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WO1988003650A1 - Procede de diagnostic de compatibilite sanguine - Google Patents

Procede de diagnostic de compatibilite sanguine Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1988003650A1
WO1988003650A1 PCT/US1987/002974 US8702974W WO8803650A1 WO 1988003650 A1 WO1988003650 A1 WO 1988003650A1 US 8702974 W US8702974 W US 8702974W WO 8803650 A1 WO8803650 A1 WO 8803650A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
specific binding
binding pair
pair member
sample
analyte
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1987/002974
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Gary E. Hewett
Original Assignee
Gene Labs, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gene Labs, Inc. filed Critical Gene Labs, Inc.
Publication of WO1988003650A1 publication Critical patent/WO1988003650A1/fr
Priority to DK388088A priority Critical patent/DK388088D0/da
Priority to KR1019880700831A priority patent/KR890700229A/ko

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
    • G01N33/56983—Viruses
    • G01N33/56988—HIV or HTLV
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
    • G01N33/54386—Analytical elements
    • G01N33/54387—Immunochromatographic test strips
    • G01N33/54388—Immunochromatographic test strips based on lateral flow
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/566—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor using specific carrier or receptor proteins as ligand binding reagents where possible specific carrier or receptor proteins are classified with their target compounds
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/80—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving blood groups or blood types or red blood cells

