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WO1990008826A1 - Interrupteur de gene - Google Patents

Interrupteur de gene Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1990008826A1
WO1990008826A1 PCT/GB1990/000101 GB9000101W WO9008826A1 WO 1990008826 A1 WO1990008826 A1 WO 1990008826A1 GB 9000101 W GB9000101 W GB 9000101W WO 9008826 A1 WO9008826 A1 WO 9008826A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
gst
gene
promoter
inducer
maize
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1990/000101
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Ian Georges Bridges
Simon William Jonathan Bright
Andrew James Greenland
Wolfgang Walter Schuch
Original Assignee
Imperial Chemical Industries Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Imperial Chemical Industries Plc filed Critical Imperial Chemical Industries Plc
Publication of WO1990008826A1 publication Critical patent/WO1990008826A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/1085—Transferases (2.) transferring alkyl or aryl groups other than methyl groups (2.5)
    • C12N9/1088—Glutathione transferase (2.5.1.18)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8216—Methods for controlling, regulating or enhancing expression of transgenes in plant cells
    • C12N15/8237—Externally regulated expression systems
    • C12N15/8238—Externally regulated expression systems chemically inducible, e.g. tetracycline

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a gene promoter sequence which is responsive to an applied exogenous chemical inducer enabling external control of expression of the gene controlled by the promoter.
  • the sequence of the invention is conveniently referred to as a gene switch.
  • European Patent Application 332,104 (published 18th September 1989) describes chemically regulatable DNA sequences which are capable of regulating transcription of an associated DNA sequence in plants or plant tissue.
  • the particular source of the sequences is described as being the PR (pathogenesis-related) protein gene.
  • GST II glutathione-S-transferase
  • the invention also provides a chemically switchable gene constructs which include the maize GST II gene promoter operatively linked to a foreign gene oir a series of foreign genes whereby expression of said foreign gene or said series of genes may be controlled by application of an effective exogenous inducer.
  • the chemically inducible promoter of the invention will be inserted as a promoter sequence in a recombinant gene construct destined for use in a plant. The construct will then be inserted into the plant by transformation. Expression of protein encoding genes in the construct, being under control of the chemically switchable promoter of the invention, may be controlled by the application of a chemical inducer to the plant.
  • the method employed for transformation of the plant cells is not especially germane to this invention and any method suitable for the target plant may be employed.
  • Transgenic plants are obtained by regeneration from the transformed cells. Numerous transformation procedures are known from the literature such as agroinfection using Agrobacterium tumefaciens or its Ti plasmid, electroporation, microinjection of plant cells and protoplasts, microprojectile transformation and pollen tube transformation, to mention but a few. Reference may be made to the literature for full details of the known methods. Neither is the plant species into which the chemically inducible promoter is inserted particularly germane to the invention.
  • Dicotyledonous plant are rel;atively simple to transform whereas the monocotyledonous plants (which include the major cereal crops such as maize) are rather more difficult to transform.
  • this invention may be applied to any plant for which transformation techniques are, or become, available. Therefore, the invention further provides a plant having a recombinant gene construct which includes the chemically inducible promoter of the invention stably incorporated in its genome by transformation.
  • the invention also provides an effective promoter/inducer combination wherein the promoter is the GST II promoter aforesaid and the inducer is N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide (common name: dichloramid) or benzyl-2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) -5-thiazole-carboxylate (common name: flurazole)
  • the present invention comprises a recombinant DNA construct including a gene promoter inducible by application of an exogenous chemical inducer operatively linked to control expression of a target gene.
  • Suitable promoters and specific inducers may be identified by the procedures exemplified hereinbelow in respect of the GST II gene promoter and its inducer.
  • the invention comprises the use of a gene promoter which is inducible by externally applied chemical to control expression of a gene sequence within a plant genome.
  • Chemical inducers which are potential inducers of the GSTII 27kd subunit expression include compounds such as:
  • Glutathione-S-transferases are a family of enzymes which catalyse the conjugation of glutathione via the sulphydryl group to a large range of hydrophobic, electrophilic compounds. The conjugation results in detoxification of these compounds and in insects and mammals, removal from tissue.
  • GST enzymes have been identified in a range of crop plants including maize, wheat, sorghum and peas. GST's comprise from 1 to 2% of the total soluble protein in etiolated maize seedlings.
  • the major isoform of GST can be distinguished in maize tissue.
  • GST I is constitutively expressed and is capable of conjugating glutathione with the pre-emergent herbicides alachlor and atrazine.
