+

US9957373B2 - Process for crosslinking an ethylene-based polymer - Google Patents

Process for crosslinking an ethylene-based polymer Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US9957373B2
US9957373B2 US14/917,086 US201414917086A US9957373B2 US 9957373 B2 US9957373 B2 US 9957373B2 US 201414917086 A US201414917086 A US 201414917086A US 9957373 B2 US9957373 B2 US 9957373B2
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
crosslinking
peroxide
ethylene
organic peroxide
copolymer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
US14/917,086
Other versions
US20160215118A1 (en
Inventor
Tadanaga Itou
Koichi Tateishi
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nouryon Chemicals International BV
Original Assignee
Akzo Nobel Chemicals International BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=49123769&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US9957373(B2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Akzo Nobel Chemicals International BV filed Critical Akzo Nobel Chemicals International BV
Assigned to AKZO NOBEL CHEMICALS INTERNATIONAL B.V. reassignment AKZO NOBEL CHEMICALS INTERNATIONAL B.V. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TATEISHI, KOICHI, ITOU, TADANAGA
Publication of US20160215118A1 publication Critical patent/US20160215118A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US9957373B2 publication Critical patent/US9957373B2/en
Assigned to WILMINGTON TRUST (LONDON) LIMITED, AS COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment WILMINGTON TRUST (LONDON) LIMITED, AS COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AKZO NOBEL CHEMICALS B.V., AKZO NOBEL CHEMICALS INTERNATIONAL B.V., AKZO NOBEL SURFACE CHEMISTRY LLC, STARFRUIT US MERGER SUB 1 LLC, STARFRUIT US MERGER SUB 2 LLC
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/24—Crosslinking, e.g. vulcanising, of macromolecules
    • C08J3/248—Measuring crosslinking reactions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
    • C08K5/14—Peroxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
    • C08L23/08—Copolymers of ethene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
    • C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
    • C08J2323/08—Copolymers of ethene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2331/00—Characterised by the use of copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, or carbonic acid, or of a haloformic acid
    • C08J2331/02—Characterised by the use of omopolymers or copolymers of esters of monocarboxylic acids
    • C08J2331/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl acetate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/24—Crosslinking, e.g. vulcanising, of macromolecules

