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WO1990009027A1 - Utilisation de polymeres composites electriquement conducteurs - Google Patents

Utilisation de polymeres composites electriquement conducteurs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1990009027A1
WO1990009027A1 PCT/FI1990/000027 FI9000027W WO9009027A1 WO 1990009027 A1 WO1990009027 A1 WO 1990009027A1 FI 9000027 W FI9000027 W FI 9000027W WO 9009027 A1 WO9009027 A1 WO 9009027A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
polymer
conducting
moulding
poly
products
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FI1990/000027
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jan-Erik Österholm
Jukka Laakso
Per Nyholm
Tapani Taka
Sari Karjalainen
Pirjo Mononen
Original Assignee
Neste Oy
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Neste Oy filed Critical Neste Oy
Publication of WO1990009027A1 publication Critical patent/WO1990009027A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K9/00—Screening of apparatus or components against electric or magnetic fields
    • H05K9/0073—Shielding materials
    • H05K9/0079—Electrostatic discharge protection, e.g. ESD treated surface for rapid dissipation of charges
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D165/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
    • H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
    • H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
    • H01B1/127—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising five-membered aromatic rings in the main chain, e.g. polypyrroles, polythiophenes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K1/00—Printed circuits
    • H05K1/02—Details
    • H05K1/09—Use of materials for the conductive, e.g. metallic pattern

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the use of such electrically con ⁇ ducting polymer composites, which are made of a polymer matrix or a polymer substrate, intrinsically conducting, doped or undoped poly(3-substituted thiophene) and possibly additives for plastics.
  • Electrically conducting polymer materials can be roughly divided into two different categories: filled electrically conducting polymer materials and intrinsically electrically conducting polymer materials.
  • the former are composites, which consist of an electrically nonconductive polymer matrix or substrate and into which has been mixed or onto which has been layered an electrically conducting material.
  • these composites have as elect ⁇ rically conducting material carbon black, carbon fibers, metal flakes or metal fibers, which have been mixed into the matrix material in the melt state or layered onto the surfa ⁇ ce of a polymer substrate.
  • the electrical conductivity depends on the contact between the filler particles. Usually 10 - 50 weight-% well dispersed filler is needed to achieve composites with high conductivi ⁇ ty. There are, however, many problems with composites of this kind.
  • the mechanical properties of the composites decrease as the portion of filler is increased, the electri ⁇ cal conductivity is difficult to control especially in the semiconducting region 10 "9 - 10 "3 S/cm and homogenous disper ⁇ sion of the filler in the matrix is difficult.
  • Intrinsically electrically conducting polymers are substan ⁇ ces, which as such are insulators, but can be made conduc ⁇ ting by adding to them certain doping or agents. They are polymers with long conjugated chains with double bonds. The pi electronic system of the double chains can be pertur ⁇ bed by adding the mentioned doping agents, which are either electron donors or acceptors. Through this process holes or excess electrons are created in the polymer chain which make the propagation of electricity possible.
  • the electrical conductivity of intrinsically conducting polymers can be controlled depending on the dopant concent ⁇ ration so that it spans almost the whole conductivity scale from insulators to metals.
  • Examples of polymers of this kind are poly(acetylene) , poly(p-phenylene) , poly(pyrrole) , poly(aniline) and poly(thiophene) .
  • plastic composites which are made of in addition, to a non-conducting polymer matrix or substrate of an intrinsically conducting polymer as men ⁇ tioned above.
  • Galvin and nek have in their publication in Polym. Commun., ,23., (1982), 795, proposed the polymerization of poly(acetylene) into a polyethene film impregnated with catalyst.
  • Lindsay and Street have in Synthetic Metals, 10:67, 1985, proposed the electrochemical polymerization of polypyrrole into a plastic matrix to make a conducting composite, whose mechanical properties are better than those of pure polypyrrole.
  • a plastic composite consisting of an intrinsically electri ⁇ cally conducting polymer and a non-conducting polymer matrix should be expected to have properties than a plastic com ⁇ posite with carbon or metal fillers.
  • the electrically con ⁇ ducting polymers mentioned are, however, insoluble and non- processable, i.e. thermoset, which prevents their melt processing and in this way hinders their use in different applications..
  • the purpose of the invention at hand is to achieve such use of an electrically non-conducting polymer matrix or substra ⁇ te and an intrinsically electrically conducting polymer, where it works as raw material for partly or wholly conduc ⁇ ting thermoplastic products.
