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WO1994000389A1 - Procede de desensibilisation de compositions energetiques avec regeneration des reactifs - Google Patents

Procede de desensibilisation de compositions energetiques avec regeneration des reactifs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1994000389A1
WO1994000389A1 PCT/US1992/005411 US9205411W WO9400389A1 WO 1994000389 A1 WO1994000389 A1 WO 1994000389A1 US 9205411 W US9205411 W US 9205411W WO 9400389 A1 WO9400389 A1 WO 9400389A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cell
composition
accordance
slurry
energetic
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1992/005411
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English (en)
Inventor
George Chin
Rex M. Smith
Michael K. Wong
Patrick J. Wagner
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Aerojet-General Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Aerojet-General Corporation filed Critical Aerojet-General Corporation
Priority to EP92915342A priority Critical patent/EP0600909A4/fr
Priority to JP5501136A priority patent/JPH0763700B2/ja
Priority to PCT/US1992/005411 priority patent/WO1994000389A1/fr
Publication of WO1994000389A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994000389A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
    • A62D3/00—Processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless or less harmful, by effecting a chemical change in the substances
    • A62D3/10—Processes for making harmful chemical substances harmless or less harmful, by effecting a chemical change in the substances by subjecting to electric or wave energy or particle or ionizing radiation
    • A62D3/11—Electrochemical processes, e.g. electrodialysis
    • A62D3/115—Electrolytic degradation or conversion
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C02F1/4618—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing for producing "ionised" acidic or basic water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
    • A62D2101/00—Harmful chemical substances made harmless, or less harmful, by effecting chemical change
    • A62D2101/06—Explosives, propellants or pyrotechnics, e.g. rocket fuel or napalm
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
    • A62D2101/00—Harmful chemical substances made harmless, or less harmful, by effecting chemical change
    • A62D2101/20—Organic substances
    • A62D2101/26—Organic substances containing nitrogen or phosphorus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
    • C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
    • C02F1/4676—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electroreduction
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C02F1/46109—Electrodes
    • C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/003—Explosive compounds, e.g. TNT
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/30—Organic compounds
    • C02F2101/38—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
    • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
    • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
    • C02F2201/46115—Electrolytic cell with membranes or diaphragms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
    • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
    • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
    • C02F2201/4616—Power supply
    • C02F2201/46175—Electrical pulses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
    • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
    • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
    • C02F2201/4618—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolyte
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/02—Temperature
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
    • C02F2209/06—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment pH