Definitions

  • the device employs first and second binding pair members ("SBPM") which are members of different specific binding pairs or for detection of a surface epitope as part of intact membrane, a specific binding pair receptor for the surface epitope.
  • SBPM first and second binding pair members
  • the SBPM's will be non-diffusively bound to a substrate capable of participating in capillary transport.
  • first and second SBPM's will be bound to the solid substrate of a device in a manner which inhibits simultaneous binding and complex formation with first and second SBPM's bound in close juxtaposition to the surface.
  • the first SBPM will bind to an analyte of interest.
  • the second SBPM will bind to a signal mediator which allows for detection of the signal mediator on the solid substrate.
  • the assay is performed by contacting the device with the sample suspected of containing the analyte and containing the signal mediator. The dis tance the signal mediator travels will be related to the amount of analyte in the sample.
  • different SPBM's will be used along individual paths and the formation of a detectable front used as an indication of the presence of the surface epitope.
  • Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an assay employing a strip
  • Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic view of an assay employing a packed capillary showing the capillary before the assay and after the assay.
  • Methods, compositions and devices are provided for detecting the presence of an analyte of interest.
  • the devices provide for capillary transport of the assay medium. Bound to the device are first and second specific binding pair members ("SBPM's"), where the first and second binding pair members are members of different specific binding pairs.
  • SBPM's first and second specific binding pair members
  • the analyte is a surface epitope and is detected as part of an intact membrane, particularly as part of an intact cell
  • a single SBPM may be employed which binds to the surface epitope.
  • the first SBPM will be specific for the analyte of interest.
  • the second SBPM will be specific for a signal mediator.
  • the signal mediator is a molecule, which provides for detection, either directly or indirectly, of the presence of the signal mediator at a point on the surface of the device.
  • the signal mediator permits the determination of the path length which the signal mediator traverses. An exception is where a surface epitope. is to be detected, where a single SBPM is employed in as many individual paths or two SBPM's per path for the number of epitopes of interest.
  • the method employs a device which is characterized by providing for capillary transport of an aqueous medium.
  • Non-diffusively substantially uniformly bound to a surface are first and second SBPM's of different binding pairs.
  • the SBPM's bind to form a non-covalent complex, where the conformation and charge distribution of the surface of one of the pair members is complemented by the conformation and charge distribution of the other pair member to define an homologous pair.
  • the homologous pairs form complexes, which for purposes of the subject assays are substantially irreversible during the time of the test.
  • the SBPM's are capable of binding to each other and having binding affinities of an order of at least 10 2 , usually at least 10 3 , greater than other closely related compounds, generally having a Ka of at least about 10 8 liters/mole.
  • the assay is initiated by contacting the device at a predetermined site with the sample.
  • the sample migrates by virtue of capillary action carrying with it any analyte and the signal mediator.
  • the rate of migration of the signal mediator will generally be not significantly faster than the analyte, preferably substantially slower.
  • the analyte and the signal mediator migrate along the path of flow, the analyte will bind to its homologous SBPM inhibiting the binding of the signal mediator to its homologous SBPM.
  • the signal mediator will migrate through those areas and continue to migrate until the analyte has been substantially exhausted and both first and second SBPM's are available for complex formation.
  • the signal mediator will now bind to its homologous pair member until it, in turn, Is exhausted or some other mechanism oper ates to build up a front which inhibits further transport of the signal mediator.
  • the specific binding pair member will be somewhat arbitrarily divided into ligands and receptors.
  • a ligand may be any compound for which there is a reciprocal receptor.
  • the two members of the specific binding pair are functionally defined in that one is able to distinguish the specific binding pair members from other binding pair members by their ability to form a strong non-covalent complex with each other.
  • the receptor is normally a macromolecule, the ligand may or may not be a macromolecule.
  • ligands will be organic molecules of at least about 125 daltons (Da) and may be many millions of daltons.
  • the ligands may be individual molecules, complexes, aggregations, or the like.
  • Ligands may include small molecules, such as drugs, antibiotics, hormones, sugars, oligonucleotides, neurotransmitters, oligopeptides, polymeric molecules or macromolecules, such as enzymes, surface epitopes, structural proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, or aggregations of molecules, such as viruses, organelles, such as nuclei, plastids, lysosomes, and peroxisomes, cells, such as bacteria, pathogens, mammalian cells, neoplastic cells, blood cells, such as lymphocytes, leukocytes, erythrocytes, and monocytes, or fragments or components thereof.
  • the receptors will generally be macromolecules, such as enzymes, immunoglobulins, lectins, nucleic acids, naturally occurring receptors, such as growth factor receptors, synaptic receptors, thyroxine binding globulin, and the like.
  • the analyte may be any ligand or receptor and will be detected by the binding of an epitopic site or its equivalent to its homologous receptor.
  • the device will be characterized by providing for capillary movement of an aqueous medium, by allowing for non-diffusive binding of a SBPM to a surface, either by non-covalent forces or by virtue of functionalization of the surface and covalent linkage to the SBPM.