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for crosslinking a copolymer of ethylene and at least one other monomer.
  • EVA resin has a favorable level of transparency, flexibility, rubber elasticity, low-temperature properties, and adhesive properties, and is used in a variety of applications such as solar cell module sealing materials, laminated glass interlayer films, agricultural films, and stretch films. Particularly these days, there is a sharply increasing demand for EVA resin to form sealing materials for solar cell modules which attract attention as clean energy sources.
  • Organic peroxides are widely used as agents for crosslinking (also called: curing) a variety of rubbers and plastics.
  • crosslinking also called: curing
  • EVA resin sealing materials In order for EVA resin sealing materials to have higher heat resistance, durability, or other physical properties, EVA resin is conventionally crosslinked using an organic peroxide as a crosslinking agent. In this process, the organic peroxide is decomposed by heat to form chemical species with which EVA resin is crosslinked.
  • a solar cell module usually includes solar cells that are sealed with sheet-shaped EVA sealing materials between a front-side transparent protective sheet (such as a glass sheet) and a back-side protective sheet (such as fluororesin or polyethylene terephthalate resin).
  • a front-side transparent protective sheet such as a glass sheet
  • a back-side protective sheet such as fluororesin or polyethylene terephthalate resin.
  • Such a solar cell module is produced by a process including stacking a glass sheet, an EVA sealing sheet, cells, an EVA sealing sheet, and a back-side protective sheet and heat-pressing them to crosslink EVA resin for bonding and sealing.
  • Crosslinking agents generally used for crosslinking EVA resins include bifunctional organic peroxides having two peroxide bonds (—O—O—) per molecule, such as 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane, which is a dialkyl peroxide; and organic peroxides having an even lower decomposition temperature, such as organic peroxides having a peroxyketal structure or a peroxycarbonate structure.
  • WO 2012/114761 also published as EP 2 680 318 A1 discloses a solar cell sealing film comprising EVA and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane as crosslinking agent.
  • 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane has a one-minute half-life temperature around 180° C. This means that, as the amount of it added to resin increases, the amount of its unreacted residue increases, so that a longer time is required to decompose a predetermined amount of it, which makes it difficult to reduce the time required for crosslinking.
  • a monofunctional dialkyl peroxide (thus: having one peroxide bond (—O—O—) per molecule) has a low one-minute half-life temperature when the two alkyl groups each have 6 or more carbon atoms, and the time required for crosslinking can be reduced using such an organic peroxide.
  • R1 is either a methyl or an ethyl group and wherein
  • R1 is a methyl group
  • R2 is an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms
  • R1 is an ethyl group
  • R2 is an alkyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • the preferred ethylene copolymer to be crosslinked according to this process is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA).
  • EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
  • a copolymer of ethylene and another monomer can be crosslinked in a short period of time, and a crosslinked resin product having less voids and a good performance and appearance can be obtained.
  • Crosslinking of ethylene copolymers differs from crosslinking of ethylene homopolymers in that the crosslinking of ethylene copolymers is performed at lower temperatures than crosslinking of ethylene homopolymers.
  • ethylene homopolymer crosslinking requires the use of high temperature stable peroxides, which generally underperform at the lower temperatures required for ethylene copolymer crosslinking.
  • organic peroxide according to Formula (1) may be used in combination with organic peroxides having another structure, such as dialkyl peroxides with a structure different from Formula (1), peroxycarbonates, alkyl peresters, peroxyketals, diacyl peroxides, ketone peroxides, and hydroperoxides.
  • dialkyl peroxides with a structure different from Formula (1) peroxycarbonates, alkyl peresters, peroxyketals, diacyl peroxides, ketone peroxides, and hydroperoxides.
  • any suitable crosslinking method may be used.
  • a suitable method is crosslinking by heat pressing with a laminator.
  • the crosslinking temperature is preferably in the range from 80 to 300° C., more preferably from 120 to 180° C., and most preferably from 120 to 160° C.
  • the amount of organic peroxide that can be added depends on the desired physical properties of the intended crosslinked copolymer.
  • the organic peroxide of Formula (1) is preferably added in an amount of 0.05 parts by weight or more, more preferably 0.1 parts by weight or more, and preferably in an amount of 5.0 parts by weight or less, more preferably 2.0 parts by weight or less, based on 100 parts by weight of ethylene copolymer and calculated as pure peroxide. If the organic peroxide is added in a too small amount, the crosslinked product can fail to have the desired physical properties. If the added amount is too large, the organic peroxide or its decomposition product can remain as a residue in the crosslinked product to cause swelling of the crosslinked product or the formation of voids.
