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WO1992000140A1 - Encapsulage amylace d'agents biologiquement actifs au moyen d'un processus continu - Google Patents

Encapsulage amylace d'agents biologiquement actifs au moyen d'un processus continu Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992000140A1
WO1992000140A1 PCT/US1991/004152 US9104152W WO9200140A1 WO 1992000140 A1 WO1992000140 A1 WO 1992000140A1 US 9104152 W US9104152 W US 9104152W WO 9200140 A1 WO9200140 A1 WO 9200140A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
starch
extrudate
encapsulated
parameters
agent
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1991/004152
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Merle E. Carr
William M. Doane
Robert E. Wing
Edward B. Bagley
Original Assignee
The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, U.S. Department Of Commerce
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, U.S. Department Of Commerce filed Critical The United States Of America, As Represented By The Secretary, U.S. Department Of Commerce
Priority to CA002085875A priority Critical patent/CA2085875C/fr
Publication of WO1992000140A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992000140A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
    • A01N25/10—Macromolecular compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1629—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/1652—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, cellulose derivatives; Cyclodextrin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
    • B01J13/04—Making microcapsules or microballoons by physical processes, e.g. drying, spraying

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a continuous process for encapsulating agricultural chemicals, biopesticides, food constituents, medicaments, and other biologically active agents for controlling their release and protecting them from degradation due to environmental exposure and to the compositions prepared thereby.
  • Trimnell et al. disclose a method of encapsulation wherein entrapment is achieved by insolubilization of a polyhydroxy polymer with boric acid or a boric acid derivative at a mildly alkaline pH. This system is applicable to a broader spectrum of active agents than that of shasha, supra. but is not suitable for products intended for human ingestion.
  • Controlled release by means of starch-based encapsulating materials can also be accomplished without the use of chemical crosslinking reactions.
  • U.S. Patent No. 2,876,160 Schoch et al. disclose such a method which employs modified, amylose-free starches at concentrations up to 65% solids for embedding water- insoluble materials.
  • Galuzzi et al. disclose the use of high-shear mixing to incorporate active agents into low-water, high-solids matrices prepared from partially gelatinized unmodified starches. Additives such as modified dextrins, mixtures of mono- and diglycerides, toasted cereal solids, and coloring agents are used to control the release of active agents.
  • Jensen et al. disclose a method of using low-fat starchy materials to microencapsul te individual beadlets of sensitive materials such as vitamins and vegetable oils. Starches are prepared for encapsulation by heating at 88°C. for 30 min followed by passage through a homogenizer to effect disruption of granules without degradation of molecules.
  • Shasha et al. (U.S. Patent No. 4,859,377) teach the use amylose-containing pregelatinized starch to encapsulate entromopathogens, thereby protecting such biocontrol agents from environmental degradation and also promoting infection of target pests.
  • the encapsulation is effected in an aqueous dispersion of the pregelatinized starch: for dry, granular products, the starch solids content of the dispersion is 25-40%; for sprayable liquid products, chemically degraded starch is used at a solids content of 1-10%.
  • Doane et al. (U.S. Patent No. 4,911,952) disclose a method for the encapsulation of chemical biological agents using aqueous dispersions of amylose-containing unmodified starch wherein the starch solids content is 20-40% and starch dispersion is accomplished by high- temperature cooking.
  • an array of processing parameters can be defined for controlling the release properties of the active agent from the matrix of starchy material.
  • the process essentially comprises: a. establishing an array of the processing parameters; b. preselecting a set of conditions defined by the parameters, which set of conditions will yield the predetermined release properties; c. continuously blending the starchy material, the active agent, and water in an ingredient stream; d. continuously extruding said ingredient stream as an extrudate; and e. continuously recovering the extrudate; wherein the conditions of blending, extruding, and recovering comprise said set of conditions whereby the extrudate is an encapsulated biologically active agent having the predetermined release properties.
  • the primary matrix-forming material be derived from natural renewable resources.
  • Another object of the invention is that the primary matrix- orming material be safe for human ingestion.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a product in which the encapsulated substance is sufficiently protected to be safe for handling, controllably released to a wide variety of environments, and resistant to losses by volatilization, leaching, wind transport, air oxidation, digestion, and sunlight decomposition.
  • the starting encapsulating material contemplated for use in the invention includes unmodified natural granular starches such as regular, waxy, and high amylose cereal, potato, and tapioca starch, and flours containing the same, as well as mixtures of these starches and flours.