  • bibulous materials may be used, such as cellulosic paper, nitrocellulosic membranes, glass fiber filters, silica gel or other particulate glass, polystyrene, polyethylene or other plastic support, or other material which is hydrophilic or made so by appropriate modification.
  • Capillaries may be used, which may be formed of any translucent or transparent material, such as glass, plastics, e.g. polystyrene, aerylate, polyethylene, or the like, where the capillary is hydrophilic or made so by coating or other modification, in accordance with conventional techniques.
  • the device may be a strip of paper or membrane, which may or may not have a supporting backing.
  • the strip will be at least 1mm, more usually 2mm wide and generally not more than about 10mm wide, usually not more than about 6mm wide.
  • the length will depend upon the desired resolution, the width, the amount of analyte, the density of the SBPM's, and the like. Usually, the length will be at least about 5mm, more usually at least about 10mm, and will usually not exceed about 50mm, more usually not exceeding about 30mm.
  • membranes such as nitrocellulose membranes, e.g. Schleicher and Schuell, catalog #AE100. Conveniently, protein may be bound non-covalently to the membrane.
  • Capillaries which are employed may have an empty lumen or packed lumen, where the particles employed for the packing will be hydrophilic and allow for capillary transport.
  • the specific binding pair member(s) may be bound to the surface of the capillary, to the packing, or both.
  • Various particles may be employed, of a variety of materials, such as agarose, sepharose, bioglas, latex, or the like.
  • the lumen of the capillary may be as small as
  • the length of the capillary is not critical, usually exceeding about 5mm, and not exceeding about 100mm, more usually not exceeding about 75mm, and preferably not exceeding about 50mm.
  • the medium will be capable of being transported by capillary action in a horizontal plane or against gravity.
  • the signal mediator is characterized by being any composition which migrates at a rate not significantly greater than the rate of migration of the analyte.
  • the signal mediator will provide a detectable signal, either directly or indirectly, so that the presence of the signal mediator specifically bound to the surface of the device may be detected.
  • red blood cells provide for a characteristic red color.
  • red blood cells specifically bind to their homologous SBPM bound to the device surface, other red blood cells accrete to form a barrier which provides for a relatively sharp line of demarcation.
  • This line of demarcation can be used to measure the path length that the red blood cells migrated as an indication of the presence or absence of an analyte.
  • whole blood can be used without separation of the red blood cells, where the red blood cells provide an advantage in acting as a signal mediator, rather than an interferant, which is generally removed because the RBC's result in a background value and prevent detection of a different signal mediator.
  • red blood cells numerous other compounds may be employed either by themselves or linked to other materials, such as macromolecules, e.g. proteins, particle's, e.g. agarose, latex, etc., or the like.
  • Compounds which may be used include a wide variety of strongly absorbing dyes or other absorbing compositions, such as ferritin, carbon black, tetrazolium salts, gentian violet, etc.; fluorescers such as fluorescein, rhodamine, dansyl, phycobiliproteins, lanthanide chelates, etc.; enzymes, such as peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, cholinesterase, etc.; enzyme co-factors such as FAD, NADH, etc.; particles, such as magnetic particles, particles to which any of the former signal mediators have been bound, colloidal metal particles, cells, etc.
  • strongly absorbing dyes or other absorbing compositions such as ferritin, carbon black, tetrazolium salts, gentian violet, etc.
  • fluorescers such as fluorescein, rhodamine, dansyl, phycobil
  • the signal mediator may provide for a signal either directly or indirectly. Where the signal is provided directly, only a physical measurement is required to detect the presence of the signal mediator bound to the device surface. Where, however, the signal is provided for indirectly, a second step will usually be required for detection of the signal mediator. Particularly, epitopic sites will be present on the signal mediator for which receptors are available. The receptors will be capable of binding to the signal mediator and will provide for the detectable signal. Thus, one of the previously described signal mediators which allows for direct detection will be bound to the receptor. Usually, the signal mediator will have a plurality of epitopic sites to which the receptor may bind, thus providing for significant amplification of the signal.
  • the manner in which comcommitant binding of homologous first and second SBPM's is inhibited can be achieved in a variety of ways. Depending upon the nature of the analyte and/or its homologous binding member, various techniques may be employed. For example, the two SBPM's may be covalently linked, either directly or by a linking group so as to be in close spatial proximity. Alternatively, the two different SBPM's may be bound non-diffusively, usually covalently, to a surface, where the relative proportions in light of the size of the homologous binding members provides for the desired inhibition of concommitant binding.
  • mercapto groups and amino groups may be employed, where the mercapto group will preferentially bind to an activated olefin, e.g. maleimide, while carboxy groups would preferentially bind to the amino. groups.
  • the linking of the two specific binding members to a single molecule may be achieved, e.g. a polyfunctional polymer.
  • the ratio of the first specific binding pair member to the second SBPM will vary widely, usually from about 0.1-1:1, more usually from about 0.3-1:1. The optimum ratio can be determined empirically.
  • a surface epitope For determining a surface epitope, one will normally use from one to two SBPM's, either ligand or receptor, which will usually be nondiffusively bound to the surface. Conveniently, individual paths will be provided for the number of surface binding proteins of interest or epitopes of interest, where the different epitopes of the same protein are of interest. Thus, one can have a plurality of paths adjacent to one another on a strip, where each of the paths are contacted simultaneously with the sample. The presence of a line of demarcation would be Indicative of a particu lar surface epitope .
