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US8206967B2 - Method for production of recombinant human thrombin - Google Patents

Method for production of recombinant human thrombin Download PDF

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US8206967B2
US8206967B2 US12/167,614 US16761408A US8206967B2 US 8206967 B2 US8206967 B2 US 8206967B2 US 16761408 A US16761408 A US 16761408A US 8206967 B2 US8206967 B2 US 8206967B2
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prothrombin
ecarin
recombinant
cells
thrombin
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Anna Harrysson
Ann Lövgren
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MedImmune Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
    • C12N9/6402—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from non-mammals
    • C12N9/6418—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from non-mammals from snakes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/04—Antihaemorrhagics; Procoagulants; Haemostatic agents; Antifibrinolytic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/64—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue
    • C12N9/6421—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from animal tissue from mammals
    • C12N9/6424—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12N9/6429—Thrombin (3.4.21.5)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y304/00—Hydrolases acting on peptide bonds, i.e. peptidases (3.4)
    • C12Y304/21—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
    • C12Y304/21005—Thrombin (3.4.21.5)

Definitions

  • the present application relates to a method for producing recombinant human thrombin from recombinant prothrombin using recombinant ecarin.
  • Thrombin is a key enzyme in the coagulation cascade.
  • thrombin mediated proteolytic digestion of fibrinogen into fibrin monomer, a cascade reaction leading to clot formation is started.
  • Clot formation is the first step in wound healing.
  • thrombin is a chemo attractant to cells involved in wound healing, and, the fibrin network formed act as a scaffold for collagen-producing fibroblasts, increases phagocytosis, promotes angiogenesis and binds growth factors thus further supporting the healing process.
  • the rate of clot formation is dependent on the concentration of thrombin and fibrinogen.
  • thrombin has been utilised in a number of products intended for haemostasis and/or as tissue sealants or “glues”, both as stand-alone products (i.e. Thrombin-JMI) or in combination with fibrin or other compounds (i.e. Tisseel, Hemaseel, Crosseal).
  • Thrombin-JMI tissue sealants or “glues”
  • fibrin or other compounds i.e. Tisseel, Hemaseel, Crosseal.
  • the potential fields of use are numerous; skin grafting, neuro surgery, cardiac surgery, toracic surgery, vascular surgery, oncologic surgery, plastic surgery, opthalmologic surgery, orthopedic surgery, trauma surgery, head and neck surgery, gynecologic and urologic surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, dental surgery, drug delivery, tissue engineering and dental cavity haemostasis.
  • thrombin in approved thrombin-containing products on the market is derived either from human or bovine plasma.
  • plasma derived protein confers several disadvantages as limited availability and safety concerns such as risk for transmission of viruses and prions and the risk of triggering autoantibody formation (bovine products). Cases where antibody formation due to bovine thrombin exposure has lead to significant bleeding disorders are known.
  • In vivo thrombin is obtained from activation of prothrombin through the coagulation cascade. Activation through the coagulation cascade is dependent on the presence of a functional GLA-domain containing 8-10 glutamic residues converted to gamma-carboxyglutamate. In vitro, also incomplete gamma-carboxylated prothrombin can be converted to thrombin by the use of prothrombin activators such as ecarin.
  • Ecarin a snake venom derived from the Kenyan viper Echis carinatus is a procoagulant, a protease which cleaves human prothrombin between residues Arg 320 -Ile 321 to generate meizothrombin. Further autocatalytic processing results in the formation of meizothrombin desF1 and then alpha-thrombin, which is the mature active form of thrombin.
  • An ideal commercial thrombin manufacturing process would use a recombinant thrombin precursor and a recombinant protease produced at high productivity without addition of animal-derived components. Further requirements would be robust performance, convenience and low cost.
  • rh-thrombin A big obstacle for efficient recombinant human thrombin (rh-thrombin) has been to obtain high yields of prothrombin. Although extensive efforts have been spent, obtaining high yields of prothrombin under conditions suitable for production of biologicals has long remained a challenge.
  • Yonemura et al. J Biochem 135:577-582, 2004 have used recombinant GLA-domain-less prethrombin digested with recombinant ecarin to generate recombinant human thrombin.
  • the productivity of prethrombin at process scale was 150-200 mg/L, which is a modest productivity for commercial scale production. Recombinant production of ecarin has also been described in WO 01/04146.
  • rh-thrombin generation of rh-thrombin is exemplified by conversion of recombinant prothrombin produced in COS cells by a recombinant ecarin produced from CHO cells.
  • the exemplified methods are not suitable for large-scale production and animal-derived components are used.
  • Recombinant ecarin is produced as a prepro-protein that needs to be activated. Problems to efficiently activate the r-ecarin are described in both publications and the suggested activation procedures are far from optimal.
  • the present invention describes a process to efficiently produce human thrombin from recombinant prothrombin obtained by the expression method as described in WO2005038019.
  • Recombinant carboxylated or incompletely carboxylated prothrombin combined with recombinant ecarin has not previously been used for manufacturing of recombinant thrombin. Further, the procedure for activating recombinant ecarin is new. The methods described would be suitable for large scale rh-thrombin manufacturing without the addition of animal-derived components.
  • a method for producing recombinant human thrombin from recombinant prothrombin using recombinant ecarin having the sequence SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a recombinant thrombin according to said method, in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, vehicles and/or adjuvants.
  • an isolated DNA sequence is provided coding for recombinant ecarin according to SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof, having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO 2.
  • a vector comprising an isolated DNA sequence coding for recombinant ecarin according to SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof, having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO 2.
  • a cell line comprising a vector comprising an isolated DNA sequence coding for recombinant ecarin according to SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof, having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO 2.
  • FIG. 1 FII+GGCX construct (SEQ ID NO:1).
  • FIG. 2 Ecarin construct (SEQ ID NO:3).
  • FIG. 3 Example of a process outline for thrombin manufacturing.
  • FIGS. 4A-4C Nucleotide sequence alignment of the nucleic acid sequence encoding recombinant ecarin (SEQ ID NO:2) used in the present invention and wild type ecarin nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4).
  • FIG. 5 Amino acid sequence alignment of recombinant ecarin (encoded by SEQ ID NO:2) used in the present invention and wild type ecarin (both having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5).
