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WO1995003325A1 - Protegrines - Google Patents

Protegrines Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995003325A1
WO1995003325A1 PCT/US1994/008305 US9408305W WO9503325A1 WO 1995003325 A1 WO1995003325 A1 WO 1995003325A1 US 9408305 W US9408305 W US 9408305W WO 9503325 A1 WO9503325 A1 WO 9503325A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
independently
group
compound
peptide
amino acid
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1994/008305
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Robert L. Lehrer
Sylvia S. L. Harwig
Vladimir N. Kokryakov
Original Assignee
University Of California, Los Angeles
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/095,769 external-priority patent/US5464823A/en
Priority claimed from US08/182,483 external-priority patent/US5693486A/en
Application filed by University Of California, Los Angeles filed Critical University Of California, Los Angeles
Priority to CA002166788A priority Critical patent/CA2166788A1/fr
Priority to DK95906203T priority patent/DK0711305T3/da
Priority to AU74033/94A priority patent/AU689487B2/en
Priority to EP95906203A priority patent/EP0711305B1/fr
Priority to JP7505343A priority patent/JPH09503383A/ja
Priority to AT95906203T priority patent/ATE209215T1/de
Priority to DE69429176T priority patent/DE69429176T2/de
Publication of WO1995003325A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995003325A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K7/04—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K7/08—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links having 12 to 20 amino acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/50—Isolated enzymes; Isolated proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of antibiotic peptides.
  • the invention concerns short peptides, some of which are isolated from porcine leukocytes, that have a wide range of antimicrobial activities.
  • peptides that have antimicrobial and antiviral activity.
  • Various classes of these peptides have been isolated from tissues both of plants and animals.
  • One well known class of such peptides is the tachyplesins which were first isolated from the hemocytes of the horseshoe crab as described by Nakamura, T. et al. J Biol Chem (1988) 263:16709-16713. This article described the initial tachyplesin isolated, Tachyplesin I, from the Japanese species.
  • Tachyplesin I is a 17-amino acid amidated peptide containing four cysteine residues providing two intramolecular cystine bonds.
  • Tachyplesin I Morimoto, M. et al . Chemotherapy (1991) 12:206-211, found that Tachyplesin I was inhibitory to Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This anti-HIV activity was found also to be possessed by a synthetic analog of Polyphemusin II as described by Nakashima, H. et al .
  • /3-Defensins are found in bovine respiratory epithelial cells, bovine granulocytes and avian leukocytes. See Selsted, M.E. et al. J Biol Chem (1993) 288:6641-6648 and Diamond, G. et al . Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) (1991) .88.:3952-3958. Insect defensins have been reported by Lambert, J. et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) (1989) M:262-265. Antifungal and antibacterial peptides and proteins have also been found in plants (Broekaert, .F. et al .
  • protegrins herein, representative members of which have been isolated from porcine leukocytes. These peptides are useful as antibacterial antiviral and antifungal agents in both plants and animals.
  • the isolation of the protegrin peptides of the invention was reported by the present applicants in a paper by Kokryakov, V.N. et al . FEBS (1993) 337:231-236 (July issue) .
  • a later publication of this group described the presence of a new protegrin, whose sequence, and that of its precursor, was deduced from its isolated cDNA clone. Zhao, C et al, FEBS Letters (1994) 346:285-288.
  • the protegrins of the invention have also been found to bind to endotoxins -- i.e., the lipopoly- saccharide (LPS) compositions derived from gram-negative bacteria which are believed responsible for gram-negative sepsis. This type of sepsis is an extremely common condition and is often fatal.
  • endotoxins i.e., the lipopoly- saccharide (LPS) compositions derived from gram-negative bacteria which are believed responsible for gram-negative sepsis. This type of sepsis is an extremely common condition and is often fatal.
  • LPS lipopoly- saccharide
  • protegrins of the present invention provide additional compounds which are capable of inactivating of LPS and ameliorating its effects.
  • the protegrins of the invention are effective in inhibiting the growth of organisms that are associated with sexually transmitted diseases. It is estimated that 14 million people world ⁇ wide are infected with HIV and that millions of women sustain pelvic inflammatory disease each year. Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae cause over half of this inflammatory disease although E. coli , Mycoplasma hominis and other infectious microorganisms can also be responsible.
  • Pathogens include viral, bacterial, fungal and protozoan pathogens. It is especially important that the antibiotics used to combat these infections be effective under physiological conditions.
  • the protegrins of the present invention offer these properties.
  • the invention is directed to peptides of 16-18 amino acid residues characterized by four invariant cysteines and either by a characteristic pattern of basic and hydrophobic amino acids and/or being isolatable from animal leukocytes using the method of the invention.
  • the invention is directed to the above peptides wherein 1-4 of these cysteines is replaced by a hydrophobic or small amino acid.
  • These peptides can be produced synthetically and some can be produced recombinantly or can be isolated from their native sources and purified for use as preservatives or in pharmaceutical compositions in treating or preventing infection in animals.
  • the peptides can be formulated into compositions which can be applied to plants to protect them against viral or microbial infection.
  • the DNA encoding the peptides can be expressed in si tu, in animals or preferably in plants, to combat infections.
  • the peptides are also useful as standards in antimicrobial assays and in binding endotoxins
  • the invention is directed to peptides of the formula:
  • a ⁇ is a basic or a hydrophobic amino acid;
  • a 17 is not present or, if present, is a small amino acid;
  • a 18 is not present or, if present, is a basic amino acid, or a modified form of formula (1) and the N-terminal acylated and/or C-terminal amidated or esterified forms thereof wherein each of 1-4 cysteines is independently replaced by a hydrophobic amino acid or a small amino acid; with the proviso that if said compound is of the formula
  • RGGRLCYCRRRFCVCVGR RGGRLCYCRRRFCICV, RGGGLCYCRRRFCVCVGR, or RGGRLCYCRG ICFCVGR in the amidated and di-cystine-bridged form, said compound is purified and isolated.
  • the invention comprises a purified and isolated peptide of the formula: A ⁇ -A 2 -A 3 -A 4 -A 5 -C 6 -A 7 -C 8 -A 9 -A 10 -A 11 -A 12 -C 13 -Ai 4 -Ci 5 -A 16 - (A 17 -A, 8 )(la) ; and the amidated or esterified and/or N-terminal acylated forms thereof, including the optionally SH-stabilized linear and the cyclic forms thereof wherein A-. 5 , A 7 , ⁇ _ l2 and A 14 and A- 6 , and, if present, A 17 and A 18 (i.e. A , represent amino acid residues which peptides are isolatable from animal leukocytes by the methods similar to those described herein.
  • the invention is also directed to precursors of the peptides described above extended at the N-termini and to recombinant materials encoding said precursors.
  • the invention is directed to recombinant materials useful for the production of the peptides of the invention as well as plants or animals modified to contain expression systems for the production of these peptides.
  • the invention is also directed to pharmaceutical compositions and compositions for application to plants containing the peptides of the invention as active ingredients or compositions which contain expression systems for production of the peptides or for in si tu expression of the nucleotide sequence encoding these peptides.
  • the invention is also directed to methods to prepare the invention peptides synthetically, to antibodies specific for these peptides, and to the use of the peptides as preservatives.
  • the invention is directed to the use of the compounds of the invention as standards in antimicrobial assays.
  • the compounds many also be used as antimicrobials in solutions useful in eye care, such as contact lens solutions, and in topical or other pharmaceutical compositions for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) .
  • STDs sexually transmitted diseases
  • the invention is also directed to use of the invention compounds as preservatives for foods or other perishables.
  • the invention peptides can inactivate endotoxin
  • the invention is also directed to a method to inactivate endotoxins using the compounds of the invention and to treat gram-negative sepsis by taking advantage of this property.
  • Figure 1 shows the elution pattern of a concentrate of the ultrafiltrate of porcine leukocytes applied to a Biogel P10 column.
  • Figure 2 shows the antibacterial activity of the P10 fractions obtained from elution of the column described in Figure 1.
  • Figure 3 shows an elution pattern obtained when fractions 76-78 from the Biogel P10 column of Figure 1 is applied to HPLC.