  • the device may be contacted with an agent which binds to the cells, so as to provide for the detection of the cells.
  • an agent which binds to the cells so as to provide for the detection of the cells.
  • the presence of a broad, relatively concentrated, cell containing area would be indicative of the presence of the surface epitope.
  • a path may have SBPM's of two or more different SBPM pairs, where each SBPM has an individual zone at successive distances along the path. So long as each cell has only one SBPM, the zone in which the cell Is captured will determine which SBPM of interest is present on the membrane.
  • the sample may be any type of sample, which may be presented to the device as an aqueous liquid.
  • the sample may be a solid, liquid or gas, may be a physiological fluid, such as blood, urine, plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, ocular lens fluid, cytosol, or the like, water sample, soil sample, chemical processing sample, etc.
  • the sample may be used directly or be subjected to various treatments, such as extractlon, separation, dissolution, heating, cooling, chromatography, electrophoresis, or the like.
  • the sample may be buffered with any of a variety of buffers, such as bicarbonate, Tris, phosphate, barbital, MOPS, glycine, etc. Generally, the buffer will be present in from about 50mM to 0.5M.
  • Other additives may also be included, such as enzyme inhibitors, bacteriostats, anticoagulants, proteins to inhibit nonspecific binding or other conventional additives.
  • analyte is a ligand
  • excess receptor may be added, so as to completely bind any ligand present in the assay medium.
  • ligand which will bind excess receptor.
  • the excess receptor will serve to inhibit the simultaneous binding of the second SBPM partner.
  • a receptor is involved, one can do the opposite and provide for the ligand in excess, where the excess ligand will bind to the receptor on the device surface. In this instance, the distance the signal mediator travels will be inversely related to the amount of analyte in the sample.
  • a signal mediator may be added.
  • the signal mediator may be a small organic molecule of from about 150-2000Da, an intermediate sized molecule of from about 2000 to about 1,000,000Da or a larger molecule or other composition, such as molecular aggregations, such as hemoglobin, polysubunit proteins, organelles, cells, particles, such as metal particles, magnetic particles, fluorescent particles, and the like.
  • the signal may be as a result of light absorption, fluorescence, electromagnetic force, e.g. magnetic, enzymes, which provide for a light-absorbing product, particularly in the ultraviolet and visible range, a fluorescent product or other detectable product, enzyme co-factors, which can be detected with enzymes, and the like.
  • the signal mediator allows for detection of the molecule and will be inhibited from binding to its reciprocal binding member in the presence of complex formation of the first specific binding pair.
  • Particulate signal mediators will be relatively large, usually at least about 10nm, more usually about 50nm and may be 50 ⁇ m or larger, preferably being in the range of 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
  • the signal mediator may be modified to provide for such detection or may provide a basis for non-covalent binding of molecules which allow for detection.
  • a signal mediator which naturally permits detection is a red blood cell, ferretin, hemoglobin, or the like.
  • particles, such as metal particles and colloids, carbon black or the like may be employed where the particles may be conjugated to a specific binding pair member.
  • Colored particles or fluorescent particles may be employed where latex particles, agarose particles, sepharose particles, or the like may be colored by conjugation to dyes, may be made fluorescent to conjugation to fluorescers and may be conjugated to the specific binding pair for binding to the reciprocal specific binding pair member.
  • the assay medium will normally be at a pH in the range of about 4 to 10, more usually 6 to 9, so as to provide for enhanced complex formation between reciprocal binding members.
  • Other solvents may also be included, particularly polar organic solvents, such as alkanols, ethers, amides, or the like, which serve to reduce the viscosity of the assay medium, change the binding characteristics of the SBPM's, or provide some other desirable characteristic.
  • the device may then be contacted with the sample.
  • the contact may be at an edge, at an end, at a position somewhere near the end, where the device may be dipped into the sample, touched at the surface of the sample, a small amount of the sample applied to the device, or other convenient means for bringing the device and sample into contact.
  • temperature control may be required, where the temperature may vary from about 0°C to 40°C.
  • the time for the assay will usually be at least one second to one hour or more, usually varying from about 5sec to 30min.
  • the distance traveled by the signal mediator may be determined.
  • the signal mediator inherently permits determination, it may be directly determined either visually or by an instrument.
  • Various spectrophotometers, fluorometers, magnetometers, reflectometers, etc. may be employed.
  • further steps may be required, such as adding a conjugate of a molecule which allows for detection joined to a molecule which specifically binds to the signal mediator.
  • the device may be coated, sprayed, or otherwise contacted over the assay medium path with the conjugate which provides for the signal.
  • the substrate may be provided in a zone downstream from the region of the SBPMs.
  • the SBPM region can be designed that a predetermined level of analyte in the sample will result in migration of the enzyme label into the substrate zone.
  • a change of color in the substrate zone would indicate that the amount of analyte is above a predetermined level. If one wished to quantitate the amount of analyte, anti-enzyme could be uniformly bound in the substrate zone, so that the enzyme label would migrate through the substrate until exhausted.
  • the colored border would indicate the amount of analyte present.
  • one or more standards may be employed, where the assay is carried out with a known amount of analyte in a sample medium.
