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US7118675B2 - Process for removing protein aggregates and virus from a protein solution - Google Patents

Process for removing protein aggregates and virus from a protein solution Download PDF

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Publication number
US7118675B2
US7118675B2 US10/357,914 US35791403A US7118675B2 US 7118675 B2 US7118675 B2 US 7118675B2 US 35791403 A US35791403 A US 35791403A US 7118675 B2 US7118675 B2 US 7118675B2
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Prior art keywords
protein
protein solution
virus
solution
aggregates
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US10/357,914
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US20030146156A1 (en
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Martin Siwak
Hong An
Jason R. Cormier
Dana Kinzlmaier
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EMD Millipore Corp
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Millipore Corp
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Assigned to MILLIPORE CORPORATION reassignment MILLIPORE CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SIWAK, MARTIN, AN, HONG, KINZLMAIER, DANA, CORMIER, JASON R.
Publication of US20030146156A1 publication Critical patent/US20030146156A1/en
Priority to US11/489,232 priority patent/US7465397B2/en
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Publication of US7118675B2 publication Critical patent/US7118675B2/en
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Assigned to EMD MILLIPORE CORPORATION reassignment EMD MILLIPORE CORPORATION CHANGE OF ADDRESS Assignors: EMD MILLIPORE CORPORATION
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
    • C07K1/36—Extraction; Separation; Purification by a combination of two or more processes of different types
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
    • B01D61/145—Ultrafiltration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
    • B01D61/145—Ultrafiltration
    • B01D61/146—Ultrafiltration comprising multiple ultrafiltration steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
    • B01D61/16—Feed pretreatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K1/00—General methods for the preparation of peptides, i.e. processes for the organic chemical preparation of peptides or proteins of any length
    • C07K1/14—Extraction; Separation; Purification
    • C07K1/34—Extraction; Separation; Purification by filtration, ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
    • B01D2311/04—Specific process operations in the feed stream; Feed pretreatment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
    • Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
    • Y10T436/25375—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.]
    • Y10T436/255—Liberation or purification of sample or separation of material from a sample [e.g., filtering, centrifuging, etc.] including use of a solid sorbent, semipermeable membrane, or liquid extraction