  • Figure 4 shows the antimicrobial activity of the purified porcine protegrins of the invention: Figure 4a shows antibacterial activity against E. Coli ;
  • Figure 4b shows antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes
  • Figure 4c shows antifungal activity against Candida albicans
  • Figure 4d shows antibacterial activity against S. aureus .
  • Figure 4e shows antibacterial activity against K. pneumoneae.
  • Figure 5 shows the effect of various test conditions on antimicrobial activity:
  • Figure 5a shows activity against Candida albicans in 100 ⁇ M NaCl
  • Figure 5b shows activity against E. Coli in
  • Figure 5c shows activity against Candida albicans in 90% fetal calf serum.
  • Figure 6 shows the antimicrobial activity of the linear forms of the protegrins under various test conditions:
  • Figure 6a shows the activity against E. coli in 10 mM phosphate-citrate buffer, pH 6.5;
  • Figure 6b shows the activity against E. coli in the same buffer with 100 mM NaCl
  • Figure 6c shows the activity against L. monocytogenes in the buffer of Figures 6a-6b;
  • Figure 6d shows the activity against L. monocytogenes in the same buffer with the addition of 100 mM NaCl
  • Figure 6e shows the activity against C. albicans in the presence of 10 mM phosphate
  • Figure 6f shows the activity against C. albicans in the presence of 10 mM phosphate plus 100 mM NaCl.
  • Figure 7 shows a composite of cDNA encoding the precursors of PG-1, PG-2, PG-3 and PG-4.
  • Figure 8 shows the amino acid sequences of the protegrins of Figure 7.
  • Figures 9a-9d show the effects of various protegrins against various target microbes.
  • the peptides of the invention are described by the formula: A 1 -A 2 -A 3 -A 4 -A 5 -C 6 -A 7 -C 8 -A 9 -A 10 -A 1I -A 12 -C 13 -A 14 -C, 5 -A. 6 -(A 17 -A 18 ) , (1) and its defined modified forms. Those peptides which occur in nature must be in purified and isolated form.
  • A represents an amino acid at the specified position in the peptide.
  • a 17 and A 18 may or may not be present, the peptides of the invention contain either 16, 17 or 18 amino acids.
  • the positions of the cysteine residues, shown as C in Formula (1) are invariant in the peptides of the invention; however, in the modified forms of the peptides of Formula (1) , also included within the scope of the invention, 1-4 of these cysteines may be replaced by a hydrophobic or small amino acid.
  • the amino terminus of the peptide may be in the free amino form or may be acylated by a group of the formula RCO-, wherein R represents a hydrocarbyl group of 1-6C.
  • R represents a hydrocarbyl group of 1-6C.
  • the hydrocarbyl group is saturated or unsaturated and is typically, for example, methyl, ethyl, i-propyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexene-2-yl, hexene-3-yl, hexyne-4-yl, and the like.
  • the C-terminus of the peptides of the invention may be in the form of the underivatized carboxyl group, either as the free acid or an acceptable salt, such as the potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, or other salt of an inorganic ion or of an organic ion such as caffeine.
  • the carboxyl terminus may also be derivatized by formation of an ester with an alcohol of the formula ROH, or may be amidated by an amine of the formula NH 3 , or RNH 2 , or R 2 NH, wherein each R is independently hydrocarbyl of
  • the peptides of the invention may be supplied in the form of the acid addition salts.
  • Typical acid addition salts include those of inorganic ions such as chloride, bromide, iodide, fluoride or the like, sulfate, nitrate, or phosphate, or may be salts of organic anions such as acetate, formate, benzoate and the like. The acceptability of each of such salts is dependent on the intended use, as is commonly understood.
  • the peptides of the invention that contain at least two cysteines may be in straight-chain or cyclic form.
  • the straight-chain forms are convertible to the cyclic forms, and vice versa .
  • Methods for forming disulfide bonds to create the cyclic peptides are well known in the art, as are methods to reduce disulfides to form the linear compounds.
  • the linear compounds can be stabilized by addition of a suitable alkylating agent such as iodoacetamide.
  • Cyclic forms are the result of the formation of cystine linkages among all or some of the four invariant cysteine residues.
  • Cyclic forms of the invention include all possible permutations of cystine bond formation; if the cysteines are numbered in order of their occurrence starting at the N-terminus as C 6 , C 8 , C 13 and C 15 , these permutations include:
  • the native forms of the protegrins contain two cystine bonds are between the cysteine at position 6 and the cysteine at position 15 and the other between the cysteine at position 8 and the cysteine at position 13. Accordingly, in those embodiments having two cystine linkages, the C 6 -C ⁇ 5 , C 8 -C 13 form is preferred. However, it has been found by the present applicants that forms of the protegrins containing only one cystine linkage are active and easily prepared. Preferred among embodiments having only one cystine linkage are those represented by C 6 -C ⁇ 5 alone and by C 8 -C 13 alone.
  • the compounds of the invention also include linearalized forms which are stabilized with suitable reagents.
  • "SH-stabilized" forms of the peptides of the invention contain sulfhydryl groups reacted with standard reagents to prevent reformation into disulfide linkages.
  • An alternative approach to providing linear forms of the protegrins of the invention comprises use of the modified form of the peptides where cysteine residues are replaced by amino acids which do not form cystine linkages.
  • the amino acids denoted by A Clayton may be those encoded by the gene or analogs thereof, and may also be the D-isomers thereof.
  • One preferred embodiment of the peptides of the invention is that form wherein all of the residues are in the D-configuration thus conferring resistance to protease activity while retaining antimicrobial or antiviral properties.
  • the resulting protegrins are themselves enantiomers of the native L-amino acid-containing forms.
  • the amino acid notations used herein are conventional and are as follows: One-Letter Three-letter
  • the amino acids not encoded genetically are abbreviated as indicated in the discussion below.
  • the L-form of any amino acid residue having an optical isomer is intended unless the D-form is expressly indicated by a dagger superscript 0) .
  • the compounds of the invention are peptides which are partially defined in terms of amino acid residues of designated classes.
  • Amino acid residues can be generally subclassified into major subclasses as follows : Acidic: The residue has a negative charge due to loss of H ion at physiological pH and the residue is attracted by aqueous solution so as to seek the surface positions in the conformation of a peptide in which it is contained when the peptide is in aqueous medium at physiological pH.
  • the residue has a positive charge due to association with H ion at physiological pH and the residue is attracted by aqueous solution so as to seek the surface positions in the conformation of a peptide in which it is contained when the peptide is in aqueous medium at physiological pH.
  • Hydrophobic The residues are not charged at physiological pH and the residue is repelled by aqueous solution so as to seek the inner positions in the conformation of a peptide in which it is contained when the peptide is in aqueous medium.
  • Neutral/polar The residues are not charged at physiological pH, but the residue is not sufficiently repelled by aqueous solutions so that it would seek inner positions in the conformation of a peptide in which it is contained when the peptide is in aqueous medium.
  • Amino acid residues can be further subclassified as cyclic or noncyclic, and aromatic or nonaromatic, self-explanatory classifications with respect to the side-chain substituent groups of the residues, and as small or large.
  • the residue is considered small if it contains a total of four carbon atoms or less, inclusive of the carboxyl carbon, provided an additional polar substituent is present; three or less if not. Small residues are, of course, always nonaromatic.
  • Acidic Aspartic acid and Glutamic acid
  • Noncyclic Arginine, Lysine; Cyclic: Histidine;
  • the gene-encoded secondary amino acid proline is a special case due to its known effects on the secondary conformation of peptide chains, and is not, therefore, included in a group. Cysteine residues are also not included in these classifications since their capacity to form disulfide bonds to provide secondary structure is critical in the compounds of the present invention.
  • beta-alanine beta-Ala
  • other omega- amino acids such as 3-aminopropionic, 2,3-diaminopropionic (2,3-diaP), 4-aminobutyric and so forth, alpha-aminisobutyric acid (Aib) , sarcosine (Sar) , ornithine (Orn) , citrulline (Cit) , t-butylalanine (t-BuA) , t-butylglycine (t-BuG) , N-methylisoleucine (N-Melle) , phenylglycine (Phg) , and cyclohexylalanine (Cha) , norleucine (Nle) , 2-naphthylalanine (2-Nal) ; 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline-3
  • Sar, beta-Ala, 2,3-diaP and Aib are small; t-BuA, t-BuG, N-Melle, Nle, Mvl, Cha, Phg, Nal, Thi and Tic are hydrophobic; Orn and Har are basic; Cit, Acetyl Lys, and MSO are neutral/polar.
