WO1992019701A1 - Procede permettant de reduire les emissions d'oxydes azotes et d'augmenter le rendement de la combustion d'une turbine - Google Patents
Procede permettant de reduire les emissions d'oxydes azotes et d'augmenter le rendement de la combustion d'une turbine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1992019701A1 WO1992019701A1 PCT/US1992/003328 US9203328W WO9219701A1 WO 1992019701 A1 WO1992019701 A1 WO 1992019701A1 US 9203328 W US9203328 W US 9203328W WO 9219701 A1 WO9219701 A1 WO 9219701A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- emulsion
- water
- emulsifier
- fuel
- dea
- Prior art date
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- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract description 28
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- AOMUHOFOVNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)dodecanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N(CCO)CCO AOMUHOFOVNGZAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- LPMBTLLQQJBUOO-KTKRTIGZSA-N (z)-n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)octadec-9-enamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)N(CCO)CCO LPMBTLLQQJBUOO-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 hydroxyalkyl amine Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007764 o/w emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- XGZOMURMPLSSKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)octadecanamide Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N(CCO)CCO XGZOMURMPLSSKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- CKNOIIXFUKKRIC-HZJYTTRNSA-N (9z,12z)-n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)octadeca-9,12-dienamide Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)N(CCO)CCO CKNOIIXFUKKRIC-HZJYTTRNSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 19
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010771 distillate fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008646 thermal stress Effects 0.000 description 2
- OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N (9Z,12Z)-9,10,12,13-tetratritiooctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid Chemical compound C(CCCCCCC\C(=C(/C\C(=C(/CCCCC)\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])\[3H])(=O)O OYHQOLUKZRVURQ-NTGFUMLPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (E)-8-Octadecenoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCC(O)=O WRIDQFICGBMAFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DUIOKRXOKLLURE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-octylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O DUIOKRXOKLLURE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 20:1omega9c fatty acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O LQJBNNIYVWPHFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-Heptadecensaeure Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O QSBYPNXLFMSGKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- OTGQIQQTPXJQRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-(octadecanoyl)ethanolamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)NCCO OTGQIQQTPXJQRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nonylphenol Natural products CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IGFHQQFPSIBGKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005642 Oleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium laurylsulphate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O DBMJMQXJHONAFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003916 acid precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- RLQJEEJISHYWON-UHFFFAOYSA-N flonicamid Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=NC=C1C(=O)NCC#N RLQJEEJISHYWON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002828 fuel tank Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002085 irritant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000021 irritant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonylphenol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1O SNQQPOLDUKLAAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021313 oleic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019333 sodium laurylsulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000230 xanthan gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010493 xanthan gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process which will improve the combustion efficiency of a gas turbine in order to reduce the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO ⁇ ) and visible emissions (particulates, which lead to plume opacity) to the atmosphere.
- NO ⁇ nitrogen oxides
- visible emissions particles, which lead to plume opacity
- nitrogen oxides are a significant contributor to acid rain and have been implicated in the undesirable warming of the atmosphere through what is known as the "greenhouse effect" and in the depletion of the ozone layer.
- gas turbines often emit a visible plume, which is highly undesirable since it causes concern among the population in areas surrounding the facility.
- oils primarily produced from relatively simple mechanical techniques
- the oils emulsified are usually heavy oils (i.e., #6 oil).
- #6 oil the oils emulsified are usually heavy oils (i.e., #6 oil).
- gas turbines are peaking units, the fuel is required to remain emulsified for at least 30 days in a holding tank, and at least 2 hours during in-line mixing. This has been difficult to accomplish, especially when using mechanical emulsion methodology.
- gas turbines are very sensitive to corrosion, which often leads the practitioner to avoid introducing emulsified water into the combustion zone.
- FIGURE 1 is a schematic illustration of a gas turbine fuel supply system having an emulsification system according to the present invention installed therein;
- FIGURE 2 is a schematic illustration of an emulsification system according to the present invention as installed in a gas turbine fuel supply system;
- FIGURE 3 is a graphic representation of the results of Examples Ila and lib. Disclosure of Invention
- the present invention relates to a method for reducing nitrogen oxides emissions and improving the combustion efficiency of a gas turbine (which term will be considered to be interchangeable with combustion turbine) .
