WO1992001067A1 - Genetic probes specific for toxoplasma gondii and their uses in in vitro detection of toxoplasma gondii and the typing of toxoplasma strains - Google Patents
Genetic probes specific for toxoplasma gondii and their uses in in vitro detection of toxoplasma gondii and the typing of toxoplasma strains Download PDFInfo
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- WO1992001067A1 WO1992001067A1 PCT/FR1991/000546 FR9100546W WO9201067A1 WO 1992001067 A1 WO1992001067 A1 WO 1992001067A1 FR 9100546 W FR9100546 W FR 9100546W WO 9201067 A1 WO9201067 A1 WO 9201067A1
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- Prior art keywords
- dna
- toxoplasma
- oligonucleotides
- fragments
- membrane
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to screening for toxoplasmosis.
- Toxoplasmosis is a parasitosis caused by a sporozoan: Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii. It induces definitive immunity preventing any risk of further contamination.
- the existing prophylaxis is clearly insufficient in the case of severe forms of toxoplasmosis such as that encountered in immunodeficient subjects and congenital toxoplasmosis.
- it corresponds to an immune decompensation resulting in the reactivation of encysted parasites. It very often induces fatal toxoplasmic encephalitis.
- it follows an infection contracted during pregnancy and transmitted to the fetus by the transplacental route. Depending on the precariousness of this infection, it can cause spontaneous abortion, malformations of the nervous system or profound psycho-motor disabilities in the baby, or even risks of blindness.
- this is the serological diagnosis, which consists of looking for the presence of certain antibodies testifying to a past or evolving infection and detecting their variation over time in sera, cephalo- liquids spinal or amniotic.
- the results obtained are often uninterpretable due to non-significant variations in antibody titers.
- toxoplasmosis is easily diagnosed.
- the pJMBG55 probe described by SAWA has a very low detection sensitivity. Indeed, the probe is not or only slightly repeated in the genome of Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii; consequently, the detection obtained is very ineffective.
- J.L. BURG et al. describe a probe consisting of a fragment of the B1 gene, repeated only 35 times and use the method of enzymatic amplification by the technique of "Polymerase Chain
- sample treatment protocols proposed by these two teams correspond to those conventionally used in research to extract DNA. They are long, tedious and cannot meet the demands of routine work, for example in a medical analysis laboratory. In addition, the treatment of samples linked to the method of their conservation, was not approached by these authors.
- the aim of the present invention is to allow early and safe detection of toxoplasmosis by molecular hybridization.
- the object of the invention is to provide a rapid and very sensitive method of detecting Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii using genetic probes, applicable routinely to the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis.
- the first objective of the present invention is the cloning, isolation and characterization of recombinant DNA sequences originating from the genome of Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii.
- a second objective is to define oligonucleotides within the previously isolated sequences, advantageously chosen for the detection of Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii.
- Another aim is to allow the typing of the different toxoplasmic strains using the isolated recombinant DNA sequences.
- the present invention therefore relates to a nucleic acid characterized in that it comprises all h or part of a nucleotide sequence chosen from TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4 or from the corresponding complementary sequences, or from said sequences modified by substitutions and / or additions and / or deletions of one or more nucleotides so as to do not affect their properties, said fragments belonging to a family of highly repeated nucleotide sequences in the genome of Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii. It also relates to genetic probes containing all or part of the aforementioned labeled DNA sequences.
- the subject of the invention is a method for the detection of Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii in a biological sample characterized in that it comprises the steps: of prior selection of specific oligonucleotides from a family of highly repeated nucleotide sequences in the genome of toxoplasmas, comprising a fragment consisting of at least 10 bases and chosen from the sequences TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4 or from the corresponding complementary sequences or from the said sequences modified by substitutions and / or additions and / or deletions one or more nucleotides so as not to affect their properties;
- the invention also relates to a method for typing strains of Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii. characterized in that it consists:
- FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively represent the basic sequences TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4, - FIG. 5 diagrams the homologies existing between the basic sequences TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4,
- FIGS. 6, 7, 3 and 9 respectively represent the base sequences of the oligonucleotides D1, D2, G2 and S
- - Figure 10 shows schematically the positioning of the oligonucleotides according to Figures 6, 7, 8 and 9 along the TGR1E sequence
- Figure 11 illustrates the enzymatic amplification cycle by "Polymerase Chain Reaction”
- Figure 12 represents the electrophoretic profiles of toxoplasmic DNA amplified by "Polymerase Chain Reaction”
- - Figure 13 represents the "Southern blot" of toxoplasmic DNA amplified by "Polymerase Chain Reaction 11 then hybridized in the presence of the oligonucleotide S, labeled
- FIG. 14 shows the "Southern blot" of genomic DNA from Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii hybrid in the presence of the TGR1E probe.
- the present invention aims to detect Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii.
- the research carried out by the inventors concerned the cloning, selection and sequencing of fragments of the genomic DNA of Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii corresponding to highly repeated sequences in the genome.
- fragments 1, 2 and 4 were subcloned in the plasmid pUC19.
- other recombinant vectors can be envisaged.
- Clones are then selected and sequenced, two for fragment 1 and only one for each of fragments 2 and 4. They are designated respectively by the abbreviations pTGRIA, pTGRIE, pTGR2 and pTGR4 in which p signifies plasmid, TG signifies Toxop1asma ⁇ ondii, R is the name of the clone
- ⁇ containing the selected fragments and 1A, ⁇ E, 2 and 4 correspond to the names given to the cloned fragments.
- the toxoplasmic insert is purified after digestion with an enzyme, preferably the enzyme Sal I, the cleavage site of which corresponds to the site for cloning the fragments.
- an enzyme preferably the enzyme Sal I, the cleavage site of which corresponds to the site for cloning the fragments.
- the insert and the plasmid, here pUC19, are separated by electrophoresis.
- the insert is then purified in a conventional manner.
- TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4 are shown in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
- A Adenine
- T Thymine
- C Cytosine and G ⁇ ⁇ Guanine.
- toxoplasmic inserts or sequences derived therefrom can be labeled in order to constitute probes to demonstrate the presence of hybrids (target genomic DNA sequence / probe) formed, if necessary, during the attempted molecular hybridization.
- This labeling can be radioactive in nature, for example, by incorporation of a nucleotide triphosphate radioactively labeled by "Nick-Translation” or by the “Randon Priming” method.
- non-radioactive labeling is also called cold labeling. In the latter case, it may be an enzymatic, antigenic, ligand, luminescent or fluorescent labeling.
- the nucleic acids according to the invention can be used for the detection of Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii or for the typing of toxoplasmic strains.
- TGR2 and TGR4 have large and complex homologies which are shown diagrammatically in FIG. 5.
- the percentages indicated represent the degree of homology between each of the base sequences compared, that is to say the percentage of identical bases encountered in them. this.
- the homologies between TGR1E and the other three TGR1A, TGR2 and TGR4 show, as a whole, that there exist within TGR1E sequences belonging to a family of highly repeated sequences.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to detect in vitro the presence of Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii in a biological sample.
- This sample may result in particular from a placental biopsy for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis or from a brain biopsy for immunodeficient subjects. It can also be whole blood, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor or bronchoalveolar lavage.
- the method consists first of all in carrying out an enzymatic amplification step of the DNA to be analyzed.
- the amplification technique used is the
- PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction
- the first step is to denature the DNA by heating to separate the two strands.
- the second is a step of hybridization of the single-stranded DNA previously obtained with oligonucleotide primers.
- oligonucleotides for practical handling reasons, it is advantageous to be able to work with sequences of small size.
- advantageously used as primers in the hybridization step of the PCR suitably selected oligonucleotides, containing at least 10 bases and preferably 20 to 25 nucleotides on average. These oligonucleotides are selected so as to contain all or part of the sequences complementary to regions located 5 ′ of the sequences to be amplified. Examples are given in FIGS. 6, 7, 8 and 9, FIG. 10 schematically positioning the oligonucleotides cited along the TGR1E chain.
- pairs of oligonucleotides are in fact used as primers in order to amplify the sequence located between the two "terminals" which they constitute.
- an oligonucleotide located between the first two selected will preferably be chosen for the hybridization attempt. It may be, for PCR, for example the pair G2, D1 or G2, D2, the latter case being illustrated in FIG. 11, then the oligonucleotide S labeled for the hybridization of the "Southern blot": this example is described below.
- Selected oligonucleotides can be produced synthetically Chemical AD using, for example, an "Applied Biosystem” synthesizer.
- the Taq Polymerase enzyme extends the second strand from the primers.
- the denaturation - extension hybridization cycle is repeated several times (up to 30 times for example) so as to increase the quantity of target sequences, namely in the illustrated case the regions between the oligonucleotides G2 and D2.
- the P.C.R. which therefore makes it possible to increase the detection sensitivity, is followed by recognition of the sequences amplified by molecular hybridization.
- the amplified DNA fragments obtained at the end of the P.C.R.
- those skilled in the art may consider other methods.
- the separated DNA fragments are then denatured in order to obtain single-stranded fragments then transferred to a membrane according to the "Southern-blot” method, but other methods such as in particular the "Dot-blot", or the “Slot -blot "can be considered. It can be a nitrocellulose, nylon membrane or a mixed membrane (nitrocellulose / nylon mixed). Hybridization then takes place in three stages: prehybridization, hybridization and washes.
- the prehybridization step consists in putting the filter supporting the amplified DNA to be analyzed in a hybridization buffer containing, for example, herring sperm DNA, also denatured,
- the hybridization attempt then consists in bringing the DNA to be analyzed into contact with a probe according to the invention. It may be all or part of a sequence chosen from TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4 or from the corresponding complementary sequences or from said sequences modified by substitutions and / or additions and / or deletions from one or more nucleotides so as not to affect their hybridization properties, associated with a marker. Those skilled in the art will advantageously choose an oligonucleotide from the above sequences. The latter, in marked form, is introduced into the hybridization buffer.
- the oligonucleotide S is advantageously chosen (FIG. 7) because it is located in a region between the oligonucleotide G2 and the oligonucleotide D2 (see FIG. 10).
- This oligonucleotide is advantageously labeled at the 5 'end. It may, for example, be a radioactive labeling by adding a phosphate labeled with 32 P in position ⁇ T or one or more triphosphate nucleotides labeled in position * s> 4.
- any other labeling can be envisaged in particular non-radioactive labeling, for example with a marker of the enzymatic, antigenic, ligand, luminescent or fluorescent type. After several washes, the filter is revealed by known means, for example by exposure to autoradiography in the case of a radioactively labeled probe.
- the method for typing strains of Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii consists firstly in digesting genomic DNA with a restriction enzyme, such as for example Sal I. The fragments obtained are then separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. They are then transferred to a membrane, for example, according to the "Southern blot" method.
- a nylon, nitrocellulose or mixed nitro-cellulose / nylon membrane can be used.
- the next step is to put the DNA fragments, fixed on the membrane, in contact with a labeled probe according to the invention.
- a labeled probe according to the invention.
- controls such as human DNA and murine DNA used as negative controls for the "Southern blot".
- TGR1E probe is specific towards Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii. It recognizes six different strains but does not hybridize human or murine DNA. Furthermore, the analysis of the restriction profiles obtained for these six strains makes it possible to differentiate four different polymorphisms, these polymorphisms being able to be correlated with the pathogenic nature of the strains.
- the genetic probes according to the invention therefore have the advantage of being very sensitive, much more than those known up to now.
- the detection method described is reliable and rapid. This process is all the more advantageous as it allows screening which can be used "routinely”.
- the probes according to the invention also allow the typing of toxoplasmic strains. They can thus constitute tools of choice for the epidemiological study of toxoplasmosis, namely the study of prevalence for a given population, the study of the transmission of the disease according to the strains. These probes are therefore of definite medical interest since, in particular, they can make it possible to adapt the prophylactic and therapeutic measures developed to combat toxoplasmosis.
- Each of the probes is amplified in the Escherichia coli DH5 strain, derived from the K12 strain.
