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WO1992000185A1 - Guides d'ondes optiques - Google Patents

Guides d'ondes optiques Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992000185A1
WO1992000185A1 PCT/AU1991/000267 AU9100267W WO9200185A1 WO 1992000185 A1 WO1992000185 A1 WO 1992000185A1 AU 9100267 W AU9100267 W AU 9100267W WO 9200185 A1 WO9200185 A1 WO 9200185A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
strand
optical
wave guide
wave
sections
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU1991/000267
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Martin Russell Harris
Original Assignee
Martin Russell Harris
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Martin Russell Harris filed Critical Martin Russell Harris
Publication of WO1992000185A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992000185A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/13—Integrated optical circuits characterised by the manufacturing method
    • G02B6/138—Integrated optical circuits characterised by the manufacturing method by using polymerisation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C39/00—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C39/22—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C39/42—Casting under special conditions, e.g. vacuum
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
    • B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
    • B29D11/00663—Production of light guides
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/105—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type having optical polarisation effects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/1221—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths made from organic materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/13—Integrated optical circuits characterised by the manufacturing method
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/061—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on electro-optical organic material
    • G02F1/065—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on electro-optical organic material in an optical waveguide structure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
    • B29C35/08—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation
    • B29C35/0805—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation
    • B29C2035/0833—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation using actinic light
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
    • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
    • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
    • G02B6/2804—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers
    • G02B2006/2865—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals forming multipart couplers without wavelength selective elements, e.g. "T" couplers, star couplers couplers of the 3x3 type
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/35—Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/355—Non-linear optics characterised by the materials used
    • G02F1/3558—Poled materials, e.g. with periodic poling; Fabrication of domain inverted structures, e.g. for quasi-phase-matching [QPM]

Definitions

  • Optical wave guides may be used for making optical interconnections between points in space, for example between separated optical components in an optical system or between optical and opto-electronic components on integrated circuit chips.
  • optical interconnects have been made holographically, by using micro-lenses or by bulk "plumbing" with fibres and fibre couplers or other components requiring careful assembly and interconnection of the various components.
  • the construction of wave guide devices using such current technology is difficult and is an area in need of improvement, particularly for applications in high speed data communication and for optical computer components.
  • the present invention provides a method which enables an optical wave guide to be produced quickly and accurately and which enables wave guide devices to be constructed without the assembly and connection problems encountered with the current technology.
  • a method of producing an optical wave guide comprising projecting electromagnetic or ultrasonic energy into a concentrated energy zone in a body of a polymerisable material to cause polymerisation of that material at said zone by absorption of part of said energy and causing relative movement between said body of material and the projected energy so as to cause said concentrated zone to move in a path through said body and thereby produce a strand of polymerised material extending along said path, which strand is of higher refractive index than the surrounding body of material and is capable of acting as an optic wave guide for transmission of light along said strand.
  • the material is photopolymerisable and said energy is electromagnetic energy which is focused into said zone.
  • the wave guide may be fabricated as a transparent strand in a liquid, semi- liquid, gel or partially polymerised block of a plastic monomer by photopolymerisation at the focal region (Gaussian waist area) of one or more high power laser beams using a high NA (numeral aperture) lens.
  • the invention also provides a method of producing an optical wave guide device, comprising forming within a body of polymerisable material a plurality of wave guides each produced by the above defined method so as to form wave guide interconnections between a plurality of optic terminals disposed at spaced locations on said body.
  • the invention further provides an optical wave guide device comprising: a body of a polymerisable material; a plurality of optic terminals disposed at spaced locations on said body; and a plurality of optic wave guides making wave guide interconnections between the terminals, each wave guide comprising a polymerised strand of said material of higher refractive index than the surrounding body of material.
  • a pair of said wave guides may be interconnected within said body so as to be capable of acting as an optical coupler for coupling light signals in those wave guides.
  • the wave guides may be arranged in a three dimensional network in which some wave guides cross other wave guides with spatial separation between the crossing wave guides and without optical connection between them.