  • chemical safeners for example, N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide
  • Figure 1 shows the results for total GST activity in roots and shoots obtained 23 and 44 hours after treatment with R25 as described below;
  • Figure 2 shows the chromatographic separation of the isozymes GST I and GST II.
  • Figure 3 shows GST I activity present in untreated anther tissue
  • FIG. 4 shows the stimulation of GST II activity after treatment with R25 as described below
  • Figure 5 shows the results using a stem reservoir technique
  • Figure 6 shows the results with the application by spray; and, Figure 7 is a time course graph generated in the manner described below.
  • N,N-diallyl-2,2- dichloroacetamide (hereinafter referred to as R25) was added to the water in the filter paper to give a range of concentrations
  • Figure 1 shows the results for total GST activity in roots and shoots obtained 23 and 44 hours after treatment as described and Figure 2 shows the separation of the isozymes GST I and GST II.
  • FIG. 5 shows the results using a stem reservoir technique.
  • R25 was applied as a 100 ppm spray directly on to the exposed developing tassel.
  • Figure 6 shows the results with the application by spray.
  • Both GST proteins have a native molecular weight of approximately 50 kd.
  • maize GST's are dimeric; GST I has apparently identical subunits of 29 kd, whereas GST II is a heterodimer of a 29 kd subunit similar to that found in GST I and a novel 27 kd subunit which is only present in tissue treated with safener except in seedling root where it is constitutively expressed, but still can be induced by safener treatment.
  • a cDNA and a gene corresponding to the 29 kd subunit of GST I have been cloned previously and sequenced.
  • a cDNA corresponding to a 26 kd subunit of a third, minor component of GST activity in maize seedlings (GST III) has been previously cloned and sequenced.
  • Enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically at 340nm using 1-chloro- 2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as a substrate.
  • the reaction buffer contained 0.1M EDTA, 0.001M CDNB and 0.0025M glutathione.
  • Preparation of extracts and enzyme purification Tissue was homogenised in 0.05M Tris.HCl, pH 8.
  • Sufficient protein to enable the immunisation of rabbits is obtained by pooling the isolated enzyme subunit isolated as described above from a number of separate experiments.
  • the 27 kD GST II polypeptide is subsequently purified to apparent homogeneity by electroelution from polyacrylamide gel slices. Antisera are prepared against the 27 kd polypeptide.
  • the immunisation of rabbits is carried out essentially according to Mayer and Walker (1978).
  • amino terminal sequence of the intact 27 kd subunit of GST II or partial proteolytic cleavage products was determined by sequential Edman degradation and subsequent amino acid analysis by HPLC. Time Course
  • the time course experiments revealed a peak of GST expression at 48 hours after treatement with safener. Therefore, two cDNA libraries were constructed from RNA extracted from tissue at 24 and 48 hours after safener treatment. To ensure that the induction procedure had been successful, a one gram sample of 24 hour induced tissue was taken and assayed for GST II. This experiment revealed that the tissue used to construct the cDNA library had indeed been successfuly induced as GST II accounted for 45.5% of the total GST activity.
  • Double-stranded cDNA was prepared from oligo dT-cellulose-purified RNA by a method employing RNaseH and E.coli DNA polymerase I in the synthesis of the second strand, without prior purification of single-stranded cDNA (Gubler and Hoffraan,1983) . Screening cDNA libraries with antisera to GST I and GST II
  • bacteriophage from the amplified cDNA library are screened with anti-maize GST enzyme serum. The clones producing the strongest signals are re-screened. Screening cDNA libraries using oligo probes
  • the 5' ends of the oligonucleotides were labelled using polynucleotide kinase as described in the literature.
  • phages containing cDNA were amplified on plates and transferred to nitrocellulose.
  • the filters were hybridised to oligonucleotide probes at temperatures of from 2 to 5°C below the melting temperature calculated for the lowest melting point probe in the mixture.
  • Hybridising plaques were selected and rescreened through two or more rounds exactly as described above but at lower densities Isolation of cDNA gene sequences by the PCR method cDNA or DNA sequences are isolated from the libraries described using oligo primers based on the amino acid sequence obtained from partial proteolytic cleavage or in the case of genomic DNA, primers based on cDNA sequence determined previously.
  • the isolated cDNA is characterised and subjected to sequencing by one or more of the standard available techniques. Isolation of genomic sequences
  • An existing genomic library of fragments of total maize DNA cloned into XEMBL3 is used to isolate clones that hybridise to the cDNA clones isolated as described above.
  • the PCR method described above may be used to selectively amplify and clone gene fragments.
  • GSTII genes and ther promoter sequences can then be isolated, and characterised using established techniques. It can be demonstrated that the GSTII promoter sequences mediate safener- induced gene activity by fusing them to marker genes like GUS and CAT, and testing then in transgenic plants.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)
  • Lock And Its Accessories (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