  • the various omega-amino acids are classified according to size as small (beta-Ala and 3-aminopropionic) or as large and hydrophobic (all others) .
  • Other amino acid substitutions of those encoded in the gene can also be included in peptide compounds within the scope of the invention and can be classified within this general scheme according to their structure.
  • each of A- and A * is independently a basic amino acid; each of A 2 and A 3 is independently a small amino acid; each of As, A 7 , A 12 , A- 4 and A 16 is independently a hydrophobic amino acid; each of A 4 and A 10 is independently a basic or a small amino acid;
  • a n is a basic or a hydrophobic amino acid
  • A is not present or, if present, is a small amino acid
  • A- 8 is not present or, if present, is a basic amino acid, or a modified form of formula (1) and the N-terminal acylated and/or C-terminal amidated or esterified forms thereof wherein each of 1-4 cysteines is independently replaced by a hydrophobic amino acid or a small amino acid. with the proviso that if said compound is of the formula RGGRLCYCRRRFCVCVGR,
  • RGGRLCYCRGWICFCVGR in the amidated and di-cystine-bridged form, said compound is purified and isolated.
  • each of A- and A is independently selected from the group consisting of R, K and Har; more preferably, both A- and A 9 are R.
  • each of Aj and A 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of G, A, S and T; more preferably, A 2 and A 3 are G.
  • j is selected from the group consisting of R, K, Har, G, A, S and T; more preferably, A» is R or G.
  • each of As, A 14 and A 16 is independently selected independently from the group consisting of I, V, L, Nle and F; preferably I, V, L and F.
  • each of A 7 and A 12 is independently selected from the group consisting of I, V, L, W, Y and F; preferably A 7 is Y and A 12 is I or F.
  • each of A 10 and A u is independently R, G or W.
  • A when present, is preferably G, A, S or
  • T most preferably G
  • A, 8 when present, is preferably R, K or Har, most preferably R.
  • the compounds of Formula (1) are either in cyclic or noncyclic (linearalized) form or may be modified wherein 1-4 of the cysteines is replaced by a small amino acid residue or a basic amino acid residue. If the linearalized forms of the compound of Formula (1) are prepared, or if linearalized forms of those modified peptides which contain at least two cysteines are prepared, it is preferred that the sulfhydryl groups be stabilized by addition of a suitable reagent.
  • Preferred embodiments for the hydrophobic amino acid to replace cysteine residues are I, V, L and NLe, preferably I, V or L.
  • Preferred small amino acids to replace the cysteine residues include G, A, S and T, most preferably G.
  • the peptides of the invention are defined as described by Formula (1) , but wherein the definitions of A, in each case are determined by the isolatability of the peptide from animal leukocytes by the invention method.
  • the invention method comprises the steps of providing an ultrafiltrate of a lysate of animal leukocytes and isolating peptides of 16-18 amino acids.
  • These peptides can further be defined by the ability of DNA encoding them to hybridize under stringent conditions to DNA encoding the peptides exemplified as PG-1, PG-2, PG-3, and PG-4 herein.
  • Particularly preferred compounds of the invention are:
  • PG-1 R-G-G-R-L-C-Y-C-R-R-R-F-C-V-C-V-G-R PG-2 : R-G-G-R-L-C-Y-C-R-R-F-C- I-C-V PG-3 : R-G-G-G-L-C-Y-C-R-R-R-F-C-V-C-V-G-R PG-4 : R-G-G-R-L-C-Y-C-R-G-W- I -C-F-C-V-G-R R-G-G-R-L-C-Y-C-R-R-R-F-C-V-C-V K-G-G-R-L-C-Y-C-R-R-R-F-C-V-C-V K-G-G-R-L-C-Y-C-R-R-R-F-C-V-C-V-V K-G-G-
  • PG-1 R-G-G-R-L-C-Y-C-R-R-R-F-C-V-C-V-G-R (all f)
  • PG-2 R-G-G-R-L-C-Y-C-R-R-F-C-I-C-V (all f)
  • PG-3 R-G-G-G-L-C-Y-C-R-R-R-F-C-V-C-V-G-R (all f)
  • PG-4 R-G-G-R-L-C-Y-C-R-G-W-I-C-F-C-V-G-R (all f) both the linear and mono- and bicyclic forms thereof, and including the N-terminal acylated and C-terminal amidated forms; Modified forms
  • protegrins are essentially peptide backbones which may be modified at the N- or C-terminus and also may contain one or two cystine disulfide linkages.
  • the peptides may first be synthesized in noncyclized form. These peptides may then be converted to the cyclic peptides if desired by standard methods of cystine bond formation.
  • cyclic forms refers to those forms which contain cyclic portions by virtue of the formation of disulfide linkages between cysteine residues in the peptide.
  • any peptides of the invention which contain two or more cysteine residues.
  • Standard methods of synthesis of peptides the size of protegrins are known. Most commonly used currently are solid phase synthesis techniques; indeed, automated equipment for systematically constructing peptide chains can be purchased. Solution phase synthesis can also be used but is considerably less convenient. When synthesized using these standard techniques, amino acids not encoded by the gene and D-enantiomers can be employed in the synthesis. Thus, one very practical way to obtain the compounds of the invention is to employ these standard chemical synthesis techniques.
  • the N- and/or C-terminus can be derivatized, again using conventional chemical techniques.
  • the compounds of the invention may optionally contain an acyl group, preferably an acetyl group at the amino terminus. Methods for acetylating or, more generally, acylating, the free amino group at the N-terminus are generally known in the art; in addition, the N-terminal amino acid may be supplied in the synthesis in acylated form.
  • the carboxyl group may, of course, be present in the form of a salt; in the case of pharmaceutical compositions this will be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • Suitable salts include those formed with inorganic ions such as NH 4 + , Na + , K + , Mg ++ , Ca ++ , and the like as well as salts formed with organic cations such as those of caffeine and other highly substituted amines.
  • the carboxy terminus may also be esterified using alcohols of the formula ROH wherein R is hydrocarbyl (1-6C) as defined above.
  • ROH hydrocarbyl
  • the carboxy terminus may be amidated so as to have the formula -CONH 2 , -CONHR, or -CONR 2 , wherein each R is independently hydrocarbyl (1-6C) as herein defined.
  • Techniques for esterification and amidation as well as neutralizing in the presence of base to form salts are all standard organic chemical techniques.
  • the side-chain amino groups of the basic amino acids will be in the form of the relevant acid addition salts.
  • Formation of disulfide linkages is conducted in the presence of mild oxidizing agents. Chemical oxidizing agents may be used, or the compounds may simply be exposed to the oxygen of the air to effect these linkages.
  • mild oxidizing agents may be used, or the compounds may simply be exposed to the oxygen of the air to effect these linkages.
  • Various methods are known in the art. Processes useful for disulfide bond formation have been described by Tarn, J.P. et al., Synthesis (1979) 955-957; Stewart, J.M. et al, "Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis” 2d Ed. Pierce Chemical Company Rockford, IL (1984) ; Ahmed A.K.
  • a particularly preferred method is solution oxidation using molecular oxygen. This method has been used by the inventors herein to refold synthetic PG-1, PG-3 in its amide or acid forms, enantioPG-1 and the two unisulfide PG-1 compounds (C 6 -C 15 and C 8 -C 13 ) . Recoveries are as high as 30%. If the peptide backbone is comprised entirely of gene-encoded amino acids, or if some portion of it is so composed, the peptide or the relevant portion may also be synthesized using recombinant DNA techniques. The DNA encoding the peptides of the invention may itself be synthesized using commercially available equipment; codon choice can be integrated into the synthesis depending on the nature of the host.
  • the DNA can be obtained, at least initially, by screening a cDNA library prepared from porcine leukocytes using probes or PCR primers based on the sequences of the protegrins described herein. This results in recovery of the naturally occurring sequence encoding the protegrins of the invention. Obtention of this native sequence is significant for purposes other than the synthesis of the protegrins per se; the availability of the naturally occurring sequences provides a useful probe to obtain corresponding DNA encoding protegrins of other species.
