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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/39—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
  • A61K39/08—Clostridium, e.g. Clostridium tetani
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
  • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
  • A61P39/02—Antidotes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
  • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
  • A61K2039/55588—Adjuvants of undefined constitution
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to vaccines that include an adjuvant, and to adjuvants alone.
• the invention relates to adjuvants derived or obtained at least in part from biological tissues, such as extracellular matrices, particularly small intestinal submucosa (SIS).
• SIS small intestinal submucosa
• the invention also relates to the field of methods for immunizing an animal against diseases associated with infectious pathogens, and infections by said pathogens, or toxins using a vaccine preparation that includes a tissue-derived adjuvant.
• the invention also relates to the field of methods for preparing adjuvants, as a method for preparing an adjuvant from small intestinal tissue for use as a part of a vaccine to immunize an animal against disease associated with an infectious agent, and in particular, against tetanus, as a vaccine for the treatment and/or prevention of tetanus, is provided.
• alum Aluminum hydroxide and aluminum phosphate (collectively referred to as alum) are routinely used as adjuvants in human and veterinary vaccines (1).
• the efficacy of alum in increasing antibody responses to diphtheria and tetanus toxins is well established (2) and Hepatitis B virus antigen vaccine has been adjuvinated with alum (3).
• the usefulness of alum is well established for some applications, it has limitations. For example, alum is a poor inducer of Th1 cellular immune responses and stimulates the production of antibodies, which is consistent with Th2 cellular immune response (4-6).
• Th2 based immune response is not likely to offer optimal protection against several important infectious diseases, including tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV).
• TB tuberculosis
• HCV human immunodeficiency virus
• HCV hepatitis C virus
• Alum is poorly effective for influenza vaccination and inconsistently elicits a cell mediated immune response.
• the antibodies elicited by alum-adjuvinated antigens are mainly of the IgG1 isotope in the mouse, which may be optimal for protection by some vaccinal agents.
• Tetanus is an important human and animal disease characterized by painful, uncontrolled muscle spasms, and death due to paralysis of the respiratory muscles. This disease is associated with infection by Clostridium tetani and prophylactic vaccination is common. Tetanus vaccines typically use alum as an adjuvant.
• the present invention was developed in part by the inventors' recognition of the robust inflammatory response invoked by an extracellular matrix material (ECM) preparation, such as matrix isolated from the small intestinal submucosa (SIS). While not intending to be limited to any particular mechanism of action, the extracellular matrix material appears to provide the robust inflammatory response through, among other things, it's contribution of pro-inflammatory species that drive the immune response to the antigenic species that it is co-administered with.
• ECM extracellular matrix material
• SIS small intestinal submucosa
• the crafting of infectious agent vaccine preparations using ECM, and materials like it, may be used in combination with many different infectious pathogens or biological toxins.
• the biological toxin is tetanus toxin.
• the biological toxin is ricin.
• the present invention is unique in that, among other things, it involves the modification and use of a three-dimensional extracellular matrix material, and modified preparations thereof, to provide a vaccine.
• the vaccine is a tetanus vaccine.
• the invention thus provides in some embodiments highly improved infectious agent preparations with an adjuvant material having an acceptable biocompatibility.
• the adjuvant effect of the ECM extends to a vaccine administered to protect against diseases associated with an infectious pathogen or biological toxin.
• the present invention provides an adjuvant comprising an SIS gel or particulate SIS. Administered together with tetanus toxoid, these preparations confer protective immunity in vivo to animals challenged with tetanus toxin.
• the present invention provides an extracellular matrix (ECM) material, such as a modified preparation of SIS, as an infectious agent vaccine adjuvant.
• ECM extracellular matrix
• these preparations may be described as essentially free of alum.
• the ECM materials may be described as a modified preparation of SIS (diluted) about 2-fold to about 20-fold.
• the present invention provides an infectious agent vaccine comprising a preparation of an extracellular matrix material together with a preparation of an antigen of an infectious pathogen.
• an adjuvant composition comprising an immunogenically enhancing preparation characteristic of an extracellular matrix material (ECM), particularly a preparation comprising an extracellular matrix derived from small intestinal submucosa (SIS) or renal capsule material (RCM).