- the DH5 ⁇ C strain is seeded on a solid SOB-agar medium (Bactotryptone 2% (W / V), Yeast extract 0.5% (W / V), 10 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl , MgCl 2 10 mM, MgS0 4 10 M) at 1.5% (W / V) of agar containing ampicillin (5 A-g / ml). This culture is incubated overnight at 37 ⁇ C with orbital shaking (200 rpm).
- ampicillin 50 ⁇ g / ml of ampicillin are seeded using a DH ⁇ fl colony (, cultured for 16 hours, at 37 ° C. with an orbital stirring of 200 rpm. 2 ml of this preculture are used to seed 1 liter of middle SOB liquid (ampicillin 50 IL g / ml). The culture is done over 9 hours, at 37 "C, with orbital stirring (200 rpm).
- chloramphenicol (170 L - g / l) makes it possible to amplify the number of copies of the plasmid per cell.
- the amplification is carried out at 37 ⁇ C, with stirring (200 rpm) for 16 hours.
- the bacteria are recovered by centrifugation at 5000 xg for 10 mm at 4 ° C.
- the plasmid is extracted in a conventional manner according to the technique of Birnboim and Doly, described by Maniatis et al. (Maniatis T. et al. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.).
- the ethidium bromide is removed by several extractions with saturated n-butanol, until the pink color disappears.
- the n-butanol is then removed by three washes with diethyl oxide.
- the plasmid DNA is solubilized in water and assayed with a spectophometer, the optical density (OD) being measured at 260 n.
- the purification of the toxoplasmic insert takes place after digestion with the enzyme Sal I, the cleavage site Sal I corresponds to the site for cloning the fragments.
- the quantity of - corresponding plasmid is digested at a rate of 1 g / ml in the Sal I buffer (TRIS-HC1 50 mM, NaCl 100 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, Dithiothreitol 1 M, pH 7 , 5) to 4T due to 2 units of enzyme Sal I / - g of DNA. Digestion continues for 3 hours at 37 ⁇ C.
- Insert and plasmid pUC 19 (2686 bp) are separated by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel as regards pTGR4, on 1.2% agarose gel as regards the other three clones.
- the electrophoresis is carried out in TAE buffer (TRIS-acetate 40 mM, EDTANa 2 1 mM) at 0.5 ⁇ g / ml of ethidium bromide.
- the strip corresponding to the insert is then cut and electroeluted into a dialysis rod in the TAE buffer.
- the purified insert is freed from ethidium bromide by 6 washes with saturated n-butanol.
- After a series of phenol-chloroform extracts (2 phenol / 2 phenol-chloroform / 3 chloroform) the DNA is precipitated in 70% ethanol.
- After redissolution in TE buffer (10 M TRIS-HCl, 1 mM EDTANa 2 , pH 8), the quality of the probe is checked by analytical electrophoresis and its concentration is measured by spectrophotometry.
- the toxoplasmic inserts obtained above can be radioactively labeled, by incorporation of a nucleotide triphosphate labeled with 32 P in the oi position, for example ai 3 P dCTP (800 Ci / mmol). 200 ng of insert can be marked with 50 ci by "Nick Translation". The specific activity is from 2 to
- the labeled DNA is separated from the free nucleotides by chromatocentrifugation.
- chromatocentrifugation For safety reasons, and also due to the short half-life of 32 P (15 days), it may be better to use -lreun cold marking, using for example:
- oligonucleotide sequences are produced by chemical synthesis on an automatic device ("Applied Biosystem” synthesizer). Almost 120 nmoles, or approximately 1 mg of DNA, can be synthesized at one time.
- the oligonucleotides can then be labeled by the 5 'terminal addition of a 3 P-labeled phosphate group obtained, for example from V 32 P ATP, using the enzyme: T 4 Polynucleotide kinase. 15 pmoles of probe can be labeled with 5 Ci of ATP. This labeling is obtained by an incubation of 30 minutes at 37 ° C and an incubation of 10 minutes at 65 "C so that the oligonucleotide is ready for hybridization.
- a 3 P-labeled phosphate group obtained, for example from V 32 P ATP, using the enzyme: T 4 Polynucleotide kinase. 15 pmoles of probe can be labeled with 5 Ci of ATP. This labeling is obtained by an incubation of 30 minutes at 37 ° C and an incubation of 10 minutes at 65 "C so that the oligonucleotide is ready for hybridization.
- the amplification reaction is carried out in a medium (total volume 100 tl) comprising:
- a buffer 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.1% gelatin; - 800 fc.M of each deoxynucleotide: dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP; and
- the reaction medium is covered with a volume (100 l) of mineral oil to avoid any evaporation at high temperature.
- the tubes are placed in a metal block whose temperature is adjustable in duration and intensity. This allows repetitive temperature cycles to be programmed.
- the DNA is denatured at 94 ⁇ C for 7 minutes and the thermal cycles begin after the addition of 2.5 units of Taq Polymerase and are repeated 30 times according to the following chronology:
- the amplified DNA fragments obtained after the P.C.R. are separated by electrophoresis on a 1.6% horizontal agarose gel (size 20 cm x 20 cm) under a voltage of 80 volts in TAE buffer in the presence of 0.5 £ g / ml of ethidium bromide.
- the gel is immersed in three baths successively to purify the DNA, denature it and then neutralize the pH of the gel.
- the filter supporting the DNA fragments (separate amplified, transferred and fixed on a membrane) is placed in a plastic box containing 30 ml of hybridization buffer.
- the hybridization is carried out by adding to the hybridization buffer 15 pmol of the oligonucleotide S labeled at the 5 ′ end. It is made at 42 "C over 16 hours with moderate stirring.
- FIG. 13 represents the "Southern blot" of toxoplasmic DNA amplified by PCR and hybrid in the presence of the oligonucleotide S.
- Genomic DNAs are digested with a restriction enzyme, for example Sal I (conditions 2 ttg units of DNA; 37 ⁇ C for 16 hours).
- a restriction enzyme for example Sal I (conditions 2 ttg units of DNA; 37 ⁇ C for 16 hours).
- restriction fragments are separated by horizontal electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel and transferred to nylon. Human DNA and murine DNA digested with the same enzyme are used as negative controls.
- the southern blot is prehybridized during
- the washes after hybridization are done in 4 successive baths: - three washes at room temperature for 5 minutes in a buffer (2 x SSC, 0.1% SDS (W / V));
- FIG. 14 represents a "Southern blot" of genomic DNA of Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii from six different strains, hybridized in the presence of the TGR1E probe.
- TGR1E is specific for DNA from
- Toxoplasma ⁇ ondii it recognizes the DNA of six different toxoplasmic strains, but does not hybridize human DNA or murine DNA.
- zymodeme I which groups together three virulent strains including the RH strain
- zymodeme II which groups together chronic strains including the PRUGNIAUD strain
- zymodeme III which only includes strain M7741.
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Abstract
The screening of toxoplasmosis is described, wherein a rapid, highly sensitive and routinely applicable detection of Toxoplasma gondii is sought. For this purpose, nucleic acids forming all or part of DNA sequences selected from TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4, or the corresponding complementary sequences or said sequences modified by substitutions and/or additions and/or the deletion of one or more nucleotides, are used in such a way as to leave their properties unchanged. According to the method for detecting Toxoplasma gondii, specific oligonucleotides are selected, the DNA to be analyzed and contained in a biological sample is amplified by a polymerase chain reaction method, the amplified DNA fragments are separated, denatured, transferred and fixed to a membrane, and hybridization is attempted using one of the selected oligonucleotides, which is labelled. Said nucleic acids can also be used for typing Toxoplasma gondii strains.
Description
"SONDES GENETIQUES SPECIFIQUES DE TOXOPLASMA GONDII. ET LEUR UTILISATION POUR LA DETECTION IN VITRO DE TOXOPLASMA GONDII ET POUR LE TYPAGE DES SOUCHES TOXOPLASMIQUES." "SPECIFIC GENETIC PROBES OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII. AND THEIR USE FOR IN VITRO DETECTION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND FOR THE TYPING OF TOXOPLASMIC STRAINS."
La présente invention concerne le dépistage de la toxoplasmose.The present invention relates to screening for toxoplasmosis.
La toxoplasmose est une parasitose due à un sporozoaire : Toxoplasma σondii. Elle induit une immunité définitive prévenant tout risque de nouvelle contamination.Toxoplasmosis is a parasitosis caused by a sporozoan: Toxoplasma σondii. It induces definitive immunity preventing any risk of further contamination.
Cependant, la prophylaxie existante se révèle bien insuffisante dans le cas de formes graves de toxoplasmose telle celle rencontrée chez les sujets immuno-déficients et la toxoplasmose congénitale. Dans le premier cas, elle correspond à une décompensation immunitaire ayant pour conséquence la réactivation de parasites enkystés. Elle induit très souvent des encéphalites toxoplasmiques mortelles. Dans le second cas, elle fait suite à une infection contractée pendant la grossesse et transmise au foetus par voie transplacentaire. Selon la précarité de cette infection, elle peut provoquer un avortement spontané, des malformations du système nerveux ou des handicaps psycho-moteurs profonds chez le bébé, ou encore des risques de cécité.However, the existing prophylaxis is clearly insufficient in the case of severe forms of toxoplasmosis such as that encountered in immunodeficient subjects and congenital toxoplasmosis. In the first case, it corresponds to an immune decompensation resulting in the reactivation of encysted parasites. It very often induces fatal toxoplasmic encephalitis. In the second case, it follows an infection contracted during pregnancy and transmitted to the fetus by the transplacental route. Depending on the precariousness of this infection, it can cause spontaneous abortion, malformations of the nervous system or profound psycho-motor disabilities in the baby, or even risks of blindness.
Aussi, face à ces conséquences dramatiques, le diagnostic de la maladie revêt une importance primordiale. A ce jour, de nombreuses méthodes ont été mises au point. On distingue :Also, faced with these dramatic consequences, the diagnosis of the disease is of paramount importance. To date, many methods have been developed. We distinguish :
- les méthodes indirectes : il s'agit du diagnostic sérologique, qui consiste à rechercher la présence de certains anticorps témoignant d'une infection passée ou en cours d'évolution et à déceler leur variation au cours du temps dans des sérums, liquides céphalo-rachidiens ou amniotiques.
Chez les sujets immuno-déficients et en particulier ceux atteints du SIDA, les résultats obtenus sont souvent ininterprétables en raison de variations non significatives des titres anticorps. Chez les femmes enceintes, la toxoplasmose est facilement diagnostiquée. En revanche, il est difficile de savoir s'il y a eu contamination du foetus ; en effet, les causes d'erreurs ou d'impossibilité d'interprétation sont fréquentes, principalement du fait de l'immaturité foetale.- indirect methods: this is the serological diagnosis, which consists of looking for the presence of certain antibodies testifying to a past or evolving infection and detecting their variation over time in sera, cephalo- liquids spinal or amniotic. In immuno-deficient subjects and in particular those suffering from AIDS, the results obtained are often uninterpretable due to non-significant variations in antibody titers. In pregnant women, toxoplasmosis is easily diagnosed. On the other hand, it is difficult to know whether there has been contamination of the fetus; indeed, the causes of errors or of impossibility of interpretation are frequent, mainly due to fetal immaturity.
- les méthodes directes : il s'agit du diagnostic parasitologique. Etant donné qu'on ne connaît pas à ce jour de techniques im uno-enzymatiques ou i muno-chimiques fiables permettant de détecter la présence de toxoplasmes dans un échantillon biologique, l'inoculation à la souris ou la culture cellulaire in vitro restent les seules méthodes utilisables. Malheureusement, le délai d'obtention des résultats est très long (4 à 6 semaines) et la mort par lésions cérébrales, en particulier chez les sujets atteints du SIDA, intervient parfois avant le diagnostic. D'autre part, pour les infections congénitales, ce long délai retarde la décision d'un éventuel avortement thérapeutique. Quant à la culture cellulaire, l'isolement du toxoplasme s'accompagne de nombreuses contraintes techniques et n'est pas non plus exempt d'erreurs.- direct methods: this is the parasitological diagnosis. Since reliable im uno-enzymatic or muno-chemical techniques to detect the presence of toxoplasmas in a biological sample are not known to date, inoculation with mice or cell culture in vitro remain the only ones usable methods. Unfortunately, the time to get results is very long (4 to 6 weeks) and death from brain damage, especially in people with AIDS, sometimes occurs before diagnosis. On the other hand, for congenital infections, this long delay delays the decision of a possible therapeutic abortion. As for cell culture, the isolation of the toxoplasm is accompanied by many technical constraints and is not free from errors either.