  • cDNA libraries for example, of leukocytes derived from other animals can be screened using the native DNA, preferably under conditions of high stringency. High stringency is as defined by Maniatis, et al .
  • the protegrins can be prepared by isolation from leukocytes of a desired species using techniques similar to those disclosed herein for the isolation of porcine protegrins. In general, these techniques involve preparing a lysate of a leukocyte preparation, ultrafiltering the supernatant of the clarified lysate and recovering the ultrafiltrate. The ultrafiltrate is then subjected to chromatographic separation.
  • fragments having antimicrobial and antiviral activity corresponding to protegrins can be assessed using criteria of molecular weight and assaying the fractions for the desired activities as described herein.
  • the native forms of these peptides are believed to be the cyclic forms; if desired, the linearalized forms can be prepared by treating the peptides with reducing agents and stabilizing the sulfhydryl groups that result.
  • Isolated and recombinantly produced forms of the protegrins may require subsequent derivatization to modify the N- and/or C-terminus and, depending on the isolation procedure, to effect the formation of cystine bonds as described hereinabove.
  • some or all of these conversions may already have been effected.
  • the DNA encoding the protegrins of the invention is included in an expression system which places these coding sequences under control of a suitable promoter and other control sequences compatible with an intended host cell.
  • Types of host cells available span almost the entire range of the plant and animal kingdoms.
  • the protegrins of the invention could be produced in bacteria or yeast (to the extent that they can be produced in a nontoxic or retractile form or utilize resistant strains) as well as in animal cells, insect cells and plant cells.
  • modified plant cells can be used to regenerate plants containing the relevant expression systems so that the resulting transgenic plant is capable of self protection vis-a-vis these infective agents.
  • the protegrins of the invention can be produced in a form that will result in their secretion from the host cell by fusing to the DNA encoding the protegrin, a DNA encoding a suitable signal peptide, or may be produced intracellularly. They may also be produced as fusion proteins with additional amino acid sequence which may or may not need to be subsequently removed prior to the use of these compounds as antimicrobials or antivirals.
  • protegrins of the invention can be produced in a variety of modalities including chemical synthesis, recombinant production, isolation from natural sources, or some combination of these techniques.
  • purified and isolated is meant free from the environment in which the peptide normally occurs (in the case of such naturally occurring peptides) and in a form where it can be used practically.
  • purified and isolated form means that the peptide is substantially pure, i.e., more than 90% pure, preferably more than 95% pure and more preferably more than 99% pure or is in a completely different context such as that of a pharmaceutical preparation.
  • Antibodies to the protegrins of the invention may also be produced using standard immunological techniques for production of polyclonal antisera and, if desired, immortalizing the antibody- producing cells of the immunized host for sources of monoclonal antibody production. Techniques for producing antibodies to any substance of interest are well known. It may be necessary to enhance the immunogenicity of the substance, particularly as here, where the material is only a short peptide, by coupling the hapten to a carrier. Suitable carriers for this purpose include substances which do not themselves produce an immune response in the mammal to be administered the hapten- carrier conjugate.
  • Common carriers used include keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) , diphtheria toxoid, serum albumin, and the viral coat protein of rotavirus, VP6.
  • Coupling of the hapten to the carrier is effected by standard techniques such as contacting the carrier with the peptide in the presence of a dehydrating agent such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or through the use of linkers such as those available through Pierce Chemical Company, Chicago, IL.
  • the protegrins of the invention in immunogenic form are then injected into a suitable mammalian host and antibody titers in the serum are monitored.
  • protegrins require modification before they are able to raise antibodies, due to their resistance to antigen processing.
  • the native form of PG- 1, containing two cystine bridges is nonimmunogenic when administered without coupling to a larger carrier and was a poor immunogen even in the presence of potent adjuvants and when coupled through glutaraldehyde or to KLH.
  • Polyclonal antisera may be harvested when titers are sufficiently high.
  • antibody- producing cells of the host such as spleen cells or peripheral blood lymphocytes may be harvested and immortalized.
  • the immortalized cells are then cloned as individual colonies and screened for the production of the desired monoclonal antibodies.
  • the antibodies of the invention are, of course, useful in immunoassays for determining the amount or presence of the protegrins. Such assays are essential in quality controlled production of compositions containing the protegrins of the invention.
  • the antibodies can be used to assess the efficacy of recombinant production of the protegrins, as well as screening expression libraries for the presence of protegrin encoding genes.
  • compositions Containing the Protegrins and Methods of Use Containing the Protegrins and Methods of Use
  • the protegrins of the invention are effective in inactivating a wide range of microbial and viral targets, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, protozoa and certain strains of virus. Accordingly, they can be used in disinfectant compositions and as preservatives for materials such as foodstuffs, cosmetics, medicaments, or other materials containing nutrients for organisms.
  • the protegrins are supplied either as a single protegrin, in admixture with several other protegrins, or in admixture with additional antimicrobial agents.
  • these are preservatives in this context they are usually present in relatively low amounts, of less than 5%, by weight of the total composition, more preferably less than 1%, still more preferably less than 0.1%.
  • the peptides of the invention are also useful as standards in antimicrobial assays and in assays for determination of capability of test compounds to bind to endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides.
  • the protegrins of the invention can be formulated as pharmaceutical or veterinary compositions. Depending on the subject to be treated, the mode of administration, and the type of treatment desired -- e.g., prevention, prophylaxis, therapy; the protegrins are formulated in ways consonant with these parameters. A summary of such techniques is found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, latest edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, PA.
  • the protegrins are particularly attractive as an active ingredients pharmaceutical compositions useful in treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, including those caused by Chlamydia trachomatis , Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, Herpes simplex type 2 and HIV.
  • Topical formulations are preferred and include creams, salves, oils, powders, gels and the like. Suitable topical excipient are well known in the art and can be adapted for particular uses by those of ordinary skill.
  • the protegrins of the invention may be used alone or in combination with other antibiotics such as erythromycin, tetracycline, macrolides, for example azithromycin and the cephalosporins.
  • the protegrins will be formulated into suitable compositions to permit facile delivery to the affected areas.
  • the protegrins may be used in forms containing one or two disulfide bridges or may be in linear form.
  • use of the enantiomeric forms containing all D-amino acids may confer advantages such as resistance to those proteases, such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, to which the protegrins containing L-amino acids are less resistant.
  • the protegrins of the invention can be administered singly or as mixtures of several protegrins or in combination with other pharmaceutically active components.
  • the formulations may be prepared in a manner suitable for systemic administration or topical or local administration.
  • Systemic formulations include those designed for injection (e.g., intramuscular, intravenous or subcutaneous injection) or may be prepared for transdermal, transmucosal, or oral administration.
  • the formulation will generally include a diluent as well as, in some cases, adjuvants, buffers, preservatives and the like.
  • the protegrins can be administered also in liposomal compositions or as microemulsions.
  • the protegrins of the invention must be protected from degradation in the stomach using a suitable enteric coating. This may be avoided to some extent by utilizing amino acids in the D-configuration, thus providing resistance to protease. However, the peptide is still susceptible to hydrolysis due to the acidic conditions of the stomach; thus, some degree of enteric coating may still be required.
  • the peptides of the invention retain their activity against microbes in the context of borate solutions that are commonly used in eye care products. It has also been shown that when tested for antimicrobial activity against E. coli in the presence and absence of lysozyme in borate buffered saline, that the presence of lysozyme enhanced the effectiveness of PG-3. This effect was more pronounced when the PG-3 was autoclaved and similar patterns were obtained for both the free-acid form and the amide. Accordingly, the protegrins may be used as preservatives in such compositions or as antimicrobials for treatment of eye infections.
  • protegrins retain their activity under physiological conditions including relatively high saline and in the presence of serum.
  • the protegrins are not cytotoxic with respect to the cells of higher organisms.
  • the protegrins of the invention may also be applied to plants or to their environment to prevent viral- and microbial-induced diseases in these plants. Suitable compositions for this use will typically contain a diluent as well as a spreading agent or other ancillary agreements beneficial to the plant or to the environment. Thus, the protegrins of the invention may be used in any context wherein an antimicrobial and/or antiviral action is required. This use may be an entirely in vi tro use, or the peptides may be administered to organisms.
  • the antimicrobial or antiviral activity may be generated in si tu by administering an expression system suitable for the production of the protegrins of the invention.
