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WO1993010675A1 - Precipite d'amylose fragmentee et hydrolysee par alpha-amylase, utilise comme succedane de matiere grasse - Google Patents

Precipite d'amylose fragmentee et hydrolysee par alpha-amylase, utilise comme succedane de matiere grasse Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1993010675A1
WO1993010675A1 PCT/US1992/006589 US9206589W WO9310675A1 WO 1993010675 A1 WO1993010675 A1 WO 1993010675A1 US 9206589 W US9206589 W US 9206589W WO 9310675 A1 WO9310675 A1 WO 9310675A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
amylose
starch
precipitate
fragmented
elastic modulus
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1992/006589
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English (en)
Inventor
Donald W. Harris
Jeanette A. Little
Original Assignee
A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company filed Critical A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company
Publication of WO1993010675A1 publication Critical patent/WO1993010675A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/20—Reducing nutritive value; Dietetic products with reduced nutritive value
    • A23L33/21—Addition of substantially indigestible substances, e.g. dietary fibres
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A21—BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
    • A21D—TREATMENT OF FLOUR OR DOUGH FOR BAKING, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS
    • A21D13/00—Finished or partly finished bakery products
    • A21D13/10—Multi-layered products
    • A21D13/16—Multi-layered pastry, e.g. puff pastry; Danish pastry or laminated dough
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23C13/00—Cream; Cream preparations; Making thereof
    • A23C13/12—Cream preparations
    • A23C13/16—Cream preparations containing, or treated with, microorganisms, enzymes, or antibiotics; Sour cream
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L27/60—Salad dressings; Mayonnaise; Ketchup
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L29/30—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing carbohydrate syrups; containing sugars; containing sugar alcohols, e.g. xylitol; containing starch hydrolysates, e.g. dextrin
    • A23L29/35—Degradation products of starch, e.g. hydrolysates, dextrins; Enzymatically modified starches
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
    • C08B30/00—Preparation of starch, degraded or non-chemically modified starch, amylose, or amylopectin
    • C08B30/20—Amylose or amylopectin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01001—Alpha-amylase (3.2.1.1)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01041—Pullulanase (3.2.1.41)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y302/00—Hydrolases acting on glycosyl compounds, i.e. glycosylases (3.2)
    • C12Y302/01—Glycosidases, i.e. enzymes hydrolysing O- and S-glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12Y302/01068—Isoamylase (3.2.1.68)

Definitions

  • This invention relates to food formulations in which at least a portion of the fat and/or oil is replaced by a carbohydrate.
  • U . S . Patent No. 4 r 510, 166 discloses converted starches having a DE less than 5 and certain paste and gel characteristics which are used as a fat and/or oil replacement in various foods, including ice cream and mayonnaise.
  • the converted starches are described as dextrins, acid-converted starches (fluidity starches) , enzyme-converted starches and oxidized starches . It is also disclosed that if the converted starches are not rendered cold-water soluble by the conversion, they are pregelat ⁇ nized prior to use or cooked during use.
  • a product bulletin entitled "Paselli SA2; The Natural Alternative to Fats and Oils” (AVEBE b. a . , Foxhol, Holland, Ref. No. 05. 12.31 .167 EF) discloses the use of a low-DE-hydrolysate (DE less than 3) made from potato starch as a replacement for fifty percent of the fat with an amount of the low-DE- potato starch hydrolysate plus water (starch hydrolysate at 28% dry solids) equal to the amount of fat replaced- U.S. Patent Nos.
  • thermoreversible gels of a starch hydrolysate formed by enzymatic hydrolysis
  • a starch hydrolysate formed by enzymatic hydrolysis
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,971,723 discloses partially debranched starch prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of the ⁇ -1 ,6-D-glucosidic bonds of the starch, comprising amylopectin, partially debranched amylopectin and up to 80% by weight, short chain amylose and that the partially debranched starch is useful in a variety of ways depending upon the degree of debranching. It is disclosed that a waxy maize starch (or other waxy starch) can be partially debranched (i.e. to 25% to 70% short chain amylose) to yield sufficient short chain amylose to form a thermally reversible gel in an aqueous starch suspension. It is further disclosed that the same degree of debranching of waxy starches is preferred for lending a fat-like, lubricating texture to an aqueous starch dispersion.
  • PCT Publication No. WO 91/07106 discloses a method of preparing a food grade, insoluble bulking agent from starch that is also disclosed to be useful as a bulking or texturizing agent in low-fat food formulations.
  • the method of preparing the starch comprises a retrogradation process followed by enzymatic (e.g., ⁇ -amylase) or chemical (e.g., acid) hydrolysis of amorphous regions in the retrograded product.