  • Full-fat starches that is, starches which have not had a portion of the bound fat removed, are suitable for use herein.
  • Biologically active agents which are suitable for use herein may be any organic or inorganic solids capable of being finely divided, or any liquid, or any biological material, provided that the agent does not interfere with the encapsulating process, and does not react with or dissolve the encapsulating matrix.
  • biocontrol agents, chemicals and chemical biological formulation which meet the above criterial and which are classified as a known herbicide, insecticide, fungicide, nematocide, bactericide, rodenticide, molluscicide, acaricide, larvacide, fumigant, animal repellant, plant growth regulator, fertilizer, pheromone, flavor composition, odor composition, vitamin, mineral, or medicament.
  • compositions suitable as core materials for use in accordance with the invention will be known to those skilled in the art.
  • Core materials dissolved, emulsified, or otherwise dispersed in solvents or carriers, as well as compatible combinations of the above types of compositions are also easily encapsulated by the instant method.
  • the core material to be encapsulated is blended with the starch and subjected to high-shear mechanical action under conditions that result in substantially uniform distribution of the core material throughout the starch.
  • Water should be present in an amount sufficient to achieve a starch solids concentration of up to about 70%.
  • the minimum starch solids concentration should be at least 40%.
  • the temperature is elevated to at least about 65 ⁇ C to effect gelatinization of starch and assure an essentially molecular dispersion of the starch in the water.
  • the core material to be encapsulated is added and blended with the aqueous dispersion of starch after the starch and water have been subjected to an elevated temperature sufficient to gelatinize the starch.
  • the aqueous starch stream containing gelatinized starch may be lowered to a temperature as low as about 25 ⁇ C before the core material to be encapsulated is added and subjected to high-shear mechanical action (Example 66) .
  • high-shear mechanical action Example 66
  • Use of an extruder in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention provides the requisite heat, mixing, compounding, high-shear mechanical action and continuous processing.
  • the starch dispersion is considered to be in the aqueous phase, which will constitute the continuous phase of the encapsulation system. This system is effective to achieve encapsulation without the presence of any additional encapsulating agent.
  • the domains of the agent which constitute the discontinuous phase of the mixture, should be sufficiently small to be entrapped by the continuous phase. It would be within the skill of a person in the art to determine the maximum level at which a particular agent can be effectively loaded into the system. However, based on Example 9-12, it is clear that as much as 20% active ingredient by weight can be incorporated with 86-89% encapsulation.
  • effective amounts of core materials depend entirely on the type and characteristics of the core material, on matrix thickness, and on the intended utility of the product. A very volatile liquid, for instance, would require a thicker structure than a nonvolatile solid, and accordingly should be incorporated at a lower level.
  • an effective amount in reference to the active agent is defined herein as that amount of core material which will achieve the desired result (e. ⁇ .. attract, repel, or kill pests; release a detectable aroma, flavor, nutrient, or pharmaceutically active dosage of medicament; or enhance the growth of plants) when the encapsulated composition containing the effective amount of the agent is placed in the proper environment.
  • Encapsulation of the biologically active agent into the starch matrix is initiated by uniformly dispersing the agent throughout an aqueous dispersion of the gelatinized starch.
  • the order of combining the various components of the formulation is not critical and may be conducted in whatever manner best facilitates the process.
  • the starch which has been dispersed in an aqueous medium begins to retrograde, thereby forming a gelatinous mass.
  • the dispersion will gel and can thereafter be taken to dryness.
  • the reassociation of the amylose components of the starch results in a substantially homogeneous mass analagous to the precursive mixture in which, now, discontinuous domains of active ingredient are uniformly dispersed throughout a continuous starch matrix.
  • the rate of swelling of the products in water and the rate of release of active agent also are controlled simply and conveniently over a wide range by passage of the extrudate containing starch-agent-water through an exit die of various dimensions. As the exit die is reduced in size, both the rate and extent of swelling increase and the rate of release of agent increases (Examples 26-31, Table III) .
  • the most desirable concentration of starch in this invention is considered to be within the range of about 40-75%, a higher range than those possible in the prior art.
  • the following examples are intended only to further illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention which is defined by the claims.
  • the granular herbicide atrazine (1.171b) was blended with pearl corn starch (22.2 lb, 10% moisture).
  • the resulting starch concentrations are listed in Table I.
