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WO1993014624A1 - Quinoa cytoplasmique sterile male - Google Patents

Quinoa cytoplasmique sterile male Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993014624A1
WO1993014624A1 PCT/US1992/000879 US9200879W WO9314624A1 WO 1993014624 A1 WO1993014624 A1 WO 1993014624A1 US 9200879 W US9200879 W US 9200879W WO 9314624 A1 WO9314624 A1 WO 9314624A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
quinoa
unta
plant
male sterile
plants
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Application number
PCT/US1992/000879
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English (en)
Inventor
Sarah M. Ward
Duane L. Johnson
Original Assignee
Ward Sarah M
Johnson Duane L
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ward Sarah M, Johnson Duane L filed Critical Ward Sarah M
Priority to PCT/US1992/000879 priority Critical patent/WO1993014624A1/fr
Priority to AU22922/92A priority patent/AU2292292A/en
Publication of WO1993014624A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993014624A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
    • A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
    • A01H1/022—Genic fertility modification, e.g. apomixis
    • A01H1/023—Male sterility
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H5/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their plant parts; Angiosperms characterised otherwise than by their botanic taxonomy
    • A01H5/10—Seeds

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to quinoa plants and seeds having male sterile cytoplasm derived from the Apelawa variety of quinoa; a method for producing cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants and seeds; the use of cytoplasmic male sterile plants of the Apelawa variety of quinoa to produce plants and seeds for additional lines of quinoa varieties having cytoplasm conferring the property of male sterility; and quinoa seeds to create a source of cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants.
  • the cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants and seeds provided by the instant invention are useful in the breeding of high yield quinoa hybrids.
  • Quinoa is classified as a member of the Chenopodiaceae, a large and varied family with world-wide distribution which also includes cultivated spinach and sugar beet.
  • the genus Chenopodium contains over 120 species, mostly colonizing weedy annuals and is distinguished from the rest of the Chenopodiaceae by a five-parted perianth enclosing small, incomplete but perfect flowers and the smooth to roughened or honeycombed surface of the seeds.
  • Quinoa is an extremely hardy and drought resistant plant which can be grown under harsh ecological conditions — high altitudes, relatively poor soils, low rainfall and cold
  • quinoa Although the seed of quinoa is not a true grain, but a fruit, quinoa is referred to as a pseudocereal because
  • Quinoa's protein content is approximately 13.8% which is from 2-6% above most wheats and an even higher percentage when compared to other cereals like barley, corn, and rice.
  • quinoa has an exceptionally high level of c lysine, which is not commonly found in the vegetable kingdom, as well as high levels of phosphorus, calcium, iron.
  • Vitamin E and B-complex vitamins Cusack, 1984; Cardozo, A. and M. Tapia, "Valor nutritivo" pp.149-192 in M.E. Tapia (ed.) Quinoa y Kaniwa Cultivos Andinos Serie Libros y Materials
  • quinoa comes as close as any other in the vegetable or animal kingdoms. Furthermore, since the value of quinoa proteins is believed to be at least equal to that of milk, quinoa holds exceptional promise as a weaning food for infants, especially in nutritionally-deficient third world areas. Cusack, 1984.
  • Quinoa can be used in food in a variety of ways such as to make cereal, to make soup, to make flour which can
  • Quinoa plants can be bred by both self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques but are predominantly an inbreeding species. Plants usually bear hermaphrodite flowers which are self-fertile. Natural pollination occurs
  • One method to avoid a mixture of progeny is to render nonfunctional the male properties of one parent.
  • One such technique to create male sterile plants, especially in self-pollinating plants, is emasculation.
  • Emasculation techniques vary greatly, depending upon the size of the anthers, the position within the flower, and the relative time of maturity between the anthers and stigma. Manual emasculation involves removal of anthers (the male reproductive organ) from a plant and is labor intensive. See 0 Welsh, J.R., Fundamentals of Plant Genetics and Breeding, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1981.