  • an expression system suitable for the production of the protegrins of the invention can be supplied to plant and animal subjects using known techniques. For example, in animals, pox-based expression vectors can be used to generate the peptides in si tu .
  • plant cells can be transformed with expression vectors and then regenerated into whole plants which are capable of their own production of the peptides.
  • protegrins are capable of exerting their antimicrobial effects in the presence of serum.
  • the protegrins are capable of inactivating endotoxins derived from gram- negative bacteria -- i.e., lipopolysaccharides (LPS) -- in standard assays. Accordingly, the protegrins may be used under any circumstances where inactivation of LPS is desired. One such situation is in the treatment or amelioration of gram-negative sepsis.
  • LPS lipopolysaccharides
  • protegrins of the invention therefore, represent a peculiarly useful class of compounds because of the following properties:
  • Example 1 Isolation of PG-1.
  • PG-2 and PG-3 Fresh porcine blood was collected into 15- liter vessels containing 5% EDTA in normal saline, pH 7.4 as an anticoagulant (33 ml/liter blood) . The blood cells were allowed to sediment for 90 minutes at room temperature and the leukocyte-rich supernatant was removed and centrifuged at 200 x g for 5.7 minutes.
  • the pellets were pooled and suspended in 0.84% ammonium chloride to lyse erythrocytes and the resulting leukocytes (70-75% PMN, 5-10% eosinophils, 15-25% lymphocytes and monocytes) were washed in normal saline, resuspended in ice-cold 10% acetic acid at 10 8 /ml, homogenized and stirred overnight at 4°C. The preparation was centrifuged at 25,000 x g for 3 hours at 4°C and the supernatant was lyophilized and weighed.
  • the ultrafiltrate (24.5 mg protein by BCA) was concentrated to 3 ml by vacuum centrifugation (SpeedVac Concentrator, Savant Instruments, Hicksville, NY), applied to a 2.5 x 117 cm BioGel P10 column (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) and eluted at 4°C with 5% acetic acid.
  • the underlay agars used for all organisms had a final pH of 6.5 and contained 9 mM sodium phosphate/l mM sodium citrate buffer, 1% w/v agarose and 0.30 ⁇ g/ml tryptocase soy broth powder (BBL Cockeysville, MD) .
  • the units of activity in the radial diffusion assay were measured as described; 10 units correspond to a 1 mm diameter clear zone around the sample well. Activities obtained for the various fractions are shown in Figure 2. Activity was found in a large number of fractions. The active fractions were further examined by acid-urea PAGE (AU-PAGE) and SDS PAGE. Results of these analyses showed that active antimicrobial peptides of the appropriate molecular weight were present and concentrated in fractions 76-78.
  • Comassie Blue that contains a starting mixture composed of the pooled fractions and the individual PG species. These are labeled M, 1, 2 and 3 on the inset. The results clearly show the presence of three distinct proteins.
  • the isolated proteins were subjected to amino acid analysis using three independent methods, and to Edman degradation, chymotrypsin digestion, and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometric analysis.
  • the peptides named "protegrins", are shown to have the amino acid sequences as follows: PG-1 RGGRLCYCRRRFCVCVGR
  • the amidation status of the isolated peptides was established by synthesis of PG-3 both in the free carboxyl and carboxyamidated forms. These synthetic peptides were then compared to isolated PG-3 using AU-PAGE and also using reverse-phase HPLC. In both cases, the native product comigrated with the synthetic amidated form.
  • the location of the disulfide linkages in the isolated protegrins was also studied using PG-2 as a model. The determination was performed using sequential enzyme digestion (chymotrypsin followed by thermolysin) with direct analysis using LC-ESI-MS on the fragments obtained. The results of these analyses showed that the two intramolecular disulfide bonds were C 6 -C 15 and C 8 -C 13 . With the location of the disulfides in these positions, the protegrin molecules are likely to exist as anti- parallel ⁇ sheets similar to the tachyplesins in overall conformation.
  • the antimicrobial proteins above are present in much lower concentrations in initial extracts than are the rabbit defensins in corresponding crude extracts where the defensins constitute more than 15% of the total protein in rabbit granulocytes.
  • the peptides are only faintly visible in the crude extracts, whereas corresponding crude extracts of rabbit granulocytes clearly show the presence of the defensins.
  • the peptides of the invention become clearly evident only after the ultrafiltration step.
  • protegrins whose structures are set forth above show sequence homology to the decapeptide region corresponding to residues 1-10 of rabbit defensin NP-3a in the decapeptide region at positions 4-13 of PG-3, the protegrins, and in particular PG-3, may share the property of defensin NP-3a in being capable of competitively antagonizing ACTH-mediated steroid synthesis by adrenocytes. This property, called
  • Example 2 Antimicrobial Activity
  • the radial diffusion assay in agarose gels described in Example 1 was also used to test the activity of the purified protegrins.
  • Figures 4a, 4b and 4c show the results against three test organisms in units described as above.
  • the rabbit defensin (NP-1) and the human defensin (HNP-1) were used as controls.
  • Figure 4a shows that PG-1 and PG-3 are more effective against E. coli ML-35P than HNP-1 and only slightly less effective than NP-1.
  • PG-1 and PH-3 were also effective against Listeria monocytogenes , strain EGD as shown in Figure 4b.
  • Figure 4c PG-1 and PG-3 were also shown effective against Candida albicans .
  • these peptides are approximately as effective as rabbit defensin NP-1 on a weight basis and are more effective than HNP-1.
  • PG-2 was also effective against the three organisms tested but was not as active as the other two peptides.
  • the PG-1 of the invention has been shown directly to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (see Figure) and K. pneumoneae 270 ( Figure) .
  • HNP-1 used as a control was less effective against S. aureus and almost entirely ineffective against K. pneumoneae.
  • protegrins of the invention have also been tested against various other organisms and show broad spectrum activity. In addition to their effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of or infection by microorganisms associated with STDs as described in Example 9 hereinbelow, the protegrins show strong activity against the following microorganisms in addition to those tested hereinabove: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Histoplasma capsulatum, Myobacterium avium- intracellulare, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The protegrins showed only fair activity against V ⁇ Jbrio vulnificus and were inactive against Vibrio cholerae and Borrelia burgdorferi .
  • the protegrins of the invention retain their antimicrobial properties under useful physiological conditions, including isotonic and borate solutions appropriate for use in eye care products.
  • synthetic PG-1 was tested with respect to its activity against E. coli ML-35 (serum sensitive) in underlayered gels containing only 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 and a 1:100 dilution of trypticase soy broth, both in the presence and absence of 2.5% normal human serum, which is below the lytic concentration for this strain of E. coli .
  • the minimal bacteriocidal concentration was reduced from approximately 1.0 ⁇ g/ml to about 0.1 ⁇ g/ml. This type of effect was not observed either for a linear fragment of cathepsin G or for the defensin HNP-1.
  • underlayers were prepared with 10 mM sodium phosphate with and without 10% normal human serum.
  • the minimal fungicidal concentration fell from about 1.3 ⁇ g/ml in the absence of serum to 0.14 ⁇ g/ml in its presence. The serum itself at this concentration did not effect C. albicans .
  • protegrins PG-1 and PG-3 were incubated for 4 hours at pH 2.0 with 0.5 ⁇ g/ml pepsin and then neutralized.
  • the residual antimicrobial activity against C. albicans, E. coli and L. monocytogenes was assessed and found to be fully retained. Similar experiments show that these compounds are not degraded by human leukocyte elastase or by human leukocyte cathepsin G even when exposed to high concentrations of these enzymes and at a pH of 7.0 - 8.0 favorable for proteolytic activity.
  • synthetic PG-3 amide and synthetic PG-3 acid were autoclaved and tested for antimicrobial activity against E. coli , L. monocyogenese and C. albicans; retaining full antimicrobial activity in all cases. It is possible that the stability of these compounds to protease degradation and to autoclaving is enhanced by the presence of disulfide bonds.
  • Example 4 Ability to Bind Endotoxin
  • the protegrins of the invention were tested for their ability to bind the lipid polysaccharide (LPS) of the gram-negative bacterium E. coli strain 0.55B5.
  • the assay was the Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test for endotoxins conducted in the presence and absence of the test compounds. The test was conducted using the procedure described in Sigma Technical Bulletin No. 210 as revised in December 1992 and published by Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO.