  • devices may be provided which allow for the simultaneous performance of a standard and the sample for direct comparison.
  • kits can be provided of the device in conjunction with other reagents, such as the signal mediator, the signal mediator in conjunction with the detectable conjugate, standards, and other reagents, such as buffer, stabilizers, or the like.
  • the amount of reagents will be related to the device to provide substantially optimum sensitivity for the assay.
  • the Figures indicate diagrammatically two different devices.
  • the strip device 10 of Fig. 1 indicates the appearance of the device after performance of the assay.
  • the device 10 has a bibulous base 12 to which are bound antibodies to RBC 14 and antigen 16.
  • the assay is for the presence of a receptor 18 for the antigen 16, for example, an antibody to the antigen.
  • Blood is applied at one end 20 of the base and migrates along the base.
  • the red blood cells 22 migrate along the base and are captured by the anti-RBC's 14. They mass and result in a barrier which prevents their further migration.
  • the anti-antigen 18 travels faster than the RBC's and binds to the antigen 16.
  • the presence of the anti-antigen 18 inhibits the binding of the RBC's to the anti-RBC's 14. Once the antiantigen 18 is exhausted, the anti-RBC's 14 may then bind to the RBC's 22. In the embodiment depicted, the zone in which the anti-RBC's 14 and the antigens 16 are present becomes saturated with anti-antigen 18, so that the RBC's continue traveling further up the base and create a red zone 24.
  • a capillary device 30 is depicted.
  • the capillary device 30 is dipped into sample 32.
  • the capillary 34 is packed with particles 36 to which are bound antibody conjugates 38.
  • the antibody conjugates 38 are also bound to the wall of capillary 34.
  • the antibody conjugate comprises an antibody indicated by Y and a hapten indicated by a black dot.
  • the device 30 is removed from the sample 32 after a sufficient amount of sample has entered the capillary 34 or the device 30 may remain in the sample until sample 32 has migrated to the top of the capillary 34.
  • the assay is completed.
  • the assay is for hapten, where a known amount of excess antibody to hapten, anti-hapten has been added to bond to any hapten present in the sample 32.
  • Anti-hapten 40 which has not bound to hapten in the sample 32 may bind to hapten of the conjugate 38. Binding of anti-hapten 40 to the conjugate 38 prevents cells 42 from binding to the conjugate, so that the cells migrate past the zone where the anti-hapten 40 is bound to the conjugate 38. Once the anti-hapten 40 is exhausted, the cells 42 bind to the conjugate 38 and additional cells begin to non- specifically bind to form a front 44.
  • the distance of the front from the end of the capillary 34 is thus a measure of the amount of the hapten in the sample. The shorter the distance, the greater amount of analyte in the sample.
  • the cooled saliva was centrifuged for 10min at 2000rpm in an IEC Centra-7 centrifuge to sediment particulate material and the supernatant fraction was mixed with six volumes of 95% ethanol.
  • the mixtures were stored overnight at 4°C and centrifuged 10min at 2000rpra to sediment the antigenic glycoprotein fraction.
  • This glycoprotein pellet was washed once with 95% ethanol, sedimented at 2000rpm, and dried under vacuum. The final pellets were resuspended in saline for immobilization on chromatography strips as described below.
  • Avidin is a protein with a strong binding affinity for biotin and therefore was used in combination with anti-red blood cell immunoglobulin to demonstrate the ability to detect the presence of avidin in a blood serum sample.
  • Three ml of an IgG fraction of rabbit anti-serum directed against human red blood cells (Cooper Biomedical) was reconstituted to 30mg protein/ml and dialyzed overnight at 4°C against 1 L of 0.1 molar sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.6. Aliquots of this dialyzed IgG were reacted for 2 hr at 23°C with Nhydroxysuccinimidobiotin (NHS-biotin) with molar ratios: (IgG: NHS-biotin) between 1:1 and 1:100.
  • NHS-biotin Nhydroxysuccinimidobiotin
  • the aliquots were dialyzed against two changes of 1 L of phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 0.9% NaCl buffered with 20mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2) prior to immobilization of the biotin-immunoglobulin conjugates.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • reagents exist for covalent attachment of proteins to these materials, including cyanogen bromide, cyanuric chloride, and carbonyldiimidazole.
  • An example of one such method adapted from published procedures (Bethell, et al., J. Chromatography 219: 361-371, 1981; Zuk, et al., Clinical Chemistry 31: 1144-1150, 1985), is described below for the immobilization of biotin-immunoglobulin conjugates on Whatman 31 ET Chrom paper.
  • Proteins were added to this activated paper by contacting a 5 ⁇ l sample of the protein conjugate solution dissolved in PBS (1 to 30mg/ml) onto a local region of the CDI-activated strips, 10mm from one end, which was designated as the bottom of the strip. These strips with the conjugate solution were incubated for 1 hr at 23°C in an atmosphere saturated with water, washed with agitation for 10 min in excess PBS, and dried in a convection oven for 10 min at 37°C. By this procedure, the proteins were immobilized in a 4 to 5mm zone or region centered 10mm from the bottom of the strip. Alternatively, the strips were wetted uniformly with 50 ⁇ l of the protein conjugate solution and then incubated, washed, and dried as described. These strips were then used for forward blood typing or for the detection of analytes.
  • strips for reverse blood typing where the presence of anti-B antibodies in a Type A individual, or anti-A antibodies in a Type B individual were prer pared by the immobilization of mixtures of anti-red blood cell immunoglobulin and the salivary glycoprotein antigen, in the same manner as previously described for the anti-red blood cell conjugates.
  • strips for the detection of serum immunoglobulins against HTLV-III were produced through the use of antibody mixtures of anti-red blood cell immunoglobulin and HTLV- III inactivated virus.
  • Forward blood typing refers to the binding of the red blood cell with the immunoglobins specific for blood group antigens on their surface, thereby creating a barrier to further movement of the red blood cell in the affinity chromatograph.