  • the organic peroxide may be added to the copolymer in pure form or as a diluted composition.
  • the peroxide may be diluted with one or more solid or liquid diluents.
  • an additive other than the organic peroxide may be present.
  • additives are crosslinking aids (such as triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), co-agents (such as divinyl benzene, bismaleimides, and biscitraconimides), anti-scorching agents, vulcanization accelerators, absorbents, anti-oxidants, ultraviolet stabilizers, anti-static agents, coupling agents, surfactants, plasticizers, and process oils.
  • crosslinking aids such as triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
  • co-agents such as divinyl benzene, bismaleimides, and biscitraconimides
  • anti-scorching agents such as divinyl benzene, bismaleimides, and biscitracon
  • the organic peroxide and the optional additive may be uniformly mixed with the copolymer by conventional methods, using a mixer, a kneader, a roller, or the like.
  • the resulting mixture containing the organic peroxide and the copolymer may be crosslinked by a conventional method such as crosslinking by heat pressing.
  • the organic peroxide used was tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxide (abbreviation: BOP).
  • BOP tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxide
  • 1.1 parts by weight of BOP were added to 100 parts by weight of EVA resin (vinyl acetate content: 32 parts by weight), and uniformly dispersed using two rolls at 65° C.
  • the crosslink characteristics of the resulting EVA resin compound were measured at 160° C. using a curelastometer (JSR Model III).
  • T10 represents the time until the torque reaches 10% of the maximum torque
  • T90 represents the time until the torque reaches 90% of the maximum torque.
  • T90-T10 is used as a measure of crosslinking rate.
  • Table 1 shows the results of the test.
  • EVA resin (vinyl acetate content: 32 parts by weight) was added to 100 parts by weight of EVA resin (vinyl acetate content: 32 parts by weight) and uniformly dispersed using two rolls at 60° C.
  • the resulting EVA resin compound was placed in a press machine at 90° C. and allowed to stand for 3 minutes. The compound was held under a pressure of 5 kg/cm 2 , 10 kg/cm 2 , 20 kg/cm 2 , 30 kg/cm 2 , 40 kg/cm 2 , or 50 kg/cm 2 for 2 minutes to form a sheet (9.5 cm long ⁇ 7.5 cm wide).
  • Each sheet was crosslinked under the conditions of 150° C., 40 minutes, and a load of 21 g/cm 2 .
  • the amount of voids formed in the sheet was visually determined.
  • Discoloration of the EVA resin, which is particularly important for solar battery applications, was also visually evaluated. Table 1 shows the results of the test.
  • Gel fraction can be used as a measure of crosslinking. A higher gel fraction indicates better crosslink characteristics.
  • the gel fraction was determined by refluxing 0.5 g of the crosslinked EVA resin in xylene for 16 hours. The insoluble fraction was collected by filtration, dried, and then weighed. The gel fraction is the weight of the dried residue divided by the initial weight of the resin. Table 1 shows the results of the test.
  • Example 1 was repeated, except that 1.2 parts by weight of 1,1-dimethylpropyl 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxide (abbreviation: POP) were used instead of the organic peroxide (BOP) used in Example 1 and that the occurrence of voids was not observed.
  • POP 1,1-dimethylpropyl 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxide
  • BOP organic peroxide
  • Example 1 was repeated, except that 0.8 parts by weight of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane (abbreviation: DMDTB) was used instead of the organic peroxide (BOP) used in Example 1.
  • DMDTB 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane
  • BOP organic peroxide
  • Example 1 was repeated, except that 1.4 parts by weight of di(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) peroxide (abbreviation: DOP) was used instead of the organic peroxide (BOP) used in Example 1 and that the crosslinking time was set at 30 minutes in the examination of the occurrence of voids. Table 1 shows the results of the test.
  • DOP di(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) peroxide
  • BOP organic peroxide
  • Example 1 Example 2 Components (parts by weight)* EVA resin 100 100 100 100 BOP 1.1 — — — POP — 1.2 — — DMDTB — — 0.8 — DOP — — — 1.4 Crosslink characteristics Crosslinking 160 160 160 temperature [° C.] T10 [seconds] 69 48 105 42 T90 [seconds] 945 421 2006 246 T90 ⁇ T10 876 373 1901 204 [seconds] Crosslinking rate ⁇ ⁇ x ⁇ Gel fraction [%] 93 86 94 77 Degree of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ x crosslinking Number of voids 41 — 43 127 [/10 cm2] Voids ⁇ — ⁇ x Discoloration ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ *The crosslinking agent was added in such an amount that the same number of peroxide bonds (—O—O—) were provided.
  • T90 ⁇ T10 is 400 seconds or less (considerably high rate). ⁇ : T90 ⁇ T10 is more than 400 seconds to 1,000 seconds (high rate). ⁇ : T90 ⁇ T10 is more than 1,000 seconds to 1,600 seconds (slightly low rate). x: T90 ⁇ T10 is more than 1,600 seconds (low rate).
  • the gel fraction is 90% or more (considerably high degree).
  • ⁇ The gel fraction is 85% or more (high degree).
  • ⁇ The gel fraction is 80% or more (slightly low degree).
  • x The gel fraction is 80% or less (low degree).
  • Discoloration ⁇ Discoloration is not observed at all.
  • ⁇ Discoloration is slightly observed.
  • ⁇ Discoloration is clearly observed.
  • x Considerably significant discoloration is observed.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)