• ECM extracellular matrix material
• the adjuvant composition comprises an extracellular matrix material comprising a small intestinal submucosa tissue preparation.
• the adjuvant composition comprises 1 part of an extracellular matrix material (ECM) and 9 parts of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier solution.
• a carrier is sterile saline.
• a composition comprising an adjuvant and a antigen of interest.
• the antigen is a toxoid antigen.
• the vaccine may be described as a vaccine to protect against infectious pathogens, such as a tetanus vaccine, an influenza vaccine, a rabies vaccine, a viral hepatitis vaccine, a diphtheria vaccine, an anthrax vaccine, a Streptococcus pneumonia infection vaccine, a malaria vaccine, a leishmaniasis vaccine, or a Staphylococcal enterotoxin B toxicosis vaccine.
• the vaccine may be described as a vaccine to protect against diseases associated with biological toxins, such as ricin.
• the invention provides an adjuvant preparation that is suitable for use in combination with a prion-associated disease.
• prion associated diseases include, all of which are classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, scrapie, cervid chronic wasting disease and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease.
• the invention may be described as providing a vaccine to protect against disease associated with a viral infection.
• the vaccines of the present invention may be formulated to provide a composition useful in the treatment and/or prevention of viral infections associated with influenza, rabies and viral hepatitis.
• the invention may be described as providing a vaccine to protect against diseases associated with a bacterial infection.
• the vaccines of the present invention may be formulated to provide a composition useful in the treatment and/or prevention of bacterial infections associated with diseases such as diphtheria, anthrax, sepsis, pneumonia, otitis media and meningitis.
• the invention may be described as providing a vaccine to protect against diseases associated with a parasitic infection.
• the vaccines of the present invention may be formulated to provide a composition useful in the treatment and/or prevention of a parasitic infection associated with the diseases of malaria and leishmaniasis.
• the invention may be described as providing a vaccine to protect against illnesses and/or diseases associated with exposure to a biological toxin.
• the vaccines of the present invention may be formulated to provide a composition useful in the treatment and/or prevention of illness associated with exposure to biological toxins such as ricin (that causes respiratory distress) or exposure to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) (that results in food poisoning).
• biological toxins such as ricin (that causes respiratory distress) or exposure to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) (that results in food poisoning).
• the invention provides a method for preparing an infectious agent vaccine.
• the method comprises preparing an adjuvant for vaccination against infectious agents and biological toxins as described herein, and combining the adjuvant with an immunizing antigen of interest.
• the antigen of interest is a tetanus toxoid preparation.
• a method for treating an animal having an infectious disease or at risk of contracting a disease or illness associated with exposure to an infectious pathogen include tetanus, malaria, diphtheria, anthrax, sepsis, pneumonia, otitis media and meningitis.
• diseases associated with exposure to an infection pathogen include tetanus, malaria, diphtheria, anthrax, sepsis, pneumonia, otitis media and meningitis.
• the invention provides a method for immunizing an animal against tetanus.
• the invention provides a method for inhibiting the severity of tetanus and/or preventing the onset of tetanus altogether.
• the invention provides a variety of unique infectious pathogen treatment preparations.
• infectious agent treatment preparations may take the form of a gel, a sheet, or an injectable preparation suitable for parenteral administration, combined with an appropriate antigen of interest.
• HCV Hepatitis C Virus
• HV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• FIG. 1 presents a remnant of SIS extracellular matrix material in a rat 28 days after surgical implantation.
• the remaining biomaterial is surrounded by macrophages with occasional lymphocytes. Stained with H & E, 400 ⁇ .
• FIG. 2 presents the focus of mononuclear inflammation at the interface of an implant/tendon surface in a rat which underwent repair of Achilles tendon defect with RCM 7 days earlier. Stained with H & E, 200 ⁇ .
• FIG. 3 presents the survival data of mice, vaccinated with 0.03 micrograms of tetanus toxoid, following challenge with 1 ng/mouse of tetanus toxin intraperitoneally.
• Treatment groups are untreated (None); SIS gel (SG); SIS particulate (SP); tetanus toxoid (TT); TT with alum (TT/Alum); TT with SIS gel (TT/SG); and TT with SIS particulate (TT/SP).
• Each group consisted of 15 mice.