  • Figure 1 illustrates one form of apparatus for carrying out a method in accordance with the invention in order to produce an optical wave guide device
  • Figure 2 illustrates a modification of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 1;
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an optical coupler device produced in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a further type of wave guide device produced in accordance with the invention
  • Figure 5 illustrates a wave guide device providing optical interconnections between fibre cores and opto-electronic components on an integrated circuit chip
  • FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate an electrically switchable optic coupler constructed in accordance with the invention
  • Figure 8 illustrates a modification to the coupler illustrated in Figures 6 and 7;
  • FIGS 9 and 10 illustrate an alternative form of an electrically switchable coupler constructed in accordance with the invention.
  • FIG 11 illustrates a modification to the switch illustrated in Figures 9 and 10;
  • FIGS 12 and 13 illustrate an optronically switchable coupler constructed in accordance with the invention.
  • a high power laser 11 produces a TEM 00 laser beam 12 which is concentrated or focused by a lens system comprising a high numerical aperture lens 14 into a high energy concentration or focal region 15 within a body 16 of a photopolymerisable material which is supported on a table 17 of the apparatus.
  • Table 17 is translatable in three orthogonal directions as indicated by the arrows 18, 19, 20 so that the body of polymerisable material 16 can be moved accurately in any direction in three dimensional space.
  • the table 17 and mechanism for moving it may be precisely the same as in commercially available microscope stages in which movements in the three orthogonal directions are produced by stepping motors under computer control.
  • Body 16 of polymerisable material may be a thixotropic material or a gel or a partially polymerised - 4 - plastic mass contained in a casing 21. Movement of this body by translation of table 17 will cause the focal zone (Gaussian waist area) of the focused laser beam to move in a path through body 16 to produce photopolymerisation of the material along that path to generate a transparent polymerised strand.
  • the polymerisation of most monomers produces shrinkage and an increase of the refractive index of the material, thus causing the polymerised strand to be capable of acting as an optical wave guide.
  • the polymerisation is preferably produced by two photon interaction with the monomer or with an activating catalyst substance mixed with the monomer so that the polymerised strand is produced at the locus of the moving focal point without the initiation of polymerisation in the cone of light on either side of the focus. More particularly, the reliance of two photon absorption in this way makes initiation of the polymerisation energy sensitive so that a threshold energy must be exceeded to initiate the polymerisation, thus suppressing unwanted polymerisation around the concentrated energy zone around the focus point of the laser.
  • the activation of molecular species leading to the required polymerisation may be due to the absorption of two photons of the same energy as described in the paper by Denk et al entitled TWO PHOTON LASER SCANNING FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY in the journal “SCIENCE", April, 1990.
  • the polymerisation process may be activated by the simultaneous absorption of two photons of different colour in which the combined laser photon energy is tuned to the specific activation energy required for the initiating substance.
  • Polymerisation efficiency is highest if the laser is tuned to the activation energy of the photopolymerisation activation molecule. This is best achieved by means of a tuneable high power laser but may also be carried out by the focusing of two separate wavelength lasers at the same point in space. If these are pulsed lasers then it is also necessary that the pulses arrive simultaneously at the point.
  • a high density optical wave guide network can thus be built up in three dimensions by generating strands which cross one another but which maintain spatial separation at the cross over regions to avoid optical interconnections. This may be achieved by moving the laser focus with a darning or weaving motion so that the strands are interwoven with spatial separation between them.
  • the matrix material may contain any one of a variety of monomer materials such as styrene or styrene derivatives.
  • a commonly used photo-initiation for this and for other plastics is azo di-iso butyro nitrile which operates by the formation of free radicals when a molecule of the substance absorbs a photon or photons of appropriate energy.
  • epoxy materials are used in commercially available photo cured resins and a wide variety of other polymer materials can be activated by azo di-iso butyro nitrile and similar compounds.
  • a particularly effective combination uses DEH as an organic photo conductor in an organic photo conductor in an epoxy formulation called NNDN-NAN.
  • the polymerisation of the optic wave guide strand may also be initiated by the heating effect at the focus. In this case, it would be possible to initiate the polymerisation by producing a concentrated zone of ultrasonic sound energy rather than electromagnetic energy to produce polymerisation at the focus by heating or other effects generated by the sound waves. This could be achieved by the use of a piezo electric ultrasonic generator of the type used in ultrasonic microscopy. In some cases, such as in the production of simple optical couplers, the optical wave guide strand may be produced by single photon activation.