  • Cytoplasmic male ⁇ - sterility provides a reliable and inexpensive means to emasculate a plant for hybrid production.
  • cytoplasmic male sterile systems have already been used to breed hybrids in a number of crop species, including maize, sugar beet and onion.
  • the use of o such a sterility system can be cost-effective and labor conscious. In corn, for instance, the expensive and laborious task of detasselling is avoided when cytoplasmic male sterility is utilized to avoid self-pollinating.
  • the use of the cytoplasmic male sterile system in a breeding C program is also advantageous because of its simplicity and economy.
  • Cytoplasmic male sterility a maternally inherited trait, is most widely used in the hybrid industry to render the male properties of a plant nonfunctional. This type of 0 sterility affects only pollen production; seed set is normal. Generally, all the progeny from a male sterile plant are themselves male sterile. However, in some cases male fertility can be restored. Pearson, O.H. (1981) Hort Sci. 16: 482-487. Fertility can be restored either by cytoplasmic reversion to fertility or by a nuclear restorer gene able to override the effects of cytoplasm. MacKenzie, S.A. et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA J35: 2714-2717.
  • cytoplasmic male sterile-restorer system typically, upon identification of a source of cytoplasmic male sterility, the trait is transferred to a desirable "female" or "A" line.
  • a "maintenance” or “B” line lacking both the sterility trait and restoration factor is used to perpetuate and increase the female line.
  • a "restorer” or “R” line, carrying a pollen fertility factor is used as a male to pollinate the cytoplasmic male sterile "A” line to create a hybrid variety.
  • the cytoplasmic male sterile plant of the "A” line can be crossed with a plant from a different variety to produce hybrid progeny. This type of breeding program is often referred to as a cytoplasmic male sterile-restorer system.
  • Quinoa has value as a field crop, particularly, in highland areas (having cold dry climates) around the world which are currently limited as to crop diversity and the nutritional value of crops.
  • the development of hybrid varieties is one method for increasing crop production.
  • Turrialba 19: 91-96 Furthermore, Rea notes the presence of empty anthers that varied in color from whitish- _0 yellow to pale brown. The color of anthers in quinoa plants having a gene for male sterility have been observed to be a whitish-yellow. The anthers of normal fertile quinoa are generally bright lemon yellow.
  • the present invention provides cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants of the Apelawa variety, seeds for cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants of the Apelawa variety, hybrid quinoa plants and seeds for hybrid quinoa plants.
  • Apelawa quinoa seeds having male sterile cytoplasm assigned ATCC accession no. 75154, are provided.
  • Another aspect of this invention is directed to a method for producing a source of cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa seeds by transferring male sterile cytoplasm from the quinoa variety Apelawa to another quinoa plant and thereby create a source of cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants.
  • a method for producing seeds for cytoplasmic male sterile - j _ quinoa plants or seeds for cytoplasmic male sterile hybrid quinoa plants wherein cytoplasmic male sterile plants are used as the maternal parents.
  • a method c is provided for isolating cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants.
  • the present invention relates to cytoplasmic male Q sterile quinoa plants that can be used, for example, in a breeding system to produce high-yielding quinoa hybrids.
  • This invention provides cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants, seeds for cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants, hybrid quinoa plants, and seeds for hybrid quinoa plants.
  • a method for producing hybrid quinoa plants and seeds for hybrid quinoa plants wherein cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants derived from the Apelawa variety are used as the maternal parent is also provided.
  • Another aspect of this invention provides a method for producing a source of o cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants and seeds.
  • the present invention provides quinoa plants and seeds having a stable cytoplasmic male sterile system.
  • the cytoplasm conferring the property of male sterility is derived from the Apelawa variety of quinoa, 5 and is referred to herein as "AP cytoplasm” or "male sterile cytoplasm”.