  • FIG. 6 Graph showing the activation of recombinant ecarin during cell death over time.
  • FIG. 7 Activation of recombinant ecarin in cell cultures over time, assayed by SDS-PAGE.
  • FIG. 8 Chromatogram from CIEX purification of rh-thrombin.
  • FIG. 9 Non-reduced SDS-PAGE analyses of fractions obtained by CIEX purification.
  • the invention consists in one part of a cell line derived by stable transfection with a vector ( FIG. 1 ) encoding human prothrombin (FII) associated by suitable control sequences and human gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) associated by suitable control sequences. Control sequences should be chosen so that prothrombin expression is in excess of the GGCX expression by at least a factor of 10.
  • the host cell is preferably a eukaryotic cell. Typical host cells include, but are not limited to insect cells, yeast cells, and mammalian cells. Mammalian cells are particularly preferred.
  • Suitable mammalian cells lines include, but are not limited to, CHO, HEK, NS0, 293, Per C.6, BHK and COS cells, and derivatives thereof.
  • the host cell is the mammalian cell line CHO-S.
  • the obtained prothrombin producing cell line is grown under culture conditions optimised for high yield of prothrombin disregarding gamma-carboxylation. Vitamin K may or may not be added to the growth medium.
  • the invention is not restricted to a particular prothrombin or gamma-glutamyl carboxylase or protein encoding sequence of one of these proteins to be co-expressed. Moreover, and in particular with respect to blood coagulation factors, numerous mutant forms of the proteins have been disclosed in the art. The present invention is equally applicable to prothrombin and gamma-glutamyl carboxylase mutant forms, including naturally occurring allelic variants, of the proteins as it is to wild-type sequence. In one embodiment the invention can be undertaking with any wild-type protein or one with at least 90%, preferably at least 95% sequence identity thereto. In another embodiment, sequences listed in Table 1 can be used.
  • GGCX gamma-glutamyl carboxylase
  • GGCX enzymes are widely distributed, and have been cloned from many different species such as the beluga whale Delphinaptrus leucas , the toadfish Opsanus tau , chicken ( Gallus gallus ), hagfish ( Myxine glutinosa ), horseshoe crab ( Limulus polyphemus ), and the cone snail Conus textile (Begley et al., 2000, ibid; Bandyopadhyay et al. 2002, ibid).
  • the carboxylase from conus snail is similar to bovine carboxylase and has been expressed in COS cells (Czerwiec et al. 2002, ibid).
  • GGCX GGCX-like proteins similar to GGCX can be found in insects and prokaryotes such as Anopheles gambiae, Drosophila melanogaster and Leptospira with NCBI accession numbers: gi 31217234, gi 21298685, gi 24216281, gi 24197548 and (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2002, ibid), respectively.
  • the carboxylase enzyme displays remarkable evolutionary conservation.
  • Several of the non-human enzymes have shown, or may be predicted to have, activity similar to that of the human GGCX we have used, and may therefore be used as an alternative to the human enzyme.
  • Table 2 identifies representative sequences of predicted proteins homologous to human GGXC (sorted after species origin) that can be used in the present invention.
  • GGCX proteins and GGCX proteins from other species can be used as the carboxylase enzyme in the present invention.
  • a second part of the invention is a cell line stably transfected with a polynucleotide encoding ecarin and associated control elements ( FIG. 2 ).
  • the ecarin encoding sequence may be optimised for expression in mammalian cells, but is not limited to such sequences.
  • the sequence according to SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof is used to express ecarin.
  • a homologue of SEQ ID NO 2 coding for ecarin may have at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequence SEQ ID NO 2.
  • the host cell is preferably a eukaryotic cell. Typical host cells include, but are not limited to insect cells, yeast cells, and mammalian cells.
  • Mammalian cells are particularly preferred. Suitable mammalian cells lines include, but are not limited to, CHO, HEK, NS0, 293, Per C.6, BHK and COS cells, and derivatives thereof. In one embodiment the host cell is the mammalian cell line CHO-S.
  • prothrombin and ecarin are produced from cells originating from the same parent cell line.
  • This cell line origin may be, but is not limited to, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) including derivatives and NS0 (myeloma BALB/c mouse) including derivatives.
  • CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary cells
  • NS0 myeloma BALB/c mouse
  • the purpose of using the same cell line background is to facilitate purification and evaluation of purity of the thrombin product.
  • ecarin and prothrombin are produced from different host cell line; i.e. CHO and NS0, respectively.
  • recombinant ecarin is preferred as this facilitates detection of non-thrombin product derived components during the thrombin generation process and in the final thrombin product.
  • recombinant ecarin is preferred due to reduced risk for exposure to allergenic or toxic components that may be present in ecarin derived from snake venom.
  • ecarin from snake venom is not preferred due to batch variation and limited batch size of ecarin preparations.
  • the crude prothrombin and the crude ecarin are mixed and incubated under conditions that allow formation of thrombin, such as described in Example 3.
  • Generated thrombin is then purified by methods described in Example 4 or by other methods known by persons skilled in the art.
  • prothrombin and/or ecarin can first be purified by methods known in the art and then mixed to obtain thrombin. Thrombin is then purified from non-product components.
  • FIG. 3 An example of a suitable thrombin manufacturing process is outlined in FIG. 3 .
  • a method for producing recombinant human thrombin from recombinant prothrombin using recombinant ecarin having the sequence SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof is provided.
  • the recombinant ecarin can be expressed and secreted by a cell containing the gene comprising the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof in CHO-S cells, which ecarin has an amino acid sequence equal to that of wild type ecarin.
  • the recombinant prothrombin is subjected to recombinant ecarin, which recombinant ecarin can be isolated in active form after extra-cellular expression by CHO-S cells, said cells being left to apoptosis/necrosis for a time sufficient to activate said ecarin, whereupon a human recombinant thrombin is isolated.
  • the recombinant prothrombin can be produced by a cell-line comprising a prothrombin expressing gene having a nucleotide sequence comprising the sequence SEQ. ID. NO. 1 or an homologue thereof.
  • a homologue of SEQ ID NO 1 coding for prothrombin may have at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequence SEQ ID NO 1.