  • enzymatic e.g., ⁇ -amylase
  • chemical hydrolysis e.g., acid
  • this invention relates to a food formulation having a reduced level of fat and/or oil comprising a mixture of a foodstuff and a particle gel as a replacement for at least a substantial portion of the fat and/or oil of said foodstuff, said particle gel comprising a minor amount of a fragmented , ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate and a major amount of an aqueous liquid .
  • this invention relates to a method of formulating a food containing a fat and/or oil ingredient comprising replacing at least a substantial portion of said fat and/or oil ingredient with a particle gel as a replacement for at least a substantial portion of the fat and/or oil of said foodstuff, said particle gel comprising a minor amount of a fragmented , ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate and a major amount of an aqueous liquid .
  • fragments, ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate is meant a starch material comprised of amylose which has been subjected to precipitation of the amylose followed by hydrolysis by ⁇ -amylase enzyme and then mechanical disintegration of the hydrolyzed precipitate into fragments .
  • the hydrolysis and disintegration will be sufficient to produce a precipitate which will form an aqueous dispersion having the characteristics of a particle gel .
  • this invention relates to a method of making a composition of matter useful in replacing fat and/or oil in a food formulation comprising physically fragmenting a minor amount of an ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate in a major amount of an aqueous liquid, the degree of said physically fragmenting being sufficient to form a particle gel of said composition .
  • this invention relates to an aqueous dispersion useful as a replacement for fats and/or oils comprising a major amount by weight of water and a minor amount by weight of a fragmented, ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate, the degree of hydrolysis and fragmentation of said precipitate being sufficient to form a particle gel of said dispersion .
  • the terms "foodstuff” and “food” are intended to broadly cover nutritional and/or functional materials that are ingested by humans in the course of consuming edible fare.
  • fats and/or oils is intended to broadly cover edible lipids in general, specifically the fatty acid triglycerides commonly found in foods .
  • the terms thus include solid fats, plastic shortenings, fluid oils (and fully or partially hydrogenated oils) , and the like.
  • Common fatty acid triglycerides include cottonseed oil, soybean oil, corn oil, peanut oil, canola oil, sesame oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil, menhaden oil, whale oil , lard, and tallow.
  • the technology of fats and/or oils is described generally by T. H . Applewhite, "Fats and Fatty Oils", Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol . 9, pp. 795-831 (Kirk-Othmer, eds . , John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , New York, New York, 3d ed. , 1980) , the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.
  • Figure 1 shows the results of duplicate analyses of the dynamic elastic modulus (C ) in kilo pascals as a function of strain (m) for a particle gel of fragmented ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate at
  • the fragmented, ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate is made by the sequential steps of precipitation , enzymatic hydrolysis , and fragmentation of a starch material containing amylose.
  • Starch is generally comprised of a highly-branched glucan having ⁇ -1 ,4 and ⁇ -1 ,6 linkages, denominated amylopectin , and a substantially linear glucan , having almost exclusively ⁇ -1 ,4 linkages, denominated amylose. Methods of determining the amounts of each are referenced in R . L. Whistler et al . , Starch : Chemistry and Technology, pp . 25-35 (Academic Press, Inc.
  • amylose includes native amylose and, unless otherwise expressly noted in context, modified amylose.
  • modified amylose include acid-modified amylose, enzyme-modified amylose (e. g . ⁇ -amylase, ⁇ -amylase, isoamylase, or pullulanase) and chemically substituted amylose, provided the levels of chemical substitution (e . g . hydroxypropylation , crosslinking, etc. ) are insufficient to prevent precipitation and enzymatic hydrolysis of the amylose to the desired degree.
  • Starches having a substantial proportion (i . e. at least 15% by weight) of amylose are preferred and examples of these include the common non-mutant starches of cereals, tubers and legumes, e.g. corn, wheat, rice, potato, tapioca, and pea.
  • starches derived from corn such as common corn starch and high amylose corn starch, each of which are examples of starches containing greater than 15% amylose.
  • starches from high amylose corn include
  • HI -SET ® C and HYLONTM (each about 55% amylose by weight) and HYLONTM VI I (about 70% amylose by weight) , all available from National Starch and Chemical
  • the starch is comprised of a major amount of amylose.
  • the starch employed is from a mutant variety of native starch which contains a major amount of amylose or is obtained by fractionation of amylose from a starch variety containing both amylose and amylopectin . Methods for the fractionation of amylose and amylopectin from native starch are disclosed in, for example, U . S . Patent No. 3,067,067 (Etheridge) .