- this invention relates to a process involving the formation of a stable water-and- fuel oil emulsion, where the oil is a light fuel oil such as diesel fuel, distillate fuel or #2 oil.
- the subject emulsion can be either a water-in-fuel oil or a fuel oil-in-water emulsion (although water-in-fuel oil emulsions are preferred for most applications) , and the introduction of the emulsion into at least one of the combustion cans of a gas turbine through its fuel system.
- the oil phase in the inventive emulsions comprise what is conventionally known as diesel fuel, distillate fuel, or #2 oil, as defined by the American Society of Testing and Measurement (ASTM) Standard Specification for Fuel Oils (Designation: D 396-86) .
- distillate fuels Included among these are kerosene and jet fuels, both commercial and military, commonly referred to as JP4 and JP5, respectivel .
- demineralized water is not required for the successful control of nitrogen oxides and opacity
- the use of demineralized water in the emulsion formed according to the process of this invention is preferred in order to avoid the deposit of minerals from the water on the blades and other internal surfaces of the gas turbine. In this way, turbine life is extended and maintenance and outage time significantly reduced.
- the emulsions used in the fuel system of the gas turbine advantageously comprise water-in-fuel oil emulsions having up to about 50% water by weight.
- the emulsions of this type which have the most practical significance in combustion applications are those having at least about 5% water and are preferably about 10% to about 35% water-in-fuel oil by weight.
- this invention also relates to the formation of fuel oil-in-water emulsions having about 50% to about 80% water, which have practical applicability in certain situations.
- the emulsions are prepared such that the discontinuous phase (i.e., the water in a water-in- fuel-oil emulsion and the oil in an a fuel oil-in-water emulsion) has a particle size wherein at least about 70% of the droplets are below about 5 microns Sauter mean diameter. More preferably, at least about 85%, and most preferably at least about 90%, are below about 5 microns Sauter mean diameter.
- Emulsion stability is largely related to droplet size.
- the primary driving force for emulsion separation is the large energy associated with placing oil molecules in close proximity to water molecules in the form of small droplets.
- Emulsion breakdown is controlled by how quickly droplets coalesce.
- Emulsion stability can be enhanced by the use of surfactants and the like, which act as emulsifiers or emulsion stabilizers. These generally work by forming repulsive layers between droplets prohibiting coalescence.
- the gravitational driving force for phase separation is much more prominent for large droplets, so emulsions containing large droplets separate most rapidly. Smaller droplets also settle, but can be less prone to coalescence, which is the cause of creaming.
- the force of gravity acting on the droplet is small compared to thermal fluctuations or subtle mechanical agitation forces.
- the emulsion can become stable almost indefinitely, although given a long enough period of time or a combination of thermal fluctuations these emulsions will eventually separate.
- the emulsifier utilized comprises a composition selected from one or more alkanolamides , by which is generally meant an amide formed by condensation of an alkyl or hydroxyalkyl amine or mixtures thereof, and an organic acid.
- alkanolamides are fatty acids, such as lauric acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, and coconut oil fatty acids.
- alkanolamides having a molar ratio of alkanolamine group to acid group of from about 1:1 to about 2:1.
- compositions can stabilize an emulsion of up to about 50% water-in-fuel oil, or up to about 80% fuel oil-in-water in alkanolamide amounts as low as about 0.05% by weight, and even as low as about 0.01% by weight.
- emulsifier which can be used, there is usually no need for greater than about 1%, or, in fact, greater than about 0.5% by weight emulsifier in the subject emulsion.
- the noted alkanolamides should be included in an amount of from about 0.1% to about 0.3% by weight.
- Suitable alkanolamides which can function to stabilize the emulsion of the process of the present invention include any one or more of the following: cocamide diethanolamine (DEA) , lauramide DEA, polyoxyethylene (POE) cocamide, cocamide monoethanolamide (MEA) , POE lauramide DEA, oleamide DEA, linolea ide DEA, and stearamide MEA, as well as mixtures thereof.