  • Quinoa varieties have been categorized according to ecotype. There are five "ecotype varieties" of quinoa: valley, altiplano, saltflat, sealevel and subtropical. Risi Q and Galwey, 1984. The categorization of any particular population, land race, cultivar or variety of quinoa is dependent upon the adaptation of that variety to particular
  • variety includes, but is not limited to, population, line, land race, cultivar and variety.
  • the Apelawa variety of quinoa which originated in Venezuela, is an altiplano quinoa.
  • Altiplano quinoa grows at high altitudes (typically at 10,000 to 12,000 feet) in areas where frost is almost always a danger and where there is low rainfall.
  • the altiplano plants themselves are characterized as more rapidly maturing, more cold tolerant, and more drought resistant than other types of quinoa.
  • the altiplano seed heads are smaller and more compact. Risi and Galwey, 1984. As is typical of quinoas from the Lake Titicaca region, Apelawa shows a great deal of genetic variability.
  • Apelawa plants are early maturing, unbranched, and approximately 4-5 feet in height at maturity.
  • Apelawa inflorescences are compact and Apelawa*s small seeds are brown, buff or pink in color.
  • Apelawa leaves have clear indentations around the edges.
  • quinoa plants of the Apelawa variety having fewer than 40 seeds per plant are selected from a field.
  • a plant that both self- and cross-pollinates typically bears fewer seeds if the male reproductive system is nonfunctional.
  • the seeds from the selected quinoa plants are then planted and cultivated in accordance with conditions and methodology known to one of ordinary skill ih the art and, specifically, in accordance with the conditions set forth in Example 1.
  • the planting and cultivating of quinoa are extensively detailed in Risi and Galwey, Adv. Applied Biology 10: 145-216, 1984; Johnson and Croissant, "Alternative crop production and Marketing in Colorado” Colorado State University Technical Bulletin LTB90-3, 1990; and Johnson and McCamant, "Quinoa research and development 1987” Sierra Blanca Associates, Denver, Colorado, 1988; which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • quinoa plants resulting from the cultivation of the seeds selected from the field of Apelawa plants are then visually examined for sterility. Plants are classified as male fertile, if anthers containing pollen grains are present, or male sterile, if anthers are absent or there is no visible pollen production. Plants classified as male sterile are crossed with fertile quinoa plants, for example, as set forth in Example 1 and, in accordance with the conditions and methodology known in the art. A cross can be obtained by placing the quinoa inflorescences in a bag, brushing the male fertile pollen on the cms quinoa plant or allowing natural cross-pollenation. See, e.g. , Welsh, 1981. An extensive summary of crossing methods is described by W.R. Fehr and H.H. Hadley (eds.), Hybridization of Crop Plants, Am. Soc. Agron. , Madison, Wise, 1980, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the seeds resulting from the crosses are collected, planted and cultivated as previously set forth. The resultant plants are again visually examined for characteristics of sterility. For a cytoplasmic male sterile plant, all of the progeny are male sterile, i.e., anthers are absent or there is no visible pollen production. Moreover, the progeny of another generation, produced as set forth above, are also male sterile.
  • Apelawa seeds obtained from plants produced in accordance with this invention have been deposited with The American Type Culture Collection, 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20852, and assigned ATCC accession no. 75154. The deposited seeds are from quinoa plants of the Apelawa genotype having the Apelawa male sterile cytoplasm and have not been crossed with plants of any other variety.
  • Cytoplasmic male sterility is a maternally inherited trait. In fertilization the female contributes a haploid nucleus and virtually all of the cytoplasm from the egg, while the male contributes a haploid nucleus but almost no cytoplasm from the pollen. The result being that the female cytoplasm which confers male sterility is passed from generation to generation. Information carried in the cytoplasm affecting the phenotype, i.e., anther presence or pollen production is contributed exclusively by the female.
  • a specific cytoplasm can be carried along from generation to generation provided the plant possessing the cytoplasm is the maternal parent in each cross.