  • the starch chosen as a starting material is not in pre-gelatinized or instant form, the starch must be gelatinized or pasted prior to precipitation of the amylose.
  • the gelatinization or pasting process disrupts, at least in substantial part, the associative bonding of the starch molecules in the starch granule. This permits the amylose to associate and precipitate.
  • This disruption is accomplished by heating a slurry of the starch to a sufficient temperature for a sufficient length of time depending upon the inherent resistance of the particular starch to gelatinization and the amount of moisture present in the slurry.
  • the slurry will typically be comprised of a major amount of water (i.e. at least 50% by weight) and a minor amount of the starch starting material (i.e.
  • the starch slurry will contain at least about 5% starch, typically between about 10% to about 25% starch.
  • the pH of the slurry will generally be substantially neutral, i.e. from about 3.5 to about 9 and more preferably from about 6 to 8, to minimize hydrolysis of the starch molecules.
  • the time, temperature, slurry solids and pH should be optimized to gelatinize the starch, yet minimize hydrolysis of the starch.
  • the appropriate temperature, pressure and period of treatment needed to provide a starch paste is preferably obtained by processing aqueous starch slurries in equipment commonly known in the art as steam injection heaters or jet cookers.
  • steam injection heaters or jet cookers In such equipment, superatmospheric steam is injected and mixed with a water slurry of starch in a throat section of a jet.
  • the starch granules are uniformly and thermally treated under turbulent conditions whereupon the starch granules are gelatinized and solubilized.
  • steam injection heaters wherein the temperature, pressure and feed rate can be regulated to provide the desired starch pastes are disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos.
  • More uniformly solubilized starch pastes are obtained by use of the steam injection heater in combination with a holding zone such as coiled tubing or a pressurized tank constructed to minimize liquid channeling.
  • a holding zone such as coiled tubing or a pressurized tank constructed to minimize liquid channeling.
  • Other pasting equipment e.g. heat exchangers, homogenizers, cookers, votators, sizeometer cookers, kettle cookers, etc., may be employed provided the pasting conditions can be adequately maintained .
  • the starch solution may also be treated to remove impurities therefrom.
  • Treatment with , for example, activated carbon will remove residual proteins and lipids that may contribute to off-flavors and/or colors.
  • the gelatinized starch is then optionally treated with a debranching enzyme, i . e. an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the 1 ,6-glucosidic bond of amylopectin without significant capability of hydrolyzing the 1 ,4-glucosidic bond.
  • a debranching enzyme i . e. an enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the 1 ,6-glucosidic bond of amylopectin without significant capability of hydrolyzing the 1 ,4-glucosidic bond.
  • Enzymes from a variety of sources are capable of debranching amylopectin .
  • U . S . Patent No. 3,370,840 (Sugimoto et al . ) describes sources of debranching enzymes, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Examples of useful enzymes include pullulanases derived from bacteria of the genus Aerobacter (e.g. E. C.
  • thermostable enzymes e. g . thermostable pullulanases as disclosed in PCT Publ. No. WO 92/02614, published February 20, 1992, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference, and which are obtained from members of the genus Pyrococcus .
  • the debranching enzyme may be in solution during debranching or it may be immobilized on a solid support.
  • the debranching enzyme preparation should be as specific as possible for the hydrolysis of the 1 ,6-glucosidic bond of amylopectin and amylose.
  • the enzyme preparation if it contains a mixture of enzymes, is preferably essentially free of enzymes capable of hydrolyzing ⁇ -1 ,4-glucosidic bonds . Minimizing hydrolysis of ⁇ -1 ,4-glucosidic bonds will help to minimize the amounts of dextrose and soluble oligomers produced during debranching . Because these soluble saccharides are not believed to contribute to the functionality of the debranched material , minimizing thei r production will enhance the yield of functional material .
  • the debranching enzyme is allowed to act upon the solubilized starch containing amylopectin .
  • the optimum concentration of enzyme and substrate in the debranching medium will , in general , depend upon the level of activity of the enzyme which , in tu rn , will vary depending upon the enzyme source, enzyme supplier and the concentration of the enzyme in commercial batches .
  • the isoamylase E . C . 3.2. 1 .68 derived from Pseudomonas amyloderamosa, available from Sigma Chemical Co. , St.
  • typical conditions include the treatment of a starch solution at 5% to 30% by weight starch solids with about 50 units of enzyme, per gram of starch , for a period of about 48 hours to obtain substantially, complete debranching .
  • the optimum pH and temperature of the debranching medium will also depend upon the choice of enzyme.
  • the debranching medium may, in addition to the water used to solubilize the starch , contain buffers to ensure that the pH will be maintained at an optimum level throughout the debranching .