  • Barrel section temperatures were set at 70° C in section 3; 90° C in 5; 100° C in 7, 9, and 11; and 90° C in 12, 14 and the die head. Screw speed was 400 RPM, and no die was used. Extruded materials were air-dried to about 10% moisture, milled, and sieved to 20-40 mesh granular products. Each product was washed with chloroform and quantitatively analyzed for entrapped (encapsulated) atrazine, for degree of swelling in water after submersion for 24 hr, and for percentage of herbicide released into aqueous ethanol (10% ethanol by volume) in 24 hr. The results in Table I show that encapsulation efficiency was high in all the examples, that a wide range of release rates were obtained, and that both water swelling and agent release surprisingly increased with starch concentration.
  • Example 6 The procedures of Examples 1 and 4 were repeated except that the concentration of atrazine was 15% instead of 5%. Both encapsulated products contained 80% of the agent initially added. The product processed at 35% starch concentration (Example 6) swelled 220% in water, and that processed 65% starch (Example 7) swelled 260%.
  • Example 5 The procedures of Example 5 were repeated except that the dry, milled extrudate was sieved to obtain a 10-20 mesh product. The product encapsulated also 97% of the agent initially added.
  • Example 21 Encapsulation of a Liquid Agent, Hetolachlor
  • starch alone (10% moisture) was fed into barrel section 1 at the rate of 84 g/min
  • water was fed into section 2 at the rate of 132 ml/min (35% starch concentration)
  • the liquid herbicide metolachlor was fed into section 3 at the rate of 9.3 g/min of active agent (10% concentration in the encapsulated product) .
  • Example 21 The procedures of Example 21 were repeated except that alachlor was substituted for metolachlor.
  • Alachlor is a crystalline herbicide that liquifies at 40" C; it was pumped into the extruder at 50° C as a melt. The product encapsulated 83% of the initial agent, swelled 200% in water, and released 47% of the agent.
  • Examples 30-31 The procedures of Examples 26 and 27 were repeated except that "Dual” (supra) was substituted for metolachlor, and the screw speed was 400 RPM. The operation without the die was Example 30; that with the die. Example 31. Product characteristics are given in Table III.
  • Example 32 Waxy and High-Amylose starches
  • waxy corn starch Example 32
  • 70%-amylose corn starch (“Amylon VII" starch.
  • Example 33 were substituted for pearl corn starch.
  • Example 34 Two-Part Addition of Starch The procedures of Example 1 were repeated with the following exceptions: Additional starch alone was fed into section 11 to increase the starch concentration from 35% to 65% and to result in an agent concentration of 2.5% when the product was dried to 10% moisture; and barrel section temperatures were changed to 50" C in section 11 and to 70° C in section 12. The product encapsulated 99% of the agent and swelled 580% in water. Both of these values are higher than those of Examples 1-5 (Table I) .
  • Examples 37 and 38 The procedures of Examples 35 and 36 were repeated except that alachlor (supra) was substituted for "Dual".
  • One product (Example 37) was initially dried to 16.5% moisture before milling, sieving (14-20 mesh) , and further drying to about 10% moisture; another product (Example 38) was dried to 2.3% moisture before milling, sieving (14-20 mesh) and analysis.
  • Table IV The results in Table IV are similar to those of Examples 35 and 36.
  • Examples 39-50 Encapsulation of a Volatile Liquid Agent, "EPTC + R291 8" The procedures of Examples 21 and 22 were repeated except that an intermediate water feed rate was added, the liquid herbicide “EPTC + R29148” was substituted for metolachlor, herbicide feed rate was 15 g/min of active agent (15% concentration in the encapsulated product) , and granular products were obtained at 14-20 mesh as well as 20-40 mesh.
  • Product characteristics are given in Table V. The products were also oven- dried at 50" C for 24 hr. ; the resulting characteristics are given in Table VI.
  • Example 51 Encapsulation of Atrazine-Alachlor (Ratio 3:5) Combined procedures of Examples 4 and 22 were repeated except that the initial starch-agent blend contained 6% atrazine instead of 5% (Example 4) ; and alachlor was substituted for metolachlor (Example 22) .
  • the product (14-20 mesh) encapsulated 95% of the initial agents and swelled 340% in water.
  • Example 52 Encapsulation of a Volatile Food Additive The procedures of Example 22 were repeated except that orange oil (D-limonene) was substituted for metolachlor, and it was fed at the rate of 11.9 ml/min. The product encapsulated 84% of the initial agent and swelled 200% in water.
  • orange oil D-limonene
  • Example 1 The procedures of Example 1 were used with the following exceptions and clarifications: Starch alone at 10% moisture was fed into the first barrel section; water was fed into the third barrel section; and atrazine (5%) was fed into barrel section 11. Starch concentration was 35%. Barrel temperatures were 50° C at section 11 and 30" C at sections 12, 13, and 14 and at the die head assembly. Encapsulation efficiency was 94% for a 10-20 mesh product and 95% for a 20-40 mesh product. The latter product swelled 180% in distilled water (24 Hr.) .
  • Example 21 The procedures of Example 21 were followed except the water feed rate was 100 ml/min (45% starch concentration ) into barrel section 2 and preblend of "EPTC + R29148" (40%) and silica gel (60-100 mesh, 60%) was fed into barrel section 7 at a rate of 130 g/min. The products encapsulated at least 90% of the active agent.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)

