 257 686 which discloses several alkoxylated amines and their use as activity promoting additives for herbicides and fungicides. Also
10 disclosed therein is a method for making these compounds, which method is hereby incorporated by reference.
As a result of extensive research it has now been found that the above-identified compounds can be used as adjuvants for chemical rest- breaking agents for plants. These compounds exhibit a substantial
15 effect when combined with rest-breaking agents, and human toxicity and phytotoxicity studies have shown that these compounds have acceptably low levels of toxicity to humans and other plants. Further, the compounds do not cause significant harm to useful insect populations.
20 Finally, the activity-enhancing effect of these compounds allows the use of milder rest-breaking agents which are less toxic, as well as the use of lower concentrations of rest-breaking agents.
The amino compounds of the present invention may be prepared by r r reacting an amine selected from the group consisting of R-NH2, RRNH, and R-NH-((CH2)x-NH)n-R' wherein R and R1 are aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having 8-22 carbon atoms, n=l-5 and x is an integer from 1-6; with at least one alkylene oxide.
30 The preferred alkylene oxides for use in the present invention are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, isobutylene oxide and butylene oxide. The compounds of the present invention are made in such a way as to introduce varying numbers of alkylene oxide units onto the amino
nitrogen. Thus, these alkylene oxide groups may be all the same, such as, for example, one or more ethylene oxide units, or the groups may be different to form, for example, block copolymer chains of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide units, random copolymer chains consisting of several units of each of two or more different alkylene oxides, or alternating units of two or more alkylene oxides. Any conceivable combination of alkylene oxide units up to 50 units long may be employed at each location on the amino nitrogen which is to contain such units. In addition, a single amino nitrogen may contain two different alkylene oxide chains attached thereto or two chains which are the same.
In the most preferred embodiments of the present invention, block copolymer chains of ethylene oxide and one or more of propylene oxide or butylene oxide are employed. Preferably, the molar weight of the compounds used in the present invention is less than 8000 though higher molecular weight compounds can be employed in some circumstances.
The amino compounds can also be quaternized by known quaternization methods to produce quaternary ammonium compounds which are also useful in the process of the present invention. The fourth substituent added to the amino nitrogen by quaternization may be an alkyl, aryl or alkenyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms. The anion associated with such quaternary ammonium compounds is not critical to the process of the present invention.
Typical compounds suitable for use in the process of the present invention include, but are not limited to, cocobis (2-hydroxyethyl)methylammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene (15) cocomethylammonium chloride, oleylbis (2-hydroxyethyl)methylammonium chloride, polyoxyethylene (15) stearylmethylammonium chloride, cocobis (2-hydroxyethyl )amine, polyoxyethylene(5)cocoamine,
polyoxyethylene(15)cocoamine, tallowbis (2-hydroxyethyl)amine, polyoxyethylene(5)tallowamine, polyoxyethylene(15)tallowamine, tal1ow/oleylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, oleylbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, polyoxyethylene(5)oleylamine, polyoxyethylene(15)oleylamine, hydrogenated tal1owbis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, hydrogenated polyoxyethylene(5)tallowamine, hydrogenated polyoxyethylene(15)tallowamine, hydrogenated polyoxyethylene(50)tallowamine,
N,N' ,N'-tris(2-hydroxyethyl )-N-tallow-l,3-diaminopropane,
N,N' ,N'-polyoxyethylene(10)-N-tal1ow-l,3-d aminopropane, and
N,N' ,N' -polyoxyethylene(15)-N-tallow-l,3-diaminopropane.
The process of the present invention is useful for rest-breaking of bushes, shrubs, vines, nuts, berries and non-deciduous fruit trees to produce improvements advancing the time of bloom, budbreak and/or leaf cover and fruit set. The present process also enables the use of either milder rest-breaking agents or smaller quantities of harsher rest-breaking agents thus providing considerable advantages in toxicity to man and insect populations as well as safety advantages in the application of these agents.
Examples of the types of plants to which the present invention is applicable are grape vines, olive trees, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, blackberries, loganberries, blackcurrants, redcurrants and any non-deciduous fruit trees. Nuts include, but are not limited to, almonds, walnuts and chestnuts.
When reference is made in this patent application to enhancement of rest-breaking, what is meant is that the time of bloom is advanced or one or more budbreak and/or leaf cover or fruit set are improved over a control tree.