  • useful buffers include acetates , citrates, and the salts of other weak acids .
  • the pH is preferably maintained at about 4.0 to 5.0 and the temperature from about 40°C to about 50°C .
  • the thermostable pullulanase described above the pH is preferably maintained between 5 and 7 and the optimum temperature should be between 85°C and 115°C .
  • the debranching is allowed to proceed until the desired degree of debranching has been obtained .
  • the precise degree of debranching needed to obtain the desired particle gel of the debranched amylopectin starch may vary depending upon the source of the starch and the precise properties desired in the resulting gel .
  • the degree of debranching is sufficient to convert more than about 80% of the amylopectin in the starch to short chain amylose and, more preferably, at least about 90% of the amylopectin .
  • essentially all of the amylopectin is converted to short chain amylose.
  • the amount of short chain amylose can be measured by gel permeation chromatography as set forth in U . S . Patent No. 4,971 ,723, wherein short chain amylose is calculated from the relative area of the peak obtained within the molecular weight range of 500 to 20,000.
  • preferably less than 20% of the amylopectin that was originally present will be present as molecular species having a molecular weight in excess of 20,000 g/mol, and most preferably, essentially no amylopectin having a molecular weight in excess of 20,000 g/mol will remain .
  • amylose if amylose is present, at least a portion thereof may be debranched to produce molecules above the 20,000 g/mol cut-off and molecules below the 20,000 g/mol cut-off.
  • amylopectin To measure how much of the material eluting between 500 g/mol and 20,000 g/mol is debranched amylopectin and how much is debranched amylose, it may be necessary to fractionate the starting starch into its amylose and amylopectin fractions and then debranch and elute each fraction separately.
  • the solution of gelatinized starch is then allowed to form ⁇ a precipitate .
  • the solution will be cooled from the temperature at which the starch is pasted to reduce the solubility of the gelatinized starch therein .
  • the solution will typically be held at elevated temperature (e. g . 65°C to 90°C) until substantial equilibrium is achieved between the supernatant and the precipitate.
  • the precipitate can be isolated from the supernatant, e . g . by centrifugation , prior to fragmentation , but isolation from the supernatant is not necessary to form a useful product .
  • Heating (e. g . to about 70°C) of the particles while in contact with the aqueous medium to dissolve at least a portion of the mass of the particles and then cooling of the suspension/solution can also be employed in forming the particle gel of this invention .
  • This heating to an elevated temperature and then reformation of the particles tends to make the particles resistant to melting or dissolving when an aqueous dispersion of the particles is exposed to heat in processing , e . g . in a pasteurization step .
  • the higher the temperature to which the particles in the liquid medium are heated (and thus the greater the amount of precipitate that is redissolved) the higher the temperature at which the resulting aqueous dispersion of the particles will be stable .
  • Repetition of the dissolving and reformation may improve the temperatu re stability of the resulting aqueous dispersion .
  • the remaining soluble fraction of the precipitate can associate to form relatively large particles that are present in the precipitate after fragmentation and that can contribute a "chalky” or "gritty" texture to the dispersion .
  • Treatment of the heated suspension/solution of the precipitate with acid or enzyme to hydrolyze a substantial portion of the soluble fraction can reduce or eliminate such large particles.
  • Typical treatment conditions will involve mild hydrolysis catalyzed by acid, e.g. in a solution of 0.1 N HCI for one hour, or, preferably, by enzyme, e.g. ⁇ -amylase.
  • the precipitated amylose is then treated with an ⁇ -amylase enzyme, i .e. an endo-enzyme capable of hydrolyzing the 1 ,4-glucosidic bond of amylose and amylopectin to yield products having an ⁇ configuration .
  • T e enzyme is allowed to act upon the precipitated amylose and thereby hydrolyze those regions in the precipitate that are susceptible to hydrolysis .
  • the optimum concentration of enzyme and substrate in the hydrolysis medium will, in general, depend upon the level of activity of the enzyme which , in turn , will vary depending upon the enzyme source, enzyme supplier and the concentration of the enzyme in commercial batches .
  • the ⁇ -amylase can be from a variety of sources.
  • ⁇ -amylase Common sources of ⁇ -amylase are bacterial, e.g. Bacillus subtilis, or fungal, e.g. Aspergillus oryzae, or mammalian, e.g. human salivary, porcine pancreatic, etc.
  • the optimum pH and temperature of the hydrolysis medium will also depend upon the choice of enzyme.
  • the hydrolysis medium may, in addition to the water used in the hydrolysis of the starch, contain buffers to ensure that the pH will be maintained at an optimum level throughout the hydrolysis. Examples of useful buffers include acetates, citrates, phosphates, and the salts of other weak acids.