  • the presence of Apelawa male sterile cytoplasm in a quinoa plant of any variety renders that particular plant's male reproductive system nonfunctional unless a gene restoring fertility or some otherwise unknown factor restoring fertility is also present. Accordingly, it is contemplated that any cytoplasmic male sterile plant derived from Apelawa cytoplasm constitutes a part of this invention. Thus, the AP cytoplasm can be transferred to and, therefore, be present in quinoa plants of any variety including, but not limited to,
  • the Apelawa cytoplasm capable of conferring the property of male sterility can also be transferred to quinoa plants cultivated from the quinoa seeds from the Universidad Nacional Techniadel Altiplano (UNTA) germplasm collection of quinoa, including, but not limited to, accession nos. 18, 39, 60, 63, 97, 98, 116 and 140.
  • the male sterile cytoplasm can be transferred from a quinoa plant of one variety to a quinoa plant of another variety.
  • the method of transfer can be crossing the cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plant with a fertile quinoa plant of the variety of quinoa plants to which the property of cytoplasmic male sterility is desired to be transferred. If necessary this cross can be followed by backcrossing to the male fertile parent.
  • Any method of transfer known in the art can be used, for example, the methods set forth herein (e.g., backcrossing) or as substantially described in Simmonds, N.W., Principles of Crop Improvement Longman, New York 1979, incorporated herein by reference.
  • Each part of a plant having AP cytoplasm is contemplated to be part of the present invention including roots, stems, leaves, and all flower parts.
  • the cells of plants having AP cytoplasm can be grown in tissue culture which upon differentiation regenerate to form quinoa plants. Accordingly, these cells also form a part of this invention. Propagation of quinoa by shoot tip culture is described by Burnouf-Radosevich and Paupardin Amer. J. Bot. 72(2) : 278- 283, 1985, incorporated herein by reference.
  • any plant including, but not limited to, a hybrid quinoa plant containing the AP cytoplasm, constitutes a part of this invention. This includes, but is not limited to, the F generation from a cross in which the maternal parent is a cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) quinoa plant.
  • cms cytoplasmic male sterile
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing a source of cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants which is characterized by the following steps:
  • the technique used to identify the cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plant can be, as substantially described above, by phenotypic selection for absence of anthers or absence of pollen production, or by any means known in the art.
  • the initial quinoa plant having a trait for cytoplasmic male sterility is of the variety Apelawa
  • the quinoa plant identified that has the trait for cytoplasmic male sterility can be of any quinoa variety.
  • the line of quinoa plants to which this trait is transferred can be of any quinoa variety since the male sterile cytoplasm originating in the Apelawa variety is stable.
  • the male sterile cytoplasm is transferred by crossing the cms quinoa plant and a male fertile quinoa plant of the same or another variety of quinoa plants. By backcrossing the progeny of the cross to the fertile parent, the cms trait is transferred from generation to generation thereby perpetuating the line of cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants.
  • the male sterile cytoplasm can be transferred from any quinoa variety having such cytoplasm. It is not necessary to start a line with a cytoplasmic male sterile Apelawa parent but a cms quinoa plant of any variety can be used and, therefore, the property of cytoplasmic male sterility can be transferred from generation to generation.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing seed for a cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plant characterized by the following steps:
  • quinoa plants having AP cytoplasm including but not limited to, plants of the variety Apelawa, can be grown or cultivated according to any conditions known to be suitable for quinoa plants or substantially as described herein. Such growth or cultivation can take place in a greenhouse under controlled conditions or in the field. At maturity, upon anthesis, the cms plant is pollinated with pollen from a male fertile quinoa plant.
  • Pollination can be effected by any method known to a skilled artisan including, but not limited to, placing the inflorescences in a bag, brushing the male fertile pollen on the cms quinoa plant or allowing natural cross pollination between the male sterile and male fertile quinoa plants.