- Such alkanolamides are commercially available under trade names such as Clindrol 100-0, from Clintwood Chemical Company of Chicago, Illinois; Schercomid ODA, from Scher Chemicals, Inc. of Clifton, New Jersey; Schercomid SO-A, also from Scher Chemicals, Inc.; and M zamide ® , and the Mazamide series from PPG-Mazer Products Corp. of Gurnee, Illinois.
- emulsifiers which may be useful include ethoxylated alkylphenols, such as nonyl phenol, octyl phenol, etc. and salts of alkylated sulfates or sulfonates, such as sodium lauryl sulfate.
- emulsifiers or blends of emulsifiers may be also effective at maintaining the stability of the inventive emulsion.
- the use of the noted emulsifiers provides chemical emulsification, which is dependent on hydrophylic- lipophylic balance (HLB) , as well as on the chemical nature of the emulsifier.
- HLB hydrophylic- lipophylic balance
- the HLB of an emulsifier is an expression of the balance of the size and strength of the hydrophylic and the lipophylic groups of the composition.
- the HLB which was developed as a guide to emulsifiers by ICI Americas, Inc. of Wilmington, Delaware can be determined in a number of ways, most conveniently for the purposes of this invention by the solubility or dispersibility characteristics of the emulsifier in water, from no dispersibility (HLB range of 1-4) to clear solution (HLB range of 13 or greater) .
- the emulsifiers useful in the present invention should most preferably have an HLB of 8 or less, meaning that after vigorous agitation they form a milky dispersion in water (HLB range of 6-8) , poor dispersion in water (HLB range of 4-6) , or show no dispersability in water (HLB range of less than 4) .
- a physical emulsion stabilizer in combination with the chemical emulsifiers noted above to maximize the stability of the emulsion achieved in the process of the present invention.
- Use of physical stabilizers also provides economic benefits due to their relatively low cost.
- physical stabilizers increase emulsion stability either by increasing the solubility of immiscible phases or by forming an insoluble barrier attracted to the oil/water interface.
- suitable physical stabilizers are waxes, cellulose products and gums such as whalen gum and xanthan gum.
- the physical stabilizer is present in an amount of about 0.05% to about 5% by weight of the combination of chemical emulsifier and the physical stabilizer.
- the resulting combination emulsifier/stabilizer can then be used at the same levels noted above for the use of emulsifier alone.
- the emulsification provided must be sufficient to maintain the emulsion to a greater extent than if the emulsifier was not present and to as great an extent as possible.
- the actual level of emulsification will vary depending upon the percentage of oil and water in the emulsion and the particular fuel oil utilized. For example, when the continuous phase is #2 oil, it is highly desired that no more than about 0.1% free water be present in the emulsion, and that the emulsion is maintained that way at ambient conditions for at least about two hours.
- Ambient conditions that is, the conditions to which the emulsion is expected to be exposed, include the temperature in the gas turbine fuel feed lines. Such temperatures can be up to about 65"C, more typically up to about 90°C and even as high as about 100°C.
- the emulsion used in the process of the present invention can be formed using a suitable mechanical emulsifying apparatus which would be familiar to the skilled artisan.
- the apparatus is an in-line emulsifying device for most efficiency.
- the emulsion is formed by feeding both the water and the fuel oil in the desired proportions to the emulsifying apparatus, and emulsifier or stabilizer when used can either be admixed or dispersed into one or both of the components before emulsification or can be added to the emulsion after it is formed.
- the emulsifier and/or stabilizer is present at the time of emulsifying the water and fuel oil.
- any emulsifier or stabilizer used is provided in the water phase, depending on its HLB. It has been found that the emulsions noted above with the chemical emulsifiers can be stabilized at up to about 50% water-in-fuel oil for up to 30 days and longer. In fact, with mild agitation, such as recirculation, it is believed that the emulsion can stay in suspension indefinitely.
- the emulsion can then be introduced into a combustion can of the gas turbine through the fuel feed lines and burner nozzles conventionally used with such combustion apparatus. There is no need for modification of the gas turbine fuel feed lines or combustion can to accommodate the emulsion used in the process of this invention.
- FIGS 1 and 2 illustrate a gas turbine fuel supply system having installed therein an emulsification system for the practice of the process of the present invention and a schematic illustration of the emulsification system itself.