  • The. aim is also to achieve thermoplastic conducting or semiconducting products that have practical processing properties in the melt, rubberlike and liquid suspended state. This has been achieved with use according to claim l and with conducting and semiconducting products as described in claim 6.
  • thermoplastic conducting or semiconducting product has accordingly been achieved with the kind of polymer composite mentioned containing poly(3-substituted thiophene) .
  • thermoplastic material and product is meant in this case a material or product processed in the melt, rubberlike or liquid suspended state. In the liquid suspended state the processing is done e.g. by paste moulding, where paste consisting of e.g.
  • PVC and poly(3-substituted thiophene) is moulded and hardened by heating.
  • Poly(3-substituted thiophe ⁇ ne) can also be added to latex intended for coating pur ⁇ poses. Processing in the rubberlike state can be done e.g. by vacuum moulding, pressure moulding or heat forging.
  • melt moulding and casting methods are extrusion by which e.g. profiles, sheets, blow moulded films and products are made, injection moulding by which formed pieces and blow moulded products are made, rotational moulding by which hollow small products are made, and melt calendering in which plastic coating films are made between heated cylinders.
  • melt processing methods are compression moulding and trans ⁇ fer moulding.
  • the electrically conducting polymer used in the invention poly(3-substituted thiophene) is exceptional compared to other conducting polymers in the respect that it has the properties of a thermoplastic. It can be solved in organic solvents as toluene, chloroform and tetrahydrofurane and it melts without decomposing between 170 and 195 °C, at which temperature it is melt processable and possible to mix into e.g. a matrix plastic. In the invention at hand it is advan ⁇ tageous to use poly(3-alkyl thiophene) and most advantageous to use poly(3-octyl thiophene) . The latter polymer is produ ⁇ ced by polymerizing 2,5-diiodide-3-octyl thiophene.
  • the electrically non-conducting plastic component can be any thermoplastic, which is melt processable and compatible with poly(3-substituted thiophene) .
  • Advantageous matrix or subst ⁇ rate plastics are homo- or copolymers of ethene or some other olefin, vinyl chloride or styrene.
  • ethene vinyl acetate copolymer can be mentioned.
  • the additives used in the polymer composite depend on the plastic component of the composite and they can in addition to other polymers be fillers, plasticisers, lubricants, stabilizers, antioxidants, antistatic agents, fire retar- dants, pigments, UV absorbants, expanders for cellular plastics or cross linking agents.
  • the mixing together of the electrically conducting polymer component and the non-conducting polymer component can be done with any known device in the field, e.g. with a Braben- der mixer or screw extruder.
  • the mixing is done in the temperature range 150 - 200 °C, advantageously in the range 160 - 185 °C.
  • Approximately 0.1 - 50 weight-% of polyp- substituted thiophene) is added to the melt mixture and accordingly 50 - 99.9 weight-% other polymer and/or additi ⁇ ves.
  • An advantageous amount of the electrically conducting polymer is 5 - 30 weight-%.
  • the composite can also be made by pressing a layer of poly(3-substituted thiophene) in melt, rubberlike or liquid suspended state on the surface of a non-conducting polymer substrate.
  • the doping of the polymer composite can be done before the thermoplastic moulding of the electrically conducting po ⁇ ly(3-substituted thiophene) with the matrix or substrate polymer, or advantageously so that the moulded thermoplastic composite is doped after processing.
  • Doping is achieved either chemically or electrochemically with electron donating or accepting agents. It is advanta ⁇ geous to treat the polymer composite with a medium con ⁇ taining FeCl 3 .
  • the medium can be a suitable organic solvent, e.g. nitro methane or any other solvent or suspension me ⁇ dium, that does not have a negative effect on the doping event for instance by solving the poly(3-substituted thio ⁇ phene) .
  • doping agent e.g. salt
  • Another favourable doping agent is iodine which is used as such to increase the conductivity of the poly(3-substituted thiophene) .
  • the different doping treatments can also be applied simultaneously.
  • the product is washed clean of doping agent with a suitable solvent, most favourably with the same solvent used in the doping of the material, and finally the composite is dried.
  • the conductivity of the composites in question can be controlled by varying the doping time, the dopant concentration or the amount of poly(3-substituted thiophene) in the composite. In this way the whole conductivity range, including low conductivities, can be covered. In addition only the amount needed of the poly(3-substituted thiophene) is only approximately a third of the amount of carbon black needed to achieve sufficient conductivity in composites containing carbon black. Accor ⁇ dingly the mechanical properties of the composites are hardly affected at all.