  • the LAL test is based on the ability of LPS to effect gelation in the commercial reagent E-Toxate TM which is prepared from the lysate of circulating amebocytes of the Horseshoe Crab Limulus polyphemus . As described in the technical bulletin, when exposed to minute quantities of LPS, the lysate increases in opacity as well as viscosity and may gel depending on the concentration of endotoxin.
  • test compounds were used at various concentrations from 0.25 ⁇ g-10 ⁇ g in a final volume of 0.2 ml and the test mixtures contained LPS at a final concentration of 0.05 endotoxin unit/ml and E-Toxate TM at the same concentration.
  • the test compounds were incubated together with the LPS for 15 minutes before the E-Toxate TM was added to a final volume after E-Toxate TM addition of 0.2 ml.
  • the tubes were then incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C and examined for the formation of a gel. Both isolated native protegrins (nPGs) and synthetically prepared protegrins (sPGs) were tested.
  • the sPGs were prepared with a carboxyl group at the C-terminus or with an amidated C-terminus.
  • the nPGs are amidated at the C-terminus.
  • Also tested were six different rabbit defensins (NPs) and four native human defensins (HNPs) . The results are shown in Table 1.
  • Table 1 Table 1
  • protegrins both synthetic and native, and both in the amidated and nonamidated forms are able to bind sufficiently to LPS to prevent any substantial gel formation at concentrations as low as 2.5 ⁇ g/0.2 ml.
  • nPG-1 and nPG-2 are effective at somewhat lower concentrations.
  • the protegrins were substantially more effective than the NP or HNP test compounds; the most effective among these controls was NP-3a, a peptide whose primary sequence most closely resembles that of the protegrins.
  • Endotoxin Units 0.25 E.U. 0.10 E.U. 0.05 E.U. sPG-3 amide (2.5 ⁇ g) no gel no gel no gel sPG-3 amide (1.0 ⁇ g) no gel no gel no gel sPG-3 amide (0.5 ⁇ g) ++ ++ no gel no added protein ++ ++ ++
  • Example 5 Activity of Linearalized Forms nPG-1 and nPG-3 were converted to linear form using a reducing agent to convert the disulfide linkages to sulfhydryl groups, which were then stabilized by alkylating with iodoacetamide. The ability of both cyclic and linearalized PG-1 and PG-3 to inhibit gelation in the standard LAL assay was assessed then as described in Example 4 and the results are shown in Table 3.
  • Figures 6a and 6b show the antimicrobial activity of these peptides in the concentration range 20 ⁇ g/ml-125 ⁇ g/ml with respect to E. coli ML-35P either in 10 mM phosphate-citrate buffer, pH 6.5 ( Figure 6a) or in the presence of this buffer plus 100 mM NaCl ( Figure 6b) .
  • Both protegrins showed strong antimicrobial activity with respect to this organism; the linear form was slightly more potent in the presence of buffer alone than was the cyclic form; on the other hand, the cyclic form was more potent than the linear form under isotonic conditions.
  • Figures 6c and 6d show the antimicrobial effect with respect to L. monocytogenes .
  • Figure 6e shows that all forms of these protegrins were antimicrobial in a dose-dependent manner over the above concentration range when tested in the presence of 10 mM phosphate buffer alone, although the linearalized peptides were very slightly less effective.
  • Figure 6f shows the results of the same assay run in the presence of buffer plus 100 mM NaCl. While the cyclized forms retained approximately the same level of antimicrobial effect, the activity of the linearalized forms was greatly diminished so that at concentrations below 100 ⁇ g/ml of the protegrin, virtually no antimicrobial effect was seen. However, at higher concentrations of 130 ⁇ g/ml, a moderate antimicrobial effect was observed.
  • Contact lens solutions are typically formulated with borate buffered physiological saline and may or may not contain EDTA in addition.
  • Protegrins in the form of the synthetic PG-3 amide and synthetic PG acid were tested generally in the assay described in Example 1 wherein all underlay gels contain 25 mM borate buffer, pH 7.4, 1% (v/v) tryptocase soy broth (0.3 ⁇ g/ml TSB powder) and 1% agarose. Additions included either 100 mM NaCl, 1 mM EDTA or a combination thereof.
  • Other test compounds used as controls were the defensin NP-1 and lysozyme. Dose response curves were determined.
  • Table 4 shows the estimated minimal bacteriocidal concentrations in ⁇ g/ml of the various test compounds.
  • protegrins are somewhat less active in 25 mM borate buffered saline than in 25 mM phosphate buffer, the antimicrobial activity is enhanced by adding physiological saline and modestly enhanced by 1 mM EDTA, as shown in the table.
  • a similar test was run with Candida albicans as the target organism with the results shown in Table 5, which also shows estimates of minimal fungicidal concentrations. Table 5
  • Table 6 shows results of similar experiments conducted with L. monocytogenes as the target.
  • the sense primer (5'-GTCGGAATTCATGGAGACCCAGAG (A or G) GCCAG-3') corresponded to the 5' regions of PG-2 and PR-39 cDNA and contained an EcoRI restriction site.
  • the antisense primer (5' -GTCGTCTAGA (C or G)
  • GTTTCACAAGAATTTATTT-3' was complementary to 3' ends of PG-2 and PR-39 cDNA immediately preceding their poly A tails and contained an Xbal restriction site.
  • PCR was carried out in a 50 ⁇ l volume using 1/10 volume of the above pig cDNA as template, 25 pmol primers and 2.5 units of AmpliTaq DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer-Cetus) . The reaction was run for 30 cycles, with 1 min denaturation (94°C) and annealing (60°C) steps and a 2 min extension step (72°C) per cycle.
  • the amplified cDNA was fractionated by preparative agarose electrophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide. The main fragment was cut out, digested with EcoR I and Xba I endonucleases (New England Biolabs, Beverly, MA) , subcloned into a M13mpl8 bacteriophage vector, and transformed into E. coli XLl-Blue MRF' competent cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA) . DNA sequencing was performed with a kit (U.S. Biochemical Corp., Cleveland, OH) . Nucleotide and protein sequences were analyzed with PC-GENE (Intelligenetics, Palo Alto, CA) .
  • FIG. 7 The cDNA sequences of protegrins PG-1, PG-3 and PG-4 contain 691 bases as had previously been shown for PG-2 by Storici, P. et al. Biochem Biophvs Res Comm (1993) 196:1363-1368.
  • the cDNAs show an upstream sequence encoding 110 amino acids which appears identical for all protegrins. Additional differences which are quite slight in nature are shown in Figure 7.
  • the analysis showed the presence of an additional protegrin having an amino acid sequence of Formula (1) wherein A l0 is a small amino acid and A u is a hydrophobic amino acid as distinguished from the previously known protegrins where these residues are basic.
  • the amino acid sequence of PG-4 is therefore RGGRLCYCRGWICFCVGRG, wherein 1, 2, or 3 amino acids at the N-terminus may be deleted.
  • Figure 8 shows a comparison of the amino acid sequences of the four protegrins found so far in porcine leukocytes. There is complete homology in positions 1-3, 5-9, 13 and 15-16.
  • Additional clones were obtained by amplifying reverse transcribed porcine bone cell RNA using an upstream primer that corresponds to the 5' end of PG-2 and another cathelin-associated peptide, PR39, (Agerbeth B et al. , Eur J Biochem (1991)
  • Example 8 Preparation of -gna-n ioPG-l Using standard solid phase techniques, a protegrin having the amino acid sequence of PG-1, but wherein every amino acid is in the D form was prepared. This form of protegrin was tested against E. coli , L . monocytogenes, C. albicans and other microbes in the absence and presence of protease and otherwise as described for the radiodiffusion assay in agarose gels set forth in Example 1. The results are shown in Figures 9a-9g.
  • Figure 9a shows that both native PG-1 and enantioPG-1 in the absence of protease are equally effective in inhibiting the growth of E. coli .
  • Figure 9b shows that neither trypsin nor chymotrypsin inhibits the antibacterial effect of enantioPG-1.
  • Figure 9c shows that in the presence of these proteolytic enzymes, the ability of native PG-1 to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes is adversely affected, although, as shown in Figure 9d, in the absence of these proteases PG-1 is comparably active to an enantioPG-l.