En résumé, les contraintes et les insuffisances du sérodiagnostic comme du diagnostic parasitologique direct rendent ces méthodes inadaptées au dépistage précoce des formes les plus graves de la toxoplasmose.In summary, the constraints and inadequacies of serodiagnosis and direct parasitological diagnosis make these methods unsuitable for early detection of the most serious forms of toxoplasmosis.
Très récemment, un diagnostic de la toxoplasmose par sonde génétique a été proposé άar~: les publications de D. SAWA et J.L. BURG. et al.Very recently, a diagnosis of toxoplasmosis by genetic probe has been proposed άar ~: the publications of D. SAWA and J.L. BURG. et al.
La sonde pJMBG55 décrite par SAWA présente une sensibilité de détection très faible. En effet, la
sonde n'est pas ou peu répétée dans le génome de Toxoplasma σondii ; par suite, la détection obtenue est très peu efficace.The pJMBG55 probe described by SAWA has a very low detection sensitivity. Indeed, the probe is not or only slightly repeated in the genome of Toxoplasma σondii; consequently, the detection obtained is very ineffective.
J.L. BURG et al. décrivent quant à eux, une sonde constituée d'un fragment du gène Bl, répété 35 fois seulement et utilisent la méthode d'amplification enzymatique par la technique de "Polymerase ChainJ.L. BURG et al. describe a probe consisting of a fragment of the B1 gene, repeated only 35 times and use the method of enzymatic amplification by the technique of "Polymerase Chain
Reaction" pour suppléer à cet inconvénient.Reaction "to make up for this.
D'une manière plus générale, les protocoles de traitement des échantillons proposés par ces deux équipes correspondent à ceux employés classiquement en recherche pour extraire de l'ADN. Ils sont longs, fastidieux et ne peuvent répondre aux exigences du travail en routine, par exemple en laboratoire d'analyses médicales. De plus, le traitement des échantillons lié au mode de leur conservation, n'a pas été abordé par ces auteurs.More generally, the sample treatment protocols proposed by these two teams correspond to those conventionally used in research to extract DNA. They are long, tedious and cannot meet the demands of routine work, for example in a medical analysis laboratory. In addition, the treatment of samples linked to the method of their conservation, was not approached by these authors.
Le but de la présente invention est de permettre un dépistage précoce et sûr de la toxoplasmose par hybridation moléculaire.The aim of the present invention is to allow early and safe detection of toxoplasmosis by molecular hybridization.
Pour ce faire, l'invention a pour objet de fournir un procédé de détection de Toxoplasma σondii rapide et très sensible à l'aide de sondes génétiques, applicable en routine au diagnostic de la toxoplasmose. A cette fin, la présente invention a pour premier objectif le clonage, l'isolement et la caractérisation de séquences d'ADN recombinant issues du génome de Toxoplasma σondii.To do this, the object of the invention is to provide a rapid and very sensitive method of detecting Toxoplasma σondii using genetic probes, applicable routinely to the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. To this end, the first objective of the present invention is the cloning, isolation and characterization of recombinant DNA sequences originating from the genome of Toxoplasma σondii.
Un second objectif est de définir des oligonucleotides au sein des séquences précédemment isolées, avantageusement choisis pour la détection de Toxoplasma σondii.A second objective is to define oligonucleotides within the previously isolated sequences, advantageously chosen for the detection of Toxoplasma σondii.
Un autre but est de permettre le typage des différentes souches toxoplasmiques à l'aide des séquences d'ADN recombinant isolées.Another aim is to allow the typing of the different toxoplasmic strains using the isolated recombinant DNA sequences.
La présente invention a donc pour objet un acide nucléique caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend tout
h ou partie d'une séquence nucléotidique choisie parmi TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 et TGR4 ou parmi les séquences complémentaires correspondantes, ou parmi lesdites séquences modifiées par des substitutions et/ou des additions et/ou des suppressions de un ou plusieurs nucléotides de sorte à ne pas affecter leurs propriétés, lesdits fragments appartenant à une famille de séquences nucléotidiques hautement répétées dans le génome de Toxoplasma σondii. Elle concerne également des sondes génétiques contenant tout ou partie des séquences d'ADN précitées, marquées.The present invention therefore relates to a nucleic acid characterized in that it comprises all h or part of a nucleotide sequence chosen from TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4 or from the corresponding complementary sequences, or from said sequences modified by substitutions and / or additions and / or deletions of one or more nucleotides so as to do not affect their properties, said fragments belonging to a family of highly repeated nucleotide sequences in the genome of Toxoplasma σondii. It also relates to genetic probes containing all or part of the aforementioned labeled DNA sequences.
En outre, l'invention a pour objet un procédé pour la détection de Toxoplasma σondii dans un échantillon biologique caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend les étapes : de sélection au préalable d'oligonucléotides spécifiques parmi une famille de séquences .nucléotidiques hautement répétées dans le génome des toxoplasmes, comprenant un fragment constitué d'au moins 10 bases et choisi dans les séquences TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 et TGR4 ou dans les séquences complémentaires correspondantes ou parmi lesdites séquences modifiées par des substitutions et/ou des additions et/ou des suppressions de un ou plusieurs nucléotides de sorte à ne pas affecter leurs propriétés ;In addition, the subject of the invention is a method for the detection of Toxoplasma σondii in a biological sample characterized in that it comprises the steps: of prior selection of specific oligonucleotides from a family of highly repeated nucleotide sequences in the genome of toxoplasmas, comprising a fragment consisting of at least 10 bases and chosen from the sequences TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4 or from the corresponding complementary sequences or from the said sequences modified by substitutions and / or additions and / or deletions one or more nucleotides so as not to affect their properties;
- d'amplification enzymatique de l'ADN à analyser contenu dans l'échantillon biologique, par la méthode de la "Polymerase Chain Reaction", au moyen d'un couple d'oligonucléotides choisis parmi lesdits oligonucleotides sélectionnés de manière à augmenter la quantité de séquences cibles, comprises entre ledit couple d'oligonucléotides ; de séparation desdits fragments d'ADN amplifié ;
6" - enzymatic amplification of the DNA to be analyzed contained in the biological sample, by the "Polymerase Chain Reaction" method, by means of a pair of oligonucleotides chosen from said oligonucleotides selected so as to increase the amount of target sequences, included between said pair of oligonucleotides; separating said amplified DNA fragments; 6 "
- de dénaturation desdits fragments afin d'obtenir des fragments monocaténaires ;- denaturing said fragments in order to obtain single-stranded fragments;
- de transfert et de fixation sur un support desdits fragments d'ADN amplifié ; de tentative d'hybridation desdits fragments d'ADN avec l'un desdits oligonucleotides sélectionnés, marqué ;- Transfer and fixation on a support of said amplified DNA fragments; attempting to hybridize said DNA fragments with one of said selected, labeled oligonucleotides;
- de détection de l'hybride éventuellement formé. L'invention concerne aussi un procédé pour le typage des souches de Toxoplasma σondii. caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste :- detection of the hybrid possibly formed. The invention also relates to a method for typing strains of Toxoplasma σondii. characterized in that it consists:
- à traiter les ADN génomiques par une enzyme de restriction, - à séparer les fragments d'ADN géno ique obtenus^- to treat genomic DNA with a restriction enzyme, - to separate the fragments of genic DNA obtained ^
- à transférer et à fixer lesdits fragments sur une membrane,- to transfer and fix said fragments on a membrane,
- à mettre en contact lesdits fragments d'ADN génomique avec une sonde telle que précitée.- contacting said genomic DNA fragments with a probe as mentioned above.
Les caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortiront mieux de la description suivante d'un mode de réalisation préférentiel de l'invention donné à titre illustratif et non limitatif ainsi que des dessins annexés dans lesquels :The characteristics and advantages of the invention will emerge more clearly from the following description of a preferred embodiment of the invention given by way of illustration and not limitation as well as from the appended drawings in which:
- les figures 1, 2, 3 et 4 représentent respectivement les séquences de base TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 et TGR4, - la figure 5 schématise les homologies existant entre les séquences de base TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 et TGR4,FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively represent the basic sequences TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4, - FIG. 5 diagrams the homologies existing between the basic sequences TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4,
- les figures 6, 7 , 3 et 9 représentent respectivement les séquences de bases des oligonucleotides Dl, D2, G2 et S,
- la figure 10 schématise le positionnement des oligonucleotides selon les figures 6, 7, 8 et 9 le long de la séquence TGR1E, la figure 11 illustre le cycle d'amplification enzymatique par "Polymerase Chain Reaction", la figure 12 représente les profils électrophorétiques d'ADN toxoplasmique amplifié par "Polymerase Chain Reaction", - la figure 13 représente le "Southern-blot" d'ADN toxoplasmique amplifié par "Polymerase Chain Reaction11 puis hybride en présence de l'oligonucléotide S, marquéFIGS. 6, 7, 3 and 9 respectively represent the base sequences of the oligonucleotides D1, D2, G2 and S, - Figure 10 shows schematically the positioning of the oligonucleotides according to Figures 6, 7, 8 and 9 along the TGR1E sequence, Figure 11 illustrates the enzymatic amplification cycle by "Polymerase Chain Reaction", Figure 12 represents the electrophoretic profiles of toxoplasmic DNA amplified by "Polymerase Chain Reaction", - Figure 13 represents the "Southern blot" of toxoplasmic DNA amplified by "Polymerase Chain Reaction 11 then hybridized in the presence of the oligonucleotide S, labeled
- la figure 14 représente le "Southern-blot" d'ADN génomique de Toxoplasma σondii hybride en présence de la sonde TGR1E.- Figure 14 shows the "Southern blot" of genomic DNA from Toxoplasma σondii hybrid in the presence of the TGR1E probe.
La présente invention a pour objectif la détection de Toxoplasma σondii.The present invention aims to detect Toxoplasma σondii.
A cette fin, les travaux de recherche réalisés par les inventeurs ont concerné le clonage, la sélection et le séquençage de fragments de l'ADN génomique de Toxoplasma σondii correspondant à des séquences hautement répétées dans le génome. Parmi l'ensemble des fragments obtenus après analyse d'un clone ) , les fragments 1, 2 et 4 ont été sous-clonés dans le plasmide pUC19. Toutefois, d'autres vecteurs recombinants peuvent être envisagés.To this end, the research carried out by the inventors concerned the cloning, selection and sequencing of fragments of the genomic DNA of Toxoplasma σondii corresponding to highly repeated sequences in the genome. Among all the fragments obtained after analysis of a clone), fragments 1, 2 and 4 were subcloned in the plasmid pUC19. However, other recombinant vectors can be envisaged.
Des clones sont alors sélectionnés et séquences, deux pour le fragment 1 et un seul pour chacun des fragments 2 et 4. Ils sont désignés respectivement par les abréviations pTGRIA, pTGRIE, pTGR2 et pTGR4 dans lesquelles p signifie plasmide, TG signifie Toxop1asma σondii, R est le nom du cloneClones are then selected and sequenced, two for fragment 1 and only one for each of fragments 2 and 4. They are designated respectively by the abbreviations pTGRIA, pTGRIE, pTGR2 and pTGR4 in which p signifies plasmid, TG signifies Toxop1asma σondii, R is the name of the clone
Λ contenant les fragments sélectionnés et 1A, \E, 2 et 4 correspondent aux noms donnés aux fragments clones.
-fΛ containing the selected fragments and 1A, \ E, 2 and 4 correspond to the names given to the cloned fragments. -f
Pour chacun de ces plas ides recombinants, l'insert toxoplasmique est purifié après digestion par une enzyme, de préférence l'enzyme Sal I dont le site de coupure correspond au site de clonage des fragments. L'insert et le plasmide, ici pUC19, sont séparés par électrophorèse. L'insert est ensuite purifié de manière classique.For each of these recombinant plasmids, the toxoplasmic insert is purified after digestion with an enzyme, preferably the enzyme Sal I, the cleavage site of which corresponds to the site for cloning the fragments. The insert and the plasmid, here pUC19, are separated by electrophoresis. The insert is then purified in a conventional manner.