  • a number of methods of pollination are detailed in Welsh, J.R., Fundamentals of Plant Genetics and Breeding, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1981, incorporated by reference. These methods may be applied to the pollination of quinoa.
  • the seeds developed on the cytoplasmic male sterile plants are small (approximately one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter) and can be harvested in accordance with conventional harvesting techniques and equipment.
  • the seeds are harvested by pulling or cutting the plants with a sickle and then leaving the plants in windrows to dry completely.
  • the plants are then threshed either on a threshing floor with sticks, animals or vehicles, followed by winnowing, or else by using a stationary thresher.
  • Combines with regular grain heads such as a John Deere 55, larger John Deeres and an International
  • sorghum header attachments can be used to harvest the quinoa seeds. Due to the small size of the quinoa seed, adjustments to combines generally include reduction of air, reduction of cylinder speed, and use of smaller screens. Prior to combining, quinoa can be windrowed. If quinoa is picked up off the ground prior to combining the quinoa should be run through a destoner to remove small stones. Rain during harvests is undesirable since quinoa seed will germinate within 24 hours after exposure to moisture. When harvesting 2 for human consumption all varieties of quinoa having saponin must be processed to remove the saponin.
  • Such processing can be by washing with water, by using a grain polishing and debranning machine or by using a rice polisher.
  • Incorporated 5 by reference herein are the following references detailing quinoa harvesting techniques: Johnson and McCamant, 1988; Johnson and Croissant, 1990; and Johnson and Croissant, "Quinoa Production in Colorado” Service in Action Colorado State University Cooperative Extension 112. Of course, 0 harvesting can also be done by hand.
  • cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa hybrid plants The production of seeds for cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa hybrid plants is contemplated by the present embodiment.
  • the genotype of the male sterile parent and the genotype of the male fertile parent are different, i.e., the parents are from different varieties.
  • quinoa plants of any variety can be employed, including, but not limited to, the varieties previously described herein.
  • the present invention is directed to a method for producing seed for a cytoplasmic Q male sterile quinoa plant characterized by the following steps:
  • the two plants or rows of plants for which cross- pollination is desired are planted no farther than 2 to 4 meters apart in distance and, for the maximum level of pollination, preferably, about 1 meter or less apart in distance to allow for natural cross-pollination.
  • crop plants are planted in rows, thus, to achieve maximum cross-pollination in quinoa, alternating rows of cytoplasmic male sterile and male fertile quinoa plants should be preferably planted no farther than 0.5 meter apart.
  • the seed of the present embodiment conventional methods of planting, cultivating and harvesting of quinoa plants can be used.
  • the variety of the male sterile parent and the variety of the male fertile parent can be the same or different.
  • the present embodiment provides both seed for a quinoa plant having male sterile cytoplasm and seed for a hybrid quinoa plant having male sterile cytoplasm.
  • Either plant used to produce the seed can be of any variety of quinoa, including, but not limited to the varieties previously set forth herein.
  • the present invention provides a method for isolating cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants, i.e. growing cms quinoa plants in isolation.
  • seeds or plants of a cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plant and seeds or plants of a male fertile quinoa plant are cultivated in pollinating proximity within a plot and that plot of plants is located at least 5 meters away from all other plants.
  • cross-pollination or, in some cases, hybridization can be controlled. Only the plants within 5 meters of one another will cross-pollinate.
  • alternating rows of cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa seeds and male fertile quinoa seeds can be planted approximately 1 meter apart and, preferably, less than 0.5 meters apart.
  • the closest plant, quinoa or otherwise, that should be planted or found growing within the plot should be at least 5 meters away in distance.
  • the present embodiment contemplates use of isolation techniques in the production of quinoa plants under natural field conditions, if necessary.
