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WO1995022365A1 - Dispositif d'inhalation dote de moyens d'identification lisibles electroniquement - Google Patents

Dispositif d'inhalation dote de moyens d'identification lisibles electroniquement Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995022365A1
WO1995022365A1 PCT/SE1995/000157 SE9500157W WO9522365A1 WO 1995022365 A1 WO1995022365 A1 WO 1995022365A1 SE 9500157 W SE9500157 W SE 9500157W WO 9522365 A1 WO9522365 A1 WO 9522365A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
inhaler
drug
dose
processing unit
supply
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE1995/000157
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Nils Göran MARNFELDT
Johan Mats Bertil Waldeck
Original Assignee
Astra Aktiebolag
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Astra Aktiebolag filed Critical Astra Aktiebolag
Priority to AU18650/95A priority Critical patent/AU1865095A/en
Publication of WO1995022365A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995022365A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M15/00—Inhalators
    • A61M15/0065—Inhalators with dosage or measuring devices
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M15/00—Inhalators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M15/00—Inhalators
    • A61M15/0065—Inhalators with dosage or measuring devices
    • A61M15/0066—Inhalators with dosage or measuring devices with means for varying the dose size
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M15/00—Inhalators
    • A61M15/0065—Inhalators with dosage or measuring devices
    • A61M15/0068—Indicating or counting the number of dispensed doses or of remaining doses
    • A61M15/008—Electronic counters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
    • A61J7/00—Devices for administering medicines orally, e.g. spoons; Pill counting devices; Arrangements for time indication or reminder for taking medicine
    • A61J7/04—Arrangements for time indication or reminder for taking medicine, e.g. programmed dispensers
    • A61J7/0409—Arrangements for time indication or reminder for taking medicine, e.g. programmed dispensers with timers
    • A61J7/0418—Arrangements for time indication or reminder for taking medicine, e.g. programmed dispensers with timers with electronic history memory
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M15/00—Inhalators
    • A61M15/0065—Inhalators with dosage or measuring devices
    • A61M15/0068—Indicating or counting the number of dispensed doses or of remaining doses
    • A61M15/0083—Timers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2202/00—Special media to be introduced, removed or treated
    • A61M2202/06—Solids
    • A61M2202/064—Powder
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/50—General characteristics of the apparatus with microprocessors or computers
    • A61M2205/52—General characteristics of the apparatus with microprocessors or computers with memories providing a history of measured variating parameters of apparatus or patient
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
    • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
    • A61M2205/60—General characteristics of the apparatus with identification means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an inhalation device comprising at least one inhaler for dispensing a dose of a drug to a user inhaling through the inhaler, which con ⁇ tains a supply of the drug and which has means for detec ⁇ ting the dispensation of a dose; means for measuring a specific feature of the disease being treated with the drug; and a processing unit having storage means for stor- ing this specific feature from a plurality of measure ⁇ ments as well as the time of each detected dispensation of a dose.
  • the present invention also relates to an inhaler. Many people who suffer from chronic diseases depend on regular intake of one or more drugs for their health. For example, asthmatics normally take a daily dose of an anti-inflammatory drug to prevent attacks of asthma.
  • asthma it is of great importance that these patients closely follow their prescribed medication programme. If an asthmatic forgets to take his anti-inflammatory drug, his state of health may change for the worse and he may suffer from attacks of asthma. To compensate for drug not taken, it may be necessary to temporarily change the dose of the drug or change drugs. There are also other occasions when a change of dose or of drugs is necessary. For instance, when suffering an attack of asthma, the asthmatic will need a different drug which expands the respiratory pas ⁇ sages to mitigate the acute problems. Furthermore, asthma may change slowly over time, necessitating a change of medication programme. Whenever the condition of an asthmatic becomes worse, it is important to change the medication programme as ear ⁇ ly as possible to counteract health deterioration.
  • EP 387 222 discloses an inhaler comprising an elec ⁇ tronic unit for recording the time each dose is dispensed from the inhaler.
  • a detector e.g. a microphone, detects the inhalation air flow and the availability of a dose.
  • an electronical unit decides whether the inhalation is a valid inhalation or not.
  • the time of a valid inhalation is recorded in a memory in the inhaler.
  • the doctor may open the inhaler and read the content of the memory by special reading equipment. The doctor may then decide if the medication programme has been complied with and, after examining the patient, may decide on a change of medication programme.
  • the inhaler according to EP 387 222 does not solve the problem of making the patient act at an early stage on any health deterioration that may occur.
  • WO 92/15353 discloses an inhalation device for admi- nostiring an aerosolised drug to a patient.
  • the inhalation device comprises a cannister containing the drug to be aerosolised, a flow sensor for measuring inspiratory and expiratory flow, and control circuits for controlling the operation of the device and recording data about the drug administration.
  • the control circuits are adapted to monitor the pulmonary function of the patient with the aid of measured flow data. By comparing the mea ⁇ sured pulmonary function with one or more previous mea ⁇ sures, the control circuits can detect changes in the patient's condition.
  • the control circuits may modify the medica- tion programme, e.g. by altering the dose administered per inhalation, or prompt the patient to seek medical atten ⁇ tion.
  • an in ⁇ halation device which is mentioned by way of introduction and has the features of claim 1, and by an inhaler which has features of claim 7.
  • electronically readable identifi ⁇ cation means which are arranged inseparably from the supply of drug and which comprise information which en- ables identification of at least the kind of drug in the supply and the size of the dose dispensed when a user inhales through the inhaler, allow a processing unit to record the inhalation of a specific kind of drug correctly on each occasion.