Abstract

A method for crosslinking a copolymer of ethylene and at least one other monomer using an organic peroxide represented by Formula (1): wherein R1 is either a methyl or an ethyl group and wherein (i) R1 is a methyl group, R2 is an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms optionally substituted with groups containing O, Si, P, S, SO— or SO2 functionalities; (ii) if R1 is an ethyl group, R2 is an alkyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms optionally substituted with groups containing O, Si, P, S, SO— or SO2 functionalities.
Figure US09957373-20180501-C00001

Description

This application is a national stage filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT/EP2014/069023, filed Sep. 8, 2014, which claims priority to European Patent Application No. 13183928.4, filed Sep. 11, 2013, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference to the extent not inconsistent with the present disclosure.
The invention relates to a method for crosslinking a copolymer of ethylene and at least one other monomer.
An example of such a copolymer is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (hereinafter abbreviated as EVA). EVA resin has a favorable level of transparency, flexibility, rubber elasticity, low-temperature properties, and adhesive properties, and is used in a variety of applications such as solar cell module sealing materials, laminated glass interlayer films, agricultural films, and stretch films. Particularly these days, there is a sharply increasing demand for EVA resin to form sealing materials for solar cell modules which attract attention as clean energy sources.
Organic peroxides are widely used as agents for crosslinking (also called: curing) a variety of rubbers and plastics. In order for EVA resin sealing materials to have higher heat resistance, durability, or other physical properties, EVA resin is conventionally crosslinked using an organic peroxide as a crosslinking agent. In this process, the organic peroxide is decomposed by heat to form chemical species with which EVA resin is crosslinked.
A solar cell module usually includes solar cells that are sealed with sheet-shaped EVA sealing materials between a front-side transparent protective sheet (such as a glass sheet) and a back-side protective sheet (such as fluororesin or polyethylene terephthalate resin). Such a solar cell module is produced by a process including stacking a glass sheet, an EVA sealing sheet, cells, an EVA sealing sheet, and a back-side protective sheet and heat-pressing them to crosslink EVA resin for bonding and sealing.
Currently, there is a sharply increasing worldwide demand for solar cell modules. As a result, module manufacturers want to increase the speed of the solar cell module-manufacturing cycle process. However, the process of heat sealing with EVA resin sheets takes a relatively long time, which is a barrier to increasing the speed of the cycle process and raises a big problem with productivity.
Various techniques have been proposed for reducing the time required to perform the process of heat sealing with EVA resin sheets in the manufacture of a solar cell module. One such technique uses an organic peroxide with a low half-life temperature as a crosslinking agent so that it can be easily decomposed to enable EVA resin to be crosslinked in a shorter period of time.
Crosslinking agents generally used for crosslinking EVA resins include bifunctional organic peroxides having two peroxide bonds (—O—O—) per molecule, such as 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane, which is a dialkyl peroxide; and organic peroxides having an even lower decomposition temperature, such as organic peroxides having a peroxyketal structure or a peroxycarbonate structure. WO 2012/114761 (also published as EP 2 680 318 A1), for instance, discloses a solar cell sealing film comprising EVA and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane as crosslinking agent.
Unfortunately, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane has a one-minute half-life temperature around 180° C. This means that, as the amount of it added to resin increases, the amount of its unreacted residue increases, so that a longer time is required to decompose a predetermined amount of it, which makes it difficult to reduce the time required for crosslinking. A monofunctional dialkyl peroxide (thus: having one peroxide bond (—O—O—) per molecule) has a low one-minute half-life temperature when the two alkyl groups each have 6 or more carbon atoms, and the time required for crosslinking can be reduced using such an organic peroxide.