  • the packing density of the optical wave guide strands is limited because of excessive polymerisation outside the focal plane. If a normal air lens is used to focus through a thickness of the monomer material, then spherical aberration will occur at focused depths above and below the optimum focal plane for the lens. If two separate wave lengths for photopolymerisation are used with such a lens the foci for the diffraction limited spots of the two colours will also only coincide for one specific depth of material (i.e. one correct achromatic plane). In both cases the cross-section of a polymerised optical strand will change as the strand changes in the depth below the surface at which the photopolymerisation took place. This problem can be eliminated by putting the monomer mass in a liquid of optical properties similar to those of the monomer and using an immersion lens. An alternative is to use a modified apparatus as illustrated in Figure 2 which avoids the need to immerse the monomer mass 16.
  • the apparatus illustrated in Figure 2 is a modification of that illustrated in Figure 1 and like components have been identified by like numerals.
  • the lens 13 and 14 are mounted in a barrel 31 which dips into a body of a liquid 32 held in a container 33.
  • the liquid 32 has optical properties similar to those of the body of polymerisable material 16 and container 33 is transparent.
  • movement of the focal point 15 within the body is achieved by horizontal movements of table 17 in the orthogonal directions indicated by arrows 18, 19 and by vertical movements of barrel 31 as indicated by arrow 20A. This ensures that the effective optical path from the lens 14 to the focal point 15 remains the same regardless of vertical movement of the focal point. Any increase or reduction of the depth traversed within the body 16 is compensated by a corresponding decrease or increase in the depth of liquid 31 traversed by the focused beam.
  • the polymerisable material in which a wave guide is to be produced in accordance with the invention may be a partially polymerised solid plastic material in which further polymerisation is initiated by the photopolymerisation process to form appropriate wave guide strands. This is particularly advantageous in the production of optical couplers and an example of an optical coupler made in this way is illustrated in Figure 3.
  • the optical coupler illustrated in Figure 3 comprises a body of partially polymerised plastics material 41 disposed within a protective casing 42.
  • the ends of four optical fibres 43, 44, 45, 46 are embedded in the partially polymerised block 41.
  • the embedded fibre tips may be pre-tapered either by etching with acid fluoride solutions or by melting and drawing.
  • the four embedded ends are linked together by traversing a focused laser spot through the partially polymerised matrix and thus forming strands of more highly cross-linked material in the polymer.
  • these strands 47, 48, 49, 50 are connected to the embedded ends of the fibres and interconnect with one another in the region 51 to form a coupler waist area in which coupling of signals can take place.
  • fibres 43 and 44 may be input legs of the coupler and fibres 45 and 46 the output legs.
  • the split ratio of the coupler can be controlled if during the fabrication process light is ejected from a laser 52 into one of the input legs and the - 9 - outputs in fibres 45, 46 are monitored by photo detectors 53, 54. It is also possible to tune the characteristics of the coupler or other device by means of temperature variation as may be produced by a neighbouring Peltier effect by passing an electric current through a device or even a resistive wire close to the active region of the device.
  • Photopolymerisation of further sections of the plastic block material could be effected to induce shrinkage and stress in the polymerised strands and thus introduce birefringence and polarisation specificity. It is thus possible to produce an optical bifurcation or coupler which splits the light in the two output legs in mutually orthogonal polarisation planes.
  • a computer can calculate the optimum curve for a strand linking the two points and automatically track the locus of the focused beam along the appropriate path using the mechanical stage driven by the controlled stepper motors.
  • the computer memory can also ensure that threads do not intersect or come close enough to produce cross-talk or alternatively it can deliberately generate couplers and other optical devices by running wave guide sections close and parallel to one another.
  • the manufacturing process is done in a point to point sweep similar to the way that gold wires are joined from header pins to integrated circuit chip edges.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a coupler similar to that illustrated in Figure 3 but modified by the addition of a squeezing mechanism so that the characteristics of the coupler may be tuned by a variable squeezing action on the device.
  • the coupler comprises a plastic block 61 disposed between upper and lower glass sheets 62, 63 and end sheets 64, 65. It has input fibres 66 and output fibres 67 interconnected by photopolymerised cross-linked strands 68 within the body of plastic. The interconnection may be similar to that made in the device illustrated in Figure 3. - 10 -
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a wave guide device 71 constructed in accordance with the invention and making optical interconnections between three optical fibres 72, 73, 74 and opto-electronic components 75, 76, 77, 78 on an integrated circuit chip 79.