  • the recombinant prothrombin can be a mixture of fully carboxylated prothrombin and incompletely carboxylated prothrombin.
  • the recombinant prothrombin is a fully carboxylated prothrombin and in another embodiment, the recombinant prothrombin is an incompletely carboxylated prothrombin.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to the recombinant thrombin obtained by the method according to the invention.
  • a pharmaceutical composition can be designed comprising the recombinant thrombin obtained be the method according to the invention, in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, vehicles and/or adjuvants.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be in an applicable form.
  • thrombin produced by the described method can be used in the manufacturing of tissue sealants (“glues”) in combination with other proteins, i.e. fibrin originating from recombinant cells, transgenic animals or human plasma.
  • tissue sealants i.e. fibrin originating from recombinant cells, transgenic animals or human plasma.
  • thrombin produced by the described method can be used as a stand-alone product, freeze dried as single active component or in combination with a non-protein matrix, or, in solution as single active component or in combination with other active components.
  • Suitable mix-in components would be, but is not limited to, collagen, chitin, degradable polymers, cellulose, recombinant coagulation factors and fibrinogen from transgenic or recombinant sources.
  • tissue sealants (“glues”) are numerous; skin grafting, neuro surgery, cardiac surgery, toracic surgery, vascular surgery, oncologic surgery, plastic surgery, opthalmologic surgery, orthopedic surgery, trauma surgery, head and neck surgery, gynecologic and urologic surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, dental surgery, drug delivery, tissue engineering and dental cavity haemostasis.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to a method for obtaining coagulation by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a recombinant human thrombin obtained using the method according to the invention to a patient.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is an isolated DNA sequence according SEQ ID NO 2 or homologues thereof coding for a recombinant ecarin.
  • a homologue of SEQ ID NO 2 coding for ecarin may have at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequence SEQ ID NO 2.
  • SEQ ID NO 2 is a designed sequence that has been optimised for optimal expression. The sequence is particularly suited for expression in mammalian cell systems.
  • a vector comprising SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof.
  • Said vector can be designed to overexpress SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof and is operably linked to expression control sequences permitting expression of ecarin encoded by SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof.
  • a host cell comprising said vector is provided that is capable of expressing ecarin encoded by SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof.
  • This host cell is preferably a eukaryotic cell.
  • Typical host cells include, but are not limited to insect cells, yeast cells, and mammalian cells. Mammalian cells are particularly preferred. Suitable mammalian cells lines include, but are not limited to, CHO, HEK, NSO, 293, Per C.6, BHK and COS cells, and derivatives thereof.
  • the host cell is the mammalian cell line CHO-S.
  • polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by SEQ ID NO: 2 or a homologue thereof and obtained by the method described in Example 2.
  • sequence identity between two sequences can be determined by pair-wise computer alignment analysis, using programs such as, BestFit, PILEUP, Gap or FrameAlign.
  • the preferred alignment tool is BestFit.
  • suitable algorithms such as Blast, Blast2, NCBI Blast2, WashU Blast2, FastA, or Fasta3, and a scoring matrix such as Blosum 62.
  • Such algorithms endeavour to closely approximate the “gold-standard” alignment algorithm of Smith-Waterman.
  • the preferred software/search engine program for use in assessing similarity i.e., how two primary polypeptide sequences line up is Smith-Waterman. Identity refers to direct matches, similarity allows for conservative substitutions.
  • the cells were grown either by batch or perfusion culture methods (Table 1) and the amount of prothrombin produced was measured by an ecarin assay. This ecarin assay was performed essentially as the Chromogenix assay (Mölndal, Sweden) using purified plasma-derived human prothrombin (Haematologic Technologies Inc., Vermont, USA) as standard.
  • An ecarin encoding sequence having the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 optimised for expression in mammalian cells was synthesized and cloned into the Invitrogen vector pCDNA 3.1+ ( FIG. 2 ).
  • An alignment of the nucleotide sequence of the recombinant ecarin used in the present invention to the sequence of wild type ecarin (GI:717090) is seen in FIG. 4 .
  • this recombinant ecarin is 100% homologous to the amino acid sequence for wild type ecarin.
  • This construct, AZ ecarin (SEQ ID NO. 3), was used to stably transfect CHO-S cells (Invitrogen).
  • Ecarin is secreted by the host cell to the extra-cellular space, and in order to screen for ecarin producing clones, culture supernatant samples were removed and mixed with recombinant human prothrombin (rhFII) to a final concentration of 1 mg rhFII/L in assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 containing 0.1% BSA). This mix was incubated 20-40 minutes at 37° C. The thrombin generated by the action of ecarin present in the sample was then detected by adding a 1-2 mM solution of the chromogenic thrombin substrate S-2238 (Chromogenix, Mölndal). Colour development was monitored and stopped when suitable using 20% acetic acid.
  • assay buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 containing 0.1% BSA
  • snake venom derived ecarin with a declared activity was purchased from Sigma and used as standard.
  • the best producing cell line obtained produced up to 7000 U ecarin per liter culture in lab scale shaker cultures grown in animal component free medium.
  • the above method produces the recombinant ecarin as a pro protein
  • activation by removal of the pro-part is necessary for optimal activity.
  • the culture medium used was CD-CHO supplemented with HT-supplement, non-essential amino acids and Glutamax I (as recommended by Invitrogen for CHO-S), and growth conditions were shaker bottles at 37° C. in an atmosphere containing 5% carbon dioxide. Culture samples were assayed for activity as described above. As can be seen from FIG. 6 , the activity of recombinant ecarin increased during the activation period.
  • the ecarin protease converts prothrombin to meizothrombin, an intermediate form of thrombin that has thrombin catalytic activity. Further processing into thrombin is achieved by auto-catalyses.
  • Thrombin obtained by the procedure described in example 3 was purified by cation-exchange chromatography (CIEX) using ⁇ KTA-FPLC (GE Healthcare) and an SP-Sepharose HP column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with 25 mM sodium-phosphate buffer, pH 6.5.
  • Ecarin-digested prothrombin prepared as in example 3 was adjusted to pH 6.2 and a conductivity of approximately 8 mS/cm.