Les séquences de bases TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 et TGR4 sont représentées respectivement sur les figures l, 2, 3 et 4.The base sequences TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4 are shown in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
Ces inserts comportent respectivement :These inserts include respectively:
- pour TGR1A : 352 paires de bases dont 60,51 % de G + C- for TGR1A: 352 base pairs including 60.51% G + C
- pour TGR1E : 353 paires de bases dont 59,77 % de G + C- for TGR1E: 353 base pairs including 59.77% G + C
- pour TGR2 : 674 paires de bases dont 56,37 % de G + C- for TGR2: 674 base pairs including 56.37% G + C
- pour TGR4 : 1032 paires de bases dont 57,94 % de G + C. On rappelle la signification des symboles suivants :- for TGR4: 1032 base pairs including 57.94% G + C. The meaning of the following symbols is recalled:
A = Adénine, T = Thymine, C = Cytosine et G ~~~ Guanine.A = Adenine, T = Thymine, C = Cytosine and G ~~ ~ Guanine.
Ces inserts toxoplasmiques ou des séquences issues de ceux-ci peuvent être marqués afin de constituer des sondes pour mettre en évidence la présence d'hybrides (séquence d'ADN génomique cible/sonde) formés, le cas échéant, lors de la tentative d'hybridation moléculaire. Ce marquage peut être de nature radioactive, par exemple, par incorporation d'un nucleotide triphosphate marqué radioactivement par "Nick-Translation" ou par la méthode du "Randon Priming". Cependant, pour des raisons de sécurité et de courte demi-vie des radio- isotopes, on préfère un marquage non-radioactif appelé aussi marquage froid. Dans ce dernier cas, il peut
s'agir d'un marquage enzymatique, antigénique, ligand, luminescent ou fluorescent.These toxoplasmic inserts or sequences derived therefrom can be labeled in order to constitute probes to demonstrate the presence of hybrids (target genomic DNA sequence / probe) formed, if necessary, during the attempted molecular hybridization. This labeling can be radioactive in nature, for example, by incorporation of a nucleotide triphosphate radioactively labeled by "Nick-Translation" or by the "Randon Priming" method. However, for safety reasons and for the short half-life of radioisotopes, non-radioactive labeling is also called cold labeling. In the latter case, it may be an enzymatic, antigenic, ligand, luminescent or fluorescent labeling.
Les acides nucléiques selon l'invention peuvent être utilisés pour la détection de Toxoplasma σondii ou pour le typage des souches toxoplasmiques.The nucleic acids according to the invention can be used for the detection of Toxoplasma σondii or for the typing of toxoplasmic strains.
Nous allons maintenant décrire le procédé de détection in vitro de Toxoplasma σondii conforme à l'invention, par rapport à l'une des séquences nucléotidiques précédemment mentionnées. Les séquences nucléotidiques TGR1A, TGR1E,We will now describe the in vitro detection process of Toxoplasma σondii according to the invention, in relation to one of the nucleotide sequences previously mentioned. The nucleotide sequences TGR1A, TGR1E,
TGR2 et TGR4 présentent des homologies importantes et complexes qui sont schématisées sur la figure 5. Les pourcentages indiqués représentent le degré d'homologie entre chacune des séquences de bases comparées, c'est- à-dire le poucentage de bases identiques rencontrées dans celles-ci. Selon une étude approfondie, les homologies entre TGR1E et les trois autres TGR1A, TGR2 et TGR4 montrent, dans leur ensemble, qu'il existe au sein de TGR1E des séquences appartenant à une famille de séquences hautement répétées.TGR2 and TGR4 have large and complex homologies which are shown diagrammatically in FIG. 5. The percentages indicated represent the degree of homology between each of the base sequences compared, that is to say the percentage of identical bases encountered in them. this. According to an in-depth study, the homologies between TGR1E and the other three TGR1A, TGR2 and TGR4 show, as a whole, that there exist within TGR1E sequences belonging to a family of highly repeated sequences.
La sensibilité d'une sonde étant liée à son degré de répétition, le procédé conforme à l'invention va être décrit par rapport à la séquence TGR1E.The sensitivity of a probe being linked to its degree of repetition, the method according to the invention will be described with respect to the TGR1E sequence.
Le procédé conforme à l'invention permet de détecter in vitro la présence de Toxoplasma σondii dans un échantillon biologique.The method according to the invention makes it possible to detect in vitro the presence of Toxoplasma σondii in a biological sample.
Cet échantillon peut résulter notamment d'une biopsie placentaire pour le diagnostic de la toxoplasmose congénitale ou d'une biopsie cérébrale pour les sujets immuno-déficients. Il peut s'agir également de prélèvements de sang total, de liquide amniotique, de liquide céphalo-rachidien, d'humeur aqueuse ou de lavages broncho-alvéolaires.This sample may result in particular from a placental biopsy for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis or from a brain biopsy for immunodeficient subjects. It can also be whole blood, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, aqueous humor or bronchoalveolar lavage.
Le procédé consiste tout d'abord à effectuer une étape d'amplification enzymatique de l'ADN à analyser. La technique d'amplification utilisée est laThe method consists first of all in carrying out an enzymatic amplification step of the DNA to be analyzed. The amplification technique used is the
"Polymerase Chain Reaction" (P.C.R.). Cette méthode
3 repose sur l'emploi de la Taq polymerase, enzyme qui incorpore les nucléotides en copiant la matrice simple brin, à partir d'une extrémité 3'OH d'une amorce d'une dizaine de bases environ. La réaction comporte trois étapes schématisées en figure 11."Polymerase Chain Reaction" (PCR). This method 3 is based on the use of Taq polymerase, an enzyme which incorporates nucleotides by copying the single-stranded template, starting from a 3'OH end of a primer of about ten bases. The reaction comprises three stages shown diagrammatically in FIG. 11.
La première étape consiste à dénaturer l'ADN par chauffage afin de séparer les deux brins.The first step is to denature the DNA by heating to separate the two strands.
La seconde est une étape d'hybridation de l'ADN monocaténaire précédemment obtenu avec des amorces oligonucléotidiques. Pour des raisons pratiques de manipulation, il est avantageux de pouvoir travailler avec des séquences de taille peu élevée. Ainsi, on emploie avantageusement comme amorces dans l'étape d'hybridation de la P.C.R., des oligonucleotides convenablement sélectionnés, contenant au moins 10 bases et de préférence 20 à 25 nucléotides en moyenne. Ces oligonucleotides sont sélectionnés de manière à contenir tout ou partie des séquences complémentaires de régions situées en 5' des séquences à amplifier. Des exemples sont donnés en figures 6, 7, 8 et 9, la figure 10 schématisant le positionnement des oligonucleotides cités le long de la chaîne TGR1E. Pour l'étape d'hybridation, on utilise en fait comme amorces des couples d'oligonucléotides afin d'amplifier la séquence située entre les deux "bornes" qu'ils constituent. Ainsi, dans la phase suivante du procédé, à savoir la mise en évidence des séquences d'ADN amplifié par hybridation sur "Southern-blot", on choisira de préférence un oligonucléotide situé entre les deux premiers sélectionnés, pour la tentative d'hybridation. Il peut s'agir, pour la P.C.R., par exemple du couple G2,D1 ou G2,D2, ce dernier cas étant illustré en figure 11, puis de l'oligonucléotide S marqué pour l'hybridation du "Southern-blot" : cet exemple est décrit ci-après. Les oligonucleotides sélectionnés peuvent être produits par synthèse
AD chimique à l'aide, par exemple, d'un synthétiseur "d'Applied Biosystem".The second is a step of hybridization of the single-stranded DNA previously obtained with oligonucleotide primers. For practical handling reasons, it is advantageous to be able to work with sequences of small size. Thus, advantageously used as primers in the hybridization step of the PCR, suitably selected oligonucleotides, containing at least 10 bases and preferably 20 to 25 nucleotides on average. These oligonucleotides are selected so as to contain all or part of the sequences complementary to regions located 5 ′ of the sequences to be amplified. Examples are given in FIGS. 6, 7, 8 and 9, FIG. 10 schematically positioning the oligonucleotides cited along the TGR1E chain. For the hybridization step, pairs of oligonucleotides are in fact used as primers in order to amplify the sequence located between the two "terminals" which they constitute. Thus, in the next phase of the method, namely the identification of the DNA sequences amplified by hybridization on "Southern blot", an oligonucleotide located between the first two selected will preferably be chosen for the hybridization attempt. It may be, for PCR, for example the pair G2, D1 or G2, D2, the latter case being illustrated in FIG. 11, then the oligonucleotide S labeled for the hybridization of the "Southern blot": this example is described below. Selected oligonucleotides can be produced synthetically Chemical AD using, for example, an "Applied Biosystem" synthesizer.
Enfin, au cours de la troisième étape de la P.C.R., l'enzyme Taq Polymerase étend le deuxième brin à partir des amorces.Finally, during the third stage of the P.C.R., the Taq Polymerase enzyme extends the second strand from the primers.
Le cycle dénaturation - hybridation extension est renouvelé plusieurs fois (jusqu'à 30 fois par exemple) de manière à augmenter la quantité de séquences cibles, à savoir dans le cas illustré les régions comprises entre les oligonucleotides G2 et D2.The denaturation - extension hybridization cycle is repeated several times (up to 30 times for example) so as to increase the quantity of target sequences, namely in the illustrated case the regions between the oligonucleotides G2 and D2.
La P.C.R., qui permet donc d'augmenter la sensibilité de détection, est suivie d'une reconnaissance des séquences amplifiées par hybridation moléculaire. Pour ce faire, les fragments d'ADN amplifié, (obtenus à l'issue de la P.C.R.), sont traités par exemple selon la méthode du "Southern blot". Toutefois, l'homme de métier peut envisager d'autres méthodes.The P.C.R., which therefore makes it possible to increase the detection sensitivity, is followed by recognition of the sequences amplified by molecular hybridization. To do this, the amplified DNA fragments (obtained at the end of the P.C.R.), are treated for example according to the "Southern blot" method. However, those skilled in the art may consider other methods.
En conséquence, ces fragments sont séparés par exemple par électrophorèse horizontale sur gel d'agarose.Consequently, these fragments are separated for example by horizontal electrophoresis on agarose gel.
Les fragments d'ADN séparés sont ensuite dénaturés afin d'obtenir des fragments monocaténaires puis transférés sur une membrane selon la méthode du "Southern-blot", mais d'autres méthodes telles que notamment le "Dot-blot", ou le "Slot-blot" peuvent être envisagées. Il peut s'agir d'une membrane de nitrocellulose, de nylon ou d'une membrane mixte (nitrocellulose/nylon mélangés) . L'hybridation se déroule ensuite en trois étapes : préhybridation, hybridation et lavages.The separated DNA fragments are then denatured in order to obtain single-stranded fragments then transferred to a membrane according to the "Southern-blot" method, but other methods such as in particular the "Dot-blot", or the "Slot -blot "can be considered. It can be a nitrocellulose, nylon membrane or a mixed membrane (nitrocellulose / nylon mixed). Hybridization then takes place in three stages: prehybridization, hybridization and washes.