  • Device 71 may comprise a solid block 81 of partially polymerised plastic material with photopolymerised strands 82 formed in the block to make appropriate interconnections.
  • line interference filters may be produced by a strand having a section in which a series of uniformly spaced microscopic "beads" of polymer have been produced.
  • asymmetric cross-section can be made to produce an optic wave guide that will support only one polarisation mode or will maintain polarisation.
  • a Y splitter can be fabricated by making a strand of circular cross-section up to a certain point and then by continuing the polymerisation into two branches of the Y. The branches are made to separate the two polarisation states of the light split between them by fabricating them so that the long axes of symmetry of their cross-sections are mutually orthogonal.
  • the photo-activated catalyst can be chosen so that it readily breaks down within a few days or the materials may be chosen so that the polymerisation takes - 11 - place only at an elevated temperature.
  • an amount of polymerisation inhibitor may be added to the fabricated network cell before sealing so that it can diffuse through the matrix and maintain a thixotropic gel state or to make it more viscous or to convert it into a rubbery gel. It is possible to produce polymer strands which are quite strong and elastic .
  • a poled wave guide strand can be produced in accordance with the invention by carrying out the photo-induced polymerisation of the strand within an electric field to produce charge separation across the strand in cross-section. This charge separation remains after the electric field is removed to produce a wave guide is an "electret" and is highly non- centrosymmetric in cross-section. If two wave guide strands run close together and parallel to one another they act as a coupler for light energy.
  • the coupling ratio between them can be varied by the application of an electric field, for example through application of a potential difference between electrodes embedded in the plastic matrix.
  • Figures 6, 7 and 8 illustrate such electrically switchable couplers.
  • the coupler illustrated in Figures 6 and 7 comprises a block 84 of polymerisable material within which a pair of optical wave guide strands 85, 86 are formed by photo-induced polymerisation in accordance with the present invention.
  • Strands 85, 86 extend from one pair of optic terminals 87, 88 in an end face 89 of the block 84 to a second pair of optic terminals 91, 92 in an opposite end face 93 of the block.
  • strands 85, 86 come close together so that mid-sections 94, 95 of the strands extend in close parallel relation to one another.
  • a potential difference is applied between the two electrodes such that electrode 96 has negative polarity and electrode 97 positive polarity. This causes a charge separation across the strand 85 in cross-section with the polarity indicated in Figures 6 and 7.
  • a potential difference is applied between the electrodes with reverse polarity to result in a charge separation across strand 86 in cross-section of opposite polarity to the charge separation in strand 85 as also indicated in Figures 6 and 7.
  • the device is operable as an electrically switchable coupler since the coupling ratio between the two strands can be varied by the application of a potential difference between the electrodes 96, 97 during operation of the device.
  • Figure 8 illustrates a'modification to the switchable coupler construction in which the two wave guide strands 85, 86 are disposed one above the other between the two electrodes rather than side by side.
  • the electrodes may be fabricated from a transparent conductor material such as indium tin oxide on glass.
  • the electric field applied during the photo-induced polymerisation process need not necessarily be applied through these electrodes but could be induced by electrodes or some other means external to the block 84.
  • the applied electric field can be varied during the polymeristaion process so as to produce a strand with alternately oppositely polarised or charged sections. Such a strand will function as a frequency doubler and a parametric amplifier.
  • successively reversed optic waveguide sections must be of a very specific length. This length corresponds to the distance over which the pump wave and the wave to be amplified or frequency doubled maintain the correct phase relationship for the desire energy transfer to take place.
  • the polarity of the waveguide cross-section must be reversed so - 13 - that energy will still continue to be transferred to the wave to be amplified or frequency doubled from the pump or fundamental wave.
  • Such tuning mechanisms may include temperature control, the application of a potential difference between electrodes on either side of the optic waveguide strand or control by means of pressure applied to the waveguide.
  • Figures 9 and 10 illustrate an electrically switchable wave guide device similar to that illustrated in Figures 6 and 7 but incorporating a central non-poled wave guide strand between the two poled strands.
  • the central non-poled strand is identified by the numeral 101.
  • the other components are all identical to those of the device illustrated in Figures 6 and 7 and have been identified by the same numerals.