  • Thrombin was eluted with a 1M sodium chloride gradient in column equilibration buffer over 20 column volumes ( FIG. 8 ). Selected fractions were analysed by SDS-PAGE ( FIG. 9 ). Thrombin activity was confirmed by incubation with the chromogenic thrombin substrate S-2238 (Chromogenix, Mölndal).
  • thrombin kinetic parameters were determined using the chromogenic thrombin substrate S-2366 (Chromogenix). Activity was estimated by titration with hirudin. The rh-thrombin was for all parameters; Activity, K kat and V max , similar to plasma-derived human ⁇ -thrombin from Haematologic Technologies Inc. (Vermont, USA).
  • Purified thrombin was also subjected to N-terminal sequencing: Reduced thrombin heavy and light polypeptide chains were separated by SDS-PAGE and blotted to Immobilon P membrane (Millipor). The excised bands were sequenced by the Edman degradation method. Heavy chain N-terminal first five amino acids were confirmed to be IVEGS, and the light chain five N-terminal amino acids were TFGS as expected.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to compositions and methods for producing recombinant human thrombin using recombinant ecarin.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/948,207 (US) filed on 6 Jul. 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present application relates to a method for producing recombinant human thrombin from recombinant prothrombin using recombinant ecarin.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Thrombin is a key enzyme in the coagulation cascade. By thrombin mediated proteolytic digestion of fibrinogen into fibrin monomer, a cascade reaction leading to clot formation is started. Clot formation is the first step in wound healing. In addition thrombin is a chemo attractant to cells involved in wound healing, and, the fibrin network formed act as a scaffold for collagen-producing fibroblasts, increases phagocytosis, promotes angiogenesis and binds growth factors thus further supporting the healing process. The rate of clot formation is dependent on the concentration of thrombin and fibrinogen. Because of the important function in clot formation thrombin has been utilised in a number of products intended for haemostasis and/or as tissue sealants or “glues”, both as stand-alone products (i.e. Thrombin-JMI) or in combination with fibrin or other compounds (i.e. Tisseel, Hemaseel, Crosseal). The potential fields of use are numerous; skin grafting, neuro surgery, cardiac surgery, toracic surgery, vascular surgery, oncologic surgery, plastic surgery, opthalmologic surgery, orthopedic surgery, trauma surgery, head and neck surgery, gynecologic and urologic surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, dental surgery, drug delivery, tissue engineering and dental cavity haemostasis.
So far the thrombin in approved thrombin-containing products on the market is derived either from human or bovine plasma. Using plasma derived protein confers several disadvantages as limited availability and safety concerns such as risk for transmission of viruses and prions and the risk of triggering autoantibody formation (bovine products). Cases where antibody formation due to bovine thrombin exposure has lead to significant bleeding disorders are known.
In vivo thrombin is obtained from activation of prothrombin through the coagulation cascade. Activation through the coagulation cascade is dependent on the presence of a functional GLA-domain containing 8-10 glutamic residues converted to gamma-carboxyglutamate. In vitro, also incomplete gamma-carboxylated prothrombin can be converted to thrombin by the use of prothrombin activators such as ecarin. Ecarin, a snake venom derived from the Kenyan viper Echis carinatus is a procoagulant, a protease which cleaves human prothrombin between residues Arg320-Ile321 to generate meizothrombin. Further autocatalytic processing results in the formation of meizothrombin desF1 and then alpha-thrombin, which is the mature active form of thrombin.
An ideal commercial thrombin manufacturing process would use a recombinant thrombin precursor and a recombinant protease produced at high productivity without addition of animal-derived components. Further requirements would be robust performance, convenience and low cost.
A big obstacle for efficient recombinant human thrombin (rh-thrombin) has been to obtain high yields of prothrombin. Although extensive efforts have been spent, obtaining high yields of prothrombin under conditions suitable for production of biologicals has long remained a challenge. Yonemura et al. (J Biochem 135:577-582, 2004) have used recombinant GLA-domain-less prethrombin digested with recombinant ecarin to generate recombinant human thrombin. The productivity of prethrombin at process scale was 150-200 mg/L, which is a modest productivity for commercial scale production. Recombinant production of ecarin has also been described in WO 01/04146. In this publication generation of rh-thrombin is exemplified by conversion of recombinant prothrombin produced in COS cells by a recombinant ecarin produced from CHO cells. However, the exemplified methods are not suitable for large-scale production and animal-derived components are used.
Recombinant ecarin is produced as a prepro-protein that needs to be activated. Problems to efficiently activate the r-ecarin are described in both publications and the suggested activation procedures are far from optimal.
Thus there is a need for improved methods to obtain recombinant human thrombin. During our efforts to obtain improved productivity of gamma-carboxylated human prothrombin we made the surprising discovery that co-expression with gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) vastly improved also the productivity of incompletely carboxylated prothrombin (see WO2005038019).
The present invention describes a process to efficiently produce human thrombin from recombinant prothrombin obtained by the expression method as described in WO2005038019. Recombinant carboxylated or incompletely carboxylated prothrombin combined with recombinant ecarin has not previously been used for manufacturing of recombinant thrombin. Further, the procedure for activating recombinant ecarin is new. The methods described would be suitable for large scale rh-thrombin manufacturing without the addition of animal-derived components.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect of the invention, a method is provided for producing recombinant human thrombin from recombinant prothrombin using recombinant ecarin having the sequence SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof.
According to a another aspect, a pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising a recombinant thrombin according to said method, in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, vehicles and/or adjuvants.
According to further aspect, an isolated DNA sequence is provided coding for recombinant ecarin according to SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof, having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO 2.
According to another aspect, a vector is provided comprising an isolated DNA sequence coding for recombinant ecarin according to SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof, having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO 2.
According to yet another aspect, a cell line is provided comprising a vector comprising an isolated DNA sequence coding for recombinant ecarin according to SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof, having at least 80% identity to SEQ ID NO 2.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1. FII+GGCX construct (SEQ ID NO:1).
FIG. 2. Ecarin construct (SEQ ID NO:3).
FIG. 3. Example of a process outline for thrombin manufacturing.
FIGS. 4A-4C. Nucleotide sequence alignment of the nucleic acid sequence encoding recombinant ecarin (SEQ ID NO:2) used in the present invention and wild type ecarin nucleic acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:4).