The process of the present invention is to be applied to the respective plants, prior to blossom. The process is particularly useful in growing areas where the winter chilling of the plants is insufficient to provide good budbreak and fruit set for the particular cultivar. Winter chilling can be measured and is often represented by the unit, "Richardson Chill Units."
The optimum time to break rest for a particular plant will depend upon several factors including the type of fruit, the cultivar, the climatic conditions and the type and amount of rest-breaking agent being applied. For some fruit or cultivar species, the best rest-breaking effects are accomplished by early application of the rest-breaking agent to the plants whereas for others it is best to wait until just before blossom. In general, the rest-breaking agent will be applied at some point between the time when winter has peaked and the time when blossoming begins.
One of the effects of the rest-breaking agents of the present invention is to accelerate the blossoming of the plants. Accordingly, in the application of these rest-breaking agents consideration should be given to this effect and the agents should not be applied too early such that blooming occurs when there is still a risk of harsh weather.
The process of the present invention is carried out by the application of an effective amount of at least one rest-breaking agent in combination with an amount of at least one compound as defined herein to enhance the rest-breaking activity of said rest-breaking agent. The rest-breaking compositions are preferably applied in the form of an aqueous solution in a concentration of 0.25 to 30% and more preferably from 0.5 to 10%. The lower limit is generally determined by the upper limit on application volume for the particular application equipment being employed, as well as by the type of fruit, the cultivar and the particular rest-breaking composition.
The upper concentration limit will generally be dictated by phytotoxicity considerations since higher concentrations of certain compounds have a localized phytotoxic effect on the trees. Thus, a concentration should be selected which provides adequate rest-breaking without unwanted phytotoxic effects on the remainder of the plant. Such concentrations can be selected by routine experimentation with the particular species of plant.
The activity promoting additive of the present invention is generally employed in a concentration of 0.1-10.0% in the aqueous solution and more preferably, 0.2-5.0%. Again, the amount of activity promoting additive required will depend on the fruit, the cultivar and the particular rest-breaking agent, as well as the quantity of rest-breaking agent to be employed.
Rest-breaking agents which may be used in the process and composition of the invention include any known rest-breaking agent. Examples include hydrogen cyanamide, calcium ammonium nitrate, urea ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, the potassium salt of gibberellic acid, kinetin, indoleacetic acid, thiourea, and combinations thereof. The most preferred rest-breaking agents for use in the present invention are calcium ammonium nitrate and urea ammonium nitrate, especially when used on grapes. Also preferred is potassium nitrate. These nitrates are milder agents for which the activity can be enhanced to the desired level by the adjuvants of the present invention.
The composition is preferably applied in a manner similar to the manner in which commercial insecticides are applied. More particularly, conventional equipment such as knapsack sprayers, hand held spray guns, mist blowers, and aerial spraying equipment among others may be used. The composition is applied the same way as in pesticide application. The compositions may also be applied directly to the plant by hand, if desired.
11
The process of the present invention has the significant advantages that it breaks rest to the extent that the use of known, highly toxic rest-breaking agents can be eliminated or considerably reduced, it can be done in a manner which is safe for the crops and the treatment has no long term phytotoxic effect on the plants, if carried out correctly. Further, the rest-breaking process will cause significantly less harm to beneficial insects when applied within the normal application volume, and the process appears to be envi onmentally acceptable, non-hazardous to operators of the application equipment, and non-corrosive to the equipment.
10
The present invention will be further illustrated by the examples appended hereto.
Examples 1-12 and Comparative Examples A-C
15
Effect of Armobreak™ adjuvant used with Dormex™ Rest-Breaking Agent on the Perlette Table Grape
20 In Examples 1-12, various combinations of Dormex™ (hydrogen cyanamide rest breaking agent) and Armobreak"" (activity promoting additive) in aqueous spray solutions were employed as rest-breaking agents in Perlette grapes. These tests were carried out in the Coachella Valley of California with, as the purpose, to overcome the effects of r r inadequate winter chilling.
These examples were conducted in a commercial Perlette table grape vineyard located near Thermal, California. The own-rooted vines were planted 12 feet apart between rows and 6 feet apart between vines and n were cordon trained and spur pruned. The vines were drip irrigated. The vines were pruned to 40, two-bud spurs on 15 December. The experimental treatments of the present examples were applied the following day.