  • porcine pancreatic ⁇ -amylase the pH is preferably maintained at about 6.0 to 8.0 and the temperature from about 20°C to about 30°C.
  • the hydrolysis is allowed to proceed until the desired degree of hydrolysis has been obtained.
  • the precise degree of hydrolysis needed to obtain the desired particle gel of the fragmented, ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate may vary depending upon the source of the starch and the precise properties desired in the resulting gel.
  • the degree of hydrolysis will be such that fragmentation of the product will yield a gel that exhibits a transition from a region of substantially constant dynamic elastic modulus (G') versus shear strain to a region of decreasing G' versus shear strain, said transition being at a shear strain of less than about 50 millistrain, and preferably less than about 10 millistrain.
  • the transition indicates fracture of the particle network with the particle gel and is typically a sharp transition.
  • the dynamic elastic modulus can be measured with a Bohlin model VOR Rheometer, from Bohlin Rheologi, Inc., East Brunswick, New Jersey.
  • the ⁇ -amylase enzyme in solution is deactivated, e. g . by heating to denature the enzyme.
  • the hydrolysis medium may be concentrated by removal of water therefrom, e. g . by evaporation , to facilitate precipitation .
  • the isolated ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate is typically washed and then dried (e. g . to a low moisture content, typically 3-12%) after isolation to allow for handling and storage prior to further processing.
  • drying techniques include spray drying, flash drying, tray drying, belt drying, and sonic drying .
  • the dried precipitate may be hygroscopic. Thus, some rehydration during handling and storage may occur.
  • steps to maintain the moisture at a low content may be necessary (e.g. moisture barrier packaging and/or control of humidity in the storage environment) . If the moisture content is allowed to rise too far (e.g. greater than about 20%, or possibly greater than 15%) , bulk handling problems and/or microbiological stability problems might arise.
  • the ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate j s subjected to a physical fragmentation as by mechanical disintegration, i . e. fragmented.
  • the degree of fragmentation will be sufficient to cause the precipitate to form a particle gel in an aqueous medium.
  • the mechanical disintegration of the precipitate may be carried out in several ways, as by subjecting it to attrition in a mill, or to a high speed shearing action, or to the action of high pressures .
  • Disintegration is generally carried out in the presence of a major amount by weight of a liquid medium, preferably water.
  • tap water is the preferred liquid medium for the dispersion of fragmented starch precipitate
  • other liquids are suitable provided sufficient water is present to hydrate the fragmented starch precipitate and, thus, result in a dispersion having the characteristics of a particle gel.
  • Sugar solutions, polyols, of which glycerol is an example, alcohols, particularly ethanol, isopropanol, and the like, are good examples of suitable liquids that can be in admixture with water in the liquid medium.
  • the starch precipitate will be physically fragmented in potable water.
  • the mechanical disintegration is preferably accomplished by subjecting an aqueous dispersion of the precipitate to high shear, e.g. in a Waring blender or a homogenizer such as that disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
  • the temperature of the starch precipitate during the fragmentation step should be maintained below the temperature at which a major portion of the precipitate will dissolve in the aqueous medium. Thus, it may be desirable to cool the precipitate during disintegration . Alternatively, heat produced during fragmentation may cause the precipitate to dissolve, but cooling may cause the dissolved precipitate to reprecipitate and form a useful product.
  • the disintegration is carried out to such an extent that the resulting finely-divided product is characterized by its ability to form a particle gel in the liquid medium in which it is attrited or in which it is subsequently dispersed .
  • the starch particles which make up the particle gel can be analyzed in a variety of ways . Rheological measurements can be made to determine the rheological characteristics of the resulting dispersion .
  • the aqueous dispersion of starch particles will exhibit a transition in dynamic elastic modulus (G') versus shear strain at less than about 50 millistrain , and preferably less than about 10 millistrain, said transition being from a substantially constant G' versus shear strain to a decreasing G' versus shear strain .
  • the transition indicates fracture of the particle network within the particle gel and is typically a sharp transition .
  • the crystalline regions of particles derived from fully debranched waxy maize starch exhibit a diffraction pattern characteristic of a starch material consisting essentially of A-type starch crystals .
  • the crystalline regions of particles derived from substantially fully debranched common corn starch exhibit a diffraction pattern characteristic of a starch material consisting essentially of B-type starch crystals .
  • mechanical disintegration may be sufficient to produce an aqueous dispersion having the desi red particle gel characteristics, but still leave a sufficient number of particles of sufficient size to exhibit a "particulate" or "chalky” mouthfeel when ingested .