  • Example 9 Activity of the Protegrins Against STD Pathogens Table 7 summarizes the activity of the protegrin PG-1 as compared to the defensin HNP-1 against growth of STD pathogens. In these results, “active” means that the peptide was effective at less than 10 ⁇ g/ml; moderately active indicates that it was active at 10-25 ⁇ g/ml; and slightly active means activity at 25-50 ⁇ g/ml. If no effect was obtained at 50-200 ⁇ g/ml the compound was considered inactive.
  • Trichomonas vaginal is Moderately Inactive active
  • Herpes simplex type 2 Moderately Slightly active active
  • Chlamydia requires an intracellular habitat for metabolic activity and binary fission.
  • the life cycle is as follows: there is an extracellular form which is a metabolically inactive particle somewhat sporelike in its behavior, referred to as an elementary body (EB) .
  • EB elementary body
  • the EB attaches to the host cell and is ingested to form an internal vacuolar space often called an "inclusion".
  • the bacterium reorganizes to the delicate reticulate body (RB) which is noninfective but metabolically active and which over a 48-72 hour period undergoes reformation to the EB state.
  • the EBs are then released from the cell.
  • Chlamydia Rather than a peptidoglycan layer, Chlamydia contains multiple disulfide linkages in cysteine-rich proteins for protection in the EB stage.
  • the protegrins of the invention were tested for their antimicrobial activity against Chlamydia using the "gold standard" chlamydial culture system for clinical specimens described by Clarke, L.M. in Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook II (1992) , Isenberg, H.T. Ed. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Washington, D.C.; pp. 8.0.1 to 8.24.3.9. Briefly, McCoy cells (a mouse cell line) in cycloheximide EMEM with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) are used as hosts.
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • the maintenance medium Prior to chlamydial inoculation, the maintenance medium is aspirated without disruption of the cell layer and the cell layer is maintained on a cover slip in a standard vial. Each vial is then inoculated with 100-300 ⁇ L inoculum and centrifuged at 3500 x g for one hour at 20°C. The fluid is then aspirated and 1 ml of EMEM is added. The vials are capped and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. After 48 hours the medium is again aspirated, coverslips are rinsed twice with PBS and fixed with 300 ⁇ L EtOH for 10 minutes.
  • the seed containing 9.2 x 10 6 IFU/ml is thawed quickly at 37°C and diluted to 10 "2 with sucrose/phosphate salts/glycine to produce IFU of about 200 after room temperature preincubation and to dilute background eukaryotic protein.
  • the peptides to be tested were prepared as stock solutions in 0.01% glacial acetic acid. 100 ⁇ L of the diluted chlamydial seed was aliquoted into 1.5 ml eppendorf tubes and 200 ⁇ L of the antibiotic peptide was added per tube. Aliquots of the peptide stock (and controls) were incubated with the seed at room temperature for one hour, two hours and four hours. About 10 minutes before the end of each incubation period, maintenance media were aspirated from the McCoy vials in preparation for standard inoculation and culture. Culture was then performed in the presence and absence of the peptides; in some cases, the peptides were added to final concentration in the culture media in addition to the preculture incubation. The test was evaluated microscopically.
  • Concentrations as low as 12.5 ⁇ g lowered the number of inclusions to zero. Even at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g/ml, the number of inclusions was lowered dramatically from about 110 to about 30.
  • protegrin was added to the chlamydial seed and the mix then immediately cultured. In this case, without preincubation and without the one-hour post-infection gap, protegrin was minimally effective without or without serum.
  • the effect of serum is particularly important since for a topical agent to be effective in combatting Chlamydia infection, it must act in the presence of serum.
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae In more detail, the ability of the protegrins to inhibit N. gonorrhoeae was tested by a modification of the method of Miyasaki et al . , Antimicrob Agent Chemother (1993) 37:2710-2715.
  • Nonpiliated transparent variants of strains FA 19 and F 62 were propagated on GCB agar plates containing glucose and iron supplements overnight at 37°C under 3.8% V/V C02. These strains were chosen for their adaptability to the assay. The overnight growth is removed from the agar plate and suspended in GCB broth containing supplements and sodium bicarbonate and grown with shaking at 37°C to mid log phase. The culture is diluted 1:100 in GCB broth to give about 10° CFU/ml and serial dilutions were plated onto GCB agar.
  • the peptides are dissolved in 0.01% v/v acetic acid to give a 1 mg/ml stock solution and serially diluted. Ten ⁇ l of each dilution is added to a sterile polystyrene tube containing 90 ⁇ l of diluted bacteria and the tubes are shaken at 37°C for 45 minutes. The contents are serially diluted 1:10 and plated on to GCB agar plates which are incubated in a C0 2 incubator. CPU are counted after 24 hours and the log bactericidal activity calculated. Native PG-1, synthetic PG-1, synthetic PG-3 amide and synthetic PG-3 without amidation all gave over a 5 log reduction in CFU per ml in this assay. Native PG-2 (containing 16 amino acids) gave a 2.6 fold reduction. In addition enantioPG-l, the unidisulfide
  • IE 50 50% immobilizing end point
  • Herpes Simplex Virus Using viral stocks prepared in VERO cells, grown in minimal essential medium (MEM) with 2% fetal calf serum, the effect of various peptides on HSV 1 Maclntyre strain, a pool of ten clinical HSV 1 isolates, HSV-2G, and a pool of ten clinical HSV 2 isolates, all sensitive to 3 ⁇ M acyclovir were tested.
  • Two fibroblast cell lines, human W138 and equine CCL57 were used as targets and tests were done by direct viral neutralization and delayed peptide addition. In the direct neutralization format, the virus was preincubated with the peptides for 90 min before it was added to the tissue culture monolayers.
  • the virus was added and allowed 50 min to adsorb to the target cells, then the monolayers were washed and peptides were added for 90 min. Finally, the monolayer was washed to remove the peptide and the cells were fed with peptide-free MEM and cultured until the untreated infected monolayers exhibited 4+ cytopathic effect (CPE) (about 60 hours) .
  • CPE cytopathic effect
  • PG-1 completely prevented CPE by HSV-2G at 35 ⁇ g/ml and 50 ⁇ g/ml and it also fully protected against the clinical HSV-2 pool at both concentrations.
  • PG-1 protected human and animal cells from infection by laboratory and clinical strains of HSV-2, even when the peptides were added as late as 60 min after the virus had ben introduced into the cell culture.
  • Trichomonas vaginal 1 is
  • Trichomonas vaginallis strain Cl (ATCC 30001) was grown as described by Gorrell, T.E. et al, Carlsberg Res Comm (1984) 4 ⁇ :259-268.
  • T. vaginallis (heretofore vigorously motile) became stationary. Soon thereafter, the organisms became permeable to trypan blue, and, over the ensuing 15-30 minutes, lysed. As expected, such organisms failed to grow when introduced into their customary growth medium (Diamond's medium). Organisms exposed to 25 ⁇ g/ml of PG-3 retained their motility.
  • the mononuclear cell fraction is recovered from normal donor leukopacs from the American Red Cross using a Ficoll-hypaque density gradient.
  • the mononuclear cells are resuspended at 1 x 10 6 cells per ml in RPMI 1640 medium with 20% fetal bovine serum, 1% penn/strep with fungizone and 0.5% PHA and incubated 24 hours at 37°C in 5% C0 2 .
  • the cells are centrifuged, washed and then expanded for 24 hours in growth medium.
  • PL were electroporated into the human peripheral blood mononuclear cells prepared as described above. Titers were determined and in general, multiplicities of infection (MOD of about 4,000 infectuous units per cell are used (which corresponds to 25-40 picograms per ml HIV p24 antigen in the supernatant) .
  • the HIV stocks prepared as above were diluted to the correct MOI and the PBM are added to 24 well plates at a concentration of 2 x 10 6 per ml. One ⁇ l total volume is added to each well. The peptide to be tested is added in growth medium to achieve the final desired concentration. Then the appropriate number of MOI are added.
  • 200 ⁇ l of supernatant is removed on days 3 and 7 and the concentration of p24 antigen is determined using a commercial assay (Coulter Immunology, Hialeah, Florida) . Controls include dupulicate wells containing cells alone, cells plus peptide at 5 ⁇ g/ml cells with virus but not peptide and cells with virus in the presence of AZT at 10 "5 M - 10 -8 M.