However, such an organic peroxide has a problem in that it cannot provide a high degree of crosslinking (a high gel fraction). In addition, peroxides with a peroxyketal structure or a peroxycarbonate structure have a potential problem in that their decomposition leads to a large amount of gas, which can form a large number of voids in a crosslinked EVA product, thereby degrading the appearance and the performance. Thus, there is a problem in that an increase in crosslinking rate and production of a crosslinked resin product having less voids cannot be achieved by selecting conventional organic peroxides as crosslinking agents, nor by using a combination of different conventional organic peroxides.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method for crosslinking a copolymer of ethylene and any other monomer at a higher crosslinking rate. Another object is to produce a crosslinked resin product containing less voids.
These objects are achieved by the use of an organic peroxide with a structure according to Formula (1) below.
The present invention therefore relates to a method for crosslinking a copolymer of ethylene and at least one other monomer using an organic peroxide represented by Formula (1):
Figure US09957373-20180501-C00002
wherein R1 is either a methyl or an ethyl group and wherein
    • if R1 is a methyl group, R2 is an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms optionally substituted with groups containing O, Si, P, S, SO— or SO2 functionalities;
    • if R1 is an ethyl group, R2 is an alkyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms optionally substituted with groups containing O, Si, P, S, SO— or SO2 functionalities.
In a preferred embodiment, if R1 is a methyl group, R2 is an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and if R1 is an ethyl group, R2 is an alkyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
The preferred ethylene copolymer to be crosslinked according to this process is ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA).
When the organic peroxide according to the invention is used as a crosslinking agent, a copolymer of ethylene and another monomer can be crosslinked in a short period of time, and a crosslinked resin product having less voids and a good performance and appearance can be obtained.
Crosslinking of ethylene copolymers, such as EVA, differs from crosslinking of ethylene homopolymers in that the crosslinking of ethylene copolymers is performed at lower temperatures than crosslinking of ethylene homopolymers. As a consequence, ethylene homopolymer crosslinking requires the use of high temperature stable peroxides, which generally underperform at the lower temperatures required for ethylene copolymer crosslinking.
Examples of organic peroxides according to Formula (1) include tert-butyl-1,1-dimethylpropyl peroxide, tert-butyl-1,1-dimethylbutyl peroxide, tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxide, 1,1-dimethylpropyl-1,1-dimethylbutyl peroxide, 1,1-dimethylpropyl tert-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxide, and combinations thereof.
The organic peroxide according to Formula (1) may be used in combination with organic peroxides having another structure, such as dialkyl peroxides with a structure different from Formula (1), peroxycarbonates, alkyl peresters, peroxyketals, diacyl peroxides, ketone peroxides, and hydroperoxides.
In the invention, any suitable crosslinking method may be used. A suitable method is crosslinking by heat pressing with a laminator.
The crosslinking temperature is preferably in the range from 80 to 300° C., more preferably from 120 to 180° C., and most preferably from 120 to 160° C.
The amount of organic peroxide that can be added depends on the desired physical properties of the intended crosslinked copolymer. The organic peroxide of Formula (1) is preferably added in an amount of 0.05 parts by weight or more, more preferably 0.1 parts by weight or more, and preferably in an amount of 5.0 parts by weight or less, more preferably 2.0 parts by weight or less, based on 100 parts by weight of ethylene copolymer and calculated as pure peroxide. If the organic peroxide is added in a too small amount, the crosslinked product can fail to have the desired physical properties. If the added amount is too large, the organic peroxide or its decomposition product can remain as a residue in the crosslinked product to cause swelling of the crosslinked product or the formation of voids.
The organic peroxide may be added to the copolymer in pure form or as a diluted composition. The peroxide may be diluted with one or more solid or liquid diluents.
In the crosslinking method according to the invention, if necessary, an additive other than the organic peroxide may be present. Examples of such additives are crosslinking aids (such as triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, or ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), co-agents (such as divinyl benzene, bismaleimides, and biscitraconimides), anti-scorching agents, vulcanization accelerators, absorbents, anti-oxidants, ultraviolet stabilizers, anti-static agents, coupling agents, surfactants, plasticizers, and process oils. These additives may be added to the copolymer together with or separately from the organic peroxide.
The organic peroxide and the optional additive may be uniformly mixed with the copolymer by conventional methods, using a mixer, a kneader, a roller, or the like.