Definitions

  • compositions containing energetic compounds such as nitratoesters, nitramines and/or other nitro-group-bearing compounds, combustible fuels, oxidants and combinations of these are used for a variety of functions in a wide range of industrial and other types of applications.
  • a problem commonly encountered with the use of such compositions is that they are difficult to dispose of in an ecologically acceptable manner.
  • These compositions have a potential for the accidental or spontaneous initiation of a forceful reaction accompanied by the sudden release of a large amount of energy. Initiation may result from external influences such as an inadvertent impact or an accidental electrostatic discharge, and environmental and safety considerations require such a potential for danger to be reduced or avoided.
  • compositions of the type described above can be effectively desensitized, and thus rendered much less susceptible to inadvertent initiation, in a nonhazardous and controlled manner by treatment reagents which are derived from the composition and continuously regenerated, both by electrolysis.
  • an electrolysis cell is used to separately generate strong oxidizing and reducing agents which are successively fed to a reaction vessel containing the energetic composition in slurry form.
  • the oxidizing agents react with the binder material that provides the solid energetic matter with structural integrity and limits access to the other components, such as energetic compounds, oxidizers, fuels, plasticizers, and binding agents.
  • the action of the oxidizing agents exposes these other components for attack by the reducing agents which are then fed to the reaction vessel for reduction of the energetic components to a nonenergetic form.
  • the strong oxidizing and reducing agents are generated in the electrolysis cell by electrolysis of the water-soluble salts which are leached out from the energetic composition itself.
  • Regeneration is conveniently achieved by the continuous circulation of the oxidizing and reducing solutions through the electrolysis cell, the cell being divided into half-cells separated by an ion-permeable membrane. This electrolytic regeneration may be continued while the oxidative decomposition is occurring in the slurry, while the reductive decomposition is occurring, or during both the oxidative and reductive stages. Individual retaining tanks for the oxidative and reductive solutions are preferably used, permitting circulation from any one of these tanks to both the appropriate half-cell and the reaction vessel at the same time.
  • the invention is generally applicable to solid energetic compositions.
  • the liquid used to form a slurry of such a composition is one which will promote the transport of ions in response to the electric current, and preferably one which will dissolve one or more of the components of the composition to produce a dissolved electrolyte and facilitate the contact of the composition with the reagents produced by the electrolysis.
  • the efficiency of the process will generally increase as the contact area between the solid and the liquid increases, and thus, higher degrees of maceration, i.e. , smaller solid particles, will generally result in improved efficiencies.
  • Advantages of the invention include the elimination of the need for special solvents otherwise required in the disposal of such materials, the ability of the invention to permit the decomposition of two or more sensitive components simultaneously, the ability to decompose the components with electricity at low current density and voltage, and the ability to conduct the decomposition with simple, readily constructed equipment.
  • An anode 5 resides in the anodic half-cell and a cathode 6 resides in the cathodic half-cell, the anode and cathode energized by a conventional power supply 7.
  • the membrane 4 is constructed of any conventional membrane material which permits the passage of ions generated in the electrolysis and yet is capable of withstanding the strong acids and bases produced by the electrolysis reactions and otherwise present in the system.
  • the slurry containing the energetic composition to be desensitized is retained in a separate reaction vessel 8 apart from the electrolysis cell.
  • an acid storage tank 9 for the acidic oxidizing agent formed in the anodic half-cell for the acidic oxidizing agent formed in the anodic half-cell
  • a base storage tank 10 for the basic reducing agent formed in the cathodic half-cell for the acid storage tank 9 and the anodic half-cell 2
  • a second circulation pump 12 for circulating the base solution between the base storage tank 10 and the cathodic half-cell 3 for circulating the acid and base solutions between their respective storage tanks and the reaction vessel 8; and two three-way valves 15, 16 with shut-off to select which of the two solutions will be circulated through the reaction vessel.
  • the system shown in the drawing may be operated in a variety of ways. The following is a description of a presently preferred method of operation.
  • the reaction vessel 8 is charged with an aqueous slurry of solid propellant material, following maceration of the propellant to a particle size on the order of 0.25 inch (0.64cm) or less.
  • a typical slurry is one having a volume increased to about 1.6 times relative to the dry propellant.
  • the optimal slurry consists of all water-insoluble components of the propellant such as the polymeric binder, plasticizers, nitramines or other energetic components, and aluminum or other fuels, and minimal amounts at most of water-soluble components which have dissolved in the liquid phase.
  • the solids will however contain water-soluble species which are retained in the solids matrix by the binder.
  • the acid and base storage tanks 9, 10 are charged with aqueous solutions of a portion of the water-soluble components of the propellant.
  • the waste water generated by the hydromining and/or maceration procedures is particularly convenient for use in this initial charge of the acid and base storage tanks, since a portion of the water-soluble fraction of the propellant dissolves in the water used in these procedures.
  • This fraction includes, for example, oxidizing agents such as ammonium perchlorate and ammonium nitrate.
  • the electrolysis and circulation of the solutions through the anodic and cathodic half-cells is continued until the pH in the acid storage tank drops to a desired level and the pH in the base storage tank rises to a desired level.
  • the desired level in the acid storage tank is about 3.0 or less, preferably about 1.5 or less
  • the desired level in the base storage tank is about 8.0 or above, preferably about 9.5 or above.
  • the desired levels are 1.0 or less in the acid storage tank and 10.0 or above in the base storage tank.
  • the waste water may be supplemented, or replaced, by materials which will provide stronger acids or bases.
  • the two circulation pumps 13, 14 controlling circulation through the reaction vessel 8 are activated, with the three-way valves 15, 16 arranged such that circulation is begun between the acid storage tank 9 and the reaction vessel.