  • Such chalkiness can be reduced by the mild hydrolysis discussed above or by reducing the particle size of the starch precipitate before, during or after mechanical disintegration so that substantially all (typically at least about 95%, preferably at least 99%) of the precipitate will pass a U . S . #325 mesh sieve (i . e. substantially all particles are less than
  • TM such size reduction is a TROST Ai r Impact Mill from Garlock, I nc. , Newton , Pennsylvania .
  • the use of the fragmented , ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate allows for the replacement of a substantial portion (e. g . from 10% to 100% by weight) of the fat and/or oil in a food formulation .
  • the precise level of replacement that is possible without significantly decreasing the organoleptic quality of the food will generally vary with the type of food .
  • I n other types of foods e. g . frostings, icings, cream fillings , ice cream, margarine, etc.
  • a major amount of the fat and/or oil e. g .
  • fat and/or oil can be replaced with little effect on the organoleptic desirability of the food.
  • typical foods in which fat and/or oil can be replaced include frostings (e.g. icings, glazes, etc.), creme fillings, frozen desserts (e.g. ice milk, sherbets, etc.), dressings (e.g. pourable or spoonable salad and/or sandwich dressings), meat products (e.g. sausages, processed meats, etc.), cheese products (e.g. cheese spreads, processed cheese foods), margarine, fruit butters, other imitation dairy products, puddings (e.g. mousse desserts), candy (e.g. chocolates, nougats, etc.), and sauces, toppings, syrups and so on.
  • frostings e.g. icings, glazes, etc.
  • creme fillings e.g. ice milk, sherbets, etc.
  • dressings e.g. pourable or spoonable salad and/or sandwich dressings
  • the fat removed from a particular formulation may be replaced with an equal amount by weight of an aqueous dispersion of fragmented starch precipitate, but that such equality may not be necessary or desirable in all instances. Further, it may be desirable to remove fat and add another ingredient (e.g. a gum, polydextrose, a protein, etc.) along with the aqueous dispersion of starch precipitate.
  • another ingredient e.g. a gum, polydextrose, a protein, etc.
  • the fragmented, ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate is incorporated into the food as an aqueous dispersion, typically comprised of a major amount (i.e. greater than 50% by weight) of water or other liquid medium and a minor amount (i.e. less than 50% by weight, typically 10% to 40%) of starch precipitate solids.
  • the isolated precipitate can be mixed with the food along with water and then subjected to disintegration in those instances when the other ingredients of the food are capable of withstanding the condition of disintegration, e.g. a salad dressing or imitation sour cream. It is contemplated that commercial production and use may involve hydrolysis, mechanical disintegration, and drying (e.g.
  • the terms “food” and “foodstuffs” are intended broadly, as relating to both nutritional and/or functional food ingredients . It is contemplated that one or more food ingredients may be mixed with the aqueous dispersion of fragmented, ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate, or even dry mixed with the ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate prior to mechanical disintegration .
  • hydrophilic colloids can include natural gum material such as xanthan gum, gum tragacanth, locust bean gum, guar gum, algin, alginates, gelatin, I rish moss, pectin, gum arabic, gum ghatti, gum karaya and plant hemicelluloses, e. g. corn hull gum. Synthetic gums such as water-soluble salts of carboxymethyl cellulose can also be used. Starches can also be added to the food. Examples of suitable starches include corn, waxy maize, wheat, rice, potato, and tapioca starches .
  • Non-fat milk solids which can be used in the compositions of this invention are the solids of skim milk and include proteins, mineral matter and milk sugar.
  • proteins such as casein, sodium caseinate, calcium caseinate, modified casein , sweet dai ry whey, modified whey, and whey protein concentrate can also be used herein .
  • Dry or liquid flavoring agents may be added to the formulation . These include cocoa , vanilla , chocolate, coconut, peppermint, pineapple, cherry , nuts , spices , salts, flavor enhancers, among others . Acidulants commonly added to foods include lactic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, and hydrochloric acid .
  • the other components of the various types of food formulations will be conventional , although precise amounts of individual components and the presence of some of the conventional components may well be unconventional in a given formulation .
  • the conventional other components for foods such as frozen desserts and dressings
  • European Patent Publication No . 0 340 035 published November 2, 1989 (the pertinent disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference)
  • the components and processing of table spreads is disclosed in U . S . Patent No. 4,869,919 (Lowery) , the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference .
  • a particularly advantageous use of the fragmented starch precipitates described herein may be the use thereof to replace a portion of the shortening used in a layered pastry article.
  • layers of a bread dough are assembled with a "roll-in” placed between the layers.