  • the device illustrated in Figures 9 and 10 can be operated as an optic switch in which light in the central wave guide strand 101 can be switched between the two outer poled wave guides 85, 86 by changes in potential between the electrodes 96, 97.
  • Figure 11 illustrates an alternative arrangement of the adjacent sections of the three wave guide strands between the electrodes along the same lines of the modification illustrated in Figure 8.
  • the present invention also enables the fabrication of couplers which are optronically switchable.
  • This can be achieved by including in the polymerisable material finely divided colloidal or cluster groups of semi-conductor materials such as CdS and CdSe. These materials may be dispersed throughout the polymerisable material or concentrated in the area where optronic switching is to be achieved.
  • the photogeneration of electron hole pairs in the semi-conductor materials shift the sharp spectral edge cut-off wave length of the material such that light impinging on the material can change the transmission of a light beam within the material.
  • the production of optical fibre and fused bi-conical taper couplers using glass containing such materials has not been successful, since the edge band cut-off wave length spreads
  • a coupler consisting of two parallel closely spaced wave guide strands containing finely divided semi ⁇ conductor material can thus be made to act as an optical switch in which the coupling ratio between the strands can be altered by the external application of light.
  • a third parallel wave guide strand sufficiently close to evanescently interact with one or both of the coupler sections it is possible to produce a coupler which is optronically switchable because of changes in the refractive index of the surrounding material due to formation of the electron hole pairs in the semi-conductor particles.
  • the coupler interaction is changed and switching takes place between the output legs of the coupler.
  • Such a coupler is illustrated in Figures 12 and 13.
  • the coupler illustrated in Figures 12 and 13 comprises a block 110 of polymerisable plastics material containing finely divided semi-conductor material such as CdS or CdSe.
  • Three polymerised wave guide strands 111, 112, 113 are formed in the block 110 with their mid- sections extending in close parallel relation.
  • Intensity dependent optical bistability in a normal coupler configuration will also take place in four port couplers fabricated in these materials by the methods described.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
  • Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)

Abstract

Afin de produire un guide d'ondes optiques, un faisceau de lumière (12) provenant d'un laser multikilowatt (1) est focalisé au moyen d'une lentille (14) sur une zone d'énergie concentrée (15) dans un corps (16) composé d'un matériau polymérisable afin de provoquer la polymérisation par photo-induction de ce matériau. On amène la zone d'énergie concentrée (15) à se déplacer sur une trajectoire à travers le corps (16) afin de produire un fil de matériau polymérisé le long de cette trajectoire, lequel possède un indice de réfraction supérieur à celui du corps de matériau environnant, et peut agir comme un guide d'ondes optiques pour la transmission de lumière le long du fil. Un dispositif à guide d'ondes optiques peut être fabriqué en produisant une multiplicité de fils guides d'ondes dans un seul corps de matériau polymérisable.
PCT/AU1991/000267 1990-06-22 1991-06-21 Guides d'ondes optiques WO1992000185A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AUPK078090 1990-06-22
AUPK0780 1990-06-22
AUPK323290 1990-11-08
AUPK3232 1990-11-08

Publications (1)

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WO1992000185A1 true WO1992000185A1 (fr) 1992-01-09

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Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998015858A1 (fr) * 1996-10-09 1998-04-16 The Secretary Of State For Defence Composites dielectriques
WO2001040836A1 (fr) * 1999-12-02 2001-06-07 Gemfire Corporation Photodefinition de dispositifs optiques
GB2358090A (en) * 1996-10-09 2001-07-11 Secr Defence Dielectric composites
WO2001096915A3 (fr) * 2000-06-15 2002-04-25 3M Innovative Properties Co Microfabrication d'elements optiques organiques
US6434318B1 (en) 2000-08-02 2002-08-13 Gemfire Corporation Device and method for variable attenuation of an optical channel
US6507681B1 (en) 2000-08-02 2003-01-14 Gemfire Corporation Anti-waveguide routing structure
JP2003057477A (ja) * 2001-08-21 2003-02-26 Seiko Instruments Inc ３次元構造体の製作方法およびその方法で作製された３次元構造体
JP2003057476A (ja) * 2001-08-13 2003-02-26 Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc 光導波路デバイス製造用治具及びそれを用いた光導波路デバイスの製造方法並びにその光導波路デバイス
FR2838835A1 (fr) * 2002-04-23 2003-10-24 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Dispositif pour modifier un trajet optique et procede pour sa fabrication
US6641772B2 (en) 1999-05-18 2003-11-04 Creo Srl Method of forming objects from thermosensitive composition
EP1422541A3 (fr) * 2002-11-25 2004-07-14 Nitto Denko Corporation Procédé de fabrication de guides d'onde tridimensionelles à base de polyimides.