• mice which were untreated or vaccinated with only SIS gel or SIS particulate died; six mice vaccinated with unadjuvanted tetanus toxoid survived, and all mice vaccinated with tetanus toxoid in alum, SIS gel, or SIS particulate survived. This represents a significant (P ⁇ 0.001) increase in number of mice surviving for the latter three groups compared to all other groups.
• FIG. 4 presents survival data of mice, vaccinated with 0.05 micrograms of tetanus toxoid, following challenge with 1 ng/mouse of tetanus toxin intraperitoneally.
• Treatment groups are untreated (None); SIS gel (SG); SIS particulate (SP); tetanus toxoid (TT); TT with alum (TT/Alum); TT with SIS gel (TT/SG); and TT with SIS particulate (TT/SP).
• Each group consisted of 15 mice.
• mice which were untreated or vaccinated with only SIS gel or SIS particulate died; eight mice vaccinated with unadjuvanted tetanus toxoid survived; and all mice vaccinated with tetanus toxoid in alum, SIS gel, or SIS particulate survived. This represents a significant (P ⁇ 0.001) increase in number of mice surviving for the latter three groups compared to all other groups.
• adjuvant is defined as a substance which enhances the immune response to an antigen.
• the term, “adjuvancy” is defined as the ability of an agent to enhance and/or promote the immune response of animal to a particular antigen.
• biosynthetic material is defined as a material that is in part or whole made up from or derived from a biological tissue.
• biological tissue is defined as an animal tissue, including human, or plant tissue that is or that once was (cadaver tissue, for example) part of a living tissue or organism.
• extracellular matrix is defined as a tissue derived or bio-synthetic material that is capable of supporting the growth of a cell or culture of cells.
• infectious agent is defined as any bacterial, viral, prion or parasitic agent capable of causing disease in humans or animals subsequent to infection or secretion of a substance, such as the production of a toxin or toxins. This term also includes the toxic products of such agents.
• infectious agent includes clostridium botulinum , the causative agent of tetanus.
• biological toxin is a poisonous substance, especially a protein that is produced by living cells or organisms and is capable of causing disease when introduced into the body tissues, such as ricin or Staphylococcal enterotoxin B and tetanus toxin.
• the term, “immunogenic amount” is an amount of an infectious pathogen antigen preparation of interest or amount of a biological toxin that elicits a clinically detectable protective response in an animal.
• a clinically detectable protective response in an animal may be the production of an elevated titer of antibodies in the animal specific for the infectious pathogen antigen or biological toxin.
• a method for providing a preparation having an enhanced activity for inhibiting and protecting against an infectious pathogen provided.
• the infectious pathogen is tetanus.
• a method for the treatment and/or inhibition of an infection caused by an infectious pathogen employs a composition comprising a vaccine, the vaccine comprising an adjuvant having a menu of pro-inflammatory species characteristic of an extracellular matrix (ECM) material together with an antigen associated with an infectious pathogen or a biological toxin.
• ECM extracellular matrix
• the immune response to the described tetanus vaccine is enhanced by use of SIS as an adjuvant.
• the present example provides some examples of materials and methods that may be used in the practice of the present invention.
• SIS Small Intestinal Submucosa
• SIS Small Intestinal Submucosa
• Cook Biotech, Inc. West Lafayette, Ind.
• Experimental grade material was provided for use in the present studies of an SIS preparation that was described as having been prepared by harvesting porcine jejunum and placing 10- to 20-cm lengths into saline solution (31-33). Following removal of all mesenteric tissues, the jejunal segment was everted and the tunica mucosa abraded using a longitudinal wiping motion with a scalpel handle and moistened gauze. The serosa and tunica muscularis were then gently removed using the same procedure. The remaining tissue was disinfected with peracetic acid, rinsed extensively in high purity water, and sterilized using ethylene oxide.
• SIS Particulate is supplied by Cook Biotech, Inc. (West Lafayette, Ind.) and is SIS material ground and sieved. The size particles are in the range from 45 micron to 335 micron.
• SIS gel is supplied by Cook Biotech, Inc. (West Lafayette, Ind.) and is produced from SIS material via an acid digestion and purification process.
• Tetanus toxin and tetanus toxoid were purchased from List Biological Laboratories (Campbell, Calif.).
• Alum was purchased as Alhydrogel®, an aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant (Brenntak Biosector, Frederikssund, Denmark).
• SIS can act as an adjuvant for vaccines against diseases associated with infectious pathogens or biological toxins
• preparations were made with tetanus toxoid, an inactivated form of tetanus toxin.
• Both gel SIS and SIS particles produced from a sheet of single layer SIS were evaluated as adjuvants. Briefly, groups of 15 Balb/C female mice (Harlan, Inc., Indianapolis, Ind.) were vaccinated initially (0.1 ml volume/dose) and again, five weeks later with one of the following:
• Tetanus toxoid (TT; 0.03 ug/dose)
• mice Five weeks after the second vaccination, mice were challenged with a lethal dose of tetanus toxin (1 ng/mouse) given intraperitoneally in 0.2 ml of sterile saline. Mice were then observed over the next 96 hours and the number of surviving mice recorded for each group.
• tetanus toxin 1 ng/mouse
• the present example demonstrates the utility of the present invention with disease associated with a wide variety of infectious pathogens and biological toxins, including by way of example and not exclusion, tetanus, influenza, rabies, viral hepatitis, diphtheria, anthrax, Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, malaria, leishmaniasis, ricin toxicosis, and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B toxicosis.
• Bacterial cells Cholera Inactivated Plague Inactivated Tuberculosis Attenuated BCG+ Salmonella typhi Attenuated Viral Particles: Influenza Inactivated Measles Attenuated Mumps Attenuated Rubella Attenuated Polio (Sabin/OPV) Attenuated Polio (Salk/IPV) Inactivated V.
• zoster Attenuated Yellow fever Attenuated Type of Vaccine Macromolecules Toxoids: Diphtheria Inactivated exotoxin Tetanus Inactivated exotoxin acellular Pertussis Inactivated exotoxins
• Capsular polysaccharide Haemophilus influenzae b polysaccharide + protein carrier Neisseria meningidis Polysaccaride Streptococcus pneumoniae 23 distinct capsular polysaccharides
• Surface antigen Hepatitis B Recombinant surface antigen (HbsAg) + Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is an antiviral strain of Mycobacterium bovis .
• Influenza is an acute febrile respiratory disease resulting from infection with the influenza virus.
• Current influenza vaccines use aluminum adjuvants.
• several adjuvants have been examined.
• the oil-in-water emulsion MF59 has been reported to improve vaccine immunity (Higgins (1996) 1 ; Martin (1997) 2 ), though it does not completely solve the low efficiency of the influenza vaccine in the elderly (Banzhoff (2003) 3 ).
• a synthetic peptide, GK1, derived from Taenia crassiceps cysticerci was reported to enhance the immune response accompanying influenza vaccination in both young and aged mice (Segura-Velásquez (2006) 4 ), but trials in humans have not been published.
• an influenza vaccine may be provided that comprises the extracellular matrix material described herein as the vaccine adjuvant combined with an immunologically effective amount of an influenza antigen.
• an influenza antigen may comprise a current influenza virus combination of antigens of an H5N1 (hemagglutinin [HA] subtype 1; neuraminidase [NA] subtype 1), and H3N2 influenza A virus, and an influenza B virus.
• H5N1 hemagglutinin [HA] subtype 1
• NA neuraminidase
• Rabies Radies is a devastating neurological disease that is caused by infection with the rabies virus.
• Vaccination against rabies typically utilizes inactivated virus and an aluminum adjuvant.
• An adjuvant based on glycopeptidolipids extracted from Mycobacterium cheloniae enhanced the immune response of mice to vaccination with an inactivated rabies virus vaccine (de Souza Matos (2000) 6 ).
• a rabies vaccine may be provided that comprises the extracellular matrix material as the vaccine adjuvant combined with an immunologically effective amount of a rabies antigen.
• a rabies antigen may comprise an inactivated rabies virus.
• an inactivated rabies virus vaccine antigen that may be used in the present formulations is described in de Souza Matos (2000) 6 .
• Viral Hepatitis Viral Hepatitis—Viral hepatitis, particularly that caused by Hepatitis B virus, is a serious health problem with over 300 million people affected worldwide. Vaccination offers hope for effective prophylaxis. Peptide epitopes of the virus stimulated a significant immune response when fused with heat shock protein 70 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as an adjuvant (Peng (2006) 7 ). Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides were effective as an adjuvant with hepatitis B antigen in aged mice (Qin (2004) 8 ); and a vaccine consisting of hepatitis B virus antigens and an immunostimulatory DNA sequence is in human clinical trials (Sung (2006) 9 ).
• a viral hepatitis vaccine may be provided that comprises the extracellular matrix material as the vaccine adjuvant combined with an immunologically effective amount of a viral hepatitis antigen.
• a hepatitis antigen may comprise recombinant hepatitis B surface protein.
• a hepatitis B surface protein antigen is described in Jaganathan, (2006) 10 ), which reference is specifically incorporated herein by reference.
• diphtheria A respiratory disease characterized by dysnepea, weakness, and pyrexia
• diphtheria is the result of infection with Corynebacterium diphtheriae , bacteria which produces a toxin that is carried hematogenously through the body. Immunization against diphtheria is frequently combined with immunization against tetanus and pertussis; these vaccines typically contain aluminum salt adjuvants (Sugai (2005) 11 ). Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides were effective as an adjuvant in a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine and shifted the immune response toward cell-mediated immunity in mice immunized intraperitoneally (Sugai (2005) 11 ).
• a diphtheria vaccine may be provided that comprises the extracellular matrix material as the vaccine adjuvant combined with an immunologically effective amount of a diphtheria antigen.
• a diphtheria antigen may comprise a diphtheria toxoid.
• diphtheria toxoid One example of a diphtheria toxoid that may be used in the practice of the present invention is described in Theeten (2005) 12 .
• Anthrax is a disease caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis . Specifically, the bacterium produces a toxin which results in hemorrhagic necrosis of lymph nodes, hematogenous spread, shock, and death. A vaccine consisting of one subunit (protective antigen) of this toxin was shown to protect mice when combined with a microparticle adjuvant administered by either the intramuscular or intranasal routes (Flick-Smith (2002) 14 . Further, vaccination protected mice against infection with B. anthracis spores.
• an anthrax vaccine may be provided that comprises the extracellular matrix material as the vaccine adjuvant combined with an immunologically effective amount of an anthrax antigen.
• an anthrax antigen may comprise the one subunit (protective antigen) of the Bacillus anthracis bacterium.
• One such particular antigenic subunit is described in Flick-Smith (2002) 14 .
• Streptococcus pneumoniae A bacterial pathogen of particular importance to the elderly and young adults, Streptococcus pneumoniae causes disease including sepsis and pneumonia, otitis media and meningitis.
• Vaccines typically involve adsorption of S. pneumoniae antigens to aluminum salt adjuvants, and reduced aluminum salt content led to reduced immunogenicity of S. pneumoniae vaccines (Levesque (2006) 16 .
• IL-12 failed to improve the immune response to a pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine; and IL-12 was associated with a high incidence of local and systemic side effects in humans (Hedlund (2002) 17 . Intranasal immunization against S.
• pneumoniae has been shown to be an effective method for preventing infection and disease, with unmethylated CpG dinucleotides serving as an effective adjuvant for an intranasal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine (Sen (2006) 18 ).
• IL-12 and the B-subunit of cholera toxin were both shown to enhance efficacy of intranasally-administered preparations of S. pneumoniae antigens (Sabirov (2006)19; Pimenta (2006) 20 ).
• a pneumonia vaccine may be provided that comprises the extracellular matrix material described herein as the vaccine adjuvant combined with an immunologically effective amount of a pneumococcal antigen.
• a pneumococcal antigen may comprise a pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen.
• a pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen is described in Hedlund (2002) 17 . This pneumococcal antigen may used as part in combination with the herein described adjuvants in a vaccine preparation.
• the apical membrane antigen, a malaria vaccine candidate was reported to have an enhanced immunogenicity by the aluminum salt adjuvant Alhydrogel (HCl Biosector, Denmark); and this adjuvant effect was further enhanced, and shifted from a Th1 response to a mixed Th1/Th2 response, by inclusion of the adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (Mullen (2006) 21 ).
• a malarial vaccine may be provided that comprises the extracellular matrix material as the vaccine adjuvant combined with an immunologically effective amount of a malarial antigen.
