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WO1992009982A1 - Unite de commande destinee a des systemes de pointage ameliores d'un ordinateur - Google Patents

Unite de commande destinee a des systemes de pointage ameliores d'un ordinateur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992009982A1
WO1992009982A1 PCT/US1990/006830 US9006830W WO9209982A1 WO 1992009982 A1 WO1992009982 A1 WO 1992009982A1 US 9006830 W US9006830 W US 9006830W WO 9209982 A1 WO9209982 A1 WO 9209982A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cursor
velocity
force
forces
pointing device
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1990/006830
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Joseph D. Rutledge
Edwin J. Selker
Original Assignee
International Business Machines Corporation
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by International Business Machines Corporation filed Critical International Business Machines Corporation
Priority to PCT/US1990/006830 priority Critical patent/WO1992009982A1/fr
Priority to JP3501089A priority patent/JPH087660B2/ja
Publication of WO1992009982A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992009982A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
    • G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
    • G06F3/033—Pointing devices displaced or positioned by the user, e.g. mice, trackballs, pens or joysticks; Accessories therefor
    • G06F3/038—Control and interface arrangements therefor, e.g. drivers or device-embedded control circuitry

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a controller for relating the force applied to a user-controlled pointing device, for example, a joystick, to the velocity of a cursor on a video screen.
  • a controller for relating the force applied to a user-controlled pointing device, for example, a joystick, to the velocity of a cursor on a video screen.
  • a wide variety of devices have been proposed and used to implement operator control of a cursor on a video display screen. These can be classified as discrete (such as key-stroke) and continuous (analog) controls, and within analog, according to the mapping between the input quantity (position, force, etc.) and the cursor position, velocity, acceleration, etc..
  • discrete such as key-stroke
  • analog analog
  • a number of comparative studies have generally found that best results are obtained with a more or less linear mapping from position to position, as exemplified by a "mouse”.
  • the mouse requires significant desk space, and requires that the operator remove his (her) hand from the keyboard for each mouse operation, while a force to velocity mapping permits the control to occupy negligible space, and thus to be placed close to or within the normal keyboard.
  • the force joystick has a long history of investigation and use. It has been found that pointing times could be expected to be perhaps 20% slower than for a mouse performing the same tasks. Another concern is the "feel” - the subjective impression of exact control of the cursor, and that its movements are the "natural" response to actions.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a controller for a video pointing device, such a controller providing a mapping between the force applied on the pointing device and the resulting velocity of a cursor on the video screen, and such a mapping solving the above-mentioned problems with respect to conventional force to velocity mappings.
  • a transfer function assuming a form corresponding to a parabolic-sigmoid is used.
  • Such a transfer function includes a cut-off plateau in cursor velocity for high input forces so that the maximum cursor velocity is limited to a velocity which can be comfortably tracked by the human eye.
  • the cursor speed in the joystick device of the present disclosure By limiting the cursor speed in the joystick device of the present disclosure to speeds which can be tracked by the eye, over-shooting of target points by users tends to be minimized.
  • the maximum speed of the cursor is limited in the joystick device of the present disclosure relative to conventional joystick devices, the overall time required for a user to successfully position the cursor at a desired target point with the joystick device of the present disclosure is ordinarily less than the time required with a conventional joystick device.
  • the perceived level of frustration is generally reduced when the joystick device of the present disclosure is used compared to that of conventional joystick devices, since few, if any, additional displacements of the joystick of the present disclosure are generally required to recover from overshoot.
  • parabolic-sigmoid transfer function has been varied so as to achieve a higher degree of correlation with human perception and motor control.