Each treatment was replicated eight times using single vine plots. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block, split- plot design. A single vine served as a buffer between each plot.
The treatments of all the field trials in the examples have all been applied by a hand held spray wand at the rate of 100 gallons of spray solution per acre. The vines were monitored two to three times per week to determine the rate of bud emergence. The date of shoot emergence was recorded for the buds of ten randomly selected spurs on each vine.
Armobreak™ which is a tallowamine containing fives moles of ethylene oxide derived units and a total of 12 moles of propylene oxide units, can be represented by the general formula:
CH3
(CH2CH20)-(CH2CH2θ)ql-(CH CH20)pl-H
R-N CH3 \ j
(CH CH20)-(CH2CH20)q2-(CH2CH 0)p2-H
wherein (pl+p2)=12, (ql+q2)=3 and R is a hydrocarbon group derived from tallow fatty acid.
Comparative Examples A-C are the control examples where only Dormex'" was applied.
Results:
The following Table I gives the results obtained in these examples. All amounts are volume percent, based on the total volume of the aqueous solution.
The results for budbreak represent the number of days required to reach 70% of the total budbreak for a given grapevine.
TABLE 1
:ample Dormex™ Armobreak™ Days Until
(%v/v) (%v/v) 70% Budbreak
A 1.0 0.0 58
B 2.0 0.0 47
C 4.0 0.0 42
1 1.0 0.5 48
2 2.0 0.5 37
3 4.0 0.5 35
4 1.0 1.0 42
5 2.0 1.0 34
6 4.0 1.0 36
7 1.0 2.0 38
8 2.0 2.0 34
9 4.0 2.0 36
10 1.0 3.0 36
11 2.0 3.0 33
12 4.0 3.0 33
These results demonstrate that using 1.0% Dormex™ in combination with 1.0% Armobreak™ gives the same result (42 days) as is obtained using 4.0% Dormex™ without Armobreak™. Thus, the amount of rest-breaking agent can be reduced by up to 75% when employing the Armobreak™ adju¬ vant of the present invention without compromising the effects obtained with the rest-breaking agent.
Examples 13-18 and Comparative Examples D-L
Effect of Armobreak™ adjuvant used with Dormex™ Rest-Breaking Agent on different varieties of Table Grapes
This example illustrates that the ability of Armobreak to act effectively as an adjuvant for the rest breaking agent Dormex™ is
general across different varieties of vines. The results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2
Example Variety Dormex™ Armobreak™ % Budbreak 55 days
%(v/v) %(v/v) after application
D Thompson 1 0 12
E Seedless 2 0 28
F 4 0 43
13 1 2 33
14 2 2 44
G Black 1 0 13
H Seedless 2 0 29
I 4 0 36
15 1 2 37
16 2 2 31
J Red Globe 1 0 17
K 2 0 23
L 4 0 34
17 1 2 38
18 2 2 39
The results show that the addition of 2% Armobreak to Dormex™ rest breaking agent allows equal or better advance of budbreak to be attained at a given time as when using two to four times the concentration of Dormex™ alone, and that this effect is common across different varieties of table grapevines.
Examples 19-28 and Comparative Examples M-N
Effect of Armobreak™ adjuvant used with Nitrate Rest-Breaking Agents on Perlette Table Grapes
The following examples illustrate the utility of Armobreak™ when used with a variety of nitrate rest breaking agents applied to Perlette variety grapevines. The results are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3
Example Rest breakiing agent Armobreak™ Days to reac;
Name % %(v/v) 70% 90% [ _udtireak
M _ — _ 50 53
Dormex™ 4 - 33 40
19 NH4NO3 25 - 52 55 20 NH4NO3 25 2 48 51 21 KNO3 15 - 53 56 22 KNO3 15 2 43 47 23 CaNθ3 15 _. 52 57 24 CaN03 15 2 43 47 25 UAN32* 25 - 52 58 26 UAN32* 25 2 37 46 27 CAN17* 25 - 50 55 28 CAN17* 25 2 33 38
*UAN32 is a commercially available solution of urea ammonium nitrate; CAN17 is a commercially available solution of calcium ammonium nitrate.