  • the conducting and semiconducting products in the invention in which poly(3-substituted thiophene) is used contain a polymer composite have depending on the doping conditions a conductivity in the range 10 "9 - 10 S/cm. Their shielding efficiency against electromagnetic interference (EMI) is also considerable. Their EMI shielding efficiency is clearly better than a surface painted with carbon paint.
  • EMI electromagnetic interference
  • Products in which poly(3-substituted thiophenes) subject to the invention are e.g. antistatic applications as floorings, interior coatings, different packing materials, conveyor belts, storage and transport containers for explosives and flammable substances and charging tubes for explosives.
  • the composite can also be used for electromagnetic shielding and it is applicable in power cables as a semiconducting shiel ⁇ ding layer. It can be made into electronic products such as sensors, circuit boards, switches, heating elements, moni ⁇ tors and components.
  • the polymer composite is also suited for battery applications, optical and photovoltaic applica ⁇ tions, and paraboloid antennae and radar reflectors.
  • the products subject to the invention are also electrical and are accordingly suited for electrical applications.
  • Fig. 1 shows the dependency of the electrical conductivity as a function of time in a composite as presented in example 1.
  • Fig. 2 shows the shows the EMI shielding efficiency for different products as presented in example 3, where the polymer matrix is EVA.
  • Fig. 3 shows the shows the EMI shielding efficiency for different products as presented in example 3, where the polymer matrix is PVC.
  • Fig. 2 shows the shows the EMI shielding efficiency for different products, where the polymer matrix is 80 weight-% EVA, PVC and polystyrene.
  • Fig. 2 shows the shows the EMI shielding efficiency for different products as presented in example 3, where the polymer matrix is polystyrene.
  • Example 1
  • a polymer composite was made by melt processing at 170 - 195 °C made of 10 % poly-3-octyl thiophene and 90 % ethylene vinyl acetate polymer. The melt processing was carried out in a Brabender mixer for 10 minutes and mixing speed 30 r/min. The obtained composite was doped for different lengths of time by submerging it in a FeCl 3 -nitro methane solution in dry Argon atmosphere. The conductivity of the composite varied depending on doping time between 10 "10 and 10 "1 S/cm as shown in fig.l. A polymer composite with a conductivity in this range is well suited for antistatic and semiconducting applications. After a doping time of 1 hour the conductivity was 0.6 S/cm.
  • Poly(3-octyl thiophene) was pressed in the melt state on the surface of a ethylene vinyl acetate substrate.
  • the pressing time was 5 minutes, the temperature 180 °C and the pressure 100 bar.
  • the in this way obtained polymer composite was doped with iodine in vacuum and in addition with FeCl 3 in nitro methane.
  • the achieved conductivity of the composite was 10 S/cm.
  • a polymer composite was made by melt processing at 170 - 195 "C made up of different amounts of poly(3-octyl thiophene) and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) , vinyl chloride (PVC) or styrene polymer.
  • EVA ethylene vinyl acetate
  • PVC vinyl chloride
  • styrene polymer The composite was doped by submerging into FeCl 3 -nitro methane solution.
  • the electromagnetic shielding efficiency of the composite was measured in the range 100 kHz - 1 GHz. By adjusting the mixture ratio of the composite described in examples 1 and 2 and the doping composites suitable for different applica ⁇ tions were achieved.
  • the shielding efficiency was measured according to standard ASTM ES-7/83 for different composites and e.g. a composite with 20 weight-% poly(3-octyl thiophe ⁇ ne) and 80% EVA and doped with FeCl 3 , the shielding effi ⁇ ciency in the near field was above 50 dB up to l MHz fre ⁇ quency.
  • the shielding efficiency of a PVC-poly(3-octyl thiophene) is above 40 dB up to a frequency as high as 50 MHz. At higher frequency the shielding efficiency of all the measured composites with 20 weight-% poly(3-octyl thiophene) decreases to 10 dB at 1 GHz frequency.
  • the shielding effi ⁇ ciency of poly(3-octyl thiophene) composites is noticeably higher than that of a surface treated with carbon paint (cf. fig. 2 - 5)
  • the shielding efficiency of the mate ⁇ rial is dependent on the ability of the material to reflect electromagnetic radiation (e.g. radio waves)
  • the material described in examples 1, 2 and 3 can also be used in parabo ⁇ loid antennae e.g. in the manufacture of satellite antennae.