  • the identification means also enable the processing means to keep track of several different drugs used by the patient so that a reliable indication of an action to be taken may be given to the patient.
  • the above-mentioned information from the identifica- tion means is preferably supplied to the processing unit each time the measured specific feature is supplied there ⁇ to.
  • the electronically readable iden ⁇ tification means enhance the reliability of the inhalation device in that the processing unit always records the drug actually inhaled.
  • the inhalation device pre ⁇ ferably comprises a counter for counting the number of doses administered.
  • the counter is arranged inseparably from the supply of drug so that the number of dose admini ⁇ strations are counted even though the drug supply is used in another inhaler.
  • the electronically readable identification means are inseparable from the supply of drug so that the processing unit always records the drug actually inhaled.
  • the electronic identification means may be arranged any- where in the inhaler.
  • the electronic identification means have to be inseparably associated with the package.
  • the inhalation device may comprise one or more inte- grated inhalers, each of which may have a replaceable supply of drug or be of disposable type.
  • the in ⁇ haler or inhalers and the processing unit of the inhala- tion device may also be physically separate units, which is advantageous if the inhaler is disposable.
  • the inhaler may comprise a transmitter
  • the processing unit may comprise a receiver for enabling the transmission of information from the inhaler to the processing unit.
  • the information may be transmitted by radio transmission, induction, IR, ultrasound, cable or in any suitable way.
  • the electronic identification means preferably com- prise a non-volatile storage means, which stores a bit code representing information about the drug supply and, optionally, a unique serial number.
  • the bit code may comprise the unique serial number only, which in that case provides an entry to a table or the like con- taining further information about the drug supply.
  • the table may be stored in the processing unit.
  • each inhaler used in the clinical trial with means for detecting the dispensation of a dose of drug as well as with a transmitter for trans ⁇ mitting information to a processing unit and by adding the unique serial number to each item of information trans ⁇ mitted to the processing unit, the patients need no longer enter their drug intakes in a patient's diary, but infor- mation thereon can be automatically collected and trans ⁇ mitted to the processing unit. Also other data relevant to the clinical trial may be collected and provided with the unique identity.
  • the processing unit may be part of a computer network, in which data from all patients involved in the clinical trial is processed, or be provided with means for automatically transmitting the data to such a computer network.
  • Fig. 1 is an exploded view of a powder inhaler which can be used in an inhalation device according to the in ⁇ vention
  • Fig. 2 is a block diagram of an electronic unit in the inhaler of Fig. 1, and
  • Fig. 3 is a block diagram of a processing unit according to the invention.
  • Fig. 1 shows a powder inhaler which is driven by the patient's own inhalation.
  • the air flow through the inhaler during inhalation is indicated by arrows A.
  • a rotatable operating unit 1 with a grip ring 2 co- operates with a dosing unit 3 which, when the operating unit 1 is turned, feeds a powder dose to an inhalation channel 4.
  • the active substance is kept in a container 5.
  • a mouthpiece 6 is provided with a deagglomeration means with narrow helical deflection means for deagglomerating the substance powder into an inhalable powder fraction.
  • the dosing unit 3 is shaped as a flat, rotatable disc having groups of dosing holes 8 and being arranged at the bottom of the substance container 5. The dosing holes 8 are filled with substance when positioned below the sub- stance container 5.
  • the electronic unit 20 comprises a differen ⁇ tial pressure gauge 21 for measuring the pressure diffe ⁇ rence between an inlet 11 to the deagglomeration means 7 and an outlet 12 therefrom. Furthermore, the electronic unit 20 comprises a clock circuit 23, a radio transmitter 24, antenna means 25, a power supply 26 and processing circuitry 22 for processing the signals from the differen ⁇ tial pressure gauge 21 into a form suitable for transmis ⁇ sion by the transmitter.
  • the processing circuitry may comprise a memory for temporary storage of the signals from the pressure gauge before transmission.
  • the electronic unit 20 comprises electronically readable identification means 27 in the form of a non-volatile memory, which contains a bit code.
  • the bit code may con ⁇ sist of several fields representing, for instance, the kind of drug, the size of dose, the original number of doses in the inhaler, the durability and a unique serial number.
  • the identification means 27 must be inseparably associated with the package con ⁇ taining the refill drug.
  • the in ⁇ formation in the identification means may also be used for quality control when manufacturing inhalers. For instance, the drug content and the dose size of an inhaler may be checked against the bit code in the identification means by means of a robot, which performs a test inhalation through the inhaler.
  • the power supply 26 need not be a battery, but may be a chargeable device charged, e.g. inductively, from the processing unit.
  • the electronic unit 20 is preferably realised as one or more ASICs.
  • the differential pressure gauge 21 is ad ⁇ vantageously integrated on one of the ASICs.
  • an in ⁇ halation air flow passes through the deagglomeration means 7 and a pressure difference is generated between the inlet 11 and the outlet 12 thereof.
  • the pressure difference is measured by the differential pressure gauge 21, and the time of the inhalation is recorded by means of the clock circuit 23.
  • the electric signals produced in response thereto are processed by the processing circuitry 22 into a form suitable for transmission.
  • the degree of processing of the signals from the pressure gauge is a matter of design.
  • the signals may be transmitted substantially unprocessed or may be subjected to a more thorough processing already in the inhaler, so that only selected information is transmitted.
  • the pro ⁇ cessing in the inhaler may involve determination of the flow profile of the inhalation flow or parameters there ⁇ of. More particularly, since the properties of the helical means of the deagglomeration means 7 are known, the flow profile of the inhalation flow can be determined from the pressure difference measured during inhalation.