  • the roll-in commonly contains a "shortening” (i. e. a fat and/or oil component) from an animal (e. g . butter) or vegetable (e. g. partially hydrogenated soybean oil) source.
  • the assembled article optionally containing a filling or topping, is then baked to form a finished pastry.
  • At least a portion of the shortening of an otherwise conventional roll-in can be replaced with an aqueous dispersion of fragmented, ⁇ -amylase hydrolyzed amylose precipitate, preferably in admixture with an emulsifier (e.g . mono- and/or di-glycerides) , and used to make a layered pastry.
  • an emulsifier e.g . mono- and/or di-glycerides
  • I nto a 4-liter beaker was placed 1 18 grams of potato amylose (A0512 Sigma Chemical Co . , St. Louis , Missouri) and 2242 grams deionized water to give a 5% slurry.
  • the slurry was heated to 98°C in a water bath to solubilize the amylose and this solution was placed in a refrigerator overnight to promote precipitation/ crystallization .
  • the resulting slurry was centrifuged at about 6000 x g using an I EC model B-22 centrifuge and the supernatant was discarded .
  • the wet sediment was resuspended in deionized water to about 2000 ml volume and heated to 98°C in a water bath to solubilize that portion of amylose susceptible to solubilization at that temperature then the mixture was placed in a refrigerator overnight to promote precipitation/ crystallization .
  • the resulting slurry was again centrifuged as before and the supernatant discarded .
  • the sediment was resuspended in water, heated to 98°C in a water bath to solubilize some amylose, cooled to promote precipitation/crystallization and centrifuged one last time.
  • the resulting centrifuged wet sediment containing 8. 1% dry substance was placed in a sample jar and stored in a refrigerator.
  • the resulting aqueous alcoholic mixture was centrifuged as above at about 6000 x g and the sediment dried in a vacuum oven overnight at 50°C.
  • a 10% dry solids slurry of the dried product above was sheared using a small Waring blender at controlled conditions (120 volts, 60°C, 8 1/2 minutes) and left to stand 3 hours before the sample was sent for analysis for yield stress, O NMR water immobilization , molecular weight by GPC and cold-water solubles .
  • the results of these analyses of the resulting creme are as follows.
  • a spoonable dressing can be prepared from the creme of Example 1 as follows .
  • Titanium dioxide (Warner-Jen kinson ) 0.08
  • a buttermilk dressing can be prepared from the creme of Example 1 as follows .
  • Titanium dioxide (Warner-Jen kinson ) 0. 10
  • a French dressing can be prepared from the creme of Example 1 as follows .
  • Titanium dioxide (Warner-Jen kinson ) Paprika
  • a Dijon vinaigrette dressing can be prepared from the creme of Example 1 as follows .
  • a sour cream can be prepared from the creme of Example 1 as follows .
  • Lactic acid 88% 0.40 Xanthan gum, Rhodigel (Rhone-Poulenc) 0.20
  • a table spread can be prepared from the dry precipitate of Example 1 as follows .
  • H I-SET C high amylose corn starch
  • the above starch substrate was enzyme hydrolyzed at 20% solids (375 grams total slurry wt. ) at 25°C with 15 units/gram starch of porcine pancreatic ⁇ -amylase (Sigma Chemical Company) .
  • Samples of reaction slurry were withdrawn ( 125 grams each) after 8 hours, 21 hours, and 48 hours of hydrolysis and the pH adjusted to 3.5 to inactivate enzyme.
  • the 8 hour and 21 hour samples were filtered on a Buchner funnel followed by washing with about 250 ml each with deionized water .
  • the sample hydrolyzed 48 hou rs would not filter (very, very slow) and was centrifuged (7000 x g) , the supernatant discarded, then deionized water added back to the original sample weight. After stirring to give a homogenous mixture, this slurry was centrifuged as above and the supernatant discarded . This procedure was repeated a final time. All wet cakes or sediment (from filtration or from centrifugation) were mixed with 8 volumes of ethanol (formula 3A) to denature any remaining enzyme. They were then either filtered or centrifuged one last time. The wet cakes and sediment were dried in a 50°C forced air oven and ground to pass through a US #60 mesh sieve.
  • Yield stress values were obtained on 20% solids cremes prepared by shearing at 120 volts, 60°C for 8 1/2 minutes with a Waring blender equipped with a small jacketed jar. The yield stress values were measured using a Brookfield viscometer after the cremes stood at least 3 hours at room temperature. The analytical results are reported below.
  • a 55% amylose corn starch (H I -SET C) is made up to 25% solids then jet cooked at 160°C with a retention time of 10 minutes at 160°C then cooled to ⁇ 100°C .
  • the pH of the solution if adjusted to pH 6.0.