  • a test for piezoelectrical activity was performed on a 0.2 mm thick poly(3-octyl thiophene) film. Pressure changes affected on the polymer induced an electric voltage across the samples.
  • the polymer can accordingly also be used in piezoelectrical applications, e.g. pressure sensor.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention se rapporte à l'utilisation nouvelle d'un polymère composite comme matière première thermoplastique destinée aux produits ayant des propriétés conductrices ou semi-conductrices électriques. Dans les polymères connus dans ce domaine, les charges et les polymères conducteurs d'électricité ne possèdent pas de propriétés thermoplastiques et sont donc mal adaptés au traitement thermoplastique des produits conducteurs ou semi-conducteurs. On a découvert qu'un polymère composite composé d'une matrice de polymère électriquement non-conductrice ou d'un substrat de polymère dopé ou non-dopé poly(thiophène substitué en position 3) et éventuellement des additifs plastiques, se prête bien comme matière première destinée au thermoplastiques ayant des propriétés conductrices ou semi-conductrices. L'invention se rapporte également à des applications antistatiques et semi-conductrices nécessitant un blindage adéquat contre le brouillage électromagnétique et à des applications permettant l'utilisation des propriétés électriques de cette matière.
PCT/FI1990/000027 1989-01-27 1990-01-24 Utilisation de polymeres composites electriquement conducteurs WO1990009027A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI890427A FI890427A (fi) 1989-01-27 1989-01-27 Bruk av en elledande polymerkomposit.
FI890427 1989-01-27

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Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991015859A1 (fr) * 1990-03-30 1991-10-17 Neste Oy Procede de preparation d'une polymere electroconducteur
WO1992016950A1 (fr) * 1991-03-14 1992-10-01 Neste Oy Procede de preparation d'un polymere conducteur
EP0507676A2 (fr) * 1991-04-02 1992-10-07 Alcatel Cable Matériau pour écran semi-conducteur
EP0536915A2 (fr) * 1991-10-08 1993-04-14 Americhem, Inc. Procédé pour préparer un polymère intrinsèquement conducteur et articles d'une composition polymère thermoplastique contenant celui-ci
US5543128A (en) * 1992-09-15 1996-08-06 Neste Oy Regeneration method for process waste containing sulfur and phosphorus
WO2001013087A2 (fr) * 1999-08-18 2001-02-22 California Institute Of Technology Capteurs et reseaux de capteurs a base de composites conducteurs et isolants et leurs procedes d'utilisation
EP1500938A1 (fr) * 2003-07-25 2005-01-26 Hitachi Unisia Automotive Ltd. Capteur de rotation avec boitier antistatique
US6890715B1 (en) 1999-08-18 2005-05-10 The California Institute Of Technology Sensors of conducting and insulating composites
US6962675B2 (en) 1999-05-10 2005-11-08 California Institute Of Technology Use of spatiotemporal response behavior in sensor arrays to detect analytes in fluids
US7122152B2 (en) 1999-05-10 2006-10-17 University Of Florida Spatiotemporal and geometric optimization of sensor arrays for detecting analytes fluids
US7359802B1 (en) 1999-05-10 2008-04-15 The California Institute Of Technology Methods for remote characterization of an odor
US8394330B1 (en) 1998-10-02 2013-03-12 The California Institute Of Technology Conductive organic sensors, arrays and methods of use
US9620259B2 (en) 2012-03-30 2017-04-11 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Composites incorporated a conductive polymer nanofiber network

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1985005728A1 (fr) * 1984-05-26 1985-12-19 Battelle-Institut E.V. COPOLYMERES ET MELANGES DE POLYMERES AVEC UN SYSTEME pi CONJUGUE
EP0203438A1 (fr) * 1985-05-31 1986-12-03 Corporation Allied Formes réactives en solution de polyhétérocycles substitués neutres et électriquement conducteurs
WO1987000677A1 (fr) * 1985-07-24 1987-01-29 Neste Oy Polythiophene electriquement conducteur, procede de production et utilisation
EP0240063A1 (fr) * 1986-04-01 1987-10-07 Solvay Polymères conducteurs dérivés de 3-alkylthiophènes procédé pour leur fabrication et dispositifs électroconducteurs les contenant
EP0246931A2 (fr) * 1986-05-23 1987-11-25 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited L'utilisation de polymères cycliques insaturés comme films polarisateurs de lumière