  • the flow profile of the inhalation air flow is of interest by reflecting the pulmonary function of the patient. If the asthma becomes worse, the lung capacity will decrease and the volume of the inhalation air flow diminish. Other interesting parameters of the flow profile affected by the lung function are, for instance, the rise and fall times and the length of the plateau.
  • the processing of the signals may also involve detec ⁇ tion of a dose dispensation.
  • the click sound defining the availability of a dose must be detected as well as an inhalation air flow of a strength sufficient to carry a dose.
  • the time thereof is recorded.
  • the signals from the inhaler can be transmitted con ⁇ tinuously during the inhalation or be temporarily stored in the memory and transmitted at a later time. In the former case, the inhaler need not comprise a clock circuit but the time of a dose dispensation may be recorded in the processing unit.
  • the bit code in the identification means is associa ⁇ ted with each item of information being transmitted.
  • the differential pressure gauge is used both as means for determining a specific feature of the disease being treated with the drug in the inhaler, i.e. the inhalation air flow, and as a detector for detecting the dispensation of a dose. How ⁇ ever, other alternatives are conceivable.
  • the detection of a dose dispensation and the measuring of the inhalation air flow may be rea ⁇ lised by the device according to the above-mentioned EP 387 222.
  • this is a less preferred embodiment because a sound signal results in a less accurate measure of the inhalation air flow.
  • the sound from different inhalers differs considerably and, therefore, individual calibration of each inhaler would probably be necessary.
  • the properties of the helical means in the deagglomeration means 7 are similar for all inhalers, no calibration is required if the inha ⁇ lation air flow is measured there.
  • the availability of a dose can be detec- ted in other ways than by the click sound, for instance by detecting the mechanical movement of the dosing unit 3.
  • FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a processing unit 30 according to the invention.
  • the processing unit 30 compri ⁇ ses an antenna 31, which is connected to a receiver 32 for receiving information transmitted from one or more inha ⁇ lers.
  • the receiver is connected to processing circuitry 33 which in turn is connected to a memory 34, a display 35, a key pad 36 and an alarm unit 37, a clock circuit 38, an I/O-unit 39 and a power supply 40.
  • the processing unit may also be provided with a spirometer 41 for measuring the pulmonary function, more precisely as a complement to or as a substitute for the measuring of the inhalation air flow in the inhaler.
  • the receiver 32 receives signals from an in ⁇ haler. Each item of information received has associated therewith the bit code of the identification means of the inhaler transmitting the information, so that the proces ⁇ sing unit can correctly identify the drug taken and the dose thereof. If the time of an inhalation is recorded by the clock circuit in the inhaler, each item of information will also have associated therewith the time of inhala ⁇ tion. As mentioned above, the signals may be more or less processed already in the inhaler. Processing not performed in the inhaler is performed in the processing unit by the microprocessor 32. The processed signals are compared with stored signals from earlier measurements.
  • the processed signals may be used for determining the effect of an intake of drug and for adapting the time and the size of the next dose with re ⁇ gard to the effect achieved by a previous dose.
  • the patient can input comments on his state of health or information about conditions which may affect the medi ⁇ cation via the key pad 36.
  • the information may be given in the form of answers to questions from the microprocessor 32 displayed on the display 35.
  • the microprocessor 32 may also activate an audible or visible alarm 37 to draw the user's attention to information displayed on the display 35 or to an action to be taken.
  • a doctor may communicate with the processing unit by its I/O-unit. He may, for instance, reprogram the process ⁇ ing unit or transfer information stored therein to his personal computer.
  • the processing unit Before the processing unit can be used to advise a patient about drugs and doses thereof, data about the specific feature of the disease being treated, i.e. in this case the inhalation air flow, must be collected in the memory 34.
  • the inhalation air flow of each patient is individual, so that there must be an inhalation air flow history to enable the micropro ⁇ cessor 32 to detect changes in the disease.
  • the processing unit need not be a physically separate unit, but may be inte ⁇ grated in each inhaler.
  • the processing unit to which the collected data is transmitted can be of any type suitable for receiving and processing the data.
  • the present invention can be used with any kind of inhaler.
  • the inhaler may be a multidose breath-activated dry powder inhaler, e.g. a Turbuhaler® inhaler, or a unit dose breath-activated dry powder in ⁇ haler for single use, e.g. a Monohaler ⁇ inhaler, or a breath-activated dry powder inhaler with a plurality of single-packed unit doses for multiple use, or a pressur ⁇ ised dose inhaler or a metered dose inhaler, or of any other suitable type.
  • it can be used in con ⁇ nection with any kind of disease which is treated by in ⁇ halation therapy and of which a specific feature is mea- surable.
  • the inhalation device necessitates other means for measuring a specific feature of the disease than the means for measuring the inhalation air flows.
  • Such means can be arranged separately from the inhaler and the processing unit, and transmit information by telemetry or on wires to the processing unit.
  • the inhalation device may comprise an inhaler for administering nicotine.
  • the means for measur ⁇ ing a specific feature of the disease i.e. nicotine addiction, could then be a sensor for measuring the nico ⁇ tine content of the blood, and the processing unit may advise the patient to take such doses of nicotine that the nicotine content of the blood is maintained at a very slowly decreasing level.
  • the inhalation device may comprise an inhaler for administering peptides and proteins, for example insulin.
  • the means for measuring a specific feature may be a biosensor measuring the glucose level of the blood, and the advice elaborated by the processing unit can assist the patient in maintain ⁇ ing the glucose in the blood at a suitable level.
  • the inhaler may comprise a blood pressure regulating drug.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Anesthesiology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