The use of nitrates alone, at the concentrations employed, causes little advance in budbreak relative to control (Example M) . The addition of 2% Armobreak causes an improvement in the advance of budbreak with all nitrates tested. However, particular nitrates combined with 2% Armobreak can provide especially large improvements in advance of budbreak. Thus Calcium ammonium nitrate/Armobreak (Example 28) can be seen to provide equal advance of budbreak to the use of 4% Dormex alone (Example N) . The combination of Armobreak with urea ammonium nitrate (Example 26) also effects a large advance of budbreak, and the combination of Armobreak with potassium or calcium nitrates also provides some improvement in advance of budbreak relative to the control. The CAN17/Armobreak combination is particularly preferred for use on grapevines.
Examples 29-32 and Comparative Example M (control)
Effect of varying the concentration of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate as a Rest-Breaking Agent on Perlette Table Grapes
The following examples demonstrate the effect of varying the concentration of calcium ammonium nitrate used as a rest breaking agent in an experiment conducted on Perlette variety grapevines. The results are shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4
Example CAN17 irmobreak™ Days to reach %(v/v) %(v/v) 70% 90% Budbreak
M 50 53
29 10 50 53
27 25 50 55
30 50 46 50
31 10 2 37 46
28 25 2 33 38
32 50 2 42 51
It can be seen that in the absence of Armobreak very high concentrations of CAN17 are required to produce effects upon advance of budbreak. In contrast, when 2% Armobreak is added lower concentrations of CAN17 produce considerably larger advances in budbreak. The optimum advance of budbreak produced by CAN17/Armobreak combination can be seen to depend upon the CAN17 concentration.
Examples 33-34 and Comparative Example 0 (control)
Effect of Armobreak™ adjuvant used with Potassium Nitrate Rest-Breaking agent on Kiwi Fruit
The following table shows the effect of Armobreak™, used with potassium nitrate dormancy breaking agent, upon budbreak of kiwi fruit vines. The data are from an experiment in which the treatment solutions were applied to dormant vines about 6 weeks prior to anticipated budbreak, at a solution spray volume of 1600 1/ha. In kiwi fruit it is desirable that any budbreaking treatment also reduce the number of side flowers so as to avoid excessive hand labour. The results are shown in Table 5.
TABLE 5
Example Rest Breaking Armobreak™ Budbreak 75 days Side flowers Name % TotaU Floral%
0 - - 36.2 26.4 13.3
33 KNO3 4 33.8 26.1 10.2 3 344 K KNNOO33 4 4 2 38.5 31.6 7.4
It can be seen that Armobreak enhances the effect of potassium nitrate upon budbreak, and upon the reduction of undesirable side flowers.
The foregoing examples have been presented for purposes of illustration and description only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be determined by the claims appended hereto.
Claims
1. A process for enchancing the rest-breaking of plants which comprises the step of applying to at least one plant selected from bushes, shrubs, vines, nuts, berries and non-deciduous fruit trees before blossom, an effective amount of at least one rest-breaking agent and a compound selected from alkoxylated amines represented by the following general formula:
0 (A0)nR3
R-N \ Rl wherein n is an integer from 1 to 50, A represents an alkylene group and when n>l, each A may be the same or different alkylene 5 groups, R is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 8 to 22 carbon atoms and groups represented by the formula:
0 (CH2)X-
R2N
\
(AlO)mR3 wherein is an integer from 1-50, A represents an alkylene group c and when n>l, each Ai may be the same or different alkylene groups, x is an integer from 1-6, and R is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl groups having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, R3 is selected from hydrogen, 1-8 carbon atom straight or branched chain alkyl and alkenyl groups and aryl groups having up to 8 carbon 0 atoms; and Ri is selected from hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl and alkenyl groups having 1-22 carbon atoms, a group represented by the formula:
(A20)nlR3 wherein n1 is an integer from 1 to 50 and A represents an alkylene group and when n'>l each A may be the same or different alkylene groups; and alkoxylated quaternary ammonium compounds represented by the following general formula:
wherein , m, R2, R3, R5 and x are as defined above.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein said rest-breaking agent is applied in the form of an aqueous solution having a concentration of from 0.1 to 10% of said compound and from 0.5-30% of said rest-breaking agent.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein said compound has a molecular weight of less than 8000 grams/mole.