On utilise une séquence promotrice de gène répondant à l'application d'un inducteur chimique exogène tel qu'un agent protecteur d'herbicide végétal, comme interrupteur de gène, pour permettre la régulation externe de l'expression d'un gène placé sous la régulation d'un promoteur. Un exemple spécifique de la structure de l'interrupteur de gène est la séquence d'enzyme GSTII (isoforme II de glutathione-S-transférase) du maïs qui est inductrice par application externe de l'agent protecteur N,N-diallyle-2,2-dichloracétamide.
PCT/GB1990/000101 1989-01-26 1990-01-25 Interrupteur de gene WO1990008826A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8901673.7 1989-01-26
GB898901673A GB8901673D0 (en) 1989-01-26 1989-01-26 Gene switch

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1990008826A1 true WO1990008826A1 (fr) 1990-08-09

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1990/000101 WO1990008826A1 (fr) 1989-01-26 1990-01-25 Interrupteur de gene

Country Status (6)

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EP (1) EP0455667A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU647016B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2008695C (fr)
GB (1) GB8901673D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO1990008826A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA90604B (fr)

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0515048A1 (fr) * 1991-05-01 1992-11-25 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Séquences de promoteurs de plantes
WO1993001294A1 (fr) * 1991-07-02 1993-01-21 Zeneca Limited Enzyme derivee de plantes, sequences d'adn et leurs utilisations
EP0522880A3 (en) * 1991-07-11 1993-10-20 Int Flower Dev Pty Ltd Genetic sequences encoding flavonoid pathway enzymes and uses therefor
WO1994011519A1 (fr) * 1992-11-06 1994-05-26 Zeneca Limited Production de polyhydroxyalcanoate dans des plantes
WO1994011520A3 (fr) * 1992-11-09 1994-08-04 Zeneca Ltd Nouvelles plantes et procedes de production
US5723765A (en) * 1994-08-01 1998-03-03 Delta And Pine Land Co. Control of plant gene expression
US5859338A (en) * 1995-06-06 1999-01-12 California Institute Of Technology Plant clavata1 nucleic acids, transformed plants, and proteins
WO1999006578A3 (fr) * 1997-07-30 1999-04-22 Zeneca Ltd Procede genetique pour controler la formation de pousses
US5925808A (en) * 1994-08-01 1999-07-20 Delta And Pine Land Company Control of plant gene expression
WO1999042598A2 (fr) 1998-02-20 1999-08-26 Zeneca Limited Production de semences hybrides
US5965387A (en) * 1995-09-22 1999-10-12 Zeneca Limited Promoter
WO1999053050A1 (fr) 1998-04-08 1999-10-21 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Procedes et moyens d'obtention de phenotypes modifies
US6066456A (en) * 1993-12-30 2000-05-23 Zeneca Limited Plant-derived enzyme and DNA sequences and uses thereof
US6172279B1 (en) 1989-01-26 2001-01-09 Zeneca Limited Plant gene construct encoding a protein capable of disrupting the biogenesis of viable pollen
US6379945B1 (en) 1995-05-26 2002-04-30 Zeneca Limited Gene switch
US6605754B1 (en) 1992-04-13 2003-08-12 Syngenta Limited DNA constructs and plants incorporating them
US6610828B1 (en) 1996-05-24 2003-08-26 Syngenta Limited Heliothis ecdysone receptor
US6956149B1 (en) 1999-01-27 2005-10-18 Ses Europe N.V./S.A. Method of conveying BNYVV resistance to sugar beet plants
EP2119786A1 (fr) 2008-05-13 2009-11-18 Expressive Research B.V. Production améliorée de composés améliorant la santé chez les plantes
EP2161340A2 (fr) 1999-12-16 2010-03-10 CropDesign N.V. Transfert optimisé d'ADN-T et vecteurs associés
WO2011074959A1 (fr) 2009-12-15 2011-06-23 Edwin Henricus Antonius Holman Végétaux transgéniques résistants à l'ozone
WO2011136651A1 (fr) 2010-04-28 2011-11-03 Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek Nouvelle protéine de glycosyltransférase et son rôle dans le métabolisme de composés phénylpropanoïdes volatils chez la tomate
WO2013151929A1 (fr) * 2012-04-05 2013-10-10 Mendel Biotechnology, Inc. Criblage de composé herbicide
EP2853598A1 (fr) 2013-09-25 2015-04-01 Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska Procédés et compositions permettant d'obtenir des caractéristiques de plantes utiles
WO2018037123A1 (fr) 2016-08-26 2018-03-01 Lesaffre Et Compagnie Production améliorée d'acide itaconique
EP3533878A1 (fr) 2018-02-28 2019-09-04 Dutch DNA Biotech B.V. Procédé de production d'acide 2-hydroxy-2-méthylsuccinique en utilisant d'aspergillus
EP3560329A1 (fr) 2011-05-02 2019-10-30 Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska Plantes présentant des caractéristiques utiles et procédés associés