DE10326429A1 (de) * 2003-06-10 2004-12-30 Deutsche Telekom Ag Photorefraktive Lithographie
US6852766B1 (en) 2000-06-15 2005-02-08 3M Innovative Properties Company Multiphoton photosensitization system
WO2006003313A1 (fr) * 2004-06-11 2006-01-12 Universite Louis Pasteur, U.L.P. Procede de fabrication d’un bloc optique a circuit optique integre par photopolymerisation localisee d’une matrice organique par absorption a deux photons et bloc optique ainsi obtenu
EP1635202A1 (fr) * 2000-06-15 2006-03-15 3M Innovative Properties Company Microfabrication d'éléments optiques organiques
US7014988B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2006-03-21 3M Innovative Properties Company Multiphoton curing to provide encapsulated optical elements
US7026103B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2006-04-11 3M Innovative Properties Company Multicolor imaging using multiphoton photochemical processes
US7060419B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2006-06-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Process for producing microfluidic articles
US7166409B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2007-01-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Multipass multiphoton absorption method and apparatus
EP1084454A4 (fr) * 1998-04-21 2008-09-10 Univ Connecticut Nanofabrication a structure libre utilisant une excitation multiphotonique
WO2011141521A1 (fr) 2010-05-11 2011-11-17 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Dispositif et procédé de production de structures tridimensionnelles
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WO2021204933A1 (fr) 2020-04-09 2021-10-14 Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Couplage optique et séparation ou superposition de champs optiques avec sélectivité modale
DE102022111789B3 (de) 2022-05-11 2023-02-23 Nanoscribe Holding Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen einer dreidimensionalen Struktur in einem Lithographiefluid

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US7338615B2 (en) 1996-10-09 2008-03-04 Qinetiq Limited Dielectric media
US6547982B1 (en) 1996-10-09 2003-04-15 Qinetiq Limited Dielectric composites
GB2334381B (en) * 1996-10-09 2001-06-13 Secr Defence Dielectric composites
GB2358090A (en) * 1996-10-09 2001-07-11 Secr Defence Dielectric composites
GB2358089A (en) * 1996-10-09 2001-07-11 Secr Defence Dielectic composites
GB2358090B (en) * 1996-10-09 2001-09-05 Secr Defence Dielectric media
GB2358089B (en) * 1996-10-09 2001-09-05 Secr Defence Dielectric media
GB2334381A (en) * 1996-10-09 1999-08-18 Secr Defence Dielectric composites
EP2133725A3 (fr) * 1998-04-21 2010-02-10 University of Connecticut Dispositif pour la nano-fabrication utilisant une excitation mulitphotonique
EP1084454A4 (fr) * 1998-04-21 2008-09-10 Univ Connecticut Nanofabrication a structure libre utilisant une excitation multiphotonique
US6641772B2 (en) 1999-05-18 2003-11-04 Creo Srl Method of forming objects from thermosensitive composition
WO2001040836A1 (fr) * 1999-12-02 2001-06-07 Gemfire Corporation Photodefinition de dispositifs optiques
US6724968B2 (en) 1999-12-02 2004-04-20 Gemfire Corporation Photodefinition of optical devices
US7060419B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2006-06-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Process for producing microfluidic articles
JP2004503413A (ja) * 2000-06-15 2004-02-05 スリーエム　イノベイティブ　プロパティズ　カンパニー 有機光学素子の微細加工
WO2001096915A3 (fr) * 2000-06-15 2002-04-25 3M Innovative Properties Co Microfabrication d'elements optiques organiques
US7601484B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2009-10-13 3M Innovative Properties Company Multiphoton curing to provide encapsulated optical elements
US7026103B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2006-04-11 3M Innovative Properties Company Multicolor imaging using multiphoton photochemical processes
US7166409B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2007-01-23 3M Innovative Properties Company Multipass multiphoton absorption method and apparatus
US6852766B1 (en) 2000-06-15 2005-02-08 3M Innovative Properties Company Multiphoton photosensitization system