  • PG-2 shows similar activity but at a level approximately 5-fold less.
  • Alternative antibiotics such as human defensins and rabbit defensins lacked potent activity in this assay.
  • the results were similar for both HIV JR ⁇ ;SF and HIV m .p L which are non-laboratory adapted isolates (Koyanagi, Y.S. et al, Science (1987) 236:819-822) .
  • the protegrins show similar activity with respect to other retroviruses.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des composés à base de peptides contenant quatre restes de cystéines invariantes ayant été éventuellement oxydés de sorte qu'ils contiennent deux liaisons bisulfure intramoléculaires, ou des formes modifiées dans lesquelles les cystéines sont remplacées. Lesdits composés sont utilisés en tant que conservateurs et pour le traitement, la prévention ou l'amélioration des infections virales ou bactériennes chez les animaux ou dans les plantes, ainsi que pour l'inactivation de l'endotoxine. Les peptides selon l'invention sont entre autres, les suivants sous forme purifiée et isolée: RGGRLCYCRRRFCVCVGR, RGGRLCYCRRRFCICV, RGGGLCYCRRRFCVCVGR et RGGRLCYCRGWICFCVGR.
PCT/US1994/008305 1993-07-20 1994-07-20 Protegrines WO1995003325A1 (fr)

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AU74033/94A AU689487B2 (en) 1993-07-20 1994-07-20 Protegrins
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US08/182,483 US5693486A (en) 1993-07-20 1994-01-13 DNA sequences encoding protegrins and protegrin analogs and their use in recombinant methods of producing protegrins
US08/182,483 1994-01-13
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US08/243,879 US5708145A (en) 1993-07-20 1994-05-17 Immunglobulins reactive with protegrins

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WO1996037508A1 (fr) * 1995-05-26 1996-11-28 University Of California, Los Angeles Protegrines
WO1997002287A1 (fr) * 1995-07-06 1997-01-23 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated Parevines et tachytegrines
WO1997018826A1 (fr) * 1995-11-22 1997-05-29 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Protegrines finement mises au point
US5693486A (en) * 1993-07-20 1997-12-02 Intrabiotics DNA sequences encoding protegrins and protegrin analogs and their use in recombinant methods of producing protegrins
US5708145A (en) * 1993-07-20 1998-01-13 University Of California Immunglobulins reactive with protegrins
WO1998041224A1 (fr) * 1997-03-20 1998-09-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Utilisation de protegrines pour des indications parodontales
AU704851B2 (en) * 1995-11-22 1999-05-06 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compositions and methods for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis
WO1999027945A1 (fr) * 1997-12-03 1999-06-10 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Protegrines contenant de la threonine
US5916872A (en) * 1996-07-24 1999-06-29 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Cyclic peptides having broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
US6025326A (en) * 1995-07-07 2000-02-15 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compositions and methods for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis
US6159936A (en) * 1993-07-20 2000-12-12 The Regents Of The University Of California Compositions and methods for treating and preventing microbial and viral infections
US6307016B1 (en) 1995-07-06 2001-10-23 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Parevins and tachytegrins
US6653442B1 (en) 1993-07-20 2003-11-25 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Protegrins
WO2004020461A1 (fr) * 2002-09-02 2004-03-11 Shanghai Hi-Tech United Bio-Technological Research & Development Co., Ltd. Groupe de nouveaux peptides antibiotiques de synthese
USRE38828E1 (en) * 1995-07-06 2005-10-11 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Parevins and tachytegrins
EP1129112B1 (fr) * 1998-03-12 2006-10-25 Georgetown University Sequence de reconnaissance du cholesterol
CN103923189A (zh) * 2014-04-11 2014-07-16 东北农业大学 一种猪源抗菌肽的衍生肽ir2及其制备方法和应用
US9763995B2 (en) 2008-09-19 2017-09-19 Nektar Therapeutics Polymer conjugates of protegrin peptides

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US7119070B2 (en) * 2002-04-30 2006-10-10 The Regents Of The University Of California Antimicrobial theta defensins, analogs thereof, and methods of use
US20080255052A1 (en) * 2004-12-23 2008-10-16 The Regents Of The University Of California Immunologic regulation by theta defensins
CA2957056A1 (fr) 2006-09-06 2008-03-13 C3 Jian, Inc. Peptides antimicrobiens cibles selectivement et leur utilisation
WO2009140408A2 (fr) 2008-05-13 2009-11-19 University Of Kansas Marqueur se présentant sous la forme d'un peptide map (metal abstraction peptide) et procédés associés
US20100202983A1 (en) * 2009-02-09 2010-08-12 Jernberg Gary R Selectively targeted antimicrobials for the treatment of periodontal disease
WO2013181461A2 (fr) 2012-06-01 2013-12-05 University Of Kansas Peptide de capture de métal avec une activité superoxyde dismutase
JPWO2020027133A1 (ja) * 2018-07-30 2020-09-17 株式会社シーライブ 滅菌・核酸分解用組成物
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Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6653442B1 (en) 1993-07-20 2003-11-25 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Protegrins
US5693486A (en) * 1993-07-20 1997-12-02 Intrabiotics DNA sequences encoding protegrins and protegrin analogs and their use in recombinant methods of producing protegrins
US5708145A (en) * 1993-07-20 1998-01-13 University Of California Immunglobulins reactive with protegrins
US5804558A (en) * 1993-07-20 1998-09-08 University Of California Protegrins
US6159936A (en) * 1993-07-20 2000-12-12 The Regents Of The University Of California Compositions and methods for treating and preventing microbial and viral infections
WO1996037508A1 (fr) * 1995-05-26 1996-11-28 University Of California, Los Angeles Protegrines
AU716277B2 (en) * 1995-05-26 2000-02-24 University Of California, Los Angeles Protegrins
WO1997002287A1 (fr) * 1995-07-06 1997-01-23 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated Parevines et tachytegrines
USRE38828E1 (en) * 1995-07-06 2005-10-11 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Parevins and tachytegrins
US6307016B1 (en) 1995-07-06 2001-10-23 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Parevins and tachytegrins
US6025326A (en) * 1995-07-07 2000-02-15 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compositions and methods for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis
WO1997018827A1 (fr) * 1995-11-22 1997-05-29 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compositions et procedes pour la prevention et le traitement de l'inflammation de la muqueuse buccale
WO1997018826A1 (fr) * 1995-11-22 1997-05-29 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Protegrines finement mises au point
US5994306A (en) * 1995-11-22 1999-11-30 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Fine-tuned protegrins
AU704851B2 (en) * 1995-11-22 1999-05-06 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compositions and methods for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis
EP0956029A4 (fr) * 1996-07-24 2001-09-05 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals Peptides cycliques possedant une activite antimicrobienne etendue
US5916872A (en) * 1996-07-24 1999-06-29 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Cyclic peptides having broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
WO1998041224A1 (fr) * 1997-03-20 1998-09-24 The Regents Of The University Of California Utilisation de protegrines pour des indications parodontales
US6043220A (en) * 1997-12-03 2000-03-28 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Threonine-containing protegrins
WO1999027945A1 (fr) * 1997-12-03 1999-06-10 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Protegrines contenant de la threonine
AU764218B2 (en) * 1997-12-03 2003-08-14 Intrabiotics Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Threonine-containing protegrins
EP1129112B1 (fr) * 1998-03-12 2006-10-25 Georgetown University Sequence de reconnaissance du cholesterol
WO2004020461A1 (fr) * 2002-09-02 2004-03-11 Shanghai Hi-Tech United Bio-Technological Research & Development Co., Ltd. Groupe de nouveaux peptides antibiotiques de synthese
US7629438B2 (en) 2002-09-02 2009-12-08 Qingshan Huang Group of synthetic antimicrobial peptides
US9763995B2 (en) 2008-09-19 2017-09-19 Nektar Therapeutics Polymer conjugates of protegrin peptides
CN103923189A (zh) * 2014-04-11 2014-07-16 东北农业大学 一种猪源抗菌肽的衍生肽ir2及其制备方法和应用
CN103923189B (zh) * 2014-04-11 2016-05-18 东北农业大学 一种猪源抗菌肽的衍生肽ir2及其制备方法和应用

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