- an emulsification system 10 can be installed in a gas turbine fuel supply system 100 between the heater 122 and the final filter 124.
- emulsification system 10 is illustrated as being installed in this position in fuel supply system 100, it will be recognized by the skilled artisan that other positions may be more advantageous in terms of emulsion stability in other fuel supply system embodiments, and emulsification system 10 can be installed at virtually any point along fuel supply system 100 for operability. Indeed, it will also be recognized that heater 122 and final filter 124 are preferred components of fuel supply system 100 and conventionally utilized, but not critically needed.
- Fuel supply system 100 is typical of many gas turbine fuel supply systems and generally comprises a fuel supply line 110 which is fed by a fuel tank or other holding or storage apparatus (not shown) . Fuel flowing through fuel supply line 110 proceeds through a set of initial filters 112a and 112b, and is then fed to individual fuel supply systems 120, 220, and 320 which feed engines controlled by fuel supply system 100. For ease of understanding, fuel supply system 120 which feeds engine manifold 130 is specifically illustrated. Supply systems 220 and 320 are equivalent in operation.
- Fuel supplied through fuel supply line 110 is fed along engine manifold 130 supply line 120 into heater 122. From there, the fuel flow continues past valve 114 into final filter 124. From final filter 124, the fuel flow continues along line 120 through engine pump 136 and from there into fuel distribution manifold 121 which then supplies the fuel through primary nozzle 132 and secondary nozzle 134 to engine manifold 130, which is the combustion zone of the subject gas turbine.
- fuel supply system 110 further comprises recirculation lines 123a and 123b and recirculation pump 128 for recirculation of the fuel through line 120.
- emulsification system 10 comprises an emulsifier supply line 30 which supplies emulsifier from a tank or other storage means (not shown) to a metering pump, and is then fed through line 50.
- emulsification system 10 comprises water inlet line 40 which feeds water from a tank or other supply means (not shown) through a water pump 28a to supply line 50 where it is admixed with emulsifier supplied from emulsifier supply line 30.
- the water/emulsifier fed through line 50 then meets fuel being fed through line 58 when valve 20 is open and valve 114 is closed. These are then fed through either one or both of 1 1/2 inch emulsifier 52 or 2 inch emulsifier 54, depending on whether one or both of valves 24 or 26 is open through feed lines 56a and 56b, respectively.
- the emulsified water-in-fuel oil is then fed via line 58 back through fuel supply line 120 when valve 22 is open and from there into engine pump 136 and into engine manifold 130.
- the heat of vaporization from the burning fuel causes the emulsified water droplets to become steam, which creates a secondary atomization.
- This secondary atomization improves combustion and increases the gas volume.
- the heal required to change the water to steam is believed to reduce the flame temperature of the combustion which helps to reduce formation of nitrogen oxides.
- water/fuel oil emulsion results in substantial elimination of the need for an expensive, independent smoke suppressant additive.
- additives are heavy metal based products which can form deposits on the turbine blades, reducing efficiency and increasing maintenance costs.
- emulsions in the process of this invention a 90% or greater reduction in smoke suppressant additive use is often achieved, which increases the blade life due to reduced deposits, and creates less wear on the turbine blade coatings.
- the use of the process of this invention leads to improved engine fuel system integrity; the engine burns cooler, which, as noted, leads to less thermal stress; it is believed that the gas turbine can assume a higher load capacity; and compliance with environmental regulations is more easily obtainable.
- An emulsification system is prepared comprising two rotary emulsifiers and related storage, pumping and piping apparatus for preparation and supply of a water- in-fuel oil emulsion to a Pratt and Whitney Jet engine burning 30 gallons of fuel per minute at full load (21MW) .
- Baseline emissions tests are run on the engine with non-emulsified distillate fuel oil, and then with emulsified fuel at water levels of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 35%, and 50%.
- the emulsifier used is oleamide DEA added at 2.5 gallons per 1,000 gallons of fuel (corresponding to .25% of emulsifier by weight) .
- the emulsion remained stable (i.e., no visible water separation) for over two hours without agitation.
- Blades and guide vanes are found to be cleaner with the emulsion prepared according to the present invention.