  • the circulation of the oxidizing agents through the electrolytic cell may be suspended while circulation is occurring through the reaction vessel. In the preferred practice of this process, however, the circulation of the oxidizing agents through the reaction vessel is done while the two circulation loops between the acid and base storage tanks and the two halves of the electrolysis cell are still in operation.
  • the strong oxidizing acids from the acid storage tank react with the polymeric binder material and the organic nitro-, nitrato- or nitramine- group-bearing compounds in the propellant to convert these compounds to low molecular weight oxidation products. Oxidation of other components of the propellant such as crosslinkers, plasticizers and stabilizers occurs as well. Gases produced during this procedure are drawn off and scrubbed by conventional means. Simultaneously, the oxidizing agents circulating through the reaction tank are reduced. With circulation of the contents of the acid storage tank 9 through the anodic half cell 2 at the same time, the reduced oxidizing agents are continuously regenerated to maximize their oxidation capabilities in the reaction vessel 8.
  • the binder material With the decomposition of the binder material, propellant components initially bound by the binder are liberated and exposed for chemical attack.
  • the three-way valves 13, 14 are then switched to circulate the basic reducing solution from the base storage tank 10 through the reaction vessel 8.
  • the reducing solution reacts with and decomposes any nitrato ester or nitramine not previously oxidized by the acidic oxidizing solution.
  • the products of this decomposition include water-soluble nitrite, nitrate, acetate and formate salts, which are circulated back to the base storage tank 10.
  • the circulation of basic reducing solution through the cathodic half-cell 3 is preferably continued during the circulation of the same solution through the reaction vessel, thereby providing continuous regeneration of the base.
  • the length of time required for which each of the two phases involving circulation through the reaction vessel is not critical and may vary. Optimal lengths of time will vary with the propellant composition, the particular types of binder material and other components of the composition, the proportions of each and the physical condition of the solid particles in the slurry. In most cases, best results will be achieved by continuing the oxidation phase for from about 2 hours to about 24 hours. The reduction phase may then be performed for a greater or lesser time period. It is presently contemplated that the most typical operation will involve a reduction phase which is from about one-third to about one-fourth the duration of the oxidation phase.
  • the oxidation and reduction cycles may be repeated in alternating manner. In most cases, however, a single cycle of each will be sufficient for desensitization of the propellant.
  • the pH of the contents of the reactor vessel contents may be adjusted by the addition of supplemental acid or base as needed to achieve a neutral pH.
  • the remaining solids may then be removed from the reaction vessel and incinerated or otherwise disposed of by conventional means.
  • the present invention is applicable to a wide range of compositions of the type described above, including various formulations of propellants and explosives.
  • Examples are single-base propellants, double-base propellants, cast double-base propellants, crosslinked propellants, single-component and multi-component explosives and plastic-bonded explosives.
  • These compositions typically include explosive components, oxidants, fuels, and binders, the latter including both energetic and nonenergetic substances, including fuel-rich and/or oxidizer-rich binders, and other additives such as plasticizers, bonding agents, extenders, catalysts, stabilizers, lubricants and other types of modifiers, fillers and functional substances.
  • Examples of specific energetic components are ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium perchlorate (AP), ammonium picrate, 2,4-diamino-l,3,5-trinitrobenzene (DATB), diazodinitrophenol (DDNP), diethylnitramine dinitrate (DINA), ethylenedinitramine (EDNA), ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN), cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX), lead azide, lead styphnate, mannitol hexanitrate (MN), mercury fulminate, nitrocellulose (NC), nitroglycerin (NG), nitromethane (NM), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), picric acid (PA), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (“Tetryl”), 2,2,2- trinitroethyl 4,4,4-trinitrophenylmethylnit
  • Examples of fuels included in these compositions are aluminum and other metals or metal hydrides.
  • Examples of binders and other additives, which are also part of the fuel, are polysulfides, polyurethanes, polybutadienes, triacetin, resorcinol, and graphite. These lists are not exhaustive, but merely illustrative of the types of materials included in compositions which can be treated in accordance with this invention.
  • Solid compositions are first formed into a slurry, preferably an aqueous slurry, prior to placement in the reaction vessel and treatment according to the present invention.
  • Propellant grains are typically removed from rocket motors by hydromining, i.e. , the loosening and breaking up of the grain by jets of high-pressure water.
  • the broken grain pieces are then recovered and macerated by conventional techniques, and combined with water to form the slurry.
  • the macerated particles are preferably less than about 1.0 inch (2.54cm) in diameter, and most preferably about 0.25 inch (0.635cm) in diameter or less.
  • the wastewater from the hydromining may be used to form the slurry, or may be used as the initial charge for the retaining tanks in those embodiments where retaining tanks are used, or both.
  • the liquid used to form the slurry can be any liquid capable of conducting an electric current ionically. Polar liquids capable of dissolving salts, acids or bases to form an ionically conducting electrolyte are preferred. It is also preferred that the liquid be one which will partially dissolve one or more of the active components of the composition, i.e. , those which are the source of the detonation risk. This will help leach out some of the active component and enhance its decomposition.
  • polar liquids other than water and aqueous media in general are low molecular weight alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol and isobutanol, and ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone.
  • low molecular weight alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol and isobutanol
  • ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, and methyl isobutyl ketone.
  • Water is preferred for purposes of low cost, safety and ease of use.