Non-Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Biochemistry, Volume 22, No. 5, 1983, American Chemical Society, T.J. MOZER et al.: "Purification and Characterization of Corn Glutathione S-Transferase", pages 1068-1072 *
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Volume 104, 1986, (Columbus, Ohio, US), D.M. SHAH et al.: Structural Analysis of a Maize Gene Coding for Glutathione-S-Transferase Involved in Herbicide Detoxification", see page 147* Abstract 180998d, & Plant Mol. Biol. 1986, 6(4), 203-11* *
Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, Supplement 12C, The Molecular Basis of Plant Development, 26 March - 2 April 1988, Alan R. Liss, Inc., (New York, US), R.S. QUATRANO et al.: "Control of Cereal Embryogeneses and the Regulation of Gene Expression by Abscisic Acid (ABA)", page 152, Abstract L 052 *
Nature, Volume 335, 29 September 1988, W.R. MARCOTTE Jr et al.: "Regulation of a Wheat Promoter by Abscisic Acid in Rice Protoplasts", pages 454-457 *
Plant Molecular Biology, Volume 7, 1986, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, (Dordrecht, NL), R.C. WIEGAND et al.: "Messenger RNA Encoding a Glutathione-S-Transferase Responsible for Herbicide Tolerance in Maize in Induced in Response to Safener Treatment", pages 235-243 *

Cited By (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6172279B1 (en) 1989-01-26 2001-01-09 Zeneca Limited Plant gene construct encoding a protein capable of disrupting the biogenesis of viable pollen
EP0515048A1 (fr) * 1991-05-01 1992-11-25 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Séquences de promoteurs de plantes
US5866792A (en) * 1991-07-02 1999-02-02 Zeneca Limited Plant-derived enzyme and DNA sequences and uses thereof
WO1993001294A1 (fr) * 1991-07-02 1993-01-21 Zeneca Limited Enzyme derivee de plantes, sequences d'adn et leurs utilisations
US5589614A (en) * 1991-07-02 1996-12-31 Zeneca Limited Plant-derived glutathione-S-transferase isoform II promoter
EP0522880A3 (en) * 1991-07-11 1993-10-20 Int Flower Dev Pty Ltd Genetic sequences encoding flavonoid pathway enzymes and uses therefor
US6605754B1 (en) 1992-04-13 2003-08-12 Syngenta Limited DNA constructs and plants incorporating them
WO1994011519A1 (fr) * 1992-11-06 1994-05-26 Zeneca Limited Production de polyhydroxyalcanoate dans des plantes
WO1994011520A3 (fr) * 1992-11-09 1994-08-04 Zeneca Ltd Nouvelles plantes et procedes de production
US6066456A (en) * 1993-12-30 2000-05-23 Zeneca Limited Plant-derived enzyme and DNA sequences and uses thereof
US5925808A (en) * 1994-08-01 1999-07-20 Delta And Pine Land Company Control of plant gene expression
US5977441A (en) * 1994-08-01 1999-11-02 Delta And Pine Land Company Control of plant gene expression
US5723765A (en) * 1994-08-01 1998-03-03 Delta And Pine Land Co. Control of plant gene expression
US6379945B1 (en) 1995-05-26 2002-04-30 Zeneca Limited Gene switch
US5859338A (en) * 1995-06-06 1999-01-12 California Institute Of Technology Plant clavata1 nucleic acids, transformed plants, and proteins
US5965387A (en) * 1995-09-22 1999-10-12 Zeneca Limited Promoter
US7183061B2 (en) 1996-05-24 2007-02-27 Syngenta Limited Method of expressing Heliothis ecdysone receptor fusion protein
US6610828B1 (en) 1996-05-24 2003-08-26 Syngenta Limited Heliothis ecdysone receptor
WO1999006578A3 (fr) * 1997-07-30 1999-04-22 Zeneca Ltd Procede genetique pour controler la formation de pousses
WO1999042598A2 (fr) 1998-02-20 1999-08-26 Zeneca Limited Production de semences hybrides
EP2258856A1 (fr) 1998-02-20 2010-12-08 Syngenta Limited Production de sémences hybrides
EP3214177A2 (fr) 1998-04-08 2017-09-06 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Procédés et moyens pour obtenir des phénotypes modifiés
EP2267138A2 (fr) 1998-04-08 2010-12-29 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Procédés et moyens d'obtention de phénotypes modifiés
EP2267139A2 (fr) 1998-04-08 2010-12-29 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Procédés ét moyens d'obtention de phénotypes modifies
WO1999053050A1 (fr) 1998-04-08 1999-10-21 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Procedes et moyens d'obtention de phenotypes modifies
US6956149B1 (en) 1999-01-27 2005-10-18 Ses Europe N.V./S.A. Method of conveying BNYVV resistance to sugar beet plants
EP2161340A2 (fr) 1999-12-16 2010-03-10 CropDesign N.V. Transfert optimisé d'ADN-T et vecteurs associés
EP2119786A1 (fr) 2008-05-13 2009-11-18 Expressive Research B.V. Production améliorée de composés améliorant la santé chez les plantes
WO2011074959A1 (fr) 2009-12-15 2011-06-23 Edwin Henricus Antonius Holman Végétaux transgéniques résistants à l'ozone
WO2011136651A1 (fr) 2010-04-28 2011-11-03 Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek Nouvelle protéine de glycosyltransférase et son rôle dans le métabolisme de composés phénylpropanoïdes volatils chez la tomate
EP3560329A1 (fr) 2011-05-02 2019-10-30 Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska Plantes présentant des caractéristiques utiles et procédés associés
WO2013151929A1 (fr) * 2012-04-05 2013-10-10 Mendel Biotechnology, Inc. Criblage de composé herbicide
US9612235B2 (en) 2012-04-05 2017-04-04 Koch Biological Solutions, Llc Herbicidal compound screening
EP2853598A1 (fr) 2013-09-25 2015-04-01 Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska Procédés et compositions permettant d'obtenir des caractéristiques de plantes utiles
WO2018037123A1 (fr) 2016-08-26 2018-03-01 Lesaffre Et Compagnie Production améliorée d'acide itaconique
EP3533878A1 (fr) 2018-02-28 2019-09-04 Dutch DNA Biotech B.V. Procédé de production d'acide 2-hydroxy-2-méthylsuccinique en utilisant d'aspergillus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0455667A1 (fr) 1991-11-13
AU4947690A (en) 1990-08-24
AU647016B2 (en) 1994-03-17
ZA90604B (en) 1990-11-28
CA2008695A1 (fr) 1990-07-26
GB8901673D0 (en) 1989-03-15
CA2008695C (fr) 1999-03-16

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