  • Figure 1 shows a variety of different force- to-velocity mappings, including the parabolic- sigmoid mapping of the present invention
  • Figure 2 shows a modified version of the general parabolic sigmoid function according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of the present invention using analog techniques
  • Figure 4 shows a second embodiment of the present invention using digital techniques
  • Figure 5 shows a third embodiment of the present invention in which two different types of input devices may be used.
  • Figure 6 shows a fourth embodiment of the present invention in which the direction of the input force is preserved.
  • Figure 1 shows various possible force-velocity mappings (transfer functions) which may be used in relating the force applied to a pointing device to the resulting velocity of a cursor on a video screen.
  • the linear, parabolic and cubic transfer functions are all well-known and all suffer from the drawbacks mentioned above, that is, that when a user applies the maximum input force F ⁇ to the pointing device, the cursor's velocity keeps increasing so that a user will overshoot a target on the screen.
  • the transfer function begins with a dead band region.
  • the purpose of this dead band region is to allow the cursor to sit steady even though the user has fingers on the joystick.
  • This dead band region takes into account that a human user may wish to hold on to the joystick without having the cursor move. Since it is practically impossible to hold on to the joystick and not move it even a little, a dead band region is provided for input forces between f 0 and f.,.
  • the next section of interest of the transfer function of Fig. 2 is the section corresponding to input forces between f 2 and f 3 . In this region a low plateau is provided, such a low plateau being higher than the dead band region mentioned above.
  • this low plateau is to provide for predictable slow motion for moving the cursor short distances under smooth control.
  • the low plateau allows for fine tuning the cursor position.
  • the next region, between f 3 and f 4 is the general parabolic-sigmoid function discussed above. This region provides for a smooth increase in speed when the input force is increased.
  • This region performs the advantageous function of greatly limiting the possibility that a user will overshoot his target, thus resulting in a considerable decrease in user frustration.
  • the final section of the transfer function of Figure 2 corresponds to input forces greater than f 5 .
  • the velocity shoots up at a fast rate.
  • This fast rate allows users to quickly dash the cursor across the screen by applying a high force.
  • Such a low accuracy movement is desirable in situations where a menu is provided at the top of the screen and the user wishes to quickly move the cursor from a present position on the screen up to the menu region.
  • a high degree of accuracy is not required for this type of application because there is no chance for a vertical overshoot because the target, i.e., the menu, is at the top of the screen.
  • FIG. 3 An analog circuit implementation of the force- to-velocity transfer function of the present invention is shown in Fig. 3.
  • a user applies force to a force joystick which has, as outputs, voltages proportional to the x and y components of the torque applied by the user's fingers. These voltages are applied on lines 31 and 32, . respectively, and sent to respective function generators 33 and 34.
  • Function generators 33 and 34 take, as inputs, the voltages representing the force applied to the joystick and give as outputs cursor velocity signals on lines 35 and 36.
  • the function generators 33 and 34 relate input force to output velocity according to the transfer function of Fig. 2 discussed above.
  • the cursor velocity signals on lines 35 and 36 are sent to a mouse protocol unit 37 in order to make the cursor move with the velocity dictated by the cursor velocity signals.
  • the mouse protocol unit could be replaced with any other suitable interface to communicate the velocity information to a computer, for example.
  • the mouse protocol unit 37 is well known in the art. Two different implementations of the mouse protocol unit 37 have been known. One involves quadrature signals (pulse trains) and is known as a parallel implementation. The parallel implementation was developed and manufactured by
  • mouse protocol unit 37 Another well-known implementation of the mouse protocol unit 37 is known as a serial implementation in which messages are transmitted between the mouse and the rest of the computer, such messages relating to how much the mouse has moved during a predetermined message interval.