  • the amount of liquid used to form the slurry is also not critical, and will be selected primarily on the basis of practical considerations of equipment scale, and ease of handling, processing and transferring. In most cases, the proportion of liquid actually used will range from about 30% to about 90% by volume of the slurry, with amounts between about 50% and about 75% preferred. In the presently preferred practice of the invention, sufficient liquid is added to produce a slurry with a volume of 1.6 times the volume of the dry energetic composition.
  • the method of performing the electrolysis included in the process of the present invention is not critical, and may be varied widely while still obtaining acceptable and effective results, it is preferred that a low current density be used over an extended period of time.
  • the term "current density" is used herein to denote the amount of current per unit area of electrode surface. In processing cells where the two electrodes differ significantly in surface area, the surface area used in determining the current density is that of the electrode which offers the highest resistance to current flow.
  • the process is to be conducted under such conditions of time, temperature and current density that the reactions which take place occur in a non-self-propagating manner, i.e. , are not subject to spontaneous acceleration but are driven essentially entirely by the electric current.
  • the optimum or preferred current for any particular application of this invention will depend on the scale of the process, including the amount of material to be treated, the size of the equipment, and the time period available for the treatment. In most cases, however, effective results are obtained with a current density not exceeding about 0.30 amps/cm 2 , preferably not exceeding about 0.20 amps/cm 2 . Currents as low as 0.01 amps/cm 2 will be useful and practical in certain small scale systems. The preferred range for most systems is therefore about 0.01 amps/cm 2 to about 0.20 amps/cm 2 , with about 0.01 amps/cm 2 to about 0.03 amps/cm 2 particularly preferred.
  • the applied electrode potential (and hence the current) as desensitization proceeds.
  • the applied potential may be lowered in the direction of the minimum activation potential, since progressively less reducing agent is required. Best results will be achieved by adjusting the potential at intervals to the lowest potential that will maintain the maximum negative slope for the depletion curve.
  • the temperature is not critical, the only consideration being that the temperature itself not create a hazardous situation or cause any substantial amount of vaporization. While the rate of desensitization increases with increasing temperature, the invention is readily and adequately conducted at ambient or room temperature, i.e. , 20 to 25 °C. Cooling of the system during the process is generally not required, and the temperature will frequently rise due to the electric current itself. In most cases, the rise will not be sufficient to require temperature control. In the preferred practice of the invention, the temperature is maintained at a level below about 140°F (60°C). The process can in fact be operated at room temperature.
  • the electrodes may be constructed of any of the materials which are known for use as electrodes.
  • the actual material to be used may be varied widely. Selection of the material for any particular application, however, will be influenced by a number of factors. For example, preferred materials will generally be those which are the least susceptible to degradation from the passage of electric current. In certain systems, furthermore, the preferred materials will be those which are inert to the electrochemical reactions which will occur during the process. In certain other systems, it will be preferable to use electrodes which themselves become reduced or oxidized during the process. In still other systems, it will be preferable to use electrodes which absorb reactants or products of the electrochemical reactions occurring in the process.
  • examples of types of materials from which the electrodes can be formed are metals, graphite, metal oxides and conducting polymers.
  • Examples of specific metals are copper, silver, aluminum, platinum, titanium and zinc.
  • Examples of metal oxides are PbO 2 (lead dioxide), MnO 2 (manganese dioxide) and NiFe 2 O 4 (nickelous ferric oxide).
  • Examples of conducting polymers are polyaniline, polyacetylene and polypyrrole.
  • Each type of electrode will offer advantages for particular types of compositions being treated. For example, in systems where electrolysis results in hydrogen evolution, metals with high hydrogen overpotentials (also referred to as "high hydrogen overvoltages") may be used to reduce or eliminate the release of gaseous hydrogen. For systems where oxidation of the electrode may occur at the anode, metal oxides or noble metals are preferred in order to preserve the anode. Other reasons and motivations and the appropriate selections in each case will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the configuration and spacing of the electrodes and the design and construction of the electrolysis cell are not critical, and may be varied according to the particular needs of the system.
  • the spacing between the ion-permeable membrane and either of the two electrodes will preferably be within the range of about 0.03 inch to about 0.3 inch (0.076cm to 0.76cm), and most preferably about 0.1 inch (0.25cm).
  • the cell itself may be constructed of any inert material capable of withstanding the operating conditions and pH of the materials treated and used in the process. Nonconductive materials of construction such as plastic will generally be the most preferred, although a wide range of other materials may be used as well.
  • the cell may be constructed of a conducting material with the cell walls serving as one of the electrodes. Solid deposits forming on the electrodes may be periodically or intermittently removed to maximize the electrode surface area to optimize the efficiency of the current flow. Further optional features include temperature detectors and voltage detectors, which may be placed on or near the electrodes or at any location in the cell, as well as pH probes.
  • Electrolysis may be conducted using any of a variety of electric current profiles.
  • the actual type of current may be varied, although certain types may be preferable for treating certain compositions.
  • alternating current, direct current or pulsed current may be used.
  • the frequency may vary and is not critical.
  • pulsed currents each pulse will be direct current.
  • the pulse duration however may vary.
  • a computer is particularly useful for control of pulse switching and duration.
  • the degree to which the composition is decomposed in the practice of the invention is also noncritical and may vary. In cases where the composition is being treated for purposes of disposal and must meet specific requirements or conform to regulations before being disposed of, it is only necessary that the composition be decomposed to a sufficient degree that such requirements or regulations be met.