The resulting mixture containing the organic peroxide and the copolymer may be crosslinked by a conventional method such as crosslinking by heat pressing.
EXAMPLE 1
The organic peroxide used was tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxide (abbreviation: BOP). In each case, 1.1 parts by weight of BOP were added to 100 parts by weight of EVA resin (vinyl acetate content: 32 parts by weight), and uniformly dispersed using two rolls at 65° C. The crosslink characteristics of the resulting EVA resin compound were measured at 160° C. using a curelastometer (JSR Model III). T10 represents the time until the torque reaches 10% of the maximum torque, and T90 represents the time until the torque reaches 90% of the maximum torque. T90-T10 is used as a measure of crosslinking rate. The crosslink characteristics in the process of sealing a solar battery can be estimated from these values. Table 1 shows the results of the test.
Examination of the Occurrence of Voids
BOP (1.1 parts by weight) was added to 100 parts by weight of EVA resin (vinyl acetate content: 32 parts by weight) and uniformly dispersed using two rolls at 60° C. The resulting EVA resin compound was placed in a press machine at 90° C. and allowed to stand for 3 minutes. The compound was held under a pressure of 5 kg/cm2, 10 kg/cm2, 20 kg/cm2, 30 kg/cm2, 40 kg/cm2, or 50 kg/cm2 for 2 minutes to form a sheet (9.5 cm long×7.5 cm wide).
Each sheet was crosslinked under the conditions of 150° C., 40 minutes, and a load of 21 g/cm2. The amount of voids formed in the sheet was visually determined. Discoloration of the EVA resin, which is particularly important for solar battery applications, was also visually evaluated. Table 1 shows the results of the test.
Measurement of Gel Fraction
Gel fraction can be used as a measure of crosslinking. A higher gel fraction indicates better crosslink characteristics. The gel fraction was determined by refluxing 0.5 g of the crosslinked EVA resin in xylene for 16 hours. The insoluble fraction was collected by filtration, dried, and then weighed. The gel fraction is the weight of the dried residue divided by the initial weight of the resin. Table 1 shows the results of the test.
EXAMPLE 2
Example 1 was repeated, except that 1.2 parts by weight of 1,1-dimethylpropyl 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxide (abbreviation: POP) were used instead of the organic peroxide (BOP) used in Example 1 and that the occurrence of voids was not observed. Table 1 shows the results of the test.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1
Example 1 was repeated, except that 0.8 parts by weight of 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane (abbreviation: DMDTB) was used instead of the organic peroxide (BOP) used in Example 1. Table 1 shows the results of the test.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2
Example 1 was repeated, except that 1.4 parts by weight of di(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) peroxide (abbreviation: DOP) was used instead of the organic peroxide (BOP) used in Example 1 and that the crosslinking time was set at 30 minutes in the examination of the occurrence of voids. Table 1 shows the results of the test.
TABLE 1
Comparative Comparative
Example 1 Example 2 Example 1 Example 2
Components (parts by weight)*
EVA resin 100 100 100 100
BOP   1.1 — — —
POP —   1.2 — —
DMDTB — —   0.8 —
DOP — — —   1.4
Crosslink characteristics
Crosslinking 160 160 160 160
temperature [° C.]
T10 [seconds]  69  48 105  42
T90 [seconds] 945 421 2006  246
T90 − T10 876 373 1901  204
[seconds]
Crosslinking rate ∘ ⋄ x ⋄
Gel fraction [%]  93  86  94  77
Degree of ⋄ ∘ ⋄ x
crosslinking
Number of voids  41 —  43 127
[/10 cm2]
Voids ⋄ — ⋄ x
Discoloration ⋄ ⋄ ⋄ ⋄
*The crosslinking agent was added in such an amount that the same number of peroxide bonds (—O—O—) were provided.
Crosslinking rate
⋄: T90 − T10 is 400 seconds or less (considerably high rate).
∘: T90 − T10 is more than 400 seconds to 1,000 seconds (high rate).
Δ: T90 − T10 is more than 1,000 seconds to 1,600 seconds (slightly low rate).
x: T90 − T10 is more than 1,600 seconds (low rate).
Voids
⋄: The number [/10 cm2] of voids is 60 or less (considerably small number).
∘: The number [/10 cm2] of voids is more than 60 to 80 (small number).
Δ: The number [/10 cm2] of voids is more than 80 to 100 (slightly large number).
x: The number [/10 cm2] of voids is more than 100 (large number).
Degree of crosslinking
⋄: The gel fraction is 90% or more (considerably high degree).
∘: The gel fraction is 85% or more (high degree).
Δ: The gel fraction is 80% or more (slightly low degree).
x: The gel fraction is 80% or less (low degree).
Discoloration
⋄: Discoloration is not observed at all.
∘: Discoloration is slightly observed.
Δ: Discoloration is clearly observed.
x: Considerably significant discoloration is observed.
The results show that when an organic peroxide having the structure according to the invention is used as a crosslinking agent, it takes only a very short period of time to crosslink EVA resin, and a crosslinked product having less voids and a good appearance can be obtained.