- An emulsification system in accordance with Figures 1 and 2 is prepared for supply to a single TP&M A4 engine operating as part of a twinpack rated at approximately 35 MW. Flue gas samples are obtained through a three point probe installed on the outlet duct with the sample points located between the guide vanes. The samples are combined and the NO and N0 2 levels therein measured, and compared with baseline levels.
- Figure 3 illustrates the fact that use of the process of the present invention permits equivalent reduction of nitrogen oxides with approximately 50% of the amount of water injected.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US69155691A | 1991-04-25 | 1991-04-25 | |
US691,556 | 1991-04-25 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1992019701A1 true WO1992019701A1 (fr) | 1992-11-12 |
Family
ID=24777009
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1992/003328 WO1992019701A1 (fr) | 1991-04-25 | 1992-04-22 | Procede permettant de reduire les emissions d'oxydes azotes et d'augmenter le rendement de la combustion d'une turbine |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0581870A1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU1900092A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2109096A1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1992019701A1 (fr) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0763080A4 (fr) * | 1994-05-31 | 1998-03-11 | Fuel Tech Nv | Reduction d'emissions d'oxyde d'azote a partir de moteurs diesel de vehicules |
EP0924412A1 (fr) * | 1997-12-17 | 1999-06-23 | Asea Brown Boveri AG | Procédé d'utilisation d'un groupe à turbine à gaz |
US7018433B2 (en) | 2000-01-12 | 2006-03-28 | Cam Tecnologie S.P.A.. | Fuel comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
US7041145B2 (en) | 2001-07-09 | 2006-05-09 | Cam Technologie S.P.A. | Fuel comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
WO2013098630A1 (fr) | 2011-12-29 | 2013-07-04 | E.Fuel S.A. | Émulsion de gasoil et d'eau |
US8511259B2 (en) | 2002-03-28 | 2013-08-20 | Cam Technologie S.P.A. | Method for reducing emission of pollutants from an internal combusion engine, and fuel emulsion comprising water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
WO2014158262A1 (fr) * | 2013-03-14 | 2014-10-02 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Émulsion carburant/eau issue d'algues |
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US2892694A (en) * | 1956-05-22 | 1959-06-30 | Monsanto Chemicals | Process for the manufacture of emulsion fuels |
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US3490237A (en) * | 1966-07-18 | 1970-01-20 | Petrolite Corp | Thixotropic oil-in-water emulsion fuels |
US3637357A (en) * | 1969-07-23 | 1972-01-25 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Fuel emulsion with improved stability |
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US4725287A (en) * | 1986-11-24 | 1988-02-16 | Canadian Occidental Petroleum, Ltd. | Preparation of stable crude oil transport emulsions |
US4842616A (en) * | 1985-10-01 | 1989-06-27 | Sodecim | Method for homogenizing a mixture of aqueous residual liquid or solid fuels |
US4907368A (en) * | 1987-11-23 | 1990-03-13 | Atlas Powder Company | Stable fluid systems for preparing high density explosive compositions |
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IL54937A0 (en) * | 1977-07-25 | 1978-08-31 | Gen Electric | Water injection for gas turbine engine emission control |
-
1992
- 1992-04-22 AU AU19000/92A patent/AU1900092A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-04-22 WO PCT/US1992/003328 patent/WO1992019701A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-04-22 EP EP92911684A patent/EP0581870A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1992-04-22 CA CA 2109096 patent/CA2109096A1/fr not_active Abandoned
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US2892694A (en) * | 1956-05-22 | 1959-06-30 | Monsanto Chemicals | Process for the manufacture of emulsion fuels |
US3281438A (en) * | 1962-05-23 | 1966-10-25 | Swift & Co | Water soluble alkylolamides |
US3339145A (en) * | 1965-04-05 | 1967-08-29 | Ibm | Latching stage for register with automatic resetting |
US3490237A (en) * | 1966-07-18 | 1970-01-20 | Petrolite Corp | Thixotropic oil-in-water emulsion fuels |