L'étape de préhybridation consiste à mettre le filtre supportant l'ADN amplifié à analyser dans un tampon d'hybridation contenant par exemple de l'ADN de sperme de Hareng, dénaturé également,The prehybridization step consists in putting the filter supporting the amplified DNA to be analyzed in a hybridization buffer containing, for example, herring sperm DNA, also denatured,
La tentative d'hybridation consiste ensuite en la mise en contact de l'ADN à analyser avec une
sonde selon l'invention. Il peut s'agir de tout ou partie d'une séquence choisie parmi TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 et TGR4 ou parmi les séquences complémentaires correspondantes ou parmi lesdites séquences modifiées par des substitutions et/ou des additions et/ou des suppressions de un ou plusieurs nucléotides de sorte à ne pas affecter leurs propriétés d'hybridation, associée à un marqueur. L'homme de métier choisira avantageusement un oligonucléotide issu des séquences précitées. Ce dernier, sous forme marquée, est introduit dans le tampon d'hybridation.The hybridization attempt then consists in bringing the DNA to be analyzed into contact with a probe according to the invention. It may be all or part of a sequence chosen from TGR1A, TGR1E, TGR2 and TGR4 or from the corresponding complementary sequences or from said sequences modified by substitutions and / or additions and / or deletions from one or more nucleotides so as not to affect their hybridization properties, associated with a marker. Those skilled in the art will advantageously choose an oligonucleotide from the above sequences. The latter, in marked form, is introduced into the hybridization buffer.
Dans le cas décrit (TGR1E) , on choisit avantageusement l'oligonucléotide S (figure 7) car il est situé dans une région entre l'oligonucléotide G2 et 1Oligonucléotide D2 (voir figure 10) . Cet oligonucléotide est avantageusement marqué à l'extrémité 5'. Il peut s'agir par exemple d'un marquage radioactif par addition d'un phosphate marqué au 32P en position ^T ou d'un ou des nucléotides triphosphate marqué en position *s>4 . Mais tout autre marquage peut être envisagé en particulier un marquage non-radioactif par exemple avec un marqueur de type enzymatique, antigénique, ligand, luminescent ou fluorescent. Après plusieurs lavages, le filtre est révélé par des moyens connus, par exemple par exposition en autoradiographie dans le cas d'une sonde marquée radioactivement.In the case described (TGR1E), the oligonucleotide S is advantageously chosen (FIG. 7) because it is located in a region between the oligonucleotide G2 and the oligonucleotide D2 (see FIG. 10). This oligonucleotide is advantageously labeled at the 5 'end. It may, for example, be a radioactive labeling by adding a phosphate labeled with 32 P in position ^ T or one or more triphosphate nucleotides labeled in position * s> 4. However, any other labeling can be envisaged in particular non-radioactive labeling, for example with a marker of the enzymatic, antigenic, ligand, luminescent or fluorescent type. After several washes, the filter is revealed by known means, for example by exposure to autoradiography in the case of a radioactively labeled probe.
Les sondes décrites précédemment permettent également de typer les souches de Toxoplasma σondii.Nous allons maintenant décrire cette application.The probes described previously also allow the strains of Toxoplasma σondii to be typed. We will now describe this application.
Si l'on considère la sonde TGR1E, l'hybridation du "Southern-blot" en présence de cette sonde, permet de différencier des souches de Toxoplasma σondii de pathogénicité différente.
Le procédé pour le typage des souches de Toxoplasma σondii consiste dans un premier temps à digérer les ADN génomiques par une enzyme de restriction, telle que par exemple Sal I. Les fragments obtenus sont alors séparés par électrophorèse sur gel d'agarose. Ils sont ensuite transférés sur une membrane, par exemple, selon la méthode du "Southern-blot". On peut utiliser une membrane de nylon, de nitrocellulose ou mixte nitro- cellulose/nylon.If we consider the TGR1E probe, hybridization of the "Southern blot" in the presence of this probe makes it possible to differentiate strains of Toxoplasma σondii with different pathogenicity. The method for typing strains of Toxoplasma σondii consists firstly in digesting genomic DNA with a restriction enzyme, such as for example Sal I. The fragments obtained are then separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. They are then transferred to a membrane, for example, according to the "Southern blot" method. A nylon, nitrocellulose or mixed nitro-cellulose / nylon membrane can be used.
L'étape suivante consiste à mettre les fragments d'ADN, fixés sur la membrane, en contact avec une sonde marquée selon l'invention. On peut choisir avantageusement la sonde TGR1E, séquence appartenant à une famille de séquences hautement répétées. Par ailleurs, on peut prévoir des témoins tels que l'ADN humain et l'ADN murin employés comme témoins négatifs pour le "Southern-blot".The next step is to put the DNA fragments, fixed on the membrane, in contact with a labeled probe according to the invention. One can advantageously choose the TGR1E probe, a sequence belonging to a family of highly repeated sequences. Furthermore, it is possible to provide controls such as human DNA and murine DNA used as negative controls for the "Southern blot".
Selon ce procédé, les ADN génomiques de six souches de Toxoplasma σondii différentes ont été étudiés.According to this method, the genomic DNAs of six different strains of Toxoplasma σondii were studied.
L'analyse des hybrides obtenus montre que la sonde TGR1E est spécifique vis-à-vis de Toxoplasma σondii. Elle reconnaît en effet six souches différentes mais n'hybride pas l'ADN humain ni l'ADN murin. Par ailleurs, l'analyse des profils de restriction obtenus pour ces six souches permet de différencier quatre polymorphismes différents, ces polymorphismes pouvant être corrélés au caractère pathogène des souches. Les sondes génétiques conformes à l'invention présentent donc l'avantage d'être très sensibles, beaucoup plus que celles connues jusqu'à présent.Analysis of the hybrids obtained shows that the TGR1E probe is specific towards Toxoplasma σondii. It recognizes six different strains but does not hybridize human or murine DNA. Furthermore, the analysis of the restriction profiles obtained for these six strains makes it possible to differentiate four different polymorphisms, these polymorphisms being able to be correlated with the pathogenic nature of the strains. The genetic probes according to the invention therefore have the advantage of being very sensitive, much more than those known up to now.
Le procédé de détection décrit est fiable et rapide. Ce procédé est d'autant plus avantageux qu'il permet un dépistage pouvant être employé "en routine".The detection method described is reliable and rapid. This process is all the more advantageous as it allows screening which can be used "routinely".
Ainsi, chez les sujets immuno-déficients, il permet un diagnostic fiable en un minimum de temps.Cet avantage
-Li est d'autant plus important que le nombre de sujets atteints du SIDA ou ayant fait l'objet de greffes sont en progression constante. Chez les femmes enceintes, le dépistage réalisé sur le foetus peut être décisif quant à un éventuel avortement thérapeutique.Thus, in immunodeficient subjects, it allows a reliable diagnosis in a minimum of time. -It is all the more important as the number of subjects suffering from AIDS or having undergone transplants are constantly increasing. In pregnant women, screening performed on the fetus can be decisive for a possible therapeutic abortion.
Les sondes selon l'invention permettent également le typage des souches toxoplasmiques. Elles peuvent ainsi constituer des outils de choix pour l'étude épidémiologique de la toxoplasmose, à savoir l'étude des prévalences pour une population donnée, l'étude de la transmission de la maladie en fonction des souches. Ces sondes présentent donc un intérêt médical certain puisque notamment, elles peuvent permettre d'adapter les mesures prophylactiques et thérapeutiques développées pour lutter contre la toxoplasmose.The probes according to the invention also allow the typing of toxoplasmic strains. They can thus constitute tools of choice for the epidemiological study of toxoplasmosis, namely the study of prevalence for a given population, the study of the transmission of the disease according to the strains. These probes are therefore of definite medical interest since, in particular, they can make it possible to adapt the prophylactic and therapeutic measures developed to combat toxoplasmosis.
L'invention et ses applications seront mieux comprises à l'aide de l'exemple suivant. EXEMPLE Production de pTGRlA, PTRGIE. PTGR2 et PTGR4The invention and its applications will be better understood using the following example. EXAMPLE Production of pTGRlA, PTRGIE. PTGR2 and PTGR4
Chacune des sondes est amplifiée dans la souche Escherichia coli DH5idérivée de la souche K12Each of the probes is amplified in the Escherichia coli DH5 strain, derived from the K12 strain.
(Génotype DH5 i : F"" , endAl, hsdR17 (r k, m+k) , supE44,thi-l, - , recAl, gyrA96, relAl,Jθ80dlacZΔM15) . A partir d'un congelât conservé à -70"C dans(DH5 i genotype: F "", endAl, hsdR17 (r k , m + k), supE44, thi-l, -, recAl, gyrA96, relAl, Jθ80dlacZΔM15). From a freezer stored at -70 "C in
15% de glycérol, la souche DH5 ©C est ensemencée sur un milieu solide SOB-agar (Bactotryptone 2% (P/V) , Extrait de Levure 0,5% (P/V), NaCl 10 mM, KCl 2,5mM, MgCl210 mM, MgS04 10 M) à 1,5% (P/V) d'agar contenant de l'ampicilline '5- A- g/ml). Cette culture est incubée pendant une nuit à 37βC sous agitation orbitale (200 t.p.m.) .15% glycerol, the DH5 © C strain is seeded on a solid SOB-agar medium (Bactotryptone 2% (W / V), Yeast extract 0.5% (W / V), 10 mM NaCl, 2.5 mM KCl , MgCl 2 10 mM, MgS0 4 10 M) at 1.5% (W / V) of agar containing ampicillin (5 A-g / ml). This culture is incubated overnight at 37 β C with orbital shaking (200 rpm).
10 ml de milieu liquide SOB contenant10 ml of SOB liquid medium containing
50 ig/ml d'ampicilline sont ensemencés à l'aide d'une colonie DHΞfl(, mis en culture pendant 16 heures, à 37°C sous une agitation orbitale de 200 t.p.m..2 ml de cette préculture servent à ensemencer 1 litre de milieu
liquide SOB (ampicilline 50 IL g/ml) . La culture se fait sur 9 heures, à 37"C, sous agitation orbitale (200 t.p.m.) .50 μg / ml of ampicillin are seeded using a DHΞfl colony (, cultured for 16 hours, at 37 ° C. with an orbital stirring of 200 rpm. 2 ml of this preculture are used to seed 1 liter of middle SOB liquid (ampicillin 50 IL g / ml). The culture is done over 9 hours, at 37 "C, with orbital stirring (200 rpm).
L'addition de chloramphénicol (170 L - g/ l) permet d'amplifier le nombre de copies du plasmide par cellule. L'amplification est menée à 37βC, sous agitation (200 t.p.m.) durant 16 heures. Les bactéries sont récupérées par centrifugation à 5000 x g pendant 10 mm à 4°C. Le plasmide est extrait de façon classique selon la technique de Birnboim et Doly, décrite par Maniatis et coll. (Maniatis T. et al. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.) . Il est purifié en dernière étape par ultracentrifugation sur gradient de chlorure de césium (lg par ml de solution à centrifuger) , à 100 000 x g pendant 16 heures (BECKMAN TL 100), à 20"C en présence de 600 ÀLg/ml de bromure d'éthidium.The addition of chloramphenicol (170 L - g / l) makes it possible to amplify the number of copies of the plasmid per cell. The amplification is carried out at 37 β C, with stirring (200 rpm) for 16 hours. The bacteria are recovered by centrifugation at 5000 xg for 10 mm at 4 ° C. The plasmid is extracted in a conventional manner according to the technique of Birnboim and Doly, described by Maniatis et al. (Maniatis T. et al. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.). It is purified in the last step by ultracentrifugation on a cesium chloride gradient (lg per ml of centrifuge solution), at 100,000 xg for 16 hours (BECKMAN TL 100), at 20 "C in the presence of 600 ÀLg / ml of bromide. ethidium.
Le bromure d'éthidium est éliminé par plusieurs extractions au n-butanol saturé, jusqu'à disparition de la coloration rosée. Le n-butanol est ensuite éliminé par trois lavages au diéthyl-oxyde.The ethidium bromide is removed by several extractions with saturated n-butanol, until the pink color disappears. The n-butanol is then removed by three washes with diethyl oxide.
Purification des inserts toxoplasmiques Après précipitation à l'éthanol 70%, l'ADN plasmidial est solubilisé dans l'eau et dosé au spectophomètre, la densité optique (DO) étant mesurée à 260 n .Purification of toxoplasmic inserts After precipitation with 70% ethanol, the plasmid DNA is solubilized in water and assayed with a spectophometer, the optical density (OD) being measured at 260 n.