• a malarial antigen may comprise a P. falciparum antigen Liver Stage Antigen-1. This antigen is described in detail in Brando (2006) 24 , this article being specifically incorporated herein by reference. This antigen may be combined with the extracellular matrix material described herein as an adjuvant to provide an anti-malarial vaccine as described herein.
• Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease associated with infection by a species of parasites from the Leishmania genus. A large spectrum of clinical disease forms can result from infection, ranging from cutaneous lesions to fatal visceral forms. In the absence of effective, non-toxic treatments, great effort has been given to vaccine development. Vaccines based on DNA of the parasite have been shown to induce partial protection; aluminum phosphate adjuvant has no effect on the humoral response to this vaccine, but has been reported to slightly increase the cellular immune response and protection against infection in a mouse model (Rosado-Vallado (2005) 25 ).
• an anti-parasitic infection associated disease vaccine may be provided that comprises the extracellular matrix material as the vaccine adjuvant combined with an immunologically effective amount of a Leishmaniasis antigen, or any of the other antigenic species described above.
• a Leishmaniasis antigen may comprise the Leishmaniasis antigen described in detail in Kenny (1999) 26 , which article is specifically incorporated herein by reference.
• Ricin is a toxin produced naturally by the seeds of the castor bean plant, Ricinus communis . When humans or animals are exposed to the toxin, severe respiratory distress and death may result. Because of its potency and ability to be administered via aerosol, ingestion, or injection, ricin is considered a powerful bioweapon. Though there is presently no approved commercial vaccine for ricin, pilot trials in humans have examined the use of recombinant, non-toxic forms of one of the subunits of ricin (Vitetta (2006) 28 ). This preparation was administered without an adjuvant and elicited ricin-neutralizing antibodies in some of those tested, particularly at higher doses.
• an anti-ricin vaccine may be provided that comprises the extracellular matrix material as the vaccine adjuvant as described herein combined with an immunologically effective amount of a ricin toxoid antigen.
• a ricin toxoid antigen is described in detail in Griffiths (1997) 29 , which article is specifically incorporated herein by reference.
• SEB Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
• SEB Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
• SEB toxoid is produced by the bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and is associated with food poisoning.
• Incorporation of SEB toxoid into biodegradable poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres enhanced the immune response of mice to a degree similar to SEB toxoid adsorbed to alum and combined with complete Freund adjuvant (Eldridge, 1991) 31 ).
• SEB toxoid was effectively adjuvantized by incorporation into polylactic polyglycolic acid copolymer nanospheres; the resulting immune response was comparable to that achieved by using alum as an adjuvant (Desai (2000) 32 ).
• an anti-toxin-associated disease vaccine may be provided that comprises the extracellular matrix material as the vaccine adjuvant combined with an immunologically effective amount of an antigen such as ricin toxoid or SEB toxoid as antigen.
• an antigen such as ricin toxoid or SEB toxoid
• antigens are described in detail in Vitetta (2006) 28 and Eldridge (1991) 31 , the teachings of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference.
• the invention provides an adjuvant preparation that is suitable for use in combination with a prion-associated disease.
• prion associated diseases include, all of which are classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, scrapie, cervid chronic wasting disease and Creutzfeld-Jakob disease.
• PrPc cellular prion protein
• prion antigens with adjuvants such as Freund's (Polymenidou, 2004 39 ; Koller, 2002 40 ; NASAddson, 2002 41 ; Gilch, 2003 42 ; Hanan, 2001 43 ; Hanan, 2001 44 ; Souan, 2001 45 ; Arbel, 2003 46 ); Montanide IMS-1313 (Schwartz, 2003 47 ); TiterMax®, a combination of a proprietary block copolymer CRL-8941, squalene, a metabolizable oil, and a unique microparticulate stabilizer (Gilch, 2003 42 ); and CpG oligonucleotides (Rosset, 2004 48 ) all failed to induce strong immune responses.
• adjuvants such as Freund's (Polymenidou, 2004 39 ; Koller, 2002 40 ; Sundson, 2002 41 ; Gilch, 2003 42 ; Hanan, 2001 43 ; Hanan, 2001 44 ; Souan, 2001 45 ; Arbel, 2003 46

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