Claims (3)

The invention claimed is:
1. A method for crosslinking a copolymer of ethylene and at least one other monomer, the method comprising heating the copolymer at 80-300° C. in the presence of an organic peroxide, wherein the organic peroxide is tert-butyl-1,1-dimethylbutyl peroxide, tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxide, 1,1-dimethylpropyl tert-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxide, and combinations thereof.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the copolymer of ethylene and at least one other monomer is an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.
3. The method according to claim 1 wherein the organic peroxide is tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxide or 1,1-dimethylpropyl tert-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl peroxide.
US14/917,086 2013-09-11 2014-09-08 Process for crosslinking an ethylene-based polymer Expired - Fee Related US9957373B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP13183928 2013-09-11
EP13183928.4 2013-09-11
EP13183928 2013-09-11
PCT/EP2014/069023 WO2015036341A1 (en) 2013-09-11 2014-09-08 Process for crosslinking an ethylene-based polymer

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20160215118A1 US20160215118A1 (en) 2016-07-28
US9957373B2 true US9957373B2 (en) 2018-05-01

Family

ID=49123769

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/917,086 Expired - Fee Related US9957373B2 (en) 2013-09-11 2014-09-08 Process for crosslinking an ethylene-based polymer

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US9957373B2 (en)
EP (1) EP3044259B1 (en)
JP (1) JP6232139B2 (en)
CN (1) CN105518071B (en)
CA (1) CA2920663A1 (en)
RU (1) RU2016112329A (en)
WO (1) WO2015036341A1 (en)

Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2200429A (en) * 1937-04-22 1940-05-14 Ici Ltd Interpolymerization of ethylene
GB899796A (en) * 1959-07-09 1962-06-27 Vanderbilt Co R T Age-resistant cross-linked ethylene polymers
US3236872A (en) 1962-01-12 1966-02-22 Laporte Chemical Hexylene glycol perester and peroxide compounds
US3846396A (en) 1968-06-17 1974-11-05 Pennwalt Corp Coupled peroxides
US3928525A (en) * 1970-12-29 1975-12-23 Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co Method for forming and vulcanizing vulcanizable materials
US5660645A (en) * 1994-04-28 1997-08-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Solar cell module
WO2000008072A1 (en) 1998-08-06 2000-02-17 Akzo Nobel N.V. Dialkyl peroxide compound and process using such for initiating a chemical reaction
US20030225229A1 (en) * 1998-08-06 2003-12-04 Van Swieten Andreas Petrus Dialkyl peroxide compound and process using such for initiating a chemical reaction
US20100229945A1 (en) * 2006-06-21 2010-09-16 Masayoshi Suzuta Sheet for sealing rear surface of solar cell
WO2012114861A1 (en) 2011-02-22 2012-08-30 株式会社ブリヂストン Solar cell sealing film and solar cell utilizing same
US20120301991A1 (en) 2009-12-03 2012-11-29 Arkema France Composition suitable for use as a cross-linking masterbatch including a functional polyolefin

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5866712A (en) * 1996-12-30 1999-02-02 Elf Atochem North America, Inc. Oxalic acid peroxide compositions and uses

Patent Citations (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2200429A (en) * 1937-04-22 1940-05-14 Ici Ltd Interpolymerization of ethylene
GB899796A (en) * 1959-07-09 1962-06-27 Vanderbilt Co R T Age-resistant cross-linked ethylene polymers
US3236872A (en) 1962-01-12 1966-02-22 Laporte Chemical Hexylene glycol perester and peroxide compounds
US3846396A (en) 1968-06-17 1974-11-05 Pennwalt Corp Coupled peroxides
US3928525A (en) * 1970-12-29 1975-12-23 Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co Method for forming and vulcanizing vulcanizable materials
US5660645A (en) * 1994-04-28 1997-08-26 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Solar cell module
WO2000008072A1 (en) 1998-08-06 2000-02-17 Akzo Nobel N.V. Dialkyl peroxide compound and process using such for initiating a chemical reaction
US20030225229A1 (en) * 1998-08-06 2003-12-04 Van Swieten Andreas Petrus Dialkyl peroxide compound and process using such for initiating a chemical reaction
US20100229945A1 (en) * 2006-06-21 2010-09-16 Masayoshi Suzuta Sheet for sealing rear surface of solar cell
US20120301991A1 (en) 2009-12-03 2012-11-29 Arkema France Composition suitable for use as a cross-linking masterbatch including a functional polyolefin
WO2012114861A1 (en) 2011-02-22 2012-08-30 株式会社ブリヂストン Solar cell sealing film and solar cell utilizing same
EP2680318A1 (en) 2011-02-22 2014-01-01 Bridgestone Corporation Solar cell sealing film and solar cell utilizing same

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Database WP1, Week 201258, Thomson Scientific, London, GV; AN 2012-L37241, EP002731969 & WO 2012/114861 A1 (Bridgestone Corp), Aug. 30, 2012, abstract—& EP 2680318 A1 (Bridgestone Corp [JP]), Jan. 1, 2014, examples.
European Search Report fror EP 13183928.4, dated Jan. 28, 2014.
International Search Report and Written Opinion for PCT/EP2014/069023, dated Nov. 14, 2014.

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
RU2016112329A3 (en) 2018-05-14
CN105518071B (en) 2018-04-17
WO2015036341A1 (en) 2015-03-19
EP3044259A1 (en) 2016-07-20
CA2920663A1 (en) 2015-03-19
JP2016531190A (en) 2016-10-06
JP6232139B2 (en) 2017-11-15
RU2016112329A (en) 2017-10-16
US20160215118A1 (en) 2016-07-28
CN105518071A (en) 2016-04-20
EP3044259B1 (en) 2018-02-07

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP5222004B2 (en) Sealing film and solar cell using the same
JP5612097B2 (en) Method for producing sheet for solar cell encapsulant
EP3704186B1 (en) Polyolefin compositions for photovoltaic encapsulant films
TW201922898A (en) Polyolefin composition for photovoltaic encapsulating film
JP5369020B2 (en) Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer sheet, solar cell using the same, and laminated glass
KR20130143117A (en) Sealing film for solar cells and solar cell using same
US20230174827A1 (en) Adhesive film, composition for forming same and electronic device
CN109810639B (en) Photovoltaic packaging material POE (polyolefin elastomer) adhesive film resisting potential induced attenuation
TWI785037B (en) Non-polar ethylene-based polymer compositions for encapsulant films
US9957373B2 (en) Process for crosslinking an ethylene-based polymer
KR101603842B1 (en) Encapsulation sheet
CN110691833B (en) Non-polar vinyl composition with triallyl phosphate for encapsulation films
KR101647708B1 (en) Sealing sheet composition for solar cells
KR101624572B1 (en) Encapsulant sheet for solar cells and solar cell module comprising same
US20240124665A1 (en) Polyethylene copolymers and terpolymers for solar cell encapsulation and methods thereof
KR101161996B1 (en) Prepatation method for excellent photostable eva sheet for solar cell encapsulant
JP6036093B2 (en) Sealant for solar cell module
JP5888075B2 (en) Solar cell encapsulant composition
KR20120134704A (en) Preparation method for excellent weather stable eva sheet for solar cell encapsulant
KR20120045994A (en) Encapsulant for optoelectronic device

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: AKZO NOBEL CHEMICALS INTERNATIONAL B.V., NETHERLAN

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:ITOU, TADANAGA;TATEISHI, KOICHI;SIGNING DATES FROM 20160325 TO 20160328;REEL/FRAME:038820/0761

STCF Information on status: patent grant

Free format text: PATENTED CASE

AS Assignment

Owner name: WILMINGTON TRUST (LONDON) LIMITED, AS COLLATERAL AGENT, ENGLAND

Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:STARFRUIT US MERGER SUB 1 LLC;STARFRUIT US MERGER SUB 2 LLC;AKZO NOBEL SURFACE CHEMISTRY LLC;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:047231/0001

Effective date: 20181001

Owner name: WILMINGTON TRUST (LONDON) LIMITED, AS COLLATERAL A

Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:STARFRUIT US MERGER SUB 1 LLC;STARFRUIT US MERGER SUB 2 LLC;AKZO NOBEL SURFACE CHEMISTRY LLC;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:047231/0001

Effective date: 20181001

FEPP Fee payment procedure

Free format text: MAINTENANCE FEE REMINDER MAILED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: REM.); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY

LAPS Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees

Free format text: PATENT EXPIRED FOR FAILURE TO PAY MAINTENANCE FEES (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: EXP.); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY

STCH Information on status: patent discontinuation

Free format text: PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362

FP Lapsed due to failure to pay maintenance fee

Effective date: 20220501

点击 这是indexloc提供的php浏览器服务，不要输入任何密码和下载