FIG. 5. Amino acid sequence alignment of recombinant ecarin (encoded by SEQ ID NO:2) used in the present invention and wild type ecarin (both having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5).
FIG. 6. Graph showing the activation of recombinant ecarin during cell death over time.
FIG. 7. Activation of recombinant ecarin in cell cultures over time, assayed by SDS-PAGE.
FIG. 8. Chromatogram from CIEX purification of rh-thrombin.
FIG. 9. Non-reduced SDS-PAGE analyses of fractions obtained by CIEX purification.
 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The invention consists in one part of a cell line derived by stable transfection with a vector (FIG. 1) encoding human prothrombin (FII) associated by suitable control sequences and human gamma-glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) associated by suitable control sequences. Control sequences should be chosen so that prothrombin expression is in excess of the GGCX expression by at least a factor of 10. The host cell is preferably a eukaryotic cell. Typical host cells include, but are not limited to insect cells, yeast cells, and mammalian cells. Mammalian cells are particularly preferred. Suitable mammalian cells lines include, but are not limited to, CHO, HEK, NS0, 293, Per C.6, BHK and COS cells, and derivatives thereof. In one embodiment the host cell is the mammalian cell line CHO-S. The obtained prothrombin producing cell line is grown under culture conditions optimised for high yield of prothrombin disregarding gamma-carboxylation. Vitamin K may or may not be added to the growth medium.
It will be appreciated that the invention is not restricted to a particular prothrombin or gamma-glutamyl carboxylase or protein encoding sequence of one of these proteins to be co-expressed. Moreover, and in particular with respect to blood coagulation factors, numerous mutant forms of the proteins have been disclosed in the art. The present invention is equally applicable to prothrombin and gamma-glutamyl carboxylase mutant forms, including naturally occurring allelic variants, of the proteins as it is to wild-type sequence. In one embodiment the invention can be undertaking with any wild-type protein or one with at least 90%, preferably at least 95% sequence identity thereto. In another embodiment, sequences listed in Table 1 can be used.
TABLE 1
CDNA GENE
EMBL SPLICE VARIANTS EMBL
PROTEIN ACC# (PROTEIN) MUTATIONS ACC#
Glutamate gamma BC013979 2; BC013979; 1 SNP (EMBL# U65896); U65896
carboxylase AF253530 2 SNPs (OMIM# 137167)
Prothrombin V00595 1; V00595 approx. 100 SNP's AF478696
(EMBL# AF478696)
Each of these proteins, including their nucleic acid and amino acid sequences, are well known. Table 2 identifies representative sequences of wild-type and mutant forms of the various proteins that can be used in the present invention.
The term “gamma-glutamyl carboxylase” or “GGCX”, as used herein, refers to a vitamin K dependent enzyme that catalyses carboxylation of glutamic acid residues.
GGCX enzymes are widely distributed, and have been cloned from many different species such as the beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas, the toadfish Opsanus tau, chicken (Gallus gallus), hagfish (Myxine glutinosa), horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), and the cone snail Conus textile (Begley et al., 2000, ibid; Bandyopadhyay et al. 2002, ibid). The carboxylase from conus snail is similar to bovine carboxylase and has been expressed in COS cells (Czerwiec et al. 2002, ibid). Additional proteins similar to GGCX can be found in insects and prokaryotes such as Anopheles gambiae, Drosophila melanogaster and Leptospira with NCBI accession numbers: gi 31217234, gi 21298685, gi 24216281, gi 24197548 and (Bandyopadhyay et al., 2002, ibid), respectively. The carboxylase enzyme displays remarkable evolutionary conservation. Several of the non-human enzymes have shown, or may be predicted to have, activity similar to that of the human GGCX we have used, and may therefore be used as an alternative to the human enzyme.
Table 2 identifies representative sequences of predicted proteins homologous to human GGXC (sorted after species origin) that can be used in the present invention.
TABLE 2
Data base
Species accession #/ID
Homo sapiens (man) NM_000821.2
HUMGLUCARB
HUMHGCA
BC004422
HSU65896
AF253530.1
Papio hamadryas (red baboon) AC116665.1
Delphinapterus leucas (white whale) AF278713
Bos taurus (bovine) NM_174066.2
BOVCARBOXG
BOVBGCA
Ovis aries (domestic sheep) AF312035
Rattus norvegicus (brown rat) NM_031756.1
AF065387
Mus musculus (mouse) NM_019802.1
AF087938
Opsanus tau (bony fishes) AF278714.1
Conus textile (molluscs) AY0044904.1
AF382823.2
Conus imperialis (molluscs) AF448234.1
Conus episcopatus (molluscs) AF448233.1
Conus omaria (molluscs) AF448235.1
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) NM_079161.2
Anopheles gambiae (mosquito) XM_316389.1
Secale cereale (monocots) SCE314767
Triticum aestivum (common wheat) AF280606.1
Triticum urartu (monocots) AY245579.1
Hordeum vulgare (barley) BLYHORDCA
Leptospira interrogans (spirochetes) AE011514.1
Streptomyces coelicolor (high GC Gram+ SCO939109
bacteria) SCO939124
AF425987.1
Streptomyces lividans (high GC Gram+ bacteria) SLU22894
Streptomyces viginiae (high GC Gram+ bacteria) SVSNBDE
Micrococcus luteus (high GC Gram+ bacteria) MLSPCOPER
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (green algae) AF479588.1
Dictyostelium discoideum (slime mold) AC115612.2
Coturnix coturnix (birds) AF364329.1
Bradyrhizobium japonicum (α-protoebacteria) AP005937.1
Rhodobacter sphaeroides (α-proteobacteria) RSY14197
Sinorhizobium meliloti (α-proteobacteria) RME603647
AF119834
Mesorhizobium loti (α-proteobacteria) AP003014.2
Chromobacterium violaceum (β-proteobacteria) AE016910.1
AE016918.1
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (γ-proteobacteria) AE004613.1
AF165882
Xanthomonas axonopodis (γ-proteobacteria) AE011706.1
Human herpesvirus 8 KSU52064
KSU75698
AF305694
AF360120
AF192756
Each of the above-identified GGCX proteins and GGCX proteins from other species can be used as the carboxylase enzyme in the present invention.
A second part of the invention is a cell line stably transfected with a polynucleotide encoding ecarin and associated control elements (FIG. 2). The ecarin encoding sequence may be optimised for expression in mammalian cells, but is not limited to such sequences. In one embodiment of the invention the sequence according to SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof is used to express ecarin. A homologue of SEQ ID NO 2 coding for ecarin may have at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequence SEQ ID NO 2. The host cell is preferably a eukaryotic cell. Typical host cells include, but are not limited to insect cells, yeast cells, and mammalian cells. Mammalian cells are particularly preferred. Suitable mammalian cells lines include, but are not limited to, CHO, HEK, NS0, 293, Per C.6, BHK and COS cells, and derivatives thereof. In one embodiment the host cell is the mammalian cell line CHO-S.
In one embodiment prothrombin and ecarin are produced from cells originating from the same parent cell line. This cell line origin may be, but is not limited to, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) including derivatives and NS0 (myeloma BALB/c mouse) including derivatives. The purpose of using the same cell line background is to facilitate purification and evaluation of purity of the thrombin product.
In another embodiment ecarin and prothrombin are produced from different host cell line; i.e. CHO and NS0, respectively.
In one aspect of the invention use of recombinant ecarin is preferred as this facilitates detection of non-thrombin product derived components during the thrombin generation process and in the final thrombin product. In a second aspect recombinant ecarin is preferred due to reduced risk for exposure to allergenic or toxic components that may be present in ecarin derived from snake venom. In a third aspect ecarin from snake venom is not preferred due to batch variation and limited batch size of ecarin preparations.
The crude prothrombin and the crude ecarin are mixed and incubated under conditions that allow formation of thrombin, such as described in Example 3. Generated thrombin is then purified by methods described in Example 4 or by other methods known by persons skilled in the art. Alternatively prothrombin and/or ecarin can first be purified by methods known in the art and then mixed to obtain thrombin. Thrombin is then purified from non-product components.
An example of a suitable thrombin manufacturing process is outlined in FIG. 3.
A method is provided for producing recombinant human thrombin from recombinant prothrombin using recombinant ecarin having the sequence SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof. The recombinant ecarin can be expressed and secreted by a cell containing the gene comprising the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof in CHO-S cells, which ecarin has an amino acid sequence equal to that of wild type ecarin.
In the above method the recombinant prothrombin is subjected to recombinant ecarin, which recombinant ecarin can be isolated in active form after extra-cellular expression by CHO-S cells, said cells being left to apoptosis/necrosis for a time sufficient to activate said ecarin, whereupon a human recombinant thrombin is isolated.
The recombinant prothrombin can be produced by a cell-line comprising a prothrombin expressing gene having a nucleotide sequence comprising the sequence SEQ. ID. NO. 1 or an homologue thereof. A homologue of SEQ ID NO 1 coding for prothrombin may have at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequence SEQ ID NO 1. The recombinant prothrombin can be a mixture of fully carboxylated prothrombin and incompletely carboxylated prothrombin. In one embodiment, the recombinant prothrombin is a fully carboxylated prothrombin and in another embodiment, the recombinant prothrombin is an incompletely carboxylated prothrombin.
A further aspect of the invention relates to the recombinant thrombin obtained by the method according to the invention. A pharmaceutical composition can be designed comprising the recombinant thrombin obtained be the method according to the invention, in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, vehicles and/or adjuvants. The pharmaceutical composition can be in an applicable form.
In one embodiment thrombin produced by the described method can be used in the manufacturing of tissue sealants (“glues”) in combination with other proteins, i.e. fibrin originating from recombinant cells, transgenic animals or human plasma. In another embodiment thrombin produced by the described method can be used as a stand-alone product, freeze dried as single active component or in combination with a non-protein matrix, or, in solution as single active component or in combination with other active components.
Suitable mix-in components would be, but is not limited to, collagen, chitin, degradable polymers, cellulose, recombinant coagulation factors and fibrinogen from transgenic or recombinant sources.
The potential fields of use for the tissue sealants (“glues”) are numerous; skin grafting, neuro surgery, cardiac surgery, toracic surgery, vascular surgery, oncologic surgery, plastic surgery, opthalmologic surgery, orthopedic surgery, trauma surgery, head and neck surgery, gynecologic and urologic surgery, gastrointestinal surgery, dental surgery, drug delivery, tissue engineering and dental cavity haemostasis.
A further aspect of the invention relates to a method for obtaining coagulation by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a recombinant human thrombin obtained using the method according to the invention to a patient.
Another aspect of the present invention is an isolated DNA sequence according SEQ ID NO 2 or homologues thereof coding for a recombinant ecarin. A homologue of SEQ ID NO 2 coding for ecarin may have at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity to the sequence SEQ ID NO 2. SEQ ID NO 2 is a designed sequence that has been optimised for optimal expression. The sequence is particularly suited for expression in mammalian cell systems.
According to another aspect a vector comprising SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof is provided. Said vector can be designed to overexpress SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof and is operably linked to expression control sequences permitting expression of ecarin encoded by SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof. According to a third aspect a host cell comprising said vector is provided that is capable of expressing ecarin encoded by SEQ ID NO 2 or a homologue thereof. This host cell is preferably a eukaryotic cell. Typical host cells include, but are not limited to insect cells, yeast cells, and mammalian cells. Mammalian cells are particularly preferred. Suitable mammalian cells lines include, but are not limited to, CHO, HEK, NSO, 293, Per C.6, BHK and COS cells, and derivatives thereof. In one embodiment the host cell is the mammalian cell line CHO-S.
According to another embodiment of the present invention a polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence encoded by SEQ ID NO: 2 or a homologue thereof and obtained by the method described in Example 2.
The sequence identity between two sequences can be determined by pair-wise computer alignment analysis, using programs such as, BestFit, PILEUP, Gap or FrameAlign. The preferred alignment tool is BestFit. In practise, when searching for similar/identical sequences to the query search, from within a sequence database, it is generally necessary to perform an initial identification of similar sequences using suitable algorithms such as Blast, Blast2, NCBI Blast2, WashU Blast2, FastA, or Fasta3, and a scoring matrix such as Blosum 62. Such algorithms endeavour to closely approximate the “gold-standard” alignment algorithm of Smith-Waterman. Thus, the preferred software/search engine program for use in assessing similarity, i.e., how two primary polypeptide sequences line up is Smith-Waterman. Identity refers to direct matches, similarity allows for conservative substitutions.
EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
The invention will be further described by means of the following examples which shall not be interpreted as limiting the scope of the appended claims.
Example 1
High Yield Production of Recombinant Human Prothrombin in CHO Cells
The P1E2 cell line containing the construct PN32 shown in FIG. 1 having the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 1, was grown in a fermentor according to the method described in WO2005038019, using a protein and animal component free growth medium in order to produce prothrombin for use in thrombin manufacturing. The cells were grown either by batch or perfusion culture methods (Table 1) and the amount of prothrombin produced was measured by an ecarin assay. This ecarin assay was performed essentially as the Chromogenix assay (Mölndal, Sweden) using purified plasma-derived human prothrombin (Haematologic Technologies Inc., Vermont, USA) as standard.
TABLE 1
Examples of yield of prothrombin in experimental fermentor runs
Culture method & Viable cells (million Prothrombin
Experiment ID time cells/mL) mg/L
CC2LC (272-8) Batch, 238 h 5.9 281
CC2LD (272-8) Batch, 238 h 6.2 276
326-11B Perfusion, 259 h 18 722
The fermentor experiments showed that both batch and perfusion culture methods can be used to produce prothrombin suitable for production of recombinant thrombin (Table 1). The share of fully carboxylated prothrombin obtained in these fermentor runs was about 55-87%, the rest being incompletely carboxylated prothrombin.
Example 2
Production of Recombinant Ecarin in CHO Cells
An ecarin encoding sequence having the nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 2 optimised for expression in mammalian cells was synthesized and cloned into the Invitrogen vector pCDNA 3.1+ (FIG. 2). An alignment of the nucleotide sequence of the recombinant ecarin used in the present invention to the sequence of wild type ecarin (GI:717090) is seen in FIG. 4. As can be seen in FIG. 5 this recombinant ecarin is 100% homologous to the amino acid sequence for wild type ecarin. This construct, AZ ecarin (SEQ ID NO. 3), was used to stably transfect CHO-S cells (Invitrogen). Ecarin is secreted by the host cell to the extra-cellular space, and in order to screen for ecarin producing clones, culture supernatant samples were removed and mixed with recombinant human prothrombin (rhFII) to a final concentration of 1 mg rhFII/L in assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4 containing 0.1% BSA). This mix was incubated 20-40 minutes at 37° C. The thrombin generated by the action of ecarin present in the sample was then detected by adding a 1-2 mM solution of the chromogenic thrombin substrate S-2238 (Chromogenix, Mölndal). Colour development was monitored and stopped when suitable using 20% acetic acid. To estimate the activity of the recombinant ecarin produced, snake venom derived ecarin with a declared activity was purchased from Sigma and used as standard. The best producing cell line obtained produced up to 7000 U ecarin per liter culture in lab scale shaker cultures grown in animal component free medium.
Activation of Recombinant Ecarin
The above method produces the recombinant ecarin as a pro protein Thus, activation by removal of the pro-part is necessary for optimal activity. To our surprise, we found that activation was most conveniently obtained by continued incubation of the culture for at least 7 days after the death of the ecarin producing cells (FIG. 6). The culture medium used was CD-CHO supplemented with HT-supplement, non-essential amino acids and Glutamax I (as recommended by Invitrogen for CHO-S), and growth conditions were shaker bottles at 37° C. in an atmosphere containing 5% carbon dioxide. Culture samples were assayed for activity as described above. As can be seen from FIG. 6, the activity of recombinant ecarin increased during the activation period.
Samples from culture supernatants were also separated by SDS-PAGE and blotted to nitrocellulose membranes. Labelling of the membrane was performed with polyclonal rabbit serum directed towards the mature part of ecarin expressed as inclusion bodies in E. coli. “M” indicates the molecular weight marker and numbers refer to day of sample collection. As can be seen from FIG. 7 the recombinant ecarin remains stable for more than a week after the death of the cells. Activation of ecarin may also take place at lower temperatures, for instance as low as room temperature, but will then require longer times for activation. Ecarin will remain stable for severable months in room temperature in the presence of dead host cells. The activity will increase gradually until it levels out. A decrease in activity has not been observed except in the presence of bacterial infections or high temperatures. Efforts to use trypsin for activation of ecarin were made, but were not successful.
Example 3
Conversion of Prothrombin to Thrombin by Ecarin
The ecarin protease converts prothrombin to meizothrombin, an intermediate form of thrombin that has thrombin catalytic activity. Further processing into thrombin is achieved by auto-catalyses. To determine the estimated amount of ecarin culture needed for converting prothrombin into thrombin, we performed a series of test digests. Different amounts of ecarin-containing culture supernatants as obtained in Example 2, were mixed with 1 mg/ml prothrombin (as obtained in example 1) in PBS buffer (Cambrex). Incubation of the mixtures was done at 37° C. for 1-3 hours. Samples were then analysed by SDS-PAGE to identify the amount of recombinant ecarin needed for complete conversion of prothrombin into thrombin. By this procedure we found that the recombinant ecarin was very potent; one liter of ecarin culture supernatant at 7000 U/L is capable of complete conversion of 64 grams of prothrombin into thrombin in less than 3 hours at 37° C. Normally recombinantly produced prothrombin has to be purified in order to separate fully-carboxylated prothrombin from the incompletely carboxylated prothrombin. However this is not necessary for the present invention as the recombinant ecarin is able to efficiently activate both the fully carboxylated and the incompletely carboxylated prothrombins.