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a process for selectively removing protein aggregates from a protein solution. More particularly, this is invention relates to a process for selectively removing protein aggregates and virus from a protein solution.
  • Plasma derived protein solutions such as immunoglobulin protein (IgG,) and other proteins (natural or recombinant) such as monoclonal antibodies routinely contain protein aggregates comprising protein trimers or higher polymers.
  • IgG immunoglobulin protein
  • other proteins naturally or recombinant
  • monoclonal antibodies routinely contain protein aggregates comprising protein trimers or higher polymers.
  • aggregates are undesirable since the filter, especially the viral clearance filter, rapidly becomes plugged by the aggregates even at low aggregate concentrations of 0.01–0.1%. Accordingly, it has been necessary to utilize expensive gel chromatography or size exclusion chromatography processes to effect selective aggregate removal.
  • an ultrafiltration membrane operated in a constant diafiltration mode to effect aggregate removal, See U.S. Ser. No. 09/706,003, filed Nov. 3, 2000.
  • Viruses also are a potential contaminant in parenteral and other solutions containing a protein that is derived from either whole organisms or mammalian cell culture sources.
  • heat pasteurization is used in solutions where protein denaturization can be minimized through the addition of stabilizers.
  • strategies have been adopted that combine several inactivation or removal steps in the downstream process to maximize virus removal capability and protein recovery.
  • the operations used are generally those operations optimized to purify the parenteral product and are validated for the virus removal capability. Thus, virus removal is an additional capability from a by-product of normal operation.
  • steps such as chromatography, filtration or heat may be added to increase overall virus clearance.
  • This strategy has two shortcomings; (1) the virus clearance of these operations may not apply to putative virus that cannot be assayed; and (2) the virus clearance of the process needs to be monitored continually. It is necessary to remove virus at a log retention value at least 3, i.e., at least about 99.9% removal.
  • the present invention provides a process for removing protein aggregates comprising protein trimers and higher protein polymers from a protein solution.
  • the protein solution containing the aggregates are filtered through filtration media such as one or more layers of fibrous filtration media or charged or surface modified microporous membranes, or a small bed of chromatography media such as ion exchange material to selectively bind the agglomerates and remove them from the liquid stream.
  • Filtration is effected using a dead end (normal) filtration (NFF) filter device.
  • the viral filter can be utilized downstream of the aggregate removal filter to retain virus particles.
  • the aggregate removal filter is disposed of after use.
  • filtration can be effected with one or more ultrafiltration membranes either by tangential flow filtration (TFF) or by dead end (normal) filtration (NFF) wherein an agglomerate and viral free stream is produced.
  • the one or more ultrafiltration membranes retain virus particles while permitting passage of protein monomer there through.
  • the membrane can be flushed with water or an aqueous buffer solution to recover any protein retained by the membrane.
  • NFF the protein passes through the filter while the virus particles are retained within the filter upstream of the membrane.
  • the use of the preferred two-step process of this invention to remove protein aggregates and virus particles from a protein solution provides substantial advantages over the filtration processes of the prior art. Since the device of the first step (removing aggregates) is operated in the normal flow mode, it may be disposable and there is no cleaning process that would be subject to validation procedures and the like. In addition, the normal flow mode of operation is less expensive to purchase and operate, as little capital needs to be expended to set up such a system as compared to a TFF ultrafiltration type system. Further, since the membrane utilized in the second step of removing virus particles does not foul with protein aggregates, its useful life is extended since it does not become plugged with protein aggregates.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating a first preferred embodiment of the process of this invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating another preferred embodiment of the process of this invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a chart of the VMAX of three different processes, the first of the prior art and the other two of embodiments of the present invention.
  • a protein solution is first filtered with a retentive media to selectively retain protein aggregates comprising protein trimers and higher protein polymers while permitting passage of protein monomers therethrough.
  • a portion of protein dimers in the protein solution are retained by the membrane while a portion of protein dimers in solution are passed through the membrane.
  • This filtration step is effected using a device of one or more layers of a fibrous media, one or more layers of charged or surface modified microporous membranes or a small bed of chromatography media.
  • substantially complete protein aggregate removal is effected while permitting recovery of greater than about 85% protein monomer, preferably greater than about 90% protein monomer.
  • a protein solution 12 is retained by pressurized reservoir 14 and is pumped to the filtration media unit 16 by the pressure in the tank through conduit 18 .
  • the solution is subjected to a normal flow mode of filtration with the aggregates being retained by the media and the aggregate free solution discharged as the filtrate from the first step 10 .
  • the filtrate is passed through conduit 20 for further downstream processing such as the second step of filtration 22 (explained in detail below) and then to an outlet conduit 24 .
  • protein aggregates are retained by media unit 16 while protein monomer is passed through media 16 .
  • FIG. 2 A second embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 2 in which a constant flow mode of operation is used.
  • a pump 26 located between the reservoir 28 (typically a non-pressurized as compared to the pressurized vessel of the embodiment of FIG. 1 ) and the first filtration step 30 to maintain the constant flow.
  • the solution 31 is pumped through conduit 32 to the pump inlet 34 and then pumped through conduit 36 to the first filtration step 30 .
  • the filter of the first step 30 may any of those mentioned above in the discussion of FIG. 1 .
  • the solution is subjected to a normal flow mode of filtration with the aggregates being retained by the filter of the first step 30 and the aggregate free solution discharged as the filtrate from the first step 30 .
  • the filtrate is passed through conduit 38 for further downstream processing such as the second step of filtration 40 (explained in detail below) and then to an outlet conduit 42 .
  • a recirculation loop (not shown) at the outlet (not shown) of the first filtration step and recirculate the filtrate through the filtration step one or more additional times to further reduce the aggregate level in the filtrate.
  • Use of a valve is the simplest means for controlling the flow between the recirculation loop and the downstream conduit. It has been found that one recirculation pass is sufficient. Additional recirculation passes are generally unnecessary and increase manufacturing time and costs unnecessarily.
  • Viruses are removed from the aggregate free solution by either a normal flow filter (NFF) or a tangential flow filtration (TFF) filter such as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,395, filed Nov. 3, 2000.
  • NPF normal flow filter
  • THF tangential flow filtration
  • suitable devices for the first step include those formed from fibrous media formed of cellulosic fibers, synthetic fibers or blends thereof, such as MILLISTAK®+ pads available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass.; microporous membranes which are either charged or have a surface chemistry (such as hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity or a positive or negative charge as are taught by U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • 5,629,084 and 4,618,533) made from a material selected from the group consisting of regenerated cellulose, polyethersulfone, polyarylsulphone, polysulