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US7528203B2 - Cyclic olefin copolymers, and methods of making the same - Google Patents

Cyclic olefin copolymers, and methods of making the same Download PDF

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US7528203B2
US7528203B2 US11/891,940 US89194007A US7528203B2 US 7528203 B2 US7528203 B2 US 7528203B2 US 89194007 A US89194007 A US 89194007A US 7528203 B2 US7528203 B2 US 7528203B2
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copolymer
cyclopentene
group
incorporated
ethylene
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US20080071046A1 (en
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Margarete K. Leclerc
Anne Marie LaPointe
Cynthia Lee Micklatcher
Lily Joy Ackerman
Mark L. Micklatcher
Victor O. Nava-Salgado
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Symyx Technologies Inc
ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc
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ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F232/00—Copolymers of cyclic compounds containing no unsaturated aliphatic radicals in a side chain, and having one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds in a carbocyclic ring system
    • C08F232/02—Copolymers of cyclic compounds containing no unsaturated aliphatic radicals in a side chain, and having one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds in a carbocyclic ring system having no condensed rings
    • C08F232/04—Copolymers of cyclic compounds containing no unsaturated aliphatic radicals in a side chain, and having one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds in a carbocyclic ring system having no condensed rings having one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C08F210/02—Ethene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C08F210/04—Monomers containing three or four carbon atoms
    • C08F210/06—Propene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C08F210/14—Monomers containing five or more carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C08F210/16—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to copolymers of cyclic olefins, particularly cyclopentene and a second olefin.
  • the invention also relates to methods of polymerization of copolymers of cyclic olefins, such as cyclopentene, and a second olefin with a bridged bi-phenyl phenol catalyst.
  • Cyclic olefin copolymers are generally known as polymers that include a saturated cyclic moiety as part of the polymer, using monomers such as cyclobutene, cyclopentene, and norbornene (and typically, thus, styrene is not included within the definition of a cyclic olefin).
  • COC's are made using Ziegler-Natta polymerization (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,677) or, more recently, using metallocene catalysts (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,560).
  • the most common type of COC in commercial production is one that incorporates norbornene as the cyclic olefin.
  • the Tg is an important property of cyclic olefin copolymers. Tg allows a measure of whether the material is more or less plastic or rubber, and is believed to reflect the ability of the polymer chain to move in the solid state. Many structural features of a polymer can affect the Tg, including chain flexibility, steric hindrance, side groups (presence, absence and/or size), symmetry, polarity and copolymerization.
  • the Tg of known cyclic olefin copolymers is known to rise, generally, as the mole percent incorporation of the cyclic comonomer increases and lower Tg's result generally when fewer cyclic comonomer units are inserted into the chain.
  • Tg's of cyclic olefin copolymers produced from cyclopentene are generally low (Tg's well below 30° C. are common). See, e.g., LaVoie et al., Tetrahedron, Vol. 60 (2004), pp. 7147-7155; Fugita et al., Macromolecules, Vol. 35 (2002), pp. 9640-9647. What is needed is a catalyst capable of inserting cyclopentene monomer into the resulting polymer chain at a higher mole percentage than is known.
  • metallocene catalysis or other polymerization methods have not produced a cyclic olefin copolymer that includes cyclopentene having a desired microstructure or Tg.
  • metallocene catalysts produce copolymers of cyclopentene and ethylene where the cyclopentene is incorporated with a 1,3 insertion and/or with a low Tg. See Jerschow et al., Macromolecules, 1995, Vol. 28, pp. 7095-7099.
  • ring-opening metathesis polymerization produces a maximum of 50 mole % cyclopentene in the copolymers, and without direct bonding of the cyclopentene monomers in the product and without a commercially-desirable Tg. See Fugita et al. Macromolecules , Vol. 35 (2002) pp. 9640-9647.
  • This invention relates to a polymer produced from cyclopentene and another olefin, preferably having particular properties.
  • the other olefin is generally either ethylene or propylene or a combination thereof.
  • the particular properties generally include greater than 50 mole % cyclopentene in the copolymer.
  • the particular properties also include, in some embodiments, 1,2 insertion of the cyclopentene without substantial 1,3 insertion.
  • the particular properties also typically include, in some embodiments, a Tg of greater than 30° C.
  • the particular properties also typically include, in some embodiments, direct bonding of cyclopentene monomers having 1,2 insertion in the backbone of the copolymer.
  • the invention provides a method of making copolymers of cyclopentene and another monomer selected from the group consisting of ethylene and propylene and combinations thereof, with the method comprising polymerizing cyclopentene and the other monomer in the presence of a catalyst comprising a composition of ligand and metal precursor or a metal-ligand complex characterized by the formula:
  • AR is an aromatic group that can be the same or different from the other AR groups with each AR being independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl;
  • T is a bridging group
  • X, X′, Y 2 , and Y 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen and sulfur, optionally substituted alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, —N(R 30 ) r —, and —P(R 30 ) r —, where R 30 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, silyl, boryl, alkoxy, aryloxy and combinations thereof, and r is 0 or 1;
  • M is a metal selected from groups 3-6 and lanthanide elements of the periodic table of elements
  • each L is independently a moiety that forms a covalent, dative or ionic bond with M
  • n′ is 1,2, 3 or 4.
  • T is a bridging group preferably having from one to fifty non-hydrogen atoms.
  • the bridging group T is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted divalent hydrocarbyl and divalent heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl.
  • T is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted divalent alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and silyl.
  • T groups useful herein include —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —(CH 2 )—(C 6 H 4 )—(CH 2 )—, and—(CH2)—(SiRR′)—(CH2)—where R,R′ are selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, and alkyl.
  • FIG. 1 contains two 13 C NMR of copolymers of ethylene and cyclopentene in accord with the invention, including peak assignments.
  • FIG. 2 is a typical output from the Symyx Parallel DMTA showing glass transition points for polymer samples.
  • Novel polymers, copolymers or other ordered polymers having unique glass transition temperatures and/or structural properties are disclosed.
  • the polymers of this invention can be described in a variety of different ways or embodiments, which may be combined. More specifically, the invention comprises a copolymer prepared from the monomers of ethylene and cyclopentene, wherein the cyclopentene monomer is incorporated into copolymer backbone generally, in an amount greater than 50 mole percent.
  • the cyclopentene is incorporated into the backbone of the copolymer via a cis 1,2 insertion without substantial 1,3 insertion, preferably simply without 1,3 insertion.
  • Insertion configuration referred to as cis 1,2 insertion means that the cyclopentene monomer is incorporated into the polymer backbone as shown in formula (I):
  • insertion configuration referred to as cis or trans 1,3 insertion means that the cyclopentene is incorporated into the polymer backbone as shown in formula (II) (cis 1,3) or formula (III) (trans 1,3):
  • Nuclear magnetic resonance 13 C NMR is used to determine whether 1,2 insertion or 1,3 insertion (or both) is present in the polymer as described in Fugita et al. Macromolecules 35(2002) 9640-9647.
  • 1,3 insertion is characterized in 13 C NMR by the presence of resonant peaks in the range of about 32 to 41 ppm
  • 1,2 insertion is characterized in 13 C NMR by the presence of resonant peaks in the range of about 42 to 45 ppm.
  • the phrase “without any detectable 1,3 insertion” or “without 1,3 insertion” means that within the standard error of a 13 C NMR experiment one of skill in the art will not see resonant peaks beyond the background noise in the spectrum in the range of about 32 to 41 ppm for a copolymer prepared from cyclopentene and ethylene.
  • the phrase “without a substantially detectable amount of 1,3 insertion” means that 1,3 insertion generally cannot be detected above background noise using a Bruker ADVANCE DPX 300 MHz NMR, as described in the examples section where the NMR scan is conducted using a DEPT60 protocol for 3000 scans with a 10 second delay and a 2.55 second acquisition time.
  • the phrase “without substantially any 1,3 insertion” means that the amount of 1,3 insertion is less than about 3%, determined using the 13 C NMR method described above and in the examples section using a Bruker ADVANCE DPX 300 MHz NMR.
  • Mole percent incorporation of cyclopentene into the copolymer is preferably at least 50%, more specifically at least about 60% and even more specifically at least about 70%. Mole percent incorporation of cyclopentene into the polymer product is determined by Raman spectroscopy using a Jobin Yvon Spectrometer LABRAM 3/2031IM, 1 ⁇ 50 objective, YAG Laser with an acquisition from 100 cm ⁇ 1 to 3450 cm ⁇ 1 or by NMR as described above.
  • this invention is directed specifically toward a copolymer of ethylene, propylene or combinations thereof and cyclopentene, where the copolymer has a glass transition temperature of greater than 30° C.
  • the Tg is greater than about 35° C., greater than about 40° C. and even more specifically greater than about 50° C., and even more specifically greater than about 55° C.
  • the glass transition temperature (Tg) is determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) performed on a TA instrument DSC (available from TA Instruments, New Castle, Del.) as shown in the example section below.
  • Tg can be determined using a parallel dynamic mechanical thermal analysis instrument, such as is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,679,130, incorporated herein by reference. In the event the Tg measured by the DSC method and the DMTA method are not the same then the Tg measured by the DSC method shall control.
  • this invention is directed toward a copolymer of ethylene and cyclopentene, where the cyclopentene monomer is incorporated into the backbone of the copolymer in an amount less than 80 mole percent and with at least two cyclopentene monomers bonded directly to each other into the backbone of the copolymer via a cis 1,2 insertion without 1,3 insertion.
  • This embodiment is directed toward those copolymers where the incorporated cyclopentene monomers are bonded to each other in a manner represented by formula IV:
  • Formula (V) depicts an isotactic configuration of cyclopentene units
  • formula (VI) depicts a syndiotactic configuration of cyclopentene units
  • the mole percent of cyclopentene in the copolymer of this embodiment can be lower than about 90%, more specifically lower than about 80% and even more specifically lower than about 70% and still even more specifically lower than about 75%. Further, the mole percent of cyclopentene in the copolymer of this embodiment can be greater than 50 mole % and lower than about 90%, more specifically lower than about 80% and even more specifically lower than about 70% and still even more specifically lower than about 75%.
  • the direct bonding of the cyclopentene monomers in a cis 1,2 configuration provides the ability to get to higher cyclopentene incorporation with higher productivities and higher Tg's than has been known in the past.
  • the ethylene monomer can be replaced (in whole or in part) with propylene.
  • this invention is also directed toward a copolymer of propylene and cyclopentene, with the cyclopentene monomer incorporated in the backbone of the copolymer in an amount greater than 50 mole percent, and in some embodiments, with the cyclopentene incorporated via a cis 1,2 insertion, generally without substantial 1,3 insertion and preferably without detectable 1,3 insertion.
  • this invention is directed toward a copolymer of propylene and cyclopentene, with the cyclopentene monomer incorporated in the backbone of the copolymer to produce a copolymer with a Tg greater than about 50° C.
  • This invention is also directed toward a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and cyclopentene, wherein the cyclopentene monomer is incorporated in said polymer in an amount greater than 50 mole percent and the remainder of the less than 50 mole percentage of monomer in the polymer is a ratio of ethylene to propylene.
  • the ethylene to propylene ratio can range from 0 to about 99 parts ethylene and from 0 to about 99 parts propylene.
  • the remainder of the less than 50 mole percentage of monomer in the polymer is a ratio of ethylene to propylene comprising from 0.1 to 99.9% ethylene and from 0.1 to 99.9% propylene.
  • this invention is directed toward a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and cyclopentene, with the cyclopentene monomer incorporated in the backbone of the terpolymer to produce a copolymer with a Tg greater than about 50° C., or more specifically greater that about 70° C.
  • novel polymers disclosed herein can be employed alone or with other natural or synthetic polymers in a blend.
  • Such other natural or synthetic polymers can be polyethylene (including linear low density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, etc.), atactic polypropylene, nylon, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber, ethylene-propylene elastomer copolymers, polystyrene (including syndiotactic polystryene), ethylene-styrene copolymers and terpolymers of ethylene-styrene and other C 3 -C 20 olefins (such as propylene).
  • polyethylene including linear low density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, etc.
  • atactic polypropylene nylon
  • ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber ethylene-propylene elastomer copolymers
  • polystyrene including syndiotactic polystryene
  • novel copolymers of the present invention are useful for a wide variety of applications, including film for blister packaging (e.g., in the pharmaceutical industry), as a replacement for glass as vials or containers, in medical applications where biocompatibility is an issue, as lenses or windows in printers or video cameras or bar code readers (or other applications where clarity is important) and other applications that will be evident to those of skill in the art.
  • the polymers of the invention can also have low density, high transparency, low birefringence, low water absorption, high rigidity, strength and hardness, good electrical insulation properties and good thermoplastic processability and flowability.
  • Polymerization preferably is carried out under polymerization conditions including temperatures of from ⁇ 100° C. to 300° C. and pressures from atmospheric to 3000 atmospheres.
  • Suspension, solution, slurry, gas phase or high-pressure polymerization processes may be employed with the catalysts and compounds of this invention. Such processes can be run in a batch, semi-batch or continuous mode. Examples of such processes are well known in the art.
  • a support for the catalyst may be employed, which may be inorganic (such as alumina, magnesium chloride or silica) or organic (such as a polymer or cross-linked polymer). Methods for the preparation of supported catalysts are known in the art. Slurry, suspension, gas phase and high-pressure processes as known to those skilled in the art may also be used with supported catalysts of the invention.
  • additives that are useful in a polymerization reaction may be employed, such as scavengers, promoters, modifiers and/or chain transfer agents, such as hydrogen, aluminum alkyls and/or silanes.
  • a solution process is desirable, with the solution process being run at a temperature above 70° C., more specifically at a temperature above 100° C., still more specifically at a temperature above 110° C. and even more specifically at a temperature above 130° C.
  • Suitable solvents for the solution polymerization are non-coordinating, inert liquids.
  • Examples include straight and branched-chain hydrocarbons such as isobutane, butane, pentane, isopentane, hexane, isohexane, heptane, octane, Isopar-ETM and mixtures thereof; cyclic and alicyclic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, methylcycloheptane, and mixtures thereof; perhalogenated hydrocarbons such as perfluorinated C 4-10 alkanes, chlorobenzene, and aromatic and alkyl substituted aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, mesitylene, and xylene.
  • straight and branched-chain hydrocarbons such as isobutane, butane, pentane, isopentane, hexane, isohexane, heptane, octane, Isopar-E
  • the phrase “characterized by the formula” is not intended to be limiting and is used in the same way that “comprising” is commonly used.
  • the term “independently selected” is used herein to indicate that the groups in question—e.g., R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 —can be identical or different (e.g., R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 may all be substituted alkyls, or R 1 and R 2 may be a substituted alkyl and R 3 may be an aryl, etc.).
  • Use of the singular includes use of the plural and vice versa (e.g., a hexane solvent, includes hexanes).
  • R group will generally have the structure that is recognized in the art as corresponding to R groups having that name.
  • the terms “compound” and “complex” are generally used interchangeably in this specification, but those of skill in the art may recognize certain compounds as complexes and vice versa.
  • representative certain groups are defined herein. These definitions are intended to supplement and illustrate, not preclude, the definitions known to those of skill in the art.
  • “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not.
  • the phrase “optionally substituted hydrocarbyl” means that a hydrocarbyl moiety may or may not be substituted and that the description includes both unsubstituted hydrocarbyl and hydrocarbyl where there is substitution.
  • alkyl refers to a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group typically although not necessarily containing 1 to about 50 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, octyl, decyl, and the like, as well as cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily, alkyl groups herein may contain 1 to about 12 carbon atoms.
  • Substituted alkyl refers to alkyl substituted with one or more substituent groups (e.g., benzyl or chloromethyl), and the terms “heteroatom-containing alkyl” and “heteroalkyl” refer to alkyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom (e.g., —CH 2 OCH 3 is an example of a heteroalkyl).
  • substituent groups e.g., benzyl or chloromethyl
  • heteroatom-containing alkyl and “heteroalkyl” refer to alkyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom (e.g., —CH 2 OCH 3 is an example of a heteroalkyl).
  • alkenyl refers to a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group typically although not necessarily containing 2 to about 50 carbon atoms and at least one double bond, such as ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, isobutenyl, octenyl, decenyl, and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily, alkenyl groups herein contain 2 to about 12 carbon atoms.
  • Substituted alkenyl refers to alkenyl substituted with one or more substituent groups
  • heteroatom-containing alkenyl and “heteroalkenyl” refer to alkenyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom.
  • alkynyl refers to a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group typically although not necessarily containing 2 to about 50 carbon atoms and at least one triple bond, such as ethynyl, n-propynyl, isopropynyl, n-butynyl, isobutynyl, octynyl, decynyl, and the like. Generally, although again not necessarily, alkynyl groups herein may have 2 to about 12 carbon atoms.
  • Substituted alkynyl refers to alkynyl substituted with one or more substituent groups
  • heteroatom-containing alkynyl and heteroalkynyl refer to alkynyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom
  • alkoxy intends an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal ether linkage; that is, an “alkoxy” group may be represented as —O-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above.
  • aryloxy is used in a similar fashion, and may be represented as —O-aryl, with aryl as defined below.
  • hydroxy refers to —OH.
  • alkylthio intends an alkyl group bound through a single, terminal thioether linkage; that is, an “alkylthio” group may be represented as —S-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above.
  • arylthio is used similarly, and may be represented as —S-aryl, with aryl as defined below.
  • mercapto refers to —SH.
  • allenyl is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a molecular segment having the structure —CH ⁇ C ⁇ CH 2 .
  • An “allenyl” group may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more non-hydrogen substituents.
  • aryl refers to an aromatic substituent containing a single aromatic ring or multiple aromatic rings that are fused together, linked covalently, or linked to a common group such as a methylene or ethylene moiety. More specific aryl groups contain one aromatic ring or two or three fused or linked aromatic rings, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, and the like. In particular embodiments, aryl substituents have 1 to about 200 carbon atoms, typically 1 to about 50 carbon atoms, and specifically 1 to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • Substituted aryl refers to an aryl moiety substituted with one or more substituent groups, (e.g., tolyl, mesityl and perfluorophenyl) and the terms “heteroatom-containing aryl” and “heteroaryl” refer to aryl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom (e.g., rings such as thiophene, pyridine, pyrazine, isoxazole, pyrazole, pyrrole, furan, thiazole, oxazole, imidazole, isothiazole, oxadiazole, triazole, etc.
  • substituent groups e.g., tolyl, mesityl and perfluorophenyl
  • heteroatom-containing aryl e.g., aryl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom (e.g., rings such as thiophene, pyridine, pyrazin
  • multi-ring moieties are substituents and in such an embodiment the multi-ring moiety can be attached at an appropriate atom.
  • naphthyl can be 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl
  • anthracenyl can be 1-anthracenyl, 2-anthracenyl or 9-anthracenyl
  • phenanthrenyl can be 1-phenanthrenyl, 2-phenanthrenyl, 3-phenanthrenyl, 4-phenanthrenyl or 9-phenanthrenyl.
  • halo and “halogen” are used in the conventional sense to refer to a chloro, bromo, fluoro or iodo substituent.
  • heteroatom-containing refers to a molecule or molecular fragment in which one or more carbon atoms is replaced with an atom other than carbon, e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron or silicon.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl substituent that is heteroatom-containing
  • heterocyclic refers to a cyclic substituent that is heteroatom-containing
  • heteroaryl refers to an aryl substituent that is heteroatom-containing
  • heteroatom-containing When the term “heteroatom-containing” appears prior to a list of possible heteroatom-containing groups, it is intended that the term apply to every member of that group. That is, the phrase “heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl” is to be interpreted as “heteroatom-containing alkyl, heteroatom-containing alkenyl and heteroatom-containing alkynyl.”
  • Hydrocarbyl refers to hydrocarbyl radicals containing 1 to about 50 carbon atoms, specifically 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, most specifically 1 to about 16 carbon atoms, including branched or unbranched, saturated or unsaturated species, such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, aryl groups, and the like.
  • lower hydrocarbyl intends a hydrocarbyl group of one to six carbon atoms, specifically one to four carbon atoms.
  • Substituted hydrocarbyl refers to hydrocarbyl substituted with one or more substituent groups
  • heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl and heterohydrocarbyl refer to hydrocarbyl in which at least one carbon atom is replaced with a heteroatom
  • substituted as in “substituted hydrocarbyl,” “substituted aryl,” “substituted alkyl,” and the like, as alluded to in some of the aforementioned definitions, is meant that in the hydrocarbyl, alkyl, aryl or other moiety, at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon atom is replaced with one or more substituent groups such as hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, phosphino, amino, halo, silyl, and the like.
  • substituent groups such as hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylthio, phosphino, amino, halo, silyl, and the like.
  • substituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl is to be interpreted as “substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl and substituted alkynyl.”
  • optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl is to be interpreted as “optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl and optionally substituted alkynyl.”
  • divalent as in “divalent hydrocarbyl”, “divalent alkyl”, “divalent aryl” and the like, is meant that the hydrocarbyl, alkyl, aryl or other moiety is bonded at two points to atoms, molecules or moieties with the two bonding points being covalent bonds.
  • aromatic is used in its usual sense, including unsaturation that is essentially delocalized across multiple bonds, such as around a ring.
  • silyl refers to the —SiZ 1 Z 2 Z 3 radical, where each of Z 1 , Z 2 , and Z 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroatom-containing alkyl, heteroatom-containing alkenyl, heteroatom-containing alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, silyl and combinations thereof.
  • boryl refers to the —BZ 1 Z 2 group, where each of Z 1 and Z 2 is as defined above.
  • phosphino refers to the group —PZ 1 Z 2 , where each of Z 1 and Z 2 is as defined above.
  • phosphine refers to the group :PZ 1 Z 2 Z 3 , where each of Z 1 , Z 3 and Z 2 is as defined above.
  • amino is used herein to refer to the group —NZ 1 Z 2 , where each of Z 1 and Z 2 is as defined above.
  • amine is used herein to refer to the group :NZ 1 Z 2 Z 3 , where each of Z 1 , Z 2 and Z 3 is as defined above.
  • saturated refers to lack of double and triple bonds between atoms of a radical group such as ethyl, cyclohexyl, pyrrolidinyl, and the like.
  • unsaturated refers to the presence of one or more double and triple bonds between atoms of a radical group such as vinyl, allyl, acetylide, oxazolinyl, cyclohexenyl, acetyl and the like.
  • Catalysts useful in the practice of this invention are a combination of a metal complex and an activator or activating technique.
  • the ligands and metal complexes can be prepared using known procedures, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,869,904, incorporated herein by reference. See also March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Wiley, New York 1992 (4 th Ed.).
  • the ligands can be prepared using a variety of synthetic routes, depending on the variation desired in the ligand.
  • the ligands are prepared in a convergent approach by preparing building blocks that are then linked together either directly or with a bridging group.
  • Variations in the R group substituents can be introduced in the synthesis of the building blocks.
  • Variations in the bridge can be introduced with the synthesis of the bridging group.
  • the catalysts used in the process of this invention can include a composition of ligand and metal precursor or a metal complex such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,869,904 and PCT/US2005/014670, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the metal complex is characterized by the general formula:
  • T is preferably a bridging group having from one to fifty non-hydrogen atoms.
  • the bridging group T is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted divalent hydrocarbyl and divalent heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl.
  • T is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted divalent alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl and silyl.
  • T groups useful herein include —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —(CH 2 )—(C 6 H 4 )—(CH 2 )—, and —(CH2)—(SiRR′)—(CH2) where R,R′ are selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, and alkyl.
  • R,R′ are selected from the group consisting of Me, Et, and alkyl.
  • Other useful specific bridging moieties are set forth in the example ligands and complexes herein.
  • the ligand is generally characterized by the general formula:
  • AR, T, X and X′ are as defined above and Y and Y′ are independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen and sulfur, optionally substituted alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, arylthio, —N(R 30 ) r —, and —P(R 30 ) r —, where R 30 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, silyl, boryl, alkoxy, aryloxy and combinations thereof, and r is 0 or 1 (preferably Y and Y′ are independently, oxygen or sulfur, preferably oxygen, preferably both of Y and Y′ are oxygen).
  • each ligand has at least two hydrogen atoms capable of removal in a binding reaction with a metal atom or metal precursor or base; and in some embodiments, prior to such a complexation reaction, a base may be reacted with the ligand to form a salt, the product of which may then be reacted with a metal precursor.
  • the metal precursor is generally characterized by the formula M(L) n where M is a metal selected from the group consisting of groups 3-6 and Lanthanide elements of the Periodic Table of Elements (preferably Group 4, preferably zirconium, hafnuim or titanium); n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and L is independently selected from the group consisting of halide (F, Cl, Br, I), optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxyl, aryloxyl, silyl, boryl, phosphino, amino, thioxy, alkylthio, arylthio, hydrido, allyl, diene, phosphine, carboxylates, 1,3-dionates, oxalates, carbonates, nitrates, sulphates, ethers, thioethers and combinations thereof, L may also be
  • the group X-T-X′ is selected from the group consisting of
  • each Q is independently selected from the group consisting of carbon and silicon, m′ is 0, 1, or 2; and each R 60 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted hydrocarbyl and heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl, wherein the R 60 substituents are optionally joined into a ring structure having from 3 to 50 atoms in the ring structure not counting hydrogen atoms, provided that at least one R 60 substituent is not hydrogen; and provided that when X-T-X′ is selected from formula (b) at least one R 60 substituent on each Q is not hydrogen.
  • T is represented by the general formula -(Q′′R 40 2-z′′ ) z′ — wherein each Q′′ is independently either carbon or silicon and where each R 40 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted hydrocarbyl or heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, provided that two or more R 40 groups may be joined into a ring structure having from 3 to 50 atoms in the ring structure (not counting hydrogen atoms); z′ is an integer from 1 to 10, more specifically from 1 to 5 and even more specifically from 2-5, and z′′ is 0, 1 or 2. For example, when z′′ is 2, there is no R 40 group associated with Q′′, which allows for those cases where one Q′′ is multiply bonded to a second Q′′.
  • R 40 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxyl, aryloxyl, silyl, boryl, phosphino, amino, alkylthio, arylthio, and combinations thereof, where at least one R 40 group in T is not hydrogen.
  • the metal-ligand complexes used in this invention may be characterized by the general formula:
  • each of R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , and R 19 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, silyl, boryl, phosphino, amino, alkylthio, arylthio, nitro, and combinations thereof; optionally two or more R groups can combine together into ring structures (for example, single ring or multiple ring structures), with such ring structures having from 3 to 12 non-hydrogen atoms in the ring; X and X′ and Y 2 and Y 3 are as defined above, provided that each of Y 2 and Y 3 includes a labile hydrogen.
  • Y 2 and Y 3 are OH or SH.
  • the dotted lines indicate possible binding to the metal atom, provided that at least two of the dotted lines are covalent bonds.
  • the choice of one or more of X, X′, Y 2 , Y 3 , R 2 , R 12 and T has an influence on the stereoconfiguration of the cyclopentene copolymers produced. More particularly, in some embodiments the size and identity of the substituents on the AR-Y 2 and AR-Y 3 , such as the R 2 and/or R 12 , has an influence on the copolymer tacticity allowing for a range of cyclopentene copolymers to be prepared with desired properties.
  • the ligands, complexes or catalysts may be supported on organic or inorganic supports. Suitable supports include silicas, aluminas, clays, zeolites, magnesium chloride, polystyrenes, substituted polystyrenes and the like. Polymeric supports may be cross-linked or not. Similarly, the ligands, complexes or catalysts may be supported on supports known to those of skill in the art. See for example, Hlalky, Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1347-1376 and Fink et al., Chem. Rev. 2000, 100, 1377-1390, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the metal-ligand complexes and compositions are active catalysts typically in combination with a suitable activator, combination of activators, activating technique or activating package, although some of the ligand-metal complexes may be active without an activator or activating technique depending on the ligand-metal complex and on the process being catalyzed.
  • the activator(s) may comprise alumoxanes, Lewis acids, Bronsted acids, compatible non-interfering activators and combinations of the foregoing.
  • alumoxane activators are utilized as an activator in the catalyst composition useful in the invention.
  • Alumoxanes are generally oligomeric compounds containing —Al(R 1 )—O— sub-units, where R 1 is an alkyl group.
  • Examples of alumoxanes include methylalumoxane (MAO), modified methylalumoxane (MMAO), ethylalumoxane and isobutylalumoxane.
  • Alkylalumoxanes and modified alkylalumoxanes are suitable as catalyst activators, particularly when the abstractable ligand is a halide, alkoxide or amide. Mixtures of different alumoxanes and modified alumoxanes may also be used.
  • the activator compounds comprising Lewis-acid activators and in particular alumoxanes are represented by the following general formulae: (R 3 —Al—O) p (11) R 4 (R 5 —Al—O) p —AlR 6 2 (12) (M′) m+ Q′ m (13)
  • An alumoxane is generally a mixture of both the linear and cyclic compounds.
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are, independently a C 1 -C 30 alkyl radical, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and “p” is an integer from 1 to about 50. Most preferably, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each methyl and “p” is a least 4.
  • R 3-6 groups may be halide or alkoxide.
  • M′ is a metal or metalloid
  • Q′ is a partially or fully fluorinated hydrocarbyl.
  • alumoxane is not a discrete material.
  • a typical alumoxane will contain free trisubstituted or trialkyl aluminum, bound trisubstituted or trialkyl aluminum, and alumoxane molecules of varying degree of oligomerization.
  • Those methylalumoxanes most preferred contain lower levels of trimethylaluminum. Lower levels of trimethylaluminum can be achieved by reaction of the trimethylaluminum with a Lewis base or by vacuum distillation of the trimethylaluminum or by any other means known in the art.
  • some alumoxane molecules are in the anionic form as represented by the anion in equations 4-6, thus for our purposes are considered “non-coordinating” anions.
  • some embodiments select the maximum amount of activator at a 5000-fold molar excess Al/M over the catalyst precursor (per metal catalytic site).
  • the minimum activator-to-catalyst-precursor is a 1:1 molar ratio.
  • Alumoxanes may be produced by the hydrolysis of the respective trialkylaluminum compound.
  • MMAO may be produced by the hydrolysis of trimethylaluminum and a higher trialkylaluminum such as triisobutylaluminum.
  • MMAO's are generally more soluble in aliphatic solvents and more stable during storage.
  • a visually clear methylalumoxane it may be preferable to use a visually clear methylalumoxane.
  • a cloudy or gelled alumoxane can be filtered to produce a clear solution or clear alumoxane can be decanted from the cloudy solution.
  • Another alumoxane is a modified methyl alumoxane (MMAO) cocatalyst type 3A (commercially available from Akzo Chemicals, Inc. under the trade name Modified Methylalumoxane type 3A, covered under patent number U.S. Pat. No. 5,041,584).
  • MMAO modified methyl alumoxane
  • Aluminum alkyl or organoaluminum compounds which may be utilized as activators (or scavengers) include trimethylaluminum, triethylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaluminum, tri-n-octylaluminum and the like.
  • Suitable ion forming compounds useful as an activator in one embodiment comprise a cation that is a Bronsted acid capable of donating a proton, and an inert, compatible, non-interfering, anion, A ⁇ .
  • Suitable anions include, but are not limited to, those containing a single coordination complex comprising a charge-bearing metal or metalloid core.
  • the anion should be sufficiently labile to be displaced by olefinic, diolefinic and unsaturated compounds or other neutral Lewis bases such as ethers or nitriles.
  • Suitable metals include, but are not limited to, aluminum, gold and platinum.
  • Suitable metalloids include, but are not limited to, boron, phosphorus, and silicon.
  • Compounds containing anions that comprise coordination complexes containing a single metal or metalloid atom are well known and many, particularly such compounds containing a single boron atom in the anion portion, are available commercially.
  • activators may be represented by the following general formula: (L*-H) d + (A d ⁇ ) wherein L* is a neutral Lewis base; (L*-H) + is a Bronsted acid; A d ⁇ is a non-interfering, compatible anion having a charge of d ⁇ , and d is an integer from 1 to 3.
  • d is one, i.e., the counter ion has a single negative charge and corresponds to the formula A ⁇ .
  • Useful activators comprising boron or aluminum can be represented by the following general formula: (L*-H) + (M′′Q 4 ) ⁇ wherein: L* is a neutral Lewis base; (L*-H) + is a Bronsted acid; M′′ is boron or aluminum; and Q is a fluorinated C 1-20 hydrocarbyl group. Most specifically, Q is independently selected from the group consisting of fluorinated aryl group, such as a pentafluorophenyl group (i.e., a C 6 F 5 group) or a 3,5-bis(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 group.
  • fluorinated aryl group such as a pentafluorophenyl group (i.e., a C 6 F 5 group) or a 3,5-bis(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 group.
  • Specific (L*-H) + cations are N,N-dialkylanilinium cations, such as HNMe 2 Ph + , substituted N,N-dialkylanilinium cations, such as (4-nBu-C 6 H 4 )NH(n-C 6 H 13 ) 2 + and (4-nBu-C 6 H 4 )NH(n-C 10 H 21 ) 2 + and HNMe(C 18 H 37 ) 2 + .
  • Specific examples of anions are tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate and tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.
  • the specific activator is PhNMe 2 H + B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ⁇ .
  • Suitable ion forming activators comprise a salt of a cationic oxidizing agent and a non-interfering, compatible anion represented by the formula: (Ox e+ ) d (A d ⁇ ) e wherein: Ox e+ is a cationic oxidizing agent having a charge of e+; e is an integer from 1 to 3; and A d ⁇ , and d are as previously defined.
  • cationic oxidizing agents include: ferrocenium, hydrocarbyl-substituted ferrocenium, Ag + , or Pb +2 .
  • Specific embodiments of A d ⁇ are those anions previously defined with respect to the Bronsted acid containing activating cocatalysts, especially tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.
  • Another suitable ion forming, activating cocatalyst comprises a compound that is a salt of a carbenium ion or silyl cation and a non-interfering, compatible anion represented by the formula: (C*) + A ⁇ wherein: (C*) + is a C 1-100 carbenium ion or silyl cation; and A ⁇ is as previously defined.
  • a preferred carbenium ion is the trityl cation, i.e. triphenylcarbenium.
  • the silyl cation may be characterized by the formula Z 4 Z 5 Z 6 Si + cation, where each of Z 4 , Z 5 , and Z 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkoxyl, aryloxyl, silyl, boryl, phosphino, amino, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, and combinations thereof.
  • a specified activator is Ph 3 C + B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ⁇ .
  • Suitable activating cocatalysts comprise a compound that is a salt, which is represented by the formula (A* +a ) b (Z*J* j ) ⁇ c d wherein A* is a cation of charge +a; Z* is an anion group of from 1 to 50, specifically 1 to 30 non-hydrogen atoms, further containing two or more Lewis base sites; J* independently each occurrence is a Lewis acid coordinated to at least one Lewis base site of Z*, and optionally two or more such J* groups may be joined together in a moiety having multiple Lewis acidic functionality; j is a number from 2 to 12; and a, b, c, and d are integers from 1 to 3, with the proviso that a ⁇ b is equal to c ⁇ d.
  • the anion portion of these activating cocatalysts may be characterized by the formula ((C 6 F 5 ) 3 M′′′′-LN-M′′′′(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ) ⁇ where M′′′′ is boron or aluminum and LN is a linking group, which is specifically selected from the group consisting of cyanide, azide, dicyanamide and imidazolide.
  • the cation portion is specifically a quaternary amine. See, e.g., LaPointe, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 9560-9561, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • suitable activators include Lewis acids, such as those selected from the group consisting of tris(aryl)boranes, tris(substituted aryl)boranes, tris(aryl)alanes, tris(substituted aryl)alanes, including activators such as tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane.
  • Lewis acids such as those selected from the group consisting of tris(aryl)boranes, tris(substituted aryl)boranes, tris(aryl)alanes, tris(substituted aryl)alanes, including activators such as tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane.
  • Other useful ion forming Lewis acids include those having two or more Lewis acidic sites, such as those described in WO 99/06413 or Piers, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 3244-3245, both of which are incorporated herein by
  • the group of Lewis acid activators is within the group of ion forming activators (although exceptions to this general rule can be found) and the group tends to exclude the group 13 reagents listed below. Combinations of ion forming activators may be used.
  • activators or compounds useful in a polymerization reaction may be used. These compounds may be activators in some contexts, but may also serve other functions in the polymerization system, such as alkylating a metal center or scavenging impurities. These compounds are within the general definition of “activator,” but are not considered herein to be ion-forming activators.
  • G 13 R 50 3-p D p where G 13 is selected from the group consisting of B, Al, Ga, In and combinations thereof, p is 0, 1 or 2, each R 50 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and combinations thereof, and each D is independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydrogen, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, mercapto, alkylthio, arylthio, phosphino and combinations thereof.
  • the group 13 activator is an oligomeric or polymeric alumoxane compound, such as methylalumoxane and the known modifications thereof. See, for example, Barron, “ Alkylalumoxanes, Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity ”, pp. 33-67 in Metallocene - Based Polyolefins: Preparation, Properties and Technology , J. Schiers and W. Kaminsky (eds.), Wiley Series in Polymer Science, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, England, 2000, and references cited therein.
  • a divalent metal reagent may be used that is defined by the general formula M′R 50 2-p′ D p′ and p′ is 0 or 1 in this embodiment and R 50 and D are as defined above.
  • M′ is the metal and is selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd and combinations thereof.
  • an alkali metal reagent may be used that is defined by the general formula M iv R 50 and in this embodiment R 50 is as defined above.
  • M iv is the alkali metal and is selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs and combinations thereof.
  • hydrogen and/or silanes may be used in the catalytic composition or added to the polymerization system. Silanes may be characterized by the formula SiR 50 4-q D q where R 50 is defined as above, q is 1, 2, 3 or 4 and D is as defined above, with the proviso that there is at least one D that is a hydrogen.
  • the molar ratio of metal:activator (whether a composition or complex is employed as a catalyst) employed specifically ranges from 1:10,000 to 100:1, more specifically from 1:5000 to 10:1, most specifically from 1:10 to 1:1.
  • mixtures of the above compounds are used, particularly a combination of a group 13 reagent and an ion-forming activator.
  • the molar ratio of group 13 reagent to ion-forming activator is specifically from 1:10,000 to 1000:1, more specifically from 1:5000 to 100:1, most specifically from 1:100 to 100:1.
  • the ion forming activators are combined with a group 13 reagent.
  • Another embodiment is a combination of the above compounds having about 1 equivalent of an optionally substituted N,N-dialkylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate, and 5-30 equivalents of a group 13 reagent. In some embodiments from about 30 to 2000 equivalents of an oligomeric or polymeric alumoxane activator, such as a modified alumoxane (e.g., alkylalumoxane), can be used.
  • an oligomeric or polymeric alumoxane activator such as a modified alumoxane (e.g., alkylalumoxane)
  • this invention relates to:
  • a copolymer comprising ethylene and cyclopentene or a copolymer comprising propylene and cyclopentene wherein the cyclopentene monomer that is incorporated into the copolymer is present in an amount greater than 50 mole percent, and wherein the cyclopentene is incorporated into the backbone of the copolymer via a cis 1,2 insertion without substantially any 1,3 insertion.
  • a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and cyclopentene wherein the cyclopentene monomer that is incorporated into the copolymer is present in an amount greater than 50 mole percent, and wherein the cyclopentene is incorporated into the backbone of the copolymer via a cis 1,2 insertion without substantially any 1,3 insertion. 6.
  • copolymer of paragraph 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 wherein less than 3 percent of the cyclopentene is incorporated into the copolymer via 1,3 insertion, preferably less than 10 percent, preferably less than 50 percent, preferably less than 70 percent of the cyclopentene is incorporated into the copolymer via 1,3 insertion.
  • the copolymer of paragraph 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 wherein the copolymer has a glass transition temperature of greater than 30° C., preferably greater than 35° C., preferably greater than 40° C. preferably greater than 45° C., preferably greater than 50° C., preferably greater than 55° C., preferably greater than 60° C. 9.
  • a method to produce a copolymer of (i) either ethylene or propylene or combinations thereof and (ii) cyclopentene, or the copolymer of any of paragraph 1 to 8 comprising reacting the monomers recited in (i) and (ii) in the presence of a catalyst under conditions sufficient to yield the copolymer, wherein the catalyst is made from one or more activators and a metal complex characterized by the general formula:
  • bonds from Y 2 , Y 3 , X and X′ to M are covalent, with the other bonds being dative;
  • AR is an aromatic group that can be the same or different from the other AR groups with each AR being independently selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl;
  • X, X′, Y 2 , and Y 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, —N(R 30 ) r —, and P(R 30 ) r —, and optionally substituted alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthio, and arylthio (preferably X, X′, Y 2 , and Y 3 are independently, oxygen or sulfur, preferably oxygen, preferably all of X, X′, Y 2 , and Y 3 are oxygen), where R 30 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, and optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, silyl, boryl, alkoxy, aryloxy and combinations thereof, and r is 0 or 1;
  • R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 12 , R 13 , R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , and R 19 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, nitro, and optionally substituted hydrocarbyl, heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, silyl, boryl, phosphino, amino, alkylthio, arylthio, and combinations thereof; optionally two or more R groups can combine together into ring structures, with such ring structures having from 3 to 100 atoms in the ring not counting hydrogen atoms.
  • the group X-T-X′ is selected from the group consisting of
  • each Q is independently selected from the group consisting of carbon and silicon
  • each R 60 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted hydrocarbyl and heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl, wherein the R 60 substituents are optionally joined into a ring structure having from 3 to 50 atoms in the ring structure not counting hydrogen atoms, and m′ is 0, 1, or 2; provided that at least one R 60 substituent is not hydrogen; and provided that when X-T-X′ is selected from formula (b) at least one R 60 substituent on each Q is not hydrogen. 12.
  • T is represented by the general formula:—(Q′′R 40 2-z′′ ) z′ — wherein each Q′′ is independently either carbon or silicon and where each R 40 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and optionally substituted hydrocarbyl or heteroatom-containing hydrocarbyl; optionally two or more R 40 groups may be joined into a ring structure having from 3 to 50 atoms in the ring structure (not counting hydrogen atoms), z′ is an integer from 1 to 10, and z′′ is 0, 1 or 2. 13.
  • T is selected from the group consisting of: —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, and —(CH 2 )—(C 6 H 4 )—(CH 2 )—.
  • M is zirconium.
  • X, X′, Y 2 and Y 3 are oxygen.
  • L is halogen, preferably chloride.
  • n is 2. 18.
  • in the metal complex is selected from the group consisting of:
  • o-dichlorobenzene was used as the eluent.
  • the polymer samples were dissolved 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at a concentration of about 5 mg/mL. 200 ⁇ L of a polymer solution were injected into the system. The concentration of the polymer in the eluent was monitored using an evaporative light scattering detector. All of the molecular weight results obtained are relative to linear polystyrene standards.
  • the ratio of cyclopentene to ethylene incorporated in the copolymer products was determined in some embodiments by Raman spectroscopy.
  • Raman experiments are performed with a commercial spectrometer (JY/Horiba LabRam).
  • the excitation laser is a Nd:YAG laser operating at 532 nm.
  • the beam is focused onto the sample through the objective of a microscope (Olympus BX).
  • the laser spot is focused down such the Raman spectra are collected from individual crystals.
  • the scattered photons are collected at 180 degrees by the same objective.
  • the laser line is removed with a holographic notch filter.
  • the light is then separated with a grating and imaged onto a charged couple device (CCD).
  • CCD charged couple device
  • the spectra can be collected at a single grating position or the grating can be scanned to collect signal over a larger Raman shift. Data collection ranges from 10 seconds to several minutes depending on the scattering cross section of the sample.
  • the sample arrays are translated by a three-axis stage. Each well is auto-focused using the hardware auto-focus included in the spectrometer.
  • the Z axis if the stage is then translated over a range above and below the initial position; typically plus or minus 50 microns. At a given step size, typically 5 microns, short integration time spectra are collected. Using a known peak, the Z-position that gives the strongest signal is determined.
  • That position is then used for a long integration time spectra that is saved to the database and analyzed.
  • the spectra are analyzed by partial least squares (PLS).
  • Polymers to be analyzed are dissolved in TCB, 40 mg/ml and deposited unto a universal substrate using a liquid handling robot (Cavro) equipped with temperature controlled zones. The solution and robot are maintained at elevated temperature to assure the polymer remains in solution. The temperatures of the components are adjusted to give the best quality films.
  • the solutions are 150° C., the transfer tip at 165° C. and the substrate at 160° C.
  • the ratio of cyclopentene to ethylene incorporated in the copolymer products was determined in some embodiments by NMR.
  • Qualitative 13 C NMR were measured at 90° C. using a modified DEPT60 pulse sequence with a 10 second delay.
  • DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
  • Glass transition temperatures, Tg are determined in some embodiments using the Symyx Parallel DMTA, which has been previously described in detail, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,664,067, incorporated herein by reference.
  • the Symyx Parallel DMTA measures the modulus of 96 samples simultaneously as a function of frequency, temperature or time.
  • the actual modulus that is measured is a flexural, or bending, modulus.
  • the measurement itself does not yield a modulus value; the output of the force sensor is actually stiffness.
  • the modulus is easily calculated from the stiffness.
  • a flexible membrane, polyimide film ( ⁇ 50 microns), is used as a support for the polymer samples across the entire plate.
  • the DMTA polyimide substrate consists of ⁇ 50 micron Kapton film preprinted with adhesive in a pattern that leaves 5 mm circles without adhesive in an 8 ⁇ 12 array so that it can be firmly attached to an aluminum plate without having any adhesive in the sample zone.