  • Strips were cut from 31 ET Chrom paper as described above with the ommission of the CDI activation step.
  • Paper strips were dipped vertically into blood samples to a depth of 2mm and the blood was permitted to ascend within the strips for 5 to 10min. The strips were then removed from the blood and air dried. The distance of the red cell front from the bottom of the strips was measured for quantitation of the results. Following addition of the red blood cell containing sample, anti-blood group immunoglobulins, which had been dried within the strips were solubilized as the blood ascended, thereby promoting agglutination of the red blood cells. In "forward" blood typing, strips scored as negative, if the red blood cells traveled further than blood known to be negative for the complementary immunoglobulin-known type 0 blood, which has no A or B surface antigens, and serves as a control in forward blood typing tests.
  • Strips containing HTLV-III antigen and red blood cell immunoglobins were scored as positive if the red blood cells migrated farther than strips used to test samples known to be negative for the HTLV-III antibody. Paper strips containing immobilized biotinylated anti-red blood cell immunoglobulins permitted detection of avidin. The movement of red blood cells within the strips was proportional to the concentration of avidin added to the blood samples. Therefore, the biotin covalently attached to the immunoglobulin with binding specificity for the red blood cell, and allowed the binding of avidin to hinder the ability of that immunoglobulin to bind to the red blood cell (Example III). Scoring was the same as that used for detection of anti-A or HTLV-III antibodies in sample.
  • a forward test of the ABO blood group of a blood sample was conducted in the following manner. Test strips (3mm x 40mm) as previously described, had 5 ⁇ l of anti-A antibody attached to the CDI activated paper 10mm from the bottom end. After washing and drying, each strip was dipped into a 10ml beaker containing 1ml blood (20 drops whole blood) and allowed to sit at room temperature for 10min. Assays were run in duplicate with the results tabulated in Table 1:
  • HTLV-III (AIDS) Antibody Determining the Presence of HTLV-III (AIDS) Antibody The detection of HTLV-III antibody as an analyte in a whole blood sample was performed in the following manner.
  • the HTLV-III antigen was prepared in the following manner: Tissue culture cells of the H9HXB strain were infected with HTLV-III, then pelleted and lysed with Triton X-100. Coupling was to CDI activated paper (3mm x 40mm) with 5 ⁇ l of anti-RBC antibody and 5 ⁇ l of HTLV-III antigen simultaneously bound as previously described. Packed type 0 red blood cells (1ml) were mixed with human serum (1ml) from either an anti- HTLV-III positive (P) or negative (N) donor. Table 3 indicates the results:
  • Biotin was covalently bound to anti-RBC antibody as previously described.
  • the molar ratios of antibody and NHS Biotin were 1:1, 1:10 and 1:100.
  • the 1:100 ratio probably caused significant change in the antibody structure.
  • a 5 ⁇ l sample was placed 10mm from the end of CDI activated paper strips (3mm x 40mm) and prepared as previously described.
  • a mixture of blood type A and avidin to final concentration of 1mg/ml was prepared. The results are indicated below:
  • Antibody Biotin 1:1 1:10 1:100
  • the presence of the avidin analyte promotes movement, except at high biotin concentrations where the antibody is compromised.
  • the presence of anti-A or anti-B antibody in blood serum is a measure of the likelihood of strong reaction against added blood of that type.
  • Anti-A antibody is detected by the salivary glycoprotein containing the A-antigen and anti-B antibody in the blood serum is detec ted by utili zing sal ivary glycoprote in B.
  • the ABO blood type of an individual may be determined by detecting the presence of anti-A antibody in a type-B person; anti-B in type-A, and both anti-A and anti-B in type-O.
  • This serum antibody may be detected using salivary glycoprotein as antigens since they contain the same antigenic specificity as antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
  • Salivary glycoprotein was prepared as previously described, with a hemagglutination inhibition titer of 1/128.
  • Anti-RBC antibody (1ml) plus 1ml glycoprotein A were mixed.
  • 50 ⁇ l of the mixture was used to saturate a CDI activated paper strip (3 x 40mm).
  • 5 ⁇ l of the mixture was placed 10mm from the bottom. The strips were placed into the blood sample for 5min at room temperature; The results with 50 ⁇ l saturated stripp is:
  • the type-B blood contained anti-A antibody which bound to the type-A glycoprotein and allowed the RBC to move further into the affinity chromatograph.
  • Biotinylated Anti-RBC Antibody Determination of Avidin In the next study Schleicher and Schuell #AE100 12 ⁇ m pore size nitrocellulose was taped onto a plastic backing with double sided tape (3M #666) and cut into 3mm x 40mm strips.
  • the assays are performed as follows: Into a 1.5ml microcentrifuge tube is added 20 ⁇ l of a blood sample and the strip is immersed in the blood sample. The strips are incubated at room temperature for 10 min removed from the tube and air-dried.
  • capillaries The use of capillaries was exemplified by filling Drummond Microcaps, 0.1 ⁇ l, 89.2 ⁇ m i.d. with 12mg/ml human monoclonal antibody against blood group substance A. After expelling the liquid, the capillaries were air-dried. The capillaries were dipped in either type A or B blood for 5sec and the distance tra versed by the RBC's was measured. For type A blood in duplicate determinations, the distances were 7 and 5mm, while for type B blood, the distances were 15 and 16mm. It is evident from the above results, that the subject method provides a rapid, accurate and convenient method for detecting a wide variety of analytes, particularly employing non-technical personel.
  • the invention finds particular application employing red blood cells, as an advantage in being able to use the red blood cells, as the indicator of the result.
  • red blood cells act to accurately define the amount of analyte in the sample, rather than requiring that the red blood cells be removed as in other assays where they obscure the desired result.
  • the subject invention is highly flexible in allowing for a wide variety of protocols depending on the nature of the analyte, the quantitation desired, or the like.