Pour chacun des quatre plasmides recombinants, la purification de l'insert toxoplasmique se fait après une digestion par l'enzyme Sal I, le site de coupure Sal I correspond au site de clonage des fragments. Pour une quantité d'insert voulue, la quantité de - plasmide correspondante est digérée à raison de 1 g/ml dans le tampon Sal I (TRIS-HC1 50 mM, NaCl 100 mM, MgCl210 mM, Dithiothréitol 1 M, pH 7,5) à
4T raison de 2 unités d'enzyme Sal I/ - g d'ADN. La digestion se poursuit pendant 3 heures à 37βC.For each of the four recombinant plasmids, the purification of the toxoplasmic insert takes place after digestion with the enzyme Sal I, the cleavage site Sal I corresponds to the site for cloning the fragments. For a desired quantity of insert, the quantity of - corresponding plasmid is digested at a rate of 1 g / ml in the Sal I buffer (TRIS-HC1 50 mM, NaCl 100 mM, MgCl 2 10 mM, Dithiothreitol 1 M, pH 7 , 5) to 4T due to 2 units of enzyme Sal I / - g of DNA. Digestion continues for 3 hours at 37 β C.
Insert et plasmide pUC 19 (2686 pb) sont séparés par électrophorèse sur gel d'agarose à 0,8% en ce qui concerne pTGR4, sur gel d'agarose à 1,2% en ce qui concerne les trois autres clones. L'électrophorèse est effectuée dans le tampon TAE (TRIS-acétate 40 mM, EDTANa2 1 mM) à 0,5Λ.g/ml de bromure d'éthidium.Insert and plasmid pUC 19 (2686 bp) are separated by electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel as regards pTGR4, on 1.2% agarose gel as regards the other three clones. The electrophoresis is carried out in TAE buffer (TRIS-acetate 40 mM, EDTANa 2 1 mM) at 0.5 μg / ml of ethidium bromide.
La bande correspondant à l'insert est alors découpée et électroéluée en boudin de dialyse dans le tampon TAE. L'insert purifié est débarrassé du bromure d'éthidium par 6 lavages au n-butanol saturé. Après une série d'extractions au phénol-chloroforme (2 phénol/ 2 phénol-chloroforme/3 chloroforme) , l'ADN est précipité dans l'éthanol 70%. Après remise en solution dans du tampon TE (TRIS-HCl 10 M, EDTANa2 1 mM, pH=8) , la qualité de la sonde est contrôlée par électrophorèse analytique et sa concentration est mesurée par spectrophotométrie. Marquaσe des sondesThe strip corresponding to the insert is then cut and electroeluted into a dialysis rod in the TAE buffer. The purified insert is freed from ethidium bromide by 6 washes with saturated n-butanol. After a series of phenol-chloroform extracts (2 phenol / 2 phenol-chloroform / 3 chloroform), the DNA is precipitated in 70% ethanol. After redissolution in TE buffer (10 M TRIS-HCl, 1 mM EDTANa 2 , pH = 8), the quality of the probe is checked by analytical electrophoresis and its concentration is measured by spectrophotometry. Probe marking
Les inserts toxoplasmiques obtenus ci-dessus peuvent être marqués radioactivement, par incorporation d'un nucleotide triphosphate marqué au 32P en position oi , par exemple l ' ai 3 P dCTP (800 Ci/mmol) . 200 ng d'insert peuvent être marqués avec 50 ci par "Nick Translation". L'activité spécifique est de 2 àThe toxoplasmic inserts obtained above can be radioactively labeled, by incorporation of a nucleotide triphosphate labeled with 32 P in the oi position, for example ai 3 P dCTP (800 Ci / mmol). 200 ng of insert can be marked with 50 ci by "Nick Translation". The specific activity is from 2 to
5.108 cpm/^g. On peut également marquer l'insert par la technique du "Randon Priming". Cette méthode est généralement plus performante à condition toutefois de ne pas dépasser une quantité de 50 ng d'ADN à marquer : l'activité spécifique peut alors atteindre l à5.10 8 cpm / ^ g. You can also mark the insert with the "Randon Priming" technique. This method is generally more efficient provided, however, not to exceed a quantity of 50 ng of DNA to be labeled: the specific activity can then reach l to
2.109 cpm//£g.2.10 9 cpm // £ g.
L'ADN marqué est séparé des nucléotides libres par chromatocentrifugation. Pour des raisons de sécurité, et également en raison de la courte demi-vie du 32P (15 jours) , il peut
être préférable d'utilise -lreun marquage froid, à l'aide par exemple :The labeled DNA is separated from the free nucleotides by chromatocentrifugation. For safety reasons, and also due to the short half-life of 32 P (15 days), it may be better to use -lreun cold marking, using for example:
* de kits de marquage chimique :* chemical marking kits:
- kit de εulfonation des cytosines (commercialisé par PBS Orgenics) kit E.C.L. (commercialisé par Amersham)- cytosine sulfonation kit (marketed by PBS Orgenics) E.C.L. kit (marketed by Amersham)
- kit de marquage à la photobiotine (commercialisé par BRL) * de kits de marquages enzymatiques : kit d'incorporation de nucléotides marqués par la biotine (commercialisé par BRL)- photobiotin labeling kit (marketed by BRL) * enzymatic labeling kits: kit for incorporating nucleotides labeled with biotin (marketed by BRL)
- kit d'incorporation de nucléotides marqués par la digoxygénine (commercialisé par Boerhinger Mannhei ) .- kit for incorporating nucleotides labeled with digoxygenin (marketed by Boerhinger Mannhei).
Production des oliσonucléotides Dl, D2- S et G2Production of oliσonucleotides Dl, D2- S and G2
Ces quatres séquences oligonucléotidiques sont produites par synthèse chimique sur un appareil automatique (synthétiseur "d'Applied Biosystem") . Près de 120 nmoles, soit environ 1 mg d'ADN, peuvent être synthétisées en une fois.These four oligonucleotide sequences are produced by chemical synthesis on an automatic device ("Applied Biosystem" synthesizer). Almost 120 nmoles, or approximately 1 mg of DNA, can be synthesized at one time.
Les oligonucleotides peuvent ensuite être marqués par addition en 5' terminal d'un groupement phosphate marqué au 3 P issu, par exemple du V 32P ATP, à l'aide de l'enzyme : T4 Polynucléotide kinase. 15 pmoles de sonde peuvent être marquées avec 5 Ci d'ATP. Ce marquage est obtenu par une incubation de 30 minutes à 37'C et une incubation de 10 minutes à 65"C pour que l'oligonucléotide soit prêt à 1'hybridation.The oligonucleotides can then be labeled by the 5 'terminal addition of a 3 P-labeled phosphate group obtained, for example from V 32 P ATP, using the enzyme: T 4 Polynucleotide kinase. 15 pmoles of probe can be labeled with 5 Ci of ATP. This labeling is obtained by an incubation of 30 minutes at 37 ° C and an incubation of 10 minutes at 65 "C so that the oligonucleotide is ready for hybridization.
Amplification enzymatiσue par la "Polymerase Chain Reaction"Enzymatic amplification by the "Polymerase Chain Reaction"
La réaction d'amplification est effectuée dans un milieu (volume total 100 tl) comprenant :The amplification reaction is carried out in a medium (total volume 100 tl) comprising:
- un tampon : Tris-HCl lOOmM, pH 8,3, KCl 50mM, MgCl2 1,5 mM, Gélatine 0,1% ;
- 800 fc.M de chaque déoxynucléotide : dATP, dCTP, dGTP et dTTP ; et- a buffer: 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.3, 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.1% gelatin; - 800 fc.M of each deoxynucleotide: dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP; and
- 0,5>ttM d'oligonucléotides "amorces".- 0.5> ttM oligonucleotides "primers".
Le milieu réactionnel est recouvert d'un volume (100 1) d'huile minérale pour éviter toute évaporation à haute température.The reaction medium is covered with a volume (100 l) of mineral oil to avoid any evaporation at high temperature.
La réaction est effectuée dans un appareil automatique, le "Perkin Elmer Cetus thermal cycler"The reaction is carried out in an automatic device, the "Perkin Elmer Cetus thermal cycler"
(Commercialisé par CETUS CORPORATION) . Les tubes sont placés dans un bloc métallique dont la température est modulable en durée et en intensité. On peut ainsi programmer des cycles de température répétitifs.(Marketed by CETUS CORPORATION). The tubes are placed in a metal block whose temperature is adjustable in duration and intensity. This allows repetitive temperature cycles to be programmed.
L'ADN est dénaturé à 94βC pendant 7 minutes et les cycles thermiques débutent après addition de 2,5 unités de Taq Polymerase et sont répétés 30 fois selon la chronologie suivante :The DNA is denatured at 94 β C for 7 minutes and the thermal cycles begin after the addition of 2.5 units of Taq Polymerase and are repeated 30 times according to the following chronology:
- 1 min à 94'C (dénaturation)- 1 min at 94'C (denaturation)
- 2 min à 55 ' C (hybridation)- 2 min at 55 ° C (hybridization)
- 3 min à 72'C (extension) La dernière extension est réalisée à 72"C pendant 7 minutes. Les tubes sont ensuite conservés à 10*C jusqu'à leur analyse en Southern-blot. D'autres techniques telles que le "Dot-blot" ou le "Slot-blot" peuvent être envisagées. Les profils électrophorétiques d'ADN toxoplasmique amplifié par P.C.R. sont représentés en figure 12.- 3 min at 72 ° C (extension) The last extension is carried out at 72 "C for 7 minutes. The tubes are then stored at 10 * C until their analysis in Southern blot. Other techniques such as" Dot-blot "or" Slot-blot "can be envisaged. The electrophoretic profiles of toxoplasmic DNA amplified by PCR are represented in FIG. 12.
Hybridation selon la technique du "Southern- blot" La technique du Southern-blot (SOUTHERN E.M.Hybridization using the Southern blot technique The Southern blot technique (SOUTHERN E.M.
1975, Détection of spécifie séquences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol., ___, 503-517.) comporte trois phases :1975, Detection of specifies sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol., ___, 503-517.) Has three phases:
- migration électrophorétique - transfert- electrophoretic migration - transfer
- hybridation
a) Electrophorèse- hybridization a) Electrophoresis
Les fragments d'ADN amplifié obtenus à l'issue de la P.C.R. sont séparés par électrophorèse sur un gel d'agarose horizontal à 1,6% (taille 20 cm x 20 cm) sous une tension de 80 Volts dans le tampon TAE en présence de 0,5 £g/ml de bromure d'éthidium. b) TransfertThe amplified DNA fragments obtained after the P.C.R. are separated by electrophoresis on a 1.6% horizontal agarose gel (size 20 cm x 20 cm) under a voltage of 80 volts in TAE buffer in the presence of 0.5 £ g / ml of ethidium bromide. b) Transfer
Le gel est immergé dans trois bains successivement pour dépuriner l'ADN, le dénaturer puis neutraliser le pH du gel.The gel is immersed in three baths successively to purify the DNA, denature it and then neutralize the pH of the gel.
- dépurination : deux bains de HC1 0,25 N pendant 15 minutes, puis un rinçage dans de l'eau bidistillée stérile.- depurination: two 0.25 N HCl baths for 15 minutes, then rinsing in sterile double-distilled water.
- dénaturation : un bain d'une heure dans la solution de dénaturation (NaOH 0,5 N, NaCl 1,5 M) puis un rinçage dans l'eau bidistillée stérile.- denaturation: a one hour bath in the denaturation solution (0.5 N NaOH, 1.5 M NaCl) then rinsing in sterile double-distilled water.