EP0257573A1 (fr) * 1986-08-26 1988-03-02 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Polymères solubles électroconducteurs, leur procédé de fabrication et leur utilisation
EP0294231A1 (fr) * 1987-06-03 1988-12-07 Montclair State College Procédé pour la fabrication des films conducteurs à polymères

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1985005728A1 (fr) * 1984-05-26 1985-12-19 Battelle-Institut E.V. COPOLYMERES ET MELANGES DE POLYMERES AVEC UN SYSTEME pi CONJUGUE
EP0203438A1 (fr) * 1985-05-31 1986-12-03 Corporation Allied Formes réactives en solution de polyhétérocycles substitués neutres et électriquement conducteurs
WO1987000677A1 (fr) * 1985-07-24 1987-01-29 Neste Oy Polythiophene electriquement conducteur, procede de production et utilisation
EP0240063A1 (fr) * 1986-04-01 1987-10-07 Solvay Polymères conducteurs dérivés de 3-alkylthiophènes procédé pour leur fabrication et dispositifs électroconducteurs les contenant
EP0246931A2 (fr) * 1986-05-23 1987-11-25 Sumitomo Chemical Company, Limited L'utilisation de polymères cycliques insaturés comme films polarisateurs de lumière
EP0257573A1 (fr) * 1986-08-26 1988-03-02 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Polymères solubles électroconducteurs, leur procédé de fabrication et leur utilisation
EP0294231A1 (fr) * 1987-06-03 1988-12-07 Montclair State College Procédé pour la fabrication des films conducteurs à polymères

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1991015859A1 (fr) * 1990-03-30 1991-10-17 Neste Oy Procede de preparation d'une polymere electroconducteur
WO1992016950A1 (fr) * 1991-03-14 1992-10-01 Neste Oy Procede de preparation d'un polymere conducteur
EP0507676A2 (fr) * 1991-04-02 1992-10-07 Alcatel Cable Matériau pour écran semi-conducteur
WO1992017995A1 (fr) * 1991-04-02 1992-10-15 Alcatel Cable Materiau pour ecran semi-conducteur
EP0507676A3 (fr) * 1991-04-02 1992-11-25 Alcatel Cable Matériau pour écran semi-conducteur
US5416155A (en) * 1991-04-02 1995-05-16 Alcatel Cable Material for semiconductive screening
EP0536915A2 (fr) * 1991-10-08 1993-04-14 Americhem, Inc. Procédé pour préparer un polymère intrinsèquement conducteur et articles d'une composition polymère thermoplastique contenant celui-ci
EP0536915A3 (en) * 1991-10-08 1993-07-14 Americhem, Inc. Process for preparing an intrinsically conductive polymer and articles of a thermoplastic polymer blend containing it
US5543128A (en) * 1992-09-15 1996-08-06 Neste Oy Regeneration method for process waste containing sulfur and phosphorus
US8394330B1 (en) 1998-10-02 2013-03-12 The California Institute Of Technology Conductive organic sensors, arrays and methods of use
US7122152B2 (en) 1999-05-10 2006-10-17 University Of Florida Spatiotemporal and geometric optimization of sensor arrays for detecting analytes fluids
US6962675B2 (en) 1999-05-10 2005-11-08 California Institute Of Technology Use of spatiotemporal response behavior in sensor arrays to detect analytes in fluids
US7359802B1 (en) 1999-05-10 2008-04-15 The California Institute Of Technology Methods for remote characterization of an odor
US7595023B2 (en) 1999-05-10 2009-09-29 The California Institute Of Technology Spatiotemporal and geometric optimization of sensor arrays for detecting analytes in fluids
US6890715B1 (en) 1999-08-18 2005-05-10 The California Institute Of Technology Sensors of conducting and insulating composites
WO2001013087A3 (fr) * 1999-08-18 2001-09-07 California Inst Of Techn Capteurs et reseaux de capteurs a base de composites conducteurs et isolants et leurs procedes d'utilisation
WO2001013087A2 (fr) * 1999-08-18 2001-02-22 California Institute Of Technology Capteurs et reseaux de capteurs a base de composites conducteurs et isolants et leurs procedes d'utilisation
EP1500938A1 (fr) * 2003-07-25 2005-01-26 Hitachi Unisia Automotive Ltd. Capteur de rotation avec boitier antistatique
US6968748B2 (en) 2003-07-25 2005-11-29 Hitachi Inisia Automotive, Ltd. Rotation sensor
US9620259B2 (en) 2012-03-30 2017-04-11 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Composites incorporated a conductive polymer nanofiber network

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI890427A0 (fi) 1989-01-27
FI890427A (fi) 1990-07-28

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