  • This serial implementation was developed by IBM and is described in IBM Mouse Technical Reference, First Edition (April, 1987) which is also incorporated herein by reference.
  • a digital circuit implementation of the force to velocity transfer function of the present invention will now be described with reference to Figure 4.
  • Voltages proportional to the x and y components of the torque applied by the user's fingers on a joystick are applied on lines 41 and 42, respectively.
  • the voltages are next sent to analog-to-digital converters 43 and 44, respectively, and digital representations of the voltages are applied on lines 45 and 46, respectively, to look up tables 47A and 47B.
  • the analog-to-digital converters sample the analog voltage signals at a rate which is fast with respect to human response, for example, 100 times per second.
  • the look up tables 47A and 47B store the transfer function of Fig. 2.
  • the look up tables 47A and 47B take the digital representations of the force voltages on lines 45 and 46 as address signals and output on lines 48A and 48B cursor velocity signals representative of the cursor velocity dictated by the transfer function of Fig. 2 for a particular force input.
  • the cursor velocity signals on lines 48A and 48B are next applied to mouse protocol unit 49 which is substantially the same as the corresponding unit 37 in Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 3 is shown.
  • Fig. 5 provision is made to allow for the simultaneous use of a force joystick (as described above in conjunction with Figs. 3 and 4) and a mouse 51.
  • Unlabelled elements in Figure . 5 are the equivalents of their counterparts in
  • Outputs of a mouse 51 on line 52 are supplied to x and y accumulators 53 and 54, respectively.
  • the x accumulator 53 receives as inputs the digital representations of the x component forces rom the force joystick and the mouse signals from line 52.
  • the x accumulator 53 accumulates the signals coming in from either of its inputs and provides a cumulative output to look up table 47A.
  • a y accumulator 54 is provided for analogously providing a cumulative output to look up table 47B.
  • Figure 6 shows a direction-preserving embodiment where the implementation of Figure 3 is applied only to the speed (magnitude of velocity) . It is also within the scope of the invention to apply this direction preserving embodiment to the digital representation of Figure 4.
  • the x and y signals are obtained from a force joystick as explained above in conjunction with Figures 3 through 5.
  • the signals are next sent to a rectangular to polar conversion circuit 61 which takes the rectangular coordinates, x and y, and transforms them, in a well-known fashion, into polar coordinates of magnitude and direction.
  • the magnitude output 62 of circuit 61 is sent to function generator 64 which is identical to the function generators 33 and 34 of Fig. 3. *
  • the function generator performs the transfer function shown in Figure 2. Thus, only the magnitude of the input force is used in the force/cursor velocity transformation performed by function generator 64.
  • a cursor velocity magnitude signal is then output by the function generator 64 onto line 65 and applied as a magnitude input to a polar to rectangular coordinate conversion circuit 66.
  • the direction coordinate output of the rectangular to polar conversion circuit 61 is output on line 63 and sent directly as a direction coordinate input to polar to rectangular conversion circuit 66.
  • the rectangular coordinates output of the polar to rectangular conversion circuit 66 are then supplied to a mouse protocol unit 67 which moves the cursor at a velocity determined by the input to the unit 67.
  • the values in the memories could be changed, for example, by multiplying the values all by a multiplication factor so as to either compress or expand the curve, depending on whether the 13 multiplication factor is less than or greater than unity, respectively.
  • the transfer function may be altered only within a certain range of values so that, for example, the low plateau of 5 Fig. 2 may remain the same while only the high plateau section of the transfer function changes.
  • the automatically alterable transfer function discussed above could operate, for example, to check a user's performance level, in terms of the ⁇ o time it takes a user to accurately position the cursor, while using a certain transfer function, by comparing a user's performance with a predetermined performance which is determined to be satisfactory for a certain transfer function. If the user's
  • the video screen of the present invention could be for a digital computer, an analog 20 computer, a digital or analog video game system, an air traffic control system, or the like.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Position Input By Displaying (AREA)