- neutralisation : un bain d'une heure dans le tampon (Tris-HCl, pH 8, 1 M, NaCl 1,5 M) puis un rinçage dans l'eau bidistillée stérile. Les fragments sont transférés sur une membrane de nitrocellulose ou de nylon selon la technique de SOUTHERN, en utilisant comme tampon de transfert, du tampon SSC concentré 10 fois (10 x SSC/ 1 x SSC = NaCl 0,15 M, Citrate de Sodium 0,015 M). Le transfert s'effectue sur 16 heures. La membrane est rincée dans un tampon 5 x SSC, et séchée pendant une heure à température ambiante. Sur la nitrocellulose, les fragments d'ADN sont fixés au support après chauffage à 80"C pendant 2 heures. Sur nylon, l'ADN est fixé au support par exposition aux rayonnements u.v. pendant 3 minutes et 30 secondes, c) Hybridation L'hybridation se déroule en trois étapes :- neutralization: a one hour bath in the buffer (Tris-HCl, pH 8, 1 M, 1.5 M NaCl) then rinsing in sterile bidistilled water. The fragments are transferred onto a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane according to the SOUTHERN technique, using as transfer buffer, SSC buffer concentrated 10 times (10 x SSC / 1 x SSC = 0.15 M NaCl, Sodium Citrate 0.015 M). The transfer takes place over 16 hours. The membrane is rinsed in 5 x SSC buffer, and dried for one hour at room temperature. On nitrocellulose, the DNA fragments are fixed to the support after heating at 80 ° C. for 2 hours. On nylon, the DNA is fixed to the support by exposure to UV radiation for 3 minutes and 30 seconds, c) Hybridization hybridization takes place in three stages:
- préhybridation - hybridation- prehybridization - hybridization
- lavages
* Préhybridation- washes * Prehybridization
Dans la préhybridation, le filtre supportant les fragments d'ADN (amplifiés séparés, transférés et fixés sur une membrane) est placé dans une boîte plastique contenant 30 ml de tampon d'hybridation.In prehybridization, the filter supporting the DNA fragments (separate amplified, transferred and fixed on a membrane) is placed in a plastic box containing 30 ml of hybridization buffer.
Tampon d'hybridation :Hybridization buffer:
5 x SSC5 x SSC
Phosphate de Sodium pH 6,5 50 mMSodium phosphate pH 6.5 50 mM
Ficoll 400 0,1 % (P/V) Polyvinylpyrolidone 0,1 % (P/V)Ficoll 400 0.1% (W / V) Polyvinylpyrolidone 0.1% (W / V)
Glycine 1% (P/V)Glycine 1% (W / V)
SDS (Sodium Dodécyl Sulfate) 0,1% (P/V)SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) 0.1% (W / V)
ADN de sperme de hareng dénaturé 100 ug/ml. La préhybridation est faite à 42"C sur 2 heures sous agitation modérée.Denatured herring sperm DNA 100 ug / ml. Prehybridization is done at 42 "C over 2 hours with moderate stirring.
* Hybridation* Hybridization
L'hybridation se fait en ajoutant dans le tampon d'hybridation 15 pmoles de l'oligonucléotide S marqué à l'extrémité 5'. Elle est faite à 42"C sur 16 heures sous agitation modérée.The hybridization is carried out by adding to the hybridization buffer 15 pmol of the oligonucleotide S labeled at the 5 ′ end. It is made at 42 "C over 16 hours with moderate stirring.
* Lavages La membrane est rincée par quatre lavages :* Washes The membrane is rinsed by four washes:
- 3 lavages de 5 min à température ambiante dans un tampon (2 x SSC ; SDS 0,1% (P/V))- 3 washes of 5 min at room temperature in a buffer (2 x SSC; SDS 0.1% (W / V))
- 1 lavage de 30 min à 50qC dans un tampon (0,1 X SSC ; SDS 0,1% (P/V)) Révélation de l'hybridation- 1 wash of 30 min at 50 q C in a buffer (0.1 X SSC; SDS 0.1% (W / V)) Revelation of hybridization
Après lavages, le filtre est séché à température ambiante pendant 30 min, disposé sur un papier What an 3 MM, enveloppé dans un film plastique, et exposé en autoradiographie, à -70°C pendant 18 heures.
La figure 13 représente le "Southern-blot" d'ADN toxoplasmique amplifié par P.C.R. et hybride en présence de l'oligonucléotide S.After washing, the filter is dried at room temperature for 30 min, placed on What an 3 MM paper, wrapped in plastic film, and exposed to autoradiography at -70 ° C for 18 hours. FIG. 13 represents the "Southern blot" of toxoplasmic DNA amplified by PCR and hybrid in the presence of the oligonucleotide S.
Typaσe des souches de Toxoplasma σondii Les ADN génomiques sont digérés par une enzyme de restriction, par exemple Sal I(conditions 2 unités ttg d'ADN; 37βC pendant 16 heures).Typaσe of Toxoplasma σondii strains Genomic DNAs are digested with a restriction enzyme, for example Sal I (conditions 2 ttg units of DNA; 37 β C for 16 hours).
Les fragments de restriction sont séparés par électrophorèse horizontale sur gel d'agarose 0,8% et transférés sur nylon. L'ADN humain et l'ADN murin digérés par la même enzyme, sont utilisés comme témoins négatifs.The restriction fragments are separated by horizontal electrophoresis on 0.8% agarose gel and transferred to nylon. Human DNA and murine DNA digested with the same enzyme are used as negative controls.
Le "southern blot" est préhybridé pendantThe southern blot is prehybridized during
2 heures à 42"C puis hybride en présence de la sonde TGR1E marquée au 3 P (2.106 c.p.m./ml de tampon d'hybridation contenant 50% de formamide (V/V)) à 42"C pendant 16 heures.2 hours at 42 "C then hybrid in the presence of the TGR1E probe labeled with 3 P (2.10 6 cpm / ml of hybridization buffer containing 50% formamide (V / V)) at 42" C for 16 hours.
Les lavages après hybridation sont faits dans 4 bains successifs : - trois lavages à température ambiante pendant 5 minutes dans un tampon (2 x SSC, SDS 0,1% (P/V)) ;The washes after hybridization are done in 4 successive baths: - three washes at room temperature for 5 minutes in a buffer (2 x SSC, 0.1% SDS (W / V));
- un lavage à 42 "C pendant 30 minutes dans un tampon (0,1 x SSC ; SDS 0,1% (P/V)). Le film d'autoradiographie est exposé pendant- washing at 42 "C for 30 minutes in a buffer (0.1 x SSC; SDS 0.1% (W / V)). The autoradiography film is exposed for
4 jours à -70"C.4 days at -70 "C.
La figure 14 représente un "Southern-blot" d'ADN génomiques de Toxoplasma σondii de six souches différentes, hybride en présence de la sonde TGR1E. TGR1E est spécifique vis-à-vis de l'ADN deFIG. 14 represents a "Southern blot" of genomic DNA of Toxoplasma σondii from six different strains, hybridized in the presence of the TGR1E probe. TGR1E is specific for DNA from
Toxoplasma σondii : elle reconnaît l'ADN de six souches toxoplasmiques différentes, mais n'hybride pas l'ADN humain ni l'ADN murin.Toxoplasma σondii: it recognizes the DNA of six different toxoplasmic strains, but does not hybridize human DNA or murine DNA.
Les profils de restriction des six souches montrent une vingtaine de bandes dont la taille est comprise entre 350 pb et 20 000 pb. Cette image signe le caractère répétitif de la sonde TGR1E : elle existe
donc en de nombreuses .Hcopies dans le génome de Toxoplasma σondii (figure 14) .The restriction profiles of the six strains show around twenty bands whose size is between 350 bp and 20,000 bp. This image shows the repetitive nature of the TGR1E probe: it exists therefore in many .Hcopies in the genome of Toxoplasma σondii (Figure 14).
L'analyse de ces profils met en évidence quatre polymorphismes de restriction différents. Ils se répartissent en trois degrés de pathogénicité distincts, définis selon des critères observés chez des souris infectées par voie intrapéritonéale :Analysis of these profiles highlights four different restriction polymorphisms. They are divided into three distinct pathogenicity degrees, defined according to criteria observed in mice infected intraperitoneally:
- souches virulentes : souches qui provoquent la mort des souris en quelques jours, avec apparition d'une ascite abondante. Ces souches sont non kystogènes.- virulent strains: strains which cause the death of mice within a few days, with the appearance of abundant ascites. These strains are non-cystogenic.
- souches intermédiaires : souches kystogènes qui provoquent la mort des souris en une douzaine de jours environ. - souches chroniques : souches kystogènes non léthales.- intermediate strains: cystogenic strains which cause the death of mice in about a dozen days. - chronic strains: non-lethal cystogenic strains.
Si les quatre polymorphismes sont désignés par les lettres A, B, C et D, la répartition est la suivante : A: souche virulente RH et souche chronique CIf the four polymorphisms are designated by the letters A, B, C and D, the distribution is as follows: A: virulent strain RH and chronic strain C
B: souche intermédiaire C56 C : souche intermédiaire M7741 D: souches chroniques PRUGNIAUD et HARAN Par ailleurs, trois des six souches présentées ci-dessus ont été caractérisées par analyse isoenzymatique (Darde M.L. et al. 1988. Isoenzymatic characterization of seven strains of Toxoplasma σondii by isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., £ (6), 551-558.). Elles correspondent chacune à l'un des trois zymodèmes définis par Darde, à savoir, le zymodeme I, qui regroupe trois souches virulentes dont la souche RH, le zymodeme II, qui regroupe des souches chroniques dont la souche PRUGNIAUD, et le zymodeme III qui ne comprend que la souche M7741.
Ainsi sur trois souches, une corrélation peut être établie entre virulence, polymorphisme de restriction et profil enzymatique :B: intermediate strain C56 C: intermediate strain M7741 D: chronic strains PRUGNIAUD and HARAN In addition, three of the six strains presented above were characterized by isoenzymatic analysis (Darde ML et al. 1988. Isoenzymatic characterization of seven strains of Toxoplasma σondii by isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gels. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., £ (6), 551-558.). They each correspond to one of the three zymodemes defined by Darde, namely, zymodeme I, which groups together three virulent strains including the RH strain, zymodeme II, which groups together chronic strains including the PRUGNIAUD strain, and zymodeme III which only includes strain M7741. Thus on three strains, a correlation can be established between virulence, restriction polymorphism and enzymatic profile:
- souche RH: virulente, polymorphisme A, zymodeme I- RH strain: virulent, polymorphism A, zymodeme I
- souche M7741: intermédiaire, polymorphisme- strain M7741: intermediate, polymorphism
C, zymodeme IIIC, zymodeme III
- souche PRUGNIAUD: chronique, polymorphisme- PRUGNIAUD strain: chronic, polymorphism
D, zymodeme II. Bien entendu, l'invention n'est pas limitée à la description ci-dessus, pour laquelle on pourra prévoir d'autres variantes de réalisation sans pour cela sortir du cadre de l'invention.
D, zymodeme II. Of course, the invention is not limited to the above description, for which other alternative embodiments may be provided without thereby departing from the scope of the invention.
Claims
•*3 • * 3
REVENDICATIONS
1° - Acide nucléique caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend tout ou partie d'une séquence nucléotidique choisie parmi TGRIA, TGRIE, TGR2 et TGR4 ou parmi les séquences complémentaires correspondantes, ou parmi lesdites séquences modifiées par des substitutions et/ou des additions et/ou des suppressions de un ou plusieurs nucléotides de sorte à ne pas affecter leurs propriétés, lesdits fragments appartenant à une famille de séquences nucléotidiques hautement répétées dans le génome de Toxoplasma σondii.1 ° - Nucleic acid characterized in that it comprises all or part of a nucleotide sequence chosen from TGRIA, TGRIE, TGR2 and TGR4 or from the corresponding complementary sequences, or from said sequences modified by substitutions and / or additions and / or deletions from one or more nucleotides so as not to affect their properties, said fragments belonging to a family of highly repeated nucleotide sequences in the genome of Toxoplasma σondii.
2 ° - Oligonucléotide issu d'un acide nucléique selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend un fragment constitué d'au moins 10 bases.2 ° - Oligonucleotide from a nucleic acid according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a fragment consisting of at least 10 bases.
3e - Vecteur recombinant caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend un insert constitué par tout ou partie d'une séquence nucléotidique selon la revendication 1 clone dans ce vecteur. 4° - Vecteur recombinant selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste en un plasmide.3 e - Recombinant vector characterized in that it comprises an insert consisting of all or part of a nucleotide sequence according to claim 1 cloned in this vector. 4 ° - Recombinant vector according to claim 3, characterized in that it consists of a plasmid.