Example 4
Purification of Thrombin
Thrombin obtained by the procedure described in example 3 was purified by cation-exchange chromatography (CIEX) using ÄKTA-FPLC (GE Healthcare) and an SP-Sepharose HP column (GE Healthcare) equilibrated with 25 mM sodium-phosphate buffer, pH 6.5. Ecarin-digested prothrombin prepared as in example 3 was adjusted to pH 6.2 and a conductivity of approximately 8 mS/cm. Thrombin was eluted with a 1M sodium chloride gradient in column equilibration buffer over 20 column volumes (FIG. 8). Selected fractions were analysed by SDS-PAGE (FIG. 9). Thrombin activity was confirmed by incubation with the chromogenic thrombin substrate S-2238 (Chromogenix, Mölndal).
Example 5
Analyses of rh-thrombin Obtained
To further analyse the obtained thrombin, kinetic parameters were determined using the chromogenic thrombin substrate S-2366 (Chromogenix). Activity was estimated by titration with hirudin. The rh-thrombin was for all parameters; Activity, Kkat and Vmax, similar to plasma-derived human α-thrombin from Haematologic Technologies Inc. (Vermont, USA).
Purified thrombin was also subjected to N-terminal sequencing: Reduced thrombin heavy and light polypeptide chains were separated by SDS-PAGE and blotted to Immobilon P membrane (Millipor). The excised bands were sequenced by the Edman degradation method. Heavy chain N-terminal first five amino acids were confirmed to be IVEGS, and the light chain five N-terminal amino acids were TFGS as expected.

Claims (36)

1. A method comprising:
(a) providing mammalian cells comprising DNA encoding prepro-ecarin comprising SEQ ID NO:5;
(b) expressing the prepro-ecarin in the cells by incubating the cells under conditions permitting the cells to express the prepro-ecarin from the DNA;
(c) continuing to incubate the cells until substantially all of the cells have ceased to be viable, thereby producing a medium comprising dead cells; and
(d) continuing to incubate the medium for an activation period sufficient to produce active ecarin from the prepro-ecarin in the medium.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the activation period of (d) lasts at least seven days after substantially all cells have ceased to be viable.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising fractionating the active ecarin-containing medium of (d) to separate a fraction containing active ecarin from a fraction containing dead cells.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the cells are stably transfected with the DNA encoding prepro-ecarin.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the DNA encoding prepro-ecarin comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the cells are CHO-S cells.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the CHO-S cells are stably transfected with a DNA comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
providing recombinant human prothrombin; and
contacting a sample of the active ecarin-containing medium with the recombinant human prothrombin, thereby producing recombinant human thrombin.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the recombinant human prothrombin and the prepro-ecarin are expressed using cultured mammalian cells obtained from the same parental cell line.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the parental cell line is CHO-S.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein the cells of (a) are CHO-S cells stably transfected with a DNA comprising the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein the recombinant human prothrombin is a mixture of fully carboxylated prothrombin and incompletely carboxylated prothrombin.
13. The method of claim 8, wherein the recombinant prothrombin is fully carboxylated.
14. The method of claim 8, wherein the recombinant prothrombin is incompletely carboxylated.
15. The method of claim 8, further comprising purifying the recombinant human thrombin.
16. The method of claim 15, further comprising formulating the purified recombinant human thrombin in a pharmaceutical composition.
17. The method of claim 9, wherein the cultured mammalian cells expressing recombinant human prothrombin also comprise recombinant DNA encoding a gamma-glutamyl carboxylase and express recombinant gamma-glutamyl carboxylase.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the level of expression of prothrombin by the cells expressing recombinant human prothrombin is at least ten times the level of expression of gamma-glutamyl carboxylase.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the mammalian cells expressing recombinant human prothrombin express the recombinant prothrombin and recombinant gamma-glutamyl carboxylase while being cultured in a medium to which no vitamin K has been added.
20. The method of claim 17, wherein the recombinant prothrombin expressed in the cells expressing recombinant human prothrombin is incompletely carboxylated prothrombin or a mixture of fully and incompletely carboxylated prothrombin.
21. The method of claim 18, wherein the recombinant prothrombin expressed in the cells expressing recombinant human prothrombin is incompletely carboxylated prothrombin or a mixture of fully and incompletely carboxylated prothrombin.
22. The method of claim 19, wherein the recombinant prothrombin expressed in the cells expressing recombinant human prothrombin is incompletely carboxylated prothrombin or a mixture of fully and incompletely carboxylated prothrombin.
23. The method of claim 9, wherein the mammalian cells expressing recombinant human prothrombin express the recombinant prothrombin while being cultured in a medium to which no vitamin K has been added.
24. The method of claim 1, further comprising
producing, from the medium comprising dead cells, a culture supernatant comprising active ecarin; and
contacting prothrombin with the culture supernatant, thereby producing thrombin.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein the prothrombin is incompletely carboxylated prothrombin.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein the prothrombin is a mixture of fully carboxylated prothrombin and incompletely carboxylated prothrombin.
27. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing, from the medium of (d), a culture supernatant comprising active ecarin.
28. The method of claim 27, further comprising
providing recombinant prothrombin; and
contacting part or all of the culture supernatant with the recombinant prothrombin, thereby producing recombinant thrombin.
29. The method of claim 1, further comprising
providing recombinant prothrombin; and
contacting the active ecarin with the recombinant prothrombin, thereby producing recombinant thrombin,
wherein the active ecarin is not purified from the medium prior to being contacted with the recombinant prothrombin.
30. The method of claim 27, further comprising
providing recombinant prothrombin; and
contacting the active ecarin with the recombinant prothrombin, thereby producing recombinant thrombin,
wherein the active ecarin is not purified from the culture supernatant prior to being contacted with the recombinant prothrombin.
31. The method of claim 1, wherein the DNA encoding prepro-ecarin comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 85% identical to SEQ ID NO:2.
32. The method of claim 1, wherein the DNA encoding prepro-ecarin comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 90% identical to SEQ ID NO:2.
33. The method of claim 1, wherein the DNA encoding prepro-ecarin comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 95% identical to SEQ ID NO:2.
34. The method of claim 1, wherein the DNA encoding prepro-ecarin comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 97% identical to SEQ ID NO:2.
35. The method of claim 1, wherein the DNA encoding prepro-ecarin comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 98% identical to SEQ ID NO:2.
36. The method of claim 1, wherein the DNA encoding prepro-ecarin comprises a nucleotide sequence at least 99% identical to SEQ ID NO:2.
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