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Abstract

Des procédés et des dispositifs nouveaux utilisent l'action capillaire comme force motrice du déplacement d'un milieu aqueux d'essai, un premier et un deuxième éléments spécifiques d'une paire de liaisons étant fixés à la surface. La formation d'un composé avec le premier élément spécifique de la paire de liaisons inhibe la formation d'un composé avec le deuxième élément de la paire de liaison. La distance parcourue par l'élément spécifique homologue de la paire de liaisons indique la présence d'un analyte. Le deuxième élément homologue de la paire de liaisons indique la présence d'un analyte. Le deuxième élément homologue de la paire de liaisons fournit un signal détectable. Afin de déterminer le type sanguin par liaison avec les globules rouges, on utilise des anticorps de l'antigène du type de globule rouge. La formation d'un front relativement bien défini dans une zone contenant l'anticorps de l'antigène du type de globule rouge indique le type de globule rouge.
PCT/US1987/002974 1986-11-13 1987-11-09 Procede de diagnostic de compatibilite sanguine WO1988003650A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (2)

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DK388088A DK388088D0 (da) 1986-11-13 1988-07-12 Fremgangsmaade til paavisning af en analyt i en vandig proeve
KR1019880700831A KR890700229A (ko) 1986-11-13 1988-07-13 혈액친화 진단방법

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US93064186A 1986-11-13 1986-11-13
US930,641 1986-11-13