  • Isolation techniques in the plant breeding context relate to methods that avoid the cross-pollination or hybridization of a particular plant with any plant(s) other than the desired mate. Such isolation methods can also be employed in greenhouses or under controlled conditions. Conventional methods of planting, cultivation and pollination of quinoa plants can be used. Due to the stability of the Apelawa derived cytoplasmic male sterile system, the type of plants used may be of any quinoa variety, including, but not limited to, the quinoa varieties previously set forth herein. Furthermore, the application of the present embodiment is not limited to the isolation of cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants, but can be applied in the production of any quinoa plant for which isolation is desired.
  • cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants as well as quinoa seeds for producing cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa plants that are produced in accordance with any of the methods of the present invention can be utilized in cytoplasmic male sterile-restorer system hybrid breeding programs to produce new quinoa hybrid varieties and, in particular, new high yield quinoa hybrids.
  • a hybrid variety is the cross of two inbred lines, each of which may have one or more desirable characteristics either lacking by the other or complementing the other.
  • F is the designation given to the hybrid progeny of the first generation. Only F. hybrid plants and/or seeds are sought in the development of hybrids. The F hybrid is more vigorous than its inbred parents. Increased yield is only one manifestation of hybrid vigor, or heterosis.
  • quinoa is a self-pollinating species
  • a cytoplasmic male sterile-restorer system is extremely valuable in the production of high yield quinoa hybrids.
  • cytoplasmic male sterile-restorer system To produce new high-yield quinoa hybrid varieties using a cytoplasmic male sterile-restorer system the development of 3 parent lines is required: a cytoplasmic male sterile "A" line, a maintenance "B” line lacking both the sterility property and a restoration factor, and an "R” line carrying a pollen fertility restorer.
  • cytoplasm capable of conferring the property of male sterility can be transferred to a line of quinoa plants intended to be the maternal parent in the new high-yield quinoa hybrid cross (the "A" line) .
  • the cytoplasmic male sterile plants of the "A" line and the male fertile plants of the "B” line can be of any quinoa variety.
  • the "A” line is perpetuated by fertilization with pollen from a line of male fertile plants of the same variety (identical genotype) (the "B” line) .
  • the male fertile plants of the "B” line do not carry any factor, genie or otherwise, that restores fertility to the cms plants of the "A” line.
  • plants of the "A" line are crossed (or fertilized) with quinoa plants from the "R" line.
  • R line quinoa plants are of a different variety than the plants of the "A" line and have the capacity to restore fertility to the "A" line cms quinoa plants. After harvesting, the seeds from the hybrid plant resulting from the cross can be commercially marketed and sold.
  • the seed of the cytoplasmic male sterile quinoa hybrid varieties, the hybrid quinoa plants produced from the seed, and various parts of the hybrid quinoa plant can be utilized, as previously described -- namely, as a human and animal food source.
  • Male fertile plants were self-pollinated by enclosing the inflorescence in a waxed paper pollination bag during anthesis. Crossing of male sterile with male fertile pollen donors was achieved by enclosing both inflorescences in a single pollination bag for 7 to 10 days and shaking the bag each day to promote pollen transfer. Pollen donors were also selfed and 20 progeny from each donor plant were grown out to ensure that plants used as paternal parents were not heterozygous for recessive genie male sterility. Twenty-nine of the 30 plants collected in the field yielded viable seed. Four progeny were raised from each of these plants, producing 29 F. families of unknown paternity.
  • Each family was therefore presumed to be comprised of at least half-sibs. All male fertile plants in this generation were selfed, and the F 2 offspring raised and examined as described above. Male sterile plants in the F. generation were crossed, either to male fertile Apelawa pollen donors or to 407, a quinoa line of Chilean (Linares) origin which has undergone several cycles of selection for cultivation in Colorado. One male sterile plant (AP18-9) was crossed with a male fertile half-sib (AP18-12). In total, 23 crosses were made using male sterile plants as maternal parents in this generation. All male fertile progeny from these crosses were selfed.