Abstract

Des agents biologiquement actifs devant être encapsulés sont mélangés constamment avec une matière amylacée et de l'eau, soumis à un fort cisaillement mécanique à une température supérieure à la température de gélatinisation de l'amidon, et récupérés en continu en tant que matrice d'amidon insolubilisée qui piège les domaines discontinus de l'agent. Dans une variante, la matière de base devant être encapsulée est ajoutée et mélangée avec la dispersion aqueuse de l'amidon après que l'amidon et l'eau ont été soumis à une température suffisamment élevée pour gélatiniser l'amidon. La vitesse de dégagement d'agents dans l'environnement peut être régulée par la présélection d'un ensemble de conditions en fonction de divers paramètres de traitement. L'encapsulage de compositions biologiquement actives assure une protection contre des conditions environnementales causant la dégradation de ces compositions, améliore la sécurité de manutention et ralentit la libération de tels composés dans le milieu environnant.
PCT/US1991/004152 1990-06-25 1991-06-19 Encapsulage amylace d'agents biologiquement actifs au moyen d'un processus continu WO1992000140A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA002085875A CA2085875C (fr) 1990-06-25 1991-06-19 Encapsulation par amidon d'agents bio-actifs a l'aide d'un procede continu

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/542,566 US5183690A (en) 1990-06-25 1990-06-25 Starch encapsulation of biologically active agents by a continuous process
US542,566 1990-06-25

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WO1992000140A1 true WO1992000140A1 (fr) 1992-01-09

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US (1) US5183690A (fr)
EP (1) EP0536294A4 (fr)
AU (1) AU8229691A (fr)
CA (1) CA2085875C (fr)
WO (1) WO1992000140A1 (fr)

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US6190591B1 (en) 1996-10-28 2001-02-20 General Mills, Inc. Embedding and encapsulation of controlled release particles
US6436453B1 (en) 2000-06-16 2002-08-20 General Mills, Inc. Production of oil encapsulated minerals and vitamins in a glassy matrix
US6468568B1 (en) 2000-06-16 2002-10-22 General Mills, Inc. Oligosaccharide encapsulated mineral and vitamin ingredients
US6500463B1 (en) 1999-10-01 2002-12-31 General Mills, Inc. Encapsulation of sensitive components into a matrix to obtain discrete shelf-stable particles
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US7201923B1 (en) 1998-03-23 2007-04-10 General Mills, Inc. Encapsulation of sensitive liquid components into a matrix to obtain discrete shelf-stable particles
US7431986B2 (en) 2002-07-24 2008-10-07 General Mills, Inc. Encapsulation of sensitive components using pre-emulsification
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EP0536294A4 (en) 1993-08-11
US5183690A (en) 1993-02-02
AU8229691A (en) 1992-01-23
CA2085875A1 (fr) 1991-12-26
CA2085875C (fr) 1999-05-25

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