Un dispositif d'inhalation comprend au moins un inhalateur destiné à distribuer une dose d'un médicament à un utilisateur l'inhalant à travers l'inhalateur. L'inhalateur, lequel contient une alimentation en médicament, présente des moyens (21 à 23) destinés à détecter la distribution d'une dose, ainsi que des moyens (21 à 23; 38) destinés à mesurer une caractéristique spécifique de la maladie traitée à l'aide du médicament, par exemple le flux d'air d'inhalation d'un patient asthmatique. Une unité de traitement (30), intégrée dans l'inhalateur ou prévue comme unité séparée, présente un moyen de mémorisation (34) destiné à stocker la caractéristique spécifique tirée d'une pluralité de mesures ainsi que le temps de chaque distribution de dose détectée. Afin d'améliorer la fiabilité des informations enregistrées dans le dispositif de traitement (30), le dispositif d'inhalation comprend également des moyens d'identification (27) lisibles électroniquement, lesquels sont agencés de manière inséparable de l'alimentation en médicaments, et contiennent des informations permettant l'identification d'au moins le type de médicaments se trouvant dans l'alimentation, ainsi que le volume de la dose ditribuée lorsque l'utilisateur l'inhale à travers l'inhalateur, et des moyens destinés à transmettre lesdites informations à ladite unité de traitement.
PCT/SE1995/000157 1994-02-21 1995-02-15 Dispositif d'inhalation dote de moyens d'identification lisibles electroniquement WO1995022365A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU18650/95A AU1865095A (en) 1994-02-21 1995-02-15 Inhalation device with electronically readable identification means

