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US8487931B2 - Dynamic feedback and interaction for parametric curves - Google Patents

Dynamic feedback and interaction for parametric curves Download PDF

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Publication number
US8487931B2
US8487931B2 US11/821,399 US82139907A US8487931B2 US 8487931 B2 US8487931 B2 US 8487931B2 US 82139907 A US82139907 A US 82139907A US 8487931 B2 US8487931 B2 US 8487931B2
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Prior art keywords
parameter
graph
curve
range
user input
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US20080062177A1 (en
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Troy A. Gaul
Benjamin A. Zibble
Mark Hamburg
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Adobe Inc
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Adobe Systems Inc
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Assigned to ADOBE SYSTEMS INCORPORATED reassignment ADOBE SYSTEMS INCORPORATED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HAMBURG, MARK, GAUL, TROY A., ZIBBLE, BENJAMIN A.
Priority to PCT/US2007/077787 priority patent/WO2008030983A2/fr
Priority to CN200780039118.3A priority patent/CN101583973B/zh
Publication of US20080062177A1 publication Critical patent/US20080062177A1/en
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T11/00—2D [Two Dimensional] image generation
    • G06T11/20—Drawing from basic elements, e.g. lines or circles
    • G06T11/203—Drawing of straight lines or curves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T11/00—2D [Two Dimensional] image generation
    • G06T11/20—Drawing from basic elements, e.g. lines or circles
    • G06T11/206—Drawing of charts or graphs
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T11/00—2D [Two Dimensional] image generation
    • G06T11/40—Filling a planar surface by adding surface attributes, e.g. colour or texture

Definitions

  • tone curves an image component value for each pixel is typically fed into the function and a resulting new component value is produced by the function.
  • hue-based curves the hue of each pixel is fed into the function and a resulting parameter value is produced to be used in further processing of the pixel. For example, one might use hue to control how much lighter or darker to make a pixel.
  • a frequency-response curve provides an indication of the amount of gain or cut to be applied to that portion of the audio spectrum.
  • This specification describes technologies relating to interactive image manipulation.
  • one aspect of the subject matter described in this specification can be embodied in a method that includes accepting user input selecting a parameter for a parametric curve, the parametric curve being displayed in a graph.
  • a range of curves for the parametric curve is determined based on a range of values for the parameter.
  • the range of curves for the parameter is displayed in the graph of the curve.
  • Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, and computer program products.
  • a control corresponding to the parameter is highlighted.
  • the user input is one of: indication of a parameter control, indication of a region in the graph, or indication of a pixel in an image corresponding to a location on the curve.
  • User input modifying a value of the parameter can be accepted.
  • the user input is one or more of a mouse gesture or a keystroke.
  • An upward mouse gesture increases a value of the parameter and a downward mouse gesture decreases a value of the parameter.
  • a new curve based on the value of the parameter is determined and displayed in the graph.
  • the range of curves represents one or more areas about the curve in the graph in which the curve will lie based on different values of the parameter.
  • the curve is a combination of cubic curves.
  • the parameter controls a slope of the curve.
  • the parameter does not correspond to a location along the graph of the curve.
  • the curve determines tone for an image.
  • one aspect of the subject matter described in this specification can be embodied in a method that includes accepting first user input indicating a region in a displayed graph or indicating a displayed control corresponding to the region, the control being in a separate display area from the graph.
  • the region and the control are automatically highlighted in response to the first user input.
  • a value associated with the control is automatically adjusted based on second user input.
  • Other embodiments of this aspect include corresponding systems, apparatus, and computer program products.
  • the user input is a mouse gesture.
  • An upward mouse gesture increases the value and a downward mouse gesture decreases the value.
  • the gesture input is incident on the displayed graph.
  • the displayed graph is a histogram.
  • Curve ranges provide users a graphical way of understanding how curve parameters will affect the graph of a parametric curve and shows the user at a glance which parameter control does what, how much effect the control will have on parts of the image, and how close the curve currently is to either extreme for a given parameter.
  • a user interface for parametric curves simplifies the complex task of curve adjustment. User interaction with a parametric curve graph is automatically mapped to an underlying parameter. Subtle adjustments of parametric curves are easier to achieve than manually manipulating points on a curve graph.
  • FIG. 1 shows a user interface for manipulating a parametric curve.
  • FIGS. 2A-G illustrate displaying of curve ranges in a parametric curve graph.
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method for displaying a range of curves.
  • FIGS. 4A-B illustrate user modification of a parametric curve parameter.
  • FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method for modification of a parametric curve parameter.