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WO1988003650A1 true WO1988003650A1 (fr) 1988-05-19

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4943522A (en) * 1987-06-01 1990-07-24 Quidel Lateral flow, non-bibulous membrane assay protocols
EP0308242A3 (en) * 1987-09-17 1990-10-10 Agen Limited Agglutination assay
EP0427534A1 (fr) * 1989-11-08 1991-05-15 Chemtrak, Inc. Amélioration dans un essai diagnostique non-instrumental d'une détermination à distance
US5086002A (en) * 1987-09-07 1992-02-04 Agen Biomedical, Ltd. Erythrocyte agglutination assay
EP0480497A1 (fr) * 1990-10-08 1992-04-15 Akzo Nobel N.V. Appareil pour l'exécution d'un dosage à la main unique et rapide
WO2005005986A1 (fr) * 2003-07-09 2005-01-20 Medion Diagnostics Gmbh Dispositif et procede pour realiser simultanement une determination de groupe sanguin, une contre-epreuve serique et un test de detection des anticorps
US8053226B2 (en) 2003-07-09 2011-11-08 Medion Diagnostics Ag Device and method for simultaneously identifying blood group antigens
CN104730258A (zh) * 2015-03-12 2015-06-24 罗阳 一种便携式血型系统检测试纸及其检测方法

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5583003A (en) * 1989-09-25 1996-12-10 Agen Limited Agglutination assay
DE102014007851B3 (de) * 2014-05-26 2015-11-12 Medion Grifols Diagnostics Ag Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Blutgruppenantigenen mit einem inkompletten Antikörper

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0046004A1 (fr) * 1980-08-07 1982-02-17 Syva Company Méthode de concentration à zone dans les immuno-essais hétérogènes
US4517288A (en) * 1981-01-23 1985-05-14 American Hospital Supply Corp. Solid phase system for ligand assay
US4594327A (en) * 1983-11-02 1986-06-10 Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. Assay method for whole blood samples
WO1986003839A1 (fr) * 1984-12-20 1986-07-03 Cerny Erich H Analyse de diffusion dans une phase solide

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0046004A1 (fr) * 1980-08-07 1982-02-17 Syva Company Méthode de concentration à zone dans les immuno-essais hétérogènes
US4517288A (en) * 1981-01-23 1985-05-14 American Hospital Supply Corp. Solid phase system for ligand assay
US4594327A (en) * 1983-11-02 1986-06-10 Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. Assay method for whole blood samples
WO1986003839A1 (fr) * 1984-12-20 1986-07-03 Cerny Erich H Analyse de diffusion dans une phase solide

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4943522A (en) * 1987-06-01 1990-07-24 Quidel Lateral flow, non-bibulous membrane assay protocols
US5086002A (en) * 1987-09-07 1992-02-04 Agen Biomedical, Ltd. Erythrocyte agglutination assay
US5413913A (en) * 1987-09-07 1995-05-09 Agen Biomedical, Ltd. Erythrocyte agglutination assay
EP0308242A3 (en) * 1987-09-17 1990-10-10 Agen Limited Agglutination assay
EP0427534A1 (fr) * 1989-11-08 1991-05-15 Chemtrak, Inc. Amélioration dans un essai diagnostique non-instrumental d'une détermination à distance
EP0480497A1 (fr) * 1990-10-08 1992-04-15 Akzo Nobel N.V. Appareil pour l'exécution d'un dosage à la main unique et rapide
WO2005005986A1 (fr) * 2003-07-09 2005-01-20 Medion Diagnostics Gmbh Dispositif et procede pour realiser simultanement une determination de groupe sanguin, une contre-epreuve serique et un test de detection des anticorps
US7745228B2 (en) 2003-07-09 2010-06-29 Medion Diagnostics Ag Device for simultaneously carrying out blood group determination, serum cross-check and antibody detection test
US8053226B2 (en) 2003-07-09 2011-11-08 Medion Diagnostics Ag Device and method for simultaneously identifying blood group antigens
CN104730258A (zh) * 2015-03-12 2015-06-24 罗阳 一种便携式血型系统检测试纸及其检测方法

Also Published As

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KR890700229A (ko) 1989-03-10
JPH01501819A (ja) 1989-06-22
EP0287655A1 (fr) 1988-10-26
AU8328287A (en) 1988-06-01

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