5° - Acide nucléique selon la revendication5 ° - Nucleic acid according to claim
1, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste en la séquence TGRIA comportant 352 paires de bases dont 60,51% de1, characterized in that it consists of the TGRIA sequence comprising 352 base pairs, of which 60.51% is
G+c , la séquence de bases étant représentée en figureG + c, the base sequence being represented in figure
1.1.
6e - Acide nucléique selon la revendication6 e - Nucleic acid according to claim
1, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste en la séquence TGRIE comportant 353 paires de bases dont 59,77% de1, characterized in that it consists of the TGRIE sequence comprising 353 base pairs, of which 59.77% of
G+C, la séquence de bases étant représentée en figureG + C, the base sequence being represented in figure
2.2.
7e - Acide nucléique selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste en la séquence TGR2 comportant 674 paires de bases dont 56,37% de G+C, la séquence de bases étant représentée en figure 3.
8° - Acide nucléique selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste en la séquence TGR4 comportant 1032 paires de bases dont 57,94% de G+C, la séquence de bases étant représentée en figure 4. 9 ° - Sonde génétique, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend un acide nucléique selon la revendication 1, marqué.7 e - Nucleic acid according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists of the TGR2 sequence comprising 674 base pairs including 56.37% of G + C, the base sequence being represented in FIG. 3. 8 ° - Nucleic acid according to claim 1, characterized in that it consists of the TGR4 sequence comprising 1032 base pairs including 57.94% G + C, the base sequence being represented in FIG. 4. 9 ° - Probe genetic, characterized in that it comprises a nucleic acid according to claim 1, labeled.
10° - Sonde selon la revendication 9, caractérisé en ce qu'elle comprend un marqueur radioactif, enzymatique, antigénique, ligand, luminescent ou fluorescent.10 ° - Probe according to claim 9, characterized in that it comprises a radioactive, enzymatic, antigenic, ligand, luminescent or fluorescent marker.
11e - Utilisation d'un acide nucléique selon la revendication 1 pour la détection de Toxoplasma σondii. 12e - Utilisation d'un acide nucléique selon la revendication 1 pour le typage des souches de Toxoplasma σondii.11 e - Use of a nucleic acid according to claim 1 for the detection of Toxoplasma σondii. 12 e - Use of a nucleic acid according to claim 1 for typing strains of Toxoplasma σondii.
13β - Procédé pour détecter in vitro la présence de Toxoplasma σondii dans un échantillon biologique, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend les étapes : de sélection au préalable d'oligonucléotides selon la revendication 2 ;13 β - Method for detecting in vitro the presence of Toxoplasma σondii in a biological sample, characterized in that it comprises the steps: of prior selection of oligonucleotides according to claim 2;
- d'amplification enzymatique de l'ADN à analyser contenu dans l'échantillon biologique, par la méthode de la "Polymerase Chain Réaction", au moyen d'un couple d'oligonucléotides choisis parmi lesdits oligonucleotides sélectionnés de manière à augmenter la quantité de séquences cibles, comprises entre ledit couple d'oligonucléotides ; de séparation desdits fragments d'ADN amplifié ;- enzymatic amplification of the DNA to be analyzed contained in the biological sample, by the "Polymerase Chain Reaction" method, using a pair of oligonucleotides chosen from said oligonucleotides selected so as to increase the amount of target sequences, included between said pair of oligonucleotides; separating said amplified DNA fragments;
- de dénaturation desdits fragments afin d'obtenir des fragments monocaténaires ; - de transfert et de fixation sur un support desdits fragments d'ADN amplifié ;
AS de tentative d'hybridation desdits fragments d'ADN avec l'un desdits oligonucleotides sélectionnés marqué ;- denaturing said fragments in order to obtain single-stranded fragments; - Transfer and fixation on a support of said amplified DNA fragments; AS of hybridization of said DNA fragments with one of said labeled selected oligonucleotides;
- de détection de l'hybride éventuellement formé.- detection of the hybrid possibly formed.
14e - Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que les oligonucleotides sélectionnés dérivent de la séquence TGRIE.14 e - Method according to claim 13, characterized in that the selected oligonucleotides derive from the TGRIE sequence.
15e - Procédé selon la revendication 14, caractérisé en ce que les oligonucleotides sélectionnés comprennent notamment G2, S, Dl et D2, leurs séquences étant respectivement représentées en figures 6, 7, 8 et15 e - Method according to claim 14, characterized in that the selected oligonucleotides comprise in particular G2, S, Dl and D2, their sequences being respectively represented in FIGS. 6, 7, 8 and
9.9.
16" - Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que l'ADN à analyser est amplifié par la méthode de la "Polymerase Chain Reaction" au moyen d'amorces constituées du couple d'oligonucléotides D2,16 "- Method according to claim 13, characterized in that the DNA to be analyzed is amplified by the method of the" Polymerase Chain Reaction "using primers consisting of the pair of oligonucleotides D2,
G2.G2.
17e - Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que l'ADN est amplifié par la méthode de la "Polymerase Chain Reaction" au moyen d'amorces constituées du couple d'oligonucléotides Dl, G2.17 e - A method according to claim 13, characterized in that the DNA is amplified by the method of the "Polymerase Chain Reaction" using primers consisting of the pair of oligonucleotides Dl, G2.
18° - Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que la séparation dudit ADN amplifié est effectuée par électrophorèse horizontale sur gel d'agarose.18 ° - A method according to claim 13, characterized in that the separation of said amplified DNA is carried out by horizontal electrophoresis on agarose gel.
19° - Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que l'ADN amplifié est transféré et fixé sur une membrane selon la méthode du "Southern- blot".19 ° - Process according to claim 13, characterized in that the amplified DNA is transferred and fixed on a membrane according to the "Southern blot" method.
20° - Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que l'ADN amplifié est transféré et fixé sur une membrane de nitrocellulose, une membrane de nylon ou une membrane mixte nitrocellulose/nylon. 21" - Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que la tentative d'hybridation du "Southern-blot" est réalisée par mise en contact de
β l'ADN amplifié transféré et fixé sur un support avec l'oligonucléotide S marqué.20 ° - Method according to claim 13, characterized in that the amplified DNA is transferred and fixed on a nitrocellulose membrane, a nylon membrane or a mixed nitrocellulose / nylon membrane. 21 "- Method according to claim 13, characterized in that the attempt to hybridize the" Southern blot "is carried out by bringing the β the amplified DNA transferred and fixed on a support with the labeled oligonucleotide S.
22° - Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que 1Oligonucléotide est marqué radioactivement.22 ° - Method according to claim 13, characterized in that 1Oligonucleotide is radioactively labeled.
23° - Procédé selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que l'oligonucléotide est marqué non- radioactivement avec un marqueur de type enzymatique, antigénique, ligand, luminescent ou fluorescent. 24° - Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'échantillon biologique consiste en un prélèvement par biopsie placentaire ou cérébrale, en du sang total, en du liquide amniotique, en du liquide céphalo-rachidien, en un lavage broncho-alvéolaire ou en humeur aqueuse.23 ° - Method according to claim 13, characterized in that the oligonucleotide is labeled non-radioactively with a marker of enzymatic, antigenic, ligand, luminescent or fluorescent type. 24 ° - A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the biological sample consists of a sample by placental or cerebral biopsy, whole blood, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, a bronchoalveolar lavage or in aqueous humor.
25" - Procédé pour le typage des souches de25 "- Method for typing strains of
Toxoplasma σondii, caractérisé en ce qu'il consiste :Toxoplasma σondii, characterized in that it consists:
- à traiter les ADN génomiques par une enzyme de restriction, - à séparer les fragments d'ADN génomique obtenus,- to treat genomic DNA with a restriction enzyme, - to separate the genomic DNA fragments obtained,
- à transférer et à fixer lesdits fragments sur une membrane,- to transfer and fix said fragments on a membrane,
- à mettre en contact lesdits fragments d'ADN génomique avec une sonde selon la revendication 9.- bringing said genomic DNA fragments into contact with a probe according to claim 9.
26° - Procédé selon la revendication 25, caractérisé en ce que l'enzyme de restriction est Sal I.26 ° - A method according to claim 25, characterized in that the restriction enzyme is Sal I.
27° - Procédé selon la revendication 25, caractérisé en ce que la séparation est effectuée par électrophorèse.27 ° - A method according to claim 25, characterized in that the separation is carried out by electrophoresis.
28 - Procédé selon la revendication 25, caractérisé en ce que lesdits fragments d'ADN génomique sont transférés et fixés sur une membrane seloi la méthode du "Southern-blot".28 - Process according to claim 25, characterized in that said fragments of genomic DNA are transferred and fixed on a membrane according to the "Southern blot" method.
29° - Procédé selon la revendication 28, caractérisé en ce que la membrane est une membrane en
nylon, une membrane en nitrocellulose ou une membrane mixte nitrocellulose/nylon.29 ° - A method according to claim 28, characterized in that the membrane is a membrane nylon, a nitrocellulose membrane or a mixed nitrocellulose / nylon membrane.
30° - Procédé selon la revendication 25, caractérisé en ce que la sonde utilisée consiste en la séquence TGRIE marquée.
30 ° - Process according to claim 25, characterized in that the probe used consists of the labeled TGRIE sequence.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9008548A FR2664290B1 (en) | 1990-07-05 | 1990-07-05 | TOXOPLASMA GONDII SPECIFIC GENE PROBES, AND THEIR USE FOR IN VITRO DETECTION OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII AND FOR THE TYPING OF TOXOPLASMIC STRAINS. |
FR90/08548 | 1990-07-05 |
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WO1992001067A1 true WO1992001067A1 (en) | 1992-01-23 |
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PCT/FR1991/000546 WO1992001067A1 (en) | 1990-07-05 | 1991-07-05 | Genetic probes specific for toxoplasma gondii and their uses in in vitro detection of toxoplasma gondii and the typing of toxoplasma strains |
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Cited By (1)
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US7790187B2 (en) | 2005-03-08 | 2010-09-07 | Kenton S.R.L. | Chimeric recombinant antigens of Toxoplasma gondii |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1989001050A1 (en) * | 1987-07-31 | 1989-02-09 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Selective amplification of target polynucleotide sequences |
WO1989012683A1 (en) * | 1988-06-24 | 1989-12-28 | Institut Pasteur | Nucleic acid encoding the p30 protein of toxoplasma gondii |
-
1990
- 1990-07-05 FR FR9008548A patent/FR2664290B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1991
- 1991-07-05 WO PCT/FR1991/000546 patent/WO1992001067A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1989001050A1 (en) * | 1987-07-31 | 1989-02-09 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Selective amplification of target polynucleotide sequences |
WO1989012683A1 (en) * | 1988-06-24 | 1989-12-28 | Institut Pasteur | Nucleic acid encoding the p30 protein of toxoplasma gondii |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
Biological Abstracts, vol. 88, no. 7, 1989, Biological Abstracts, Inc., (Philadelphia, PA, US), D. Savva: "Isolation of a potential DNA probe for Toxoplasma gondii", voir page AB-781, résumé 77133, & Microbios, 58(236/237): 165-172, 1989 * |
Biological Abstracts, vol. 88, no. 7, 1989, Biological Abstracts, Inc., (Philadelphia, PA, US), J.L. Burg et al.: "Direct and sensitive detection of a pathogenic protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, by polymerase chain reaction", voir page AB-782, résumé 77141, & J. Clin. Microbiol. 27(8), 1787-1792, 1989 * |
Biological Abstracts, vol. 90, no. 4, 15 août 1990, Biological Abstracts, Inc., (Philadelphia, PA, US), D. Savva et al.: "Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Toxoplasma gondii", voir page AB-867, résumé 43011, & J. Med. Microbiol. 32(1), 25-32, 1990 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7790187B2 (en) | 2005-03-08 | 2010-09-07 | Kenton S.R.L. | Chimeric recombinant antigens of Toxoplasma gondii |
US7867503B2 (en) | 2005-03-08 | 2011-01-11 | Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite S.P.A. | Chimeric recombinant antigens of Toxoplasma gondii |
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FR2664290A1 (en) | 1992-01-10 |
FR2664290B1 (en) | 1993-01-29 |
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