  • the stiffnesses of the unassembled substrates are measured by the DMTA prior to deposition.
  • Polymers to be analyzed are dissolved in trichlorobenzene, (at a concentration of 40 mg/ml) and deposited onto a DMTA substrate using a liquid handling robot (Cavro) equipped with temperature controlled zones. The solution and robot are maintained at elevated temperature to assure the polymer remains in solution. The temperatures of the components are adjusted to give the best quality films.
  • the solutions are at 150° C., the transfer tip at 165° C. and the DMTA substrate at 160° C.
  • the procedures are controlled by Symyx Renaissance® Software (EpochTM available from Symyx Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif.).
  • the thickness of the polymer films are determined by confocal laser profilometer (using a Keyence LT-8110) the height profile of the substrate is measured and fit to a square wave. The height of the square wave is the thickness of the film.
  • the stiffness of prepared substrate as a function of temperature is measured in the DMTA. The temperature is swept from approximately ⁇ 50° C. to approximately 150° C. at a rate of 1° C./minute.
  • the transitions appear as a peak.
  • stiffness can also be used.
  • the phase transitions appear as peaks in phase (k) (the ratio of the loss (E′′) and storage (E′) components of the stiffness).
  • EpochTM calculates and saves to the database values for storage (E′) and loss (E′′) components of the elastic modulus as a function temperature.
  • the analogous values for the raw stiffness are also calculated and can be viewed. In FIG.
  • phase (k) as a function of temperature is shown for a typical library of ethylene-cyclopentene copolymers.
  • the library is in an 8 ⁇ 6 format.
  • the 96 well format of the substrate is utilized by depositing each well twice on the substrate, and both data sets are displayed in the appropriate well.
  • the value for Tg corresponds to the maximum of the peaks in phase (k).
  • MOMCl methoxymethyl chloride
  • DIEA diisopropylethyl amine
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • Cbz-His carbazole CuI is copper iodide
  • DMF dimethylformamide
  • NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
  • TLC thin layer chromatography
  • EtOAc ethyl acetate
  • Bz benzyl
  • OMOM methoxymethyl ether.
  • MOM protected bromophenol (1.4 mmol, 1.0 eq) was taken up in dry dioxane (1.4 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen.
  • Carbazole (0.29 g, 1.7 mmol, 1.2 eq)
  • copper iodide 27 ⁇ g, 0.14 mmol, 10 mol %)
  • racemic trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane 33 mg, 0.29 mmol, 20 mol %)
  • K 3 PO 4 (0.64 g, 3.0 mmol, 2.1 eq) were added and the reaction heated at 110° C. for 22 h.
  • the reaction was diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 and filtered.
  • the protected ligand (0.14 mmol) was taken up in THF (1.8 mL). MeOH (0.9 mL) was added to the solution followed by concentrated HCl (10 drops). Additional THF (0.5 mL) was added if the solution became cloudy. The reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature and was monitored by TLC (alumina plates, typically 50% Et 2 O in hexane) for completion. After approximately 18 h, the solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 and washed with NaHCO 3 . (The reaction was heated at 40° C. if deprotection was not complete after 18 h.) The organic extracts were dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered, and concentrated.
  • Ligands L2, L3, L4 and L5 shown above are prepared in a manner similar to L1, and as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,869,904 and PCT/US2005/014670, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Preparation of Metal Complexes Preparation of M1
  • a second crop (44 mg) was obtained by combining the supernatant and hexane washings, reducing the volume to 0.5 mL, and storing at ⁇ 35C for 3 days. The resulting microcrystalline precipitate was collected. (Total yield: 85%).
  • M2 was prepared from L2 and ZrCl 2 Bz 2 (Et 2 O) 1.2 in a manner similar to that described for M1, above.).
  • M3 was prepared from L3 and ZrCl 2 Bz 2 (Et 2 O) 1.2 in a manner similar to that described for M1, above.
  • M4 was prepared from L4 and ZrCl 2 Bz 2 (Et 2 O) 1.2 in a manner similar to that described for M1, above.
  • M5 was prepared from L2 and HfCl 2 Bz 2 (Et 2 O) 1.2 in a manner similar to that described for M1, above.
  • M6 was prepared from L5 and ZrBz 2 Cl 2 (Et 2 O) 1.2 in a manner similar to that described for M1.
  • the temperature was then set to the appropriate setting (the specific temperatures for each polymerization are listed in Table 1, below), and the stirring speed was set to 800 rpm, and the mixture was exposed to ethylene (the specific pressure for each example is listed in Table 1, below).
  • the pressure and the temperature setting were maintained, using computer control, until the end of the polymerization experiment, which was accomplished by introducing carbon dioxide by overpressure.
  • Activation method and injection of solutions into the pressure reactor vessel The following methods were employed to activate and inject the isolated complexes as indicated in Table 1.
  • Method A 120 ⁇ L of a 0.050M solution of the MMAO-3A in toluene was dispensed into a 1 mL vial. 100 ⁇ L of the metal complex solution (3.0 mM in chlorobenzene) containing 0.3 ⁇ mol metal complex was then added to the 1 mL vial. After about 10 min, 150 ⁇ L of a solution of MMAO-3A in toluene (0.400 M) was added to the 1 mL vial and the contents of the 1 mL vial were mixed.
  • Method B 45 ⁇ L of a 0.200M solution of triisobutyl aluminium (“TIBA”) in toluene was dispensed into a 1 mL vial. 100 ⁇ L of the metal complex solution (3.0 mM in chlorobenzene) containing 0.3 ⁇ mol metal complex was added to the 1 mL vial.
  • TIBA triisobutyl aluminium
  • the glass vial insert containing the polymer product and solvent, was removed from the pressure cell and removed from the inert atmosphere dry box, and the volatile components were removed using a centrifuge vacuum evaporator. After most of the volatile components had evaporated, the vial contents were dried thoroughly by evaporation at elevated temperature under reduced pressure. The vial was then weighed to determine the yield of polymer product. The polymer product was then analyzed by rapid GPC, as described above to determine the molecular weight of the polymer produced, and by Raman spectroscopy to determine the mole percent cyclopentene incorporated in the polymer. The glass transition temperature of selected samples was measured by DSC or DMTA, as described above.
  • FIG. 1 shows the NMR peak assignments for 1,2 insertion of the cyclopentene monomer into the backbone of the copolymer, with back to back 1,2 insertion of the cyclopentene monomer shown in Example P1 and 1,2 insertion of cyclopentene next to ethyl shown in Example P3.
  • the NMR's in FIG. 1 also show less than 1% of 1,3 insertion based on the absence of peaks in the 35-30 ppm region.

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