Abstract

La force d'introduction exercée sur un système de pointage comprenant des sorties (XY, fig. 5) est liée à la vitesse de déplacement d'un curseur sur un écran vidéo suivant une fonction de transfert (fig. 2) sensiblement décrite par une fonction sigmoïde parabolique (fig. 1), ceci permettant d'adapter la relation force/vitesse (fig. 2) pour qu'elle se conforme à la perception humaine, aux limitations de la commande du moteur et aux problèmes de coordination spécifiques à certaines tâches.
PCT/US1990/006830 1990-11-29 1990-11-29 Unite de commande destinee a des systemes de pointage ameliores d'un ordinateur WO1992009982A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US1990/006830 WO1992009982A1 (fr) 1990-11-29 1990-11-29 Unite de commande destinee a des systemes de pointage ameliores d'un ordinateur
JP3501089A JPH087660B2 (ja) 1990-11-29 1990-11-29 カーソルの速度制御装置及び速度制御方法

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US1990/006830 WO1992009982A1 (fr) 1990-11-29 1990-11-29 Unite de commande destinee a des systemes de pointage ameliores d'un ordinateur

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1992009982A1 true WO1992009982A1 (fr) 1992-06-11

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JP (1) JPH087660B2 (fr)
WO (1) WO1992009982A1 (fr)

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995004636A1 (fr) * 1993-08-09 1995-02-16 Honeywell Inc. Algorithme de friction synthetique pour systeme de commande manuelle actif
EP0706111A2 (fr) 1994-10-03 1996-04-10 International Business Machines Corporation Appareil et méthode pour interface d'utilisateur
EP0785499A4 (fr) * 1995-05-10 1999-01-07 Nintendo Co Ltd Systeme de traitement de l'image dans lequel une manette analogique est utilisee
US5973668A (en) * 1995-07-21 1999-10-26 Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. Pointing device
WO2002021253A1 (fr) 2000-09-04 2002-03-14 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Procede et appareil electronique destines au positionnement d'un curseur sur un ecran
EP4033333A4 (fr) * 2020-06-05 2023-01-04 Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited Procédé et appareil de commande d'une commande de curseur, et dispositif associé

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USRE46076E1 (en) * 2007-11-26 2016-07-19 Sony Corporation Input apparatus, control apparatus, control system, control method, and handheld apparatus
JP2013210963A (ja) * 2012-03-30 2013-10-10 Denso Corp 表示制御装置及びプログラム
JP6083908B1 (ja) * 2015-11-16 2017-02-22 レノボ・シンガポール・プライベート・リミテッド 情報処理装置、情報処理方法、およびプログラム
JP7455663B2 (ja) 2020-05-25 2024-03-26 キヤノン株式会社 情報処理装置、情報処理方法およびプログラム

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4313113A (en) * 1980-03-24 1982-01-26 Xerox Corporation Cursor control
US4698626A (en) * 1984-06-02 1987-10-06 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Coordinate-data input device for CRT display having cursor travel control means
US4931781A (en) * 1982-02-03 1990-06-05 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Cursor movement control key switch

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4313113A (en) * 1980-03-24 1982-01-26 Xerox Corporation Cursor control
US4931781A (en) * 1982-02-03 1990-06-05 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Cursor movement control key switch
US4698626A (en) * 1984-06-02 1987-10-06 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Coordinate-data input device for CRT display having cursor travel control means

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1995004636A1 (fr) * 1993-08-09 1995-02-16 Honeywell Inc. Algorithme de friction synthetique pour systeme de commande manuelle actif
EP0706111A2 (fr) 1994-10-03 1996-04-10 International Business Machines Corporation Appareil et méthode pour interface d'utilisateur
US5570111A (en) * 1994-10-03 1996-10-29 International Business Machines Corporation Graphical user interface cursor positioning device having a negative inertia transfer function
EP0785499A4 (fr) * 1995-05-10 1999-01-07 Nintendo Co Ltd Systeme de traitement de l'image dans lequel une manette analogique est utilisee
US5973668A (en) * 1995-07-21 1999-10-26 Oki Electric Industry Co., Ltd. Pointing device
WO2002021253A1 (fr) 2000-09-04 2002-03-14 Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ) Procede et appareil electronique destines au positionnement d'un curseur sur un ecran
EP1323022A1 (fr) * 2000-09-04 2003-07-02 Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ) Procede et appareil electronique destines au positionnement d'un curseur sur un ecran
EP4033333A4 (fr) * 2020-06-05 2023-01-04 Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited Procédé et appareil de commande d'une commande de curseur, et dispositif associé
US12115448B2 (en) 2020-06-05 2024-10-15 Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited Method and apparatus for controlling cursor control, and related device

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH087660B2 (ja) 1996-01-29
JPH05503370A (ja) 1993-06-03

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