4. The process of claim 3 wherein said compound is an alkoxylated quaternary ammonium compound represented by the general formula: 
wherein n is an integer from 1 to 50, X~ is an anion, A represents an alkylene group and when n>l, each A may be the same or different alkylene groups, R5 is selected from hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl and alkenyl groups having 1-4 carbon atoms, and benzyl, or R5X- is carboxymethyl or oxygen; R4 is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 8 to 22 carbon atoms or a group represented by the formula:
wherein m is an integer from 1 to 50, R5 is as defined above, A]_ represents an alkylene group and when n>l, each k\ may be the same or different alkylene groups, x is an integer from 1 to 6, R is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 8-22 carbon atoms; and Ri is selected from hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, a group represented by the formula:
(A20)n.R3
wherein n1 is an integer from 1 to 50 and A represents an alkylene group; when n'>l each A may be the same or different alkylene groups, and R3 is selected from hydrogen, straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and aryl groups having up to 8 carbon atoms.
5. The process of claim 3 wherein said compound is an alkoxylated amine represented by the following general formula:
(A0)nH
/
R-N
\ (A0)nΗ wherein n and n' are integers from 1 to 50, A represents an alkylene group and when n or n' are greater than 1, each A may be the same or different alkylene groups, and R is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 8 to 22 carbon atoms.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein n>l and A includes both ethoxy groups and propoxy groups.
7. The process of claim 3 wherein said compound is an alkoxylated amine represented by the following general formula:
(A0)nH
R-N \ θ)nH wherein n and n' are integers from 1 to 50, A represents an alkylene group and when n or n1 are greater than 1, each A may be the same or different alkylene groups, R is a group represented by the formula:
(CH2)X-
/
R2-N \
(AlO)mH wherein m is an integer from 1 to 50, A]_ represents an alkylene group and when m>l, each k\ may be the same or different alkylene groups; x is an integer from 1 to 6, and R2 is selected from straight or branched chain alkyl or alkenyl groups having 8-22 carbon atoms.
8. The process of claim 3 wherein R is selected from alkyl groups having 12-22 carbon atoms.
9. The process of claim 3 wherein said compound is an amine oxide represented by the following general formula:
(A0)nH
I
R-N ->0 (A0)mH wherein R, A, n and m are as defined in claim 1.
10. The process of claim 1 wherein said plant is selected from the group consisting of grape vines, olive trees, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, blackberries, loganberries, blackcurrants, redcurrants, almonds, walnuts and chestnuts.
11. The process of any one of claims 1-10 wherein said rest-breaking compound is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen cyanamide, calcium ammonium nitrate, urea ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, the potassium salt of gibberellic acid, kinetin, indoleacetic acid, thiourea, and combinations thereof.
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/765,330 US5885932A (en) | 1995-07-03 | 1995-07-03 | Activity promoting additives for rest-breaking agents |
| BR9508227A BR9508227A (en) | 1994-07-05 | 1995-07-03 | Process to improve the breakdown of plant resting state |
| MX9700029A MX9700029A (en) | 1994-07-05 | 1995-07-03 | Activity promoting additives for rest-breaking agents. |
| AU29266/95A AU2926695A (en) | 1994-07-05 | 1995-07-03 | Activity promoting additives for rest-breaking agents |
| EP95924966A EP0768820A1 (en) | 1994-07-05 | 1995-07-03 | Activity promoting additives for rest-breaking agents |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US27085794A | 1994-07-05 | 1994-07-05 | |
| US08/270,857 | 1994-07-05 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1996001049A1 true WO1996001049A1 (en) | 1996-01-18 |
Family
ID=23033098
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP1995/002575 WO1996001049A1 (en) | 1994-07-05 | 1995-07-03 | Activity promoting additives for rest-breaking agents |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0768820A1 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU2926695A (en) |
| BR (1) | BR9508227A (en) |
| IL (1) | IL114462A0 (en) |
| MX (1) | MX9700029A (en) |
| TR (1) | TR199500811A2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1996001049A1 (en) |
| ZA (1) | ZA955543B (en) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1997024926A1 (en) * | 1996-01-04 | 1997-07-17 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Rest-breaking compositions comprising activity promoting additives |