US3637357A (en) * | 1969-07-23 | 1972-01-25 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Fuel emulsion with improved stability |
US3932476A (en) * | 1973-07-02 | 1976-01-13 | Ethyl Corporation | Preparation of fatty acid amides |
US4083698A (en) * | 1975-06-30 | 1978-04-11 | Fuel Systems, Inc. | Clear and stable liquid fuel compositions for internal combustion engines |
US4378230A (en) * | 1975-12-31 | 1983-03-29 | Rhee Eun B | Method for improving fuel efficiency |
US4017522A (en) * | 1976-03-15 | 1977-04-12 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of Agriculture | N-(furoyloxyethyl) fatty acid amides |
US4392865A (en) * | 1977-02-23 | 1983-07-12 | Lanko, Inc. | Hydrocarbon-water fuels, emulsions, slurries and other particulate mixtures |
US4182614A (en) * | 1977-06-14 | 1980-01-08 | Kao Soap Co., Ltd. | Surface active agent for emulsion fuel |
US4162143A (en) * | 1978-03-13 | 1979-07-24 | Ici Americas Inc. | Emulsifier blend and aqueous fuel oil emulsions |
US4199326A (en) * | 1978-03-23 | 1980-04-22 | Fung Paul S T | Emulsified fuel composition and surfactant useful therein |
US4173455A (en) * | 1978-10-11 | 1979-11-06 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army | Fire-safe hydrocarbon fuels |
US4297107A (en) * | 1978-12-16 | 1981-10-27 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Fuels and their use |
US4666457A (en) * | 1984-09-24 | 1987-05-19 | Petroleum Fermentations N.V. | Method for reducing emissions utilizing pre-atomized fuels |
US4666457B1 (fr) * | 1984-09-24 | 1990-05-01 | Petroleum Fermentations | |
US4696683A (en) * | 1985-07-16 | 1987-09-29 | Ceskoslovenska Akademie Ved | Method and equipment for separation of solids from gaseous mixtures |
US4842616A (en) * | 1985-10-01 | 1989-06-27 | Sodecim | Method for homogenizing a mixture of aqueous residual liquid or solid fuels |
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Title |
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Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, Vol. 106, October 1984, HILT and WASLO, "Evolution of NOx Abatement Techniques through Combustor Design for Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines", page 825. * |
PPG Mazer Products, American Chemical, East Providence, RI., 1988, pages 32,33 and 72. * |
Scher Chem LS, Inc., Technical Bulletin *307-2 September 1983, "Schercomid 50-A". * |
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See also references of EP0581870A4 * |
Technical Bulletin 2303-010, GAF Corporation, NY, NY. "Igepal RC-520". * |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0763080A4 (fr) * | 1994-05-31 | 1998-03-11 | Fuel Tech Nv | Reduction d'emissions d'oxyde d'azote a partir de moteurs diesel de vehicules |
EP0924412A1 (fr) * | 1997-12-17 | 1999-06-23 | Asea Brown Boveri AG | Procédé d'utilisation d'un groupe à turbine à gaz |
US6178738B1 (en) | 1997-12-17 | 2001-01-30 | Asea Brown Boveri Ag | Method of operating a gas-turbine group by directing a fuel/water mixture to the combustion chamber |
US7018433B2 (en) | 2000-01-12 | 2006-03-28 | Cam Tecnologie S.P.A.. | Fuel comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
US7994260B2 (en) | 2000-01-12 | 2011-08-09 | Cam Tecnologie S.P.A. | Fuel comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
US7041145B2 (en) | 2001-07-09 | 2006-05-09 | Cam Technologie S.P.A. | Fuel comprising an emulsion between water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
US8511259B2 (en) | 2002-03-28 | 2013-08-20 | Cam Technologie S.P.A. | Method for reducing emission of pollutants from an internal combusion engine, and fuel emulsion comprising water and a liquid hydrocarbon |
WO2013098630A1 (fr) | 2011-12-29 | 2013-07-04 | E.Fuel S.A. | Émulsion de gasoil et d'eau |
WO2014158262A1 (fr) * | 2013-03-14 | 2014-10-02 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Émulsion carburant/eau issue d'algues |
US9458768B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2016-10-04 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Algae-derived fuel/water emulsion |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0581870A4 (fr) | 1994-04-27 |
EP0581870A1 (fr) | 1994-02-09 |
CA2109096A1 (fr) | 1992-10-26 |
AU1900092A (en) | 1992-12-21 |
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