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE9400570-9 1994-02-21
SE9400570A SE9400570D0 (sv) 1994-02-21 1994-02-21 Inhalation device, inhaler and processing unit

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1995022365A1 true WO1995022365A1 (fr) 1995-08-24

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ID=20393004

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/SE1995/000157 WO1995022365A1 (fr) 1994-02-21 1995-02-15 Dispositif d'inhalation dote de moyens d'identification lisibles electroniquement

Country Status (6)

Country Link
AU (1) AU1865095A (fr)
IL (1) IL112679A0 (fr)
IS (1) IS4263A (fr)
SE (1) SE9400570D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1995022365A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA951238B (fr)

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WO2003020349A3 (fr) * 2001-08-31 2003-05-15 Rosti As Dispositifs utilitaires a memoire
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WO2004057300A2 (fr) 2002-12-19 2004-07-08 Arie Huber Systemes et procedes pour determiner une dose efficace minimum d'un medicament inhale destinee a un patient a un moment donne
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US9179691B2 (en) 2007-12-14 2015-11-10 Aerodesigns, Inc. Delivering aerosolizable food products
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US11141547B2 (en) 2014-12-04 2021-10-12 Norton (Waterford) Limited Inhalation monitoring system and method
WO2021223753A1 (fr) * 2020-05-08 2021-11-11 Microbase Technology Corp. Procédé d'estimation d'une dose d'inhalation d'une personne
US11253661B2 (en) 2012-06-25 2022-02-22 Gecko Health Innovations, Inc. Devices, systems, and methods for adherence monitoring and patient interaction
US11344685B2 (en) 2016-11-18 2022-05-31 Norton (Waterford) Limited Drug delivery device with electronics
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US11419995B2 (en) 2019-04-30 2022-08-23 Norton (Waterford) Limited Inhaler system
US11497867B2 (en) 2016-12-09 2022-11-15 Trudell Medical International Smart nebulizer
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AU1865095A (en) 1995-09-04
IS4263A (is) 1995-08-22
SE9400570D0 (sv) 1994-02-21
ZA951238B (en) 1995-08-21
IL112679A0 (en) 1995-05-26

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