| US5693592A (en) * | 1995-05-23 | 1997-12-02 | Sst Australia Pty. Ltd. | Method of controlling dormancy break and blooming in perennials |
| WO2001005227A1 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-01-25 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Rest-breaking composition and use thereof |
| WO2001062080A1 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2001-08-30 | Victorian Chemicals International Pty Ltd | Plant growth hormone compositions |
| WO2001037653A3 (en) * | 1999-11-29 | 2002-01-10 | Valagro Spa | A composition for stimulating the interruption of dormancy of the buds of fruit-bearing plants and related use thereof |
| AU2001231435B2 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2004-10-28 | Innovative Chemical Services Pty Ltd | Plant growth hormone compositions |
| US7060659B2 (en) | 2000-10-17 | 2006-06-13 | Victorian Chemicals International Pty Ltd | Herbicide composition |
| EP1879535B1 (en) | 2005-05-13 | 2015-07-15 | The Procter and Gamble Company | Stretch laminates |
| CN109068637A (en) * | 2016-02-09 | 2018-12-21 | 以色列农业和农村发展部农业研究组织范卡尼中心 | The combined administration of bleeding agent and sulfur-containing compound to plant |
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| US4525200A (en) * | 1983-02-22 | 1985-06-25 | American Cyanamid Company | Aqueous-soluble compositions for adjusting growth of ornamental and crop plants |
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-
1995
- 1995-07-03 BR BR9508227A patent/BR9508227A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-07-03 AU AU29266/95A patent/AU2926695A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-07-03 EP EP95924966A patent/EP0768820A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-07-03 MX MX9700029A patent/MX9700029A/en unknown
- 1995-07-03 WO PCT/EP1995/002575 patent/WO1996001049A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-07-04 ZA ZA955543A patent/ZA955543B/en unknown
- 1995-07-05 TR TR95/00811A patent/TR199500811A2/en unknown
- 1995-07-05 IL IL11446295A patent/IL114462A0/en unknown
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Cited By (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5693592A (en) * | 1995-05-23 | 1997-12-02 | Sst Australia Pty. Ltd. | Method of controlling dormancy break and blooming in perennials |
| WO1997024926A1 (en) * | 1996-01-04 | 1997-07-17 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Rest-breaking compositions comprising activity promoting additives |
| WO2001005227A1 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2001-01-25 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Rest-breaking composition and use thereof |
| US7030060B1 (en) | 1999-07-16 | 2006-04-18 | Akzo Nobel N.V. | Rest-breaking composition and use thereof |
| WO2001037653A3 (en) * | 1999-11-29 | 2002-01-10 | Valagro Spa | A composition for stimulating the interruption of dormancy of the buds of fruit-bearing plants and related use thereof |
| AU2001231435B2 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2004-10-28 | Innovative Chemical Services Pty Ltd | Plant growth hormone compositions |
| US6756344B2 (en) | 2000-02-23 | 2004-06-29 | Victorian Chemicals International Pty Ltd | Plant growth hormone compositions |
| WO2001062080A1 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2001-08-30 | Victorian Chemicals International Pty Ltd | Plant growth hormone compositions |
| US7060659B2 (en) | 2000-10-17 | 2006-06-13 | Victorian Chemicals International Pty Ltd | Herbicide composition |
| EP1879535B1 (en) | 2005-05-13 | 2015-07-15 | The Procter and Gamble Company | Stretch laminates |
| CN109068637A (en) * | 2016-02-09 | 2018-12-21 | 以色列农业和农村发展部农业研究组织范卡尼中心 | The combined administration of bleeding agent and sulfur-containing compound to plant |
| EP3413711A4 (en) * | 2016-02-09 | 2019-10-09 | The State of Israel, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Agricultural Research Organization, (A.R.O.), Volcani Center | COMBINED ADMINISTRATION OF PENETRATION AGENT AND COMPOUND CONTAINING SULFUR TO PLANTS |
| AU2017218783B2 (en) * | 2016-02-09 | 2021-06-03 | The State Of Israel, Ministry Of Agriculture & Rural Development, Agricultural Research Organization, (A.R.O), The Volcani Center | The combined administration of a penetration agent and a sulfur containing compound to plants |
| US11213027B2 (en) | 2016-02-09 | 2022-01-04 | The State Of Israel, Ministry Of Agriculture & Rural Development, Agricultural Research Organization, (A.R.O), The Volcani Center | Combined administration of a penetration agent and a sulfur containing compound to plants |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ZA955543B (en) | 1996-02-16 |
| IL114462A0 (en) | 1995-11-27 |
| MX9700029A (en) | 1997-04-30 |
| EP0768820A1 (en) | 1997-04-23 |
| TR199500811A2 (en) | 1996-07-21 |
| BR9508227A (en) | 1997-10-28 |
| AU2926695A (en) | 1996-01-25 |
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