  • Cytoplasmic male sterile plants derived from crosses of Example 1 between male sterile plants of the quinoa variety Apelawa and male fertile plants from the selection 407 were used as maternal parents. Normal male fertile plants of different South American quinoa varieties were used as pollen parents. Crossing of male sterile maternal parents with male fertile pollen donors was achieved by enclosing both inflorescences in a single waxed paper pollination bag for 7 to 10 days and shaking the bag each day to promote pollen transfer.
  • Examples 1 and 2 were used to produce additional quinoa varieties having male sterile cytoplasm.
  • the male parents were of the following quinoa varieties: Calche, Chullpe, Killu-virginiana, Lihio, Marangani, Isluga, Sajama and Chuppi.
  • the maternal parent contained Apelawa male sterile cytoplasm. In each cross all of the F progeny were observed to be cytoplasmic male sterile.
  • Ten rows of male sterile plants, having a genotype comprising 87% 407 and 13% Apelawa were planted in May 1991 at a site west of Fort Collins, at 7000 feet elevation. Each row had 35 plants. Temperatures were monitored during the growing season: The minimum recorded temperature was 36° F, the maximum recorded temperature was 88° F. The mean weekly high temperature was 82° F; the mean weekly low temperature was 41° F. Every plant was visually examined at flowering for male sterility (i.e., absence of anthers) and 10 flowers were taken from a random sample of 20 plants for microscopic examination, to determine the actual floral structure.
  • red marker plants were used as pollen donors and green plants were used as pollen recipients since a red quinoa plant crossed with a green one will give red progeny. All plants used were normal fertiles (i.e., no cytoplasmic male steriles). Seeds were collected from green plants at measured distances from red plants and grown on the Colorado State University farm. Conventional methodology for planting, growing, cultivating and harvesting, as substantially described herein, was applied. Proportions of red and green progeny from each green plant tested were recorded.
  • Hybrid quinoa plants were produced by crossing fertile female quinoa lines having white or yellow panicle- types with male quinoa lines having red panicle-types. The crosses included emasculated (i.e., anthers removed manually) and nonemasculated lines for the female parent. Since the emasculated lines produced few seed, the seed obtained from the emasculated and nonemasculated female parents of the same variety was bulked prior to field planting.
  • Plots of 2m x 3m were planted, cultivated and harvested in accordance with the methodology set forth herein. Plots were overseeded and thinned when red coloration of the male parent became apparent in the offspring. Non-red offspring were removed or left in place if spacing was greater than 15 cm between plants.
  • Table 5 identifies the average yield for each of the parental quinoa varieties used in the crosses of the present example.
  • Table 6 shows increased yields for the hybrid varieties created by selective crossing of the parental varieties identified above.

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Abstract

Cette invention concerne l'utilisation d'une variété Apelawa de quinoa pour produire des plantes et des graines de quinoa cytoplasmiques stériles, mâles qui sont utiles dans des programmes d'élevage destinés à produire des hybrides de quinoa à haut rendement. Plus spécifiquement cette invention concerne l'utilisation de plantes cytoplasmiques stériles, mâles de la variété Apelawa de quinoa pour produire des plantes et des graines destinées à des lignées de variétés de quinoa comprenant un cytoplasme stérile mâle; des plantes de quinoa cytoplasmiques stériles, mâles; des graines de quinoa produisant des plantes cytoplasmiques stériles, mâles; ainsi que des procédés de production de plantes et de graines de quinoa cytoplasmiques stériles, mâles permettant de créer une source de plantes de quinoa cytoplasmiques stériles, mâles. Une graine de quinoa renfermant un cytoplasme stérile mâle et à laquelle on a attribué le numéro d'entrée ATCC n° 75154 est plus particulièrement décrite.
PCT/US1992/000879 1992-02-03 1992-02-03 Quinoa cytoplasmique sterile male WO1993014624A1 (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9574237B2 (en) 2011-11-28 2017-02-21 Anglo Netherlands Grain B.V. Method for differentiating fertile and sterile plant lines by detection of polymorphic markers in chloroplast DNA

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