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  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
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  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
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  • Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)

Abstract

Des compositions potentiellement dangereuses, contenant des matières combustibles solides, des oxydants, des dérivés nitrés, des nitramines, des nitrates et dans de nombreux cas des liants, sont désensibilisés au moyen de réactifs produits à partir de la composition elle-même par électrolyse à un courant faible appliqué sur une longue durée de temps. Dans le procédé décrit, la composition est maintenue dans un réacteur (8) séparé de la cellule d'électrolyse (1) et un agent de lessivage aqueux provenant de la composition est divisé en deux parties et chaque partie est traitée dans une des deux moitiés (2, 3) de la cellule d'électrolyse (1) pour former respectivement des réactifs fortement oxydant et fortement réducteur, que l'on fait ensuite passer successivement dans le réacteur pour assurer la décomposition de la composition. La composition résultante a une sensibilité moindre aux influences externes telles que des impacts accidentels ou des décharges accidentelles d'électricité statique.
PCT/US1992/005411 1992-06-26 1992-06-26 Procede de desensibilisation de compositions energetiques avec regeneration des reactifs WO1994000389A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP92915342A EP0600909A4 (fr) 1992-06-26 1992-06-26 Procede de desensibilisation de compositions energetiques avec regeneration des reactifs.
JP5501136A JPH0763700B2 (ja) 1992-06-26 1992-06-26 試薬の再生による活動的組成物の減感方法
PCT/US1992/005411 WO1994000389A1 (fr) 1992-06-26 1992-06-26 Procede de desensibilisation de compositions energetiques avec regeneration des reactifs

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WO1999028239A1 (fr) * 1997-12-02 1999-06-10 Battelle Memorial Institute Appareil et procede d'oxydation a flux constant de matieres organiques

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JP2009249705A (ja) * 2008-04-09 2009-10-29 Japan Carlit Co Ltd:The 電解用電極及びその用途

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EP0319260A2 (fr) * 1987-11-30 1989-06-07 Water Research Commission Elimination des sels d'ammonium d'un milieu aqueux

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JP5850155B2 (ja) 2012-07-18 2016-02-03 日産自動車株式会社 内燃機関の制御装置
WO2015008822A1 (fr) 2013-07-19 2015-01-22 Dic株式会社 Composition d'adhésif pour laminat

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EP0319260A2 (fr) * 1987-11-30 1989-06-07 Water Research Commission Elimination des sels d'ammonium d'un milieu aqueux

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999028239A1 (fr) * 1997-12-02 1999-06-10 Battelle Memorial Institute Appareil et procede d'oxydation a flux constant de matieres organiques

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EP0600909A1 (fr) 1994-06-15
JPH06503756A (ja) 1994-04-28
EP0600909A4 (fr) 1995-03-08
JPH0763700B2 (ja) 1995-07-12

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