  • FIG. 6A shows a user interface for changing the value of a parameter based on interaction with a graph.
  • FIG. 6B is a flow chart of a method for changing the value of a parameter based on interaction with a graph.
  • FIG. 7 shows a system for enabling user interaction with parametric curves.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a generic computer system.
  • FIG. 1 shows a graphical user interface (GUI) 100 for manipulating a parametric curve shown in graph 102 as curve 104 .
  • GUI graphical user interface
  • the illustrated parametric curve 104 is a plane curve
  • other parametric curves are possible, including space curves.
  • space curves can be presented in an n-dimensional graph or projected onto a plane and presented in graph 102 .
  • a parametric curve represents one or more transformations of a set of data. Such transformations can include, for instance, tone, frequency response, opacity, or other kinds of transformations, including combinations of these.
  • the set of data can be pixels in a digital image (e.g., 118 ; which for brevity will simply be referred to as an image), audio data, or other types of data.
  • images other visual representations of data are possible such as, for example, histogram 106 which lies beneath parametric curve 104 in graph 102 and represents color distribution in the image 118 with darker colors being closer to the origin on the x-
  • the parametric curve 104 represents image tone. Tone is a measure of the brightness or darkness of a color.
  • the graph 102 represents input tonal values (x-axis) verses output tonal values (y-axis) for colors in the image 118 .
  • a tone curve goes from black to white (or white to black) and is always increasing.
  • a parametric curve that is a straight, 45° line would indicate that there is no change to tonal values, for example.
  • the shape of the parametric curve 104 and hence the tone of colors in the image 118 , can be manipulated by users indirectly through bounded parameters associated with the parametric curve 104 .
  • users can “indicate” an object of interest presented in the user interface 100 by providing user input (e.g., one or more mouse clicks or other gestures on a GUI control or in the vicinity of the control, keystrokes, positioning a cursor over or in the vicinity of a control, speech commands, or other suitable input).
  • User interaction with the parametric curve 104 maps to one or more underlying parameters that can be modified to change the shape of the curve 104 .
  • the parameters can be input parameters of the curve 104 function, output parameters of the curve 104 function, or combinations of these.
  • One or more parametric curve parameters map to a visible area or “region” in the graph 102 .
  • a region can be any shape or size, does not have to have the same shape or size as other regions for a given parametric curve, and can have more than two dimensions in the case of parametric space curves. Moreover, regions can be overlapping.
  • FIG 102 there are four regions indicated by rectangles R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 .
  • Users can modify a parameter's value by interacting with the parameter's corresponding region in the graph 102 , by interacting with a control (e.g., 108 a - b , 110 a - b , 112 a - b and 114 a - b ) that corresponds to the parameter, or by interacting with the representation of data 118 .
  • a control e.g., 108 a - b , 110 a - b , 112 a - b and 114 a - b
  • the user interface 100 includes, for instance, parameter controls such as sliders (e.g., 108 b , 110 b , 112 b and 114 b ) and corresponding text input fields (e.g., 108 a , 110 a , 112 a and 114 a ) for manipulating parameters.
  • parameter controls such as sliders (e.g., 108 b , 110 b , 112 b and 114 b ) and corresponding text input fields (e.g., 108 a , 110 a , 112 a and 114 a b ) for manipulating parameters.
  • Each control 108 a - b , 110 a - b , 112 a - b and 114 a - b corresponds to a region (and hence a tone parameter) in the graph 102 .
  • Controls 108 a - b correspond to region R 1 and allow manipulation of a parameter associated with region R 1 .
  • controls 110 a - b correspond to region R 2 and allow manipulation of a parameter associated with region R 2 , and so on.
  • the controls 108 a - b allow manipulation of a parameter that effects the tone of the darkest colors whereas the remaining controls each allow manipulation of a parameter that affects the tone of progressively lighter colors with the tone of the lightest colors being influenced by controls 114 a - b.
  • a parameter corresponds to the slope of a cubic curve.
  • the four controls ( 108 a - b , 110 a - b , 112 a - b and 114 a - b ) allow modification to the slopes of four different cubic curves that are combined together in a cascaded function to create the curve 104 .
  • a region friendly parametric curve operating on the range from 0 to 1 can be built from one basic component: a cubic function mapping 0 . . . 1 to 0 . . . 1 parameterized by the slope at 0 and at 1.
  • a perceptually uniform tone response e.g., the standard Red, Green and Blue (sRGB) response curve
  • sRGB Red, Green and Blue
  • FIGS. 2A-G illustrate displaying of curve ranges in a parametric curve graph.
  • a parameter corresponds to a range of curves that results from exploring a range of values for that parameter.
  • a range of curves represents one or more areas about the curve 104 in the graph 102 in which all possible curves based on,different values of a given parameter will lie. In the case of a space curve, a range can be two or more dimensions.
  • a parameter control e.g., 108 b
  • the range corresponding to the parameter is automatically displayed in the graph 102 as shown by 108 c , for example. This allows the user to understand both how a parameter affects the curve 104 and the range of effect that the parameter can achieve.
  • users can indicate more than one parameter. For example, by holding down a keyboard modifier while moving a mouse cursor over the graph, users are able to indicate more than one region and hence more than one parameter. For brevity's sake, however, examples are generally given in terms of a single parameter.
  • a user positions a cursor (e.g., a mouse cursor) in an area of user interface 100 denoted by 116 a , or otherwise indicates a parameter control 108 a - b in area 116 a
  • a range of curves 108 c for a parameter corresponding to a control in area 116 a is automatically displayed as shown by 108 c in FIG. 2B .
  • the control(s) in area 116 a can also be highlighted by changing the color or brightness of the control(s), for example.
  • a user positions a cursor over a data point (e.g., pixel 116 b ), or otherwise indicates a data point in the representation of data 118
  • the data point 116 b 's value is displayed as a point 116 b on the curve 104 and the range of curves (e.g., 108 c ) associated with the region of the graph 102 in which the point lies (e.g., R 1 ) is automatically displayed.
  • Control(s) corresponding to the parameter for the range of curves can also be highlighted. In a sense, selecting a data point indicates a region of a graph, a parameter, and a control.
  • the curve 104 illustrates where an image pixel is in tone space. Users can select data from a presentation of the data 118 , such as an image, a histogram of color values for an image, an audio frequency spectrum, a histogram of frequencies for audio data, or from any other suitable presentation, and see immediately what portion of the curve 104 the data corresponds to and how to modify that portion of the curve.
  • a presentation of the data 118 such as an image, a histogram of color values for an image, an audio frequency spectrum, a histogram of frequencies for audio data, or from any other suitable presentation, and see immediately what portion of the curve 104 the data corresponds to and how to modify that portion of the curve.
  • FIGS. 2C-G provide further illustrations of user interaction with user interface 100 .
  • users can cause a range of curves 110 c to be displayed and controls 110 a - b to be highlighted, by moving a cursor in region R 2 of graph 102 , or by moving a cursor into, or indicating a control in, region 116 c .
  • FIG. 2D users can cause a range of curves 112 c to be displayed and controls 112 a - b to be highlighted, by moving a cursor in region R 3 of graph 102 , or by moving a cursor in, or indicating a control in, region 116 d .
  • FIG. 2C users can cause a range of curves 110 c to be displayed and controls 110 a - b to be highlighted, by moving a cursor in region R 2 of graph 102 , or by moving a cursor in, or indicating a control in, region 116 d .
  • users can cause a range of curves 114 c to be displayed and controls 114 a - b to be highlighted, by moving a cursor in region R 4 of graph 102 , or by moving a cursor in, or indicating a control in, region 116 e.
  • brightness controls 122 a - b and contrast controls 124 a - b correspond to parameters that have an effect over the full curve 104 .
  • the brightness controls 122 a - b are associated with a parameter that has a range of curves 122 c .
  • the contrast controls 124 a - b are associated with a parameter that has a range of curves 124 c . In this case, the range of curves 124 c falls above and below the current curve 104 at different positions along the curve 104 .
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method 300 for displaying a range of curves.
  • User input selecting a parameter of a parametric curve is accepted (step 302 ). For example, a user can do so by moving a cursor close to or by indicating a parameter control (e.g., 112 b ), by moving a cursor within a region of graph 102 , or by indicating a data point in a representation of a data set 118 .
  • a range of curves for the selected parameter is determined (step 304 ). This may be determined on the fly or ahead of time.
  • the range of curves is displayed in a graph of the curve (e.g., 108 c ; step 306 ). Control(s) capable of modifying the parameter are optionally highlighted (e.g., 112 b ; step 308 ).
  • Parameter values can be modified through user interaction with the graph 102 , a parameter control (e.g., 108 a - b ), or a representation of data (e.g. 118 ). User interaction is mapped to one or more parameters whose values are changed.
  • users can manipulate parameter controls through the user interface 100 .
  • the slider parameter control 112 b can be moved to the left or to the right to indicate lesser or greater values for the slider's associated parameter, respectively.
  • Explicit parameter controls such as these are optional, however, since users can also modify parameters in other ways.
  • gestures within the area of the graph 102 can be interpreted to modify the parameter(s) associated with the region(s) (e.g., R 1 ) the gestures fall in. Notice that such gestures do not “grab” the curve 104 —the gestures “grab” the underlying parameter(s) of one or more regions. Referring to FIG. 2A and by way of example, by dragging a mouse cursor up or down (or left or right) in region R 1 , the parameter associated with region R 1 is increased or decreased in value, respectively.
  • gestures that fall outside of the graph 102 can also be interpreted to modify parameters associated with a region of the graph 102 .
  • a user can select a modifier key or mouse button while a mouse cursor is inside of a graph region, and then create gestures outside of the graph region.
  • the modifier key or mouse button By selecting the modifier key or mouse button while in the region, the user has tied subsequent mouse gestures to the parameter associated with that region until the modifier key or mouse button is released.
  • gestures e.g., mouse cursor movement
  • a selected data point e.g., 116 b
  • the cursor icon changes appearance to indicate that the user can click-and-drag a mouse vertically to adjust the parameter corresponding to the region.
  • the cursor is hidden and vertical movement is mapped to changes in the parameter value.
  • the range of movement used to control the parameter can be arbitrary. In particular, unlike point-based curves where a small movement in the curve must be represented by a small and therefore imprecise mouse movement, even small changes can receive ample precision for the drag operation. If it is more appropriate to modify the parameter by dragging horizontally this is also allowed.
  • two parameters are indicated (e.g., by selecting more than one graph region or parameter control as described above), users could use vertical gestures to modify one parameter and horizontal gestures to modify the other.
  • the gestures described above for the graph 102 and the data representation 118 can also be accomplished through keyboard input or other user input.
  • users can use a mouse or other input device to indicate a parameter through the curve regions mechanism while using the keyboard to increment and decrement the parameter.
  • FIGS. 4A-B illustrate user modification of a parametric curve parameter.
  • FIG. 4A shows a parametric curve graph 102 with the range of curves 108 c displayed along curve 104 .
  • the current shape of the curve 104 roughly passes through the center of the range of curves 108 c .
  • the parameter control 108 a or 108 b corresponding to region R 1 for example, users can change the shape of the curve 104 within the boundary of the range of curves 108 c .
  • the tone of the darkest colors in the image 118 is decreased by movement of the slider 108 b to the left of center thereby making these colors appear darker in the image 118 .
  • FIG. 4B shows the modified curve 104 which now lies near the bottom of the range of curves 108 c.
  • FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method 500 for modification of a curve parameter.
  • User input modifying a parameter of a parametric curve (e.g., curve 104 in FIG. 4A ) is accepted (step 502 ).
  • user input modifying a parameter of a parametric curve (e.g., curve 104 in FIG. 4A ) is accepted (step 502 ).
  • user controls e.g., 108 a or 108 b
  • a new curve is determined based on the modified parameter (step 504 ).
  • the new curve is then displayed in a graph (e.g., curve 104 in FIG. 4B ; step 506 ).
  • FIG. 6A shows a user interface 600 for changing the value of a parameter based on interaction with a graph 602 .
  • users may wish to modify a parameter value by interacting with a graph instead of interacting with a parameter control directly, regardless of whether the graph represents a parametric function.
  • a graph's area can be divided into one or more regions that, when interacted with, modify one or more associated parameter values.
  • graph 602 is a histogram of output color distribution in an image.
  • Region 604 a of graph 602 is associated with a parameter control 606 a .
  • region 604 b is associated with parameter control 606 b
  • region 604 c is associated with parameter 606 c
  • region 604 d is associated with parameter control 604 d .
  • a user moves a mouse cursor, for example, in any of the regions 604 a - d , the region is highlighted or displayed and the corresponding control 606 a - d is highlighted and can be modified by using mouse gestures or other user input, as described above. Regions need not all be the same size and shape.
  • moving a mouse cursor on a histogram does not change the parametric tone curve in the other diagrams. Instead, it parametrically changes the image in other ways, which are then reflected by changes seen in the histogram graph 602 .
  • FIG. 6B is a flow chart illustrating a method 601 for changing the value of a parameter based on interaction with a graph.
  • User input is accepted indicating a region (e.g., 604 a ) in a displayed graph (e.g., 602 ) or indicating a displayed control (e.g., 606 a ) corresponding to the region, the control being in a separate display area from the graph (step 603 ).
  • the region and the control are then automatically highlighted in response to the user input (step 605 ).
  • a value associated with the control is modified based on additional user input (step 607 ).
  • FIG. 7 shows a system 700 for enabling user interaction with parametric curves.
  • the components can be distributed on one .or more computing devices connected by one or more networks or other suitable communication means.
  • a user can interact with the system 700 through a computer 712 or other device.
  • the computer 712 can be a computer terminal within a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN).
  • LAN local area network
  • WAN wide area network
  • the user may be utilizing a digital image management and processing application such as Adobe Photoshop Lightroom from Adobe Systems Incorporated of San Jose, Calif.
  • the user can manipulate an image 702 b or other data through interaction with a parametric curve user interface 100 , as described above.
  • the user interface 100 is generated by a user interface component 708 and rendered on the computer 712 's display device by render component 710 .
  • User interaction with the user interface 100 is received by a user input detector component 706 which provides the input to the user interface component 708 for processing.
  • the user interface component 708 updates the user interface 100 to reflect the user input such by displaying ranges of curves and highlighting parameter controls.
  • the user interface component 708 can also signal a tone adjustment component 704 (or other suitable component) if the user has modified a parameter of the parametric function controlling color tone.
  • the tone adjustment component 704 then updates tone in an input image 702 a which is then provided to the render component 710 and rendered as image 702 b.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a generic computer system 800 .
  • the system 800 can be used for practicing operations described in association with the methods 300 , 500 , 601 and system 700 .
  • the system 800 can include processors 810 , memories 820 , storage devices 830 , and input/output devices 840 . Each of the components 810 , 820 , 830 , and 840 are interconnected using a system bus 850 .
  • the processor 810 is capable of processing instructions for execution within the system 800 . Such executed instructions can implement one or more components of system 700 , for example.
  • the processor 810 is a single-threaded processor.
  • the processor 810 is a multi-threaded processor.
  • the processor 810 is capable of processing instructions stored in the memory 820 or on the storage device 830 to display graphical information for a user interface on the input/output device 840 .
  • the memory 820 is a computer readable medium such as volatile or non volatile random access memory that stores information within the system 800 .
  • the memory 820 could store data structures representing digital image data and parametric curve parameters, for example.
  • the storage device 830 is capable of providing persistent storage for the system 800 .
  • the storage device 830 may be a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device, or other suitable persistent storage means.
  • the input/output device 840 provides input/output operations for the system 800 .
  • the input/output device 840 includes a keyboard and/or pointing device.
  • the input/output device 840 includes a display unit for displaying graphical user interfaces.
  • the input/output device 840 can provide input/output operations for the system 700 .
  • the system 700 can include computer software components as described above. Examples of such software components include the user input detector 706 , a user interface 708 , a render component 710 and a tone adjustment component 704 , to name a few examples.
  • Embodiments of the subject matter and the functional operations described in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them.
  • Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a computer-readable medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus.
  • the computer-readable medium can be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a memory device, a composition of matter, or a combination of one or more of them.
  • data processing apparatus encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers.
  • the apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them.
  • a propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus.
  • data processing apparatus encompasses all apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers.
  • the apparatus can include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of one or more of them.
  • a propagated signal is an artificially generated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus.
  • a computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.
  • a computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file in a file system.
  • a program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions of code).
  • a computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.
  • the processes and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output.
  • the processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit).
  • processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer.
  • a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both.
  • the essential elements of a computer are a processor for performing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data.
  • a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks.
  • mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks.
  • a computer need not have such devices.
  • a computer can be embedded in another device, e.g., a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio player, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, to name just a few.
  • Computer-readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • the processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.
  • embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer.
  • a display device e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor
  • keyboard and a pointing device e.g., a mouse or a trackball
  • Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.
  • a user interface can receive user input from, for example, a mouse, a trackball, a dial, a touch pad, a keyboard, a microphone, a video camera, a device capable of measuring a user's physiological changes, or combinations of these.
  • user input can include mouse gestures, dial movements, keystrokes, sounds, verbal commands, facial expressions, eye movements, brain waves, or combinations of these.
  • a digital image does not necessarily correspond to a file.
  • An image may be stored in a portion of a file that holds other images, in a single file dedicated to the image in question, or in multiple coordinated files. Moreover, an image can be stored in memory without first having been stored in a file.
  • Embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes a front-end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the subject matter described is this specification, or any combination of one or more such back-end, middleware, or front-end components.
  • the components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), e.g., the Internet.
  • LAN local area network
  • WAN wide area network
  • the computing system can include clients and servers.
  • a client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network.
  • the relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

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