US6855478B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2005-02-15 3M Innovative Properties Company Microfabrication of organic optical elements
US7091255B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2006-08-15 3M Innovative Properties Company Multiphoton photosensitization system
EP1635202A1 (fr) * 2000-06-15 2006-03-15 3M Innovative Properties Company Microfabrication d'éléments optiques organiques
US7014988B2 (en) 2000-06-15 2006-03-21 3M Innovative Properties Company Multiphoton curing to provide encapsulated optical elements
US6434318B1 (en) 2000-08-02 2002-08-13 Gemfire Corporation Device and method for variable attenuation of an optical channel
US6507681B1 (en) 2000-08-02 2003-01-14 Gemfire Corporation Anti-waveguide routing structure
JP2003057476A (ja) * 2001-08-13 2003-02-26 Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc 光導波路デバイス製造用治具及びそれを用いた光導波路デバイスの製造方法並びにその光導波路デバイス
US6925233B2 (en) 2001-08-13 2005-08-02 Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. Optical waveguide device manufacturing jig, method of manufacturing optical waveguide device by use of the same jig, and the same optical waveguide device
EP1284426A3 (fr) * 2001-08-13 2004-06-23 Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd. Gabarit de fabrication pour dispositif à guide d'ondes optiques, procédé de fabrication du dispositif à guide d'ondes optiques, et dispositif à guide d'ondes optiques
JP2003057477A (ja) * 2001-08-21 2003-02-26 Seiko Instruments Inc ３次元構造体の製作方法およびその方法で作製された３次元構造体
FR2838835A1 (fr) * 2002-04-23 2003-10-24 Mitsubishi Electric Corp Dispositif pour modifier un trajet optique et procede pour sa fabrication
US7085469B2 (en) 2002-11-25 2006-08-01 Nitto Denko Corporation Process for producing three-dimensional polyimide optical waveguide
KR100798218B1 (ko) * 2002-11-25 2008-01-24 닛토덴코 가부시키가이샤 삼차원 폴리이미드 광도파로의 제조 방법
EP1422541A3 (fr) * 2002-11-25 2004-07-14 Nitto Denko Corporation Procédé de fabrication de guides d'onde tridimensionelles à base de polyimides.
DE10326429A1 (de) * 2003-06-10 2004-12-30 Deutsche Telekom Ag Photorefraktive Lithographie
WO2006003313A1 (fr) * 2004-06-11 2006-01-12 Universite Louis Pasteur, U.L.P. Procede de fabrication d’un bloc optique a circuit optique integre par photopolymerisation localisee d’une matrice organique par absorption a deux photons et bloc optique ainsi obtenu
DE102010020158A1 (de) * 2010-05-11 2011-11-17 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Vorrichtung sowie Verfahren zur Erzeugung dreidimensionaler Strukturen
WO2011141521A1 (fr) 2010-05-11 2011-11-17 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Dispositif et procédé de production de structures tridimensionnelles
EP2905121A1 (fr) 2010-05-11 2015-08-12 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Dispositif et procédé de production de structures tridimensionnelles
EP3225383A1 (fr) 2010-05-11 2017-10-04 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Dispositif et procédé de production de structures tridimensionnelles
DE202011111094U1 (de) 2010-05-11 2019-09-06 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung dreidimensionaler Strukturen
EP3225383B1 (fr) 2010-05-11 2023-06-28 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Dispositif et procédé de production de structures tridimensionnelles
CN102649314A (zh) * 2011-02-25 2012-08-29 光刻设备有限公司 用于向光敏物质中空间分辨地输入电磁辐射的强度图案的方法和装置及其应用
EP2492085A1 (fr) * 2011-02-25 2012-08-29 Nanoscribe GmbH Procédé et dispositif d'introduction à résolution spatiale d'un motif d'intensité à partir d'un rayonnement électromagnétique dans une substance photosensible ainsi qu'applications associées
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US9302430B2 (en) 2011-02-25 2016-04-05 Nanoscribe Gmbh Method and device for a spatially resolved introduction of an intensity pattern comprising electro-magnetic radiation into a photosensitive substance as well as applications thereof
WO2021204933A1 (fr) 2020-04-09 2021-10-14 Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Couplage optique et séparation ou superposition de champs optiques avec sélectivité modale
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