  • Novo thermostable pullulanase enzyme as described in WO 92/02614 is added at 50 units per gram of starch and the reaction is allowed to proceed at 100°C for 24 hours at which time GPC analysis will show that less than 10% of the remaining amylose or amylopectin molecules are above about 100,000 molecular weight.
  • the debranched solution is treated with 3% w/w (weight by weight basis) of decolorizing carbon
  • the colorless carbon treated solution is cooled to 5°C for 16 hours to bring about crystallization .
  • the crystallized mass is dried in a spray drier at 15% solids after dilution with water.
  • the spray dried material is made up to 20% solids and heated from 50°C to 100°C at 0.05°C/minute then cooled to 100°C at 0.05°C/m ⁇ nute.
  • the heat treated material is adjusted to pH 6.9 and treated at 20% solids at 25°C for 24 hours using approximately 50 units per gram dry starch of porcine pancreatic ⁇ -amylase enzyme.
  • the resulting slurry is adjusted to pH 3.5, with 10% HCl heated to 60°C and held at that pH and temperature about 1 hours to inactivate enzyme then microfiltered at 60°C to reduce the soluble saccharide content to less than 10% (measured at room temperature) .
  • the retentate slurry is spray dried at about 15% solids to give a heat stable, shearable starch based fat replacer having a yield stress at 20% solids greater than 400 pascals .

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Abstract

Un procédé de préparation d'aliments à teneur réduite en matière grasse est décrit. Ce procédé consistant à utiliser un précipité d'amylose fragmentée et hydrolysée par α-amylase. L'amylose est précipitée et hydrolysée par la α-amylase, puis fragmentée pour former une dispersion aqueuse pouvant remplacer la matière grasse dans une variété de formulations alimentaires. L'amylose peut être dérivée d'un amidon natif qui contient l'amylase, par exemple l'amidon de maïs commun et l'amidon de maïs à haute teneur en amylose, par la gélatinisation de l'amidon suivie de la précipitation de l'amylose.
PCT/US1992/006589 1991-11-26 1992-08-07 Precipite d'amylose fragmentee et hydrolysee par alpha-amylase, utilise comme succedane de matiere grasse WO1993010675A1 (fr)

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5912031A (en) * 1994-04-11 1999-06-15 Fitchett; Colin Stanley Process for preparing a fat replacer by enzymatic digestion of a ground cereal with alpha-amylase
CN110742171A (zh) * 2019-10-23 2020-02-04 华中农业大学 一种低热量低脂冰淇淋制备方法
CN112042930A (zh) * 2020-08-28 2020-12-08 南昌大学 一种淀粉基乳液填充凝胶脂肪模拟物的制备方法
CN112806558A (zh) * 2021-02-05 2021-05-18 瑞泰高直生物科技(武汉)有限公司 一种脂肪代替品的制备方法

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3881991A (en) * 1969-01-24 1975-05-06 Hayashibara Co Process for producing amylose powders having a mean degree of polymerization between 20{14 30
WO1991001091A1 (fr) * 1989-07-19 1991-02-07 American Maize-Products Company Procede de preparation de produits alimentaires a teneur reduite en matiere grasse
WO1991007106A1 (fr) * 1989-11-22 1991-05-30 Opta Food Ingredients, Inc. Agent gonflant insoluble derive de l'amidon, de qualite alimentaire

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3881991A (en) * 1969-01-24 1975-05-06 Hayashibara Co Process for producing amylose powders having a mean degree of polymerization between 20{14 30
WO1991001091A1 (fr) * 1989-07-19 1991-02-07 American Maize-Products Company Procede de preparation de produits alimentaires a teneur reduite en matiere grasse
WO1991007106A1 (fr) * 1989-11-22 1991-05-30 Opta Food Ingredients, Inc. Agent gonflant insoluble derive de l'amidon, de qualite alimentaire

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5912031A (en) * 1994-04-11 1999-06-15 Fitchett; Colin Stanley Process for preparing a fat replacer by enzymatic digestion of a ground cereal with alpha-amylase
CN110742171A (zh) * 2019-10-23 2020-02-04 华中农业大学 一种低热量低脂冰淇淋制备方法
CN110742171B (zh) * 2019-10-23 2023-04-25 华中农业大学 一种低热量低脂冰淇淋制备方法
CN112042930A (zh) * 2020-08-28 2020-12-08 南昌大学 一种淀粉基乳液填充凝胶脂肪模拟物的制备方法
CN112806558A (zh) * 2021-02-05 2021-05-18 瑞泰高直生物科技(武汉)有限公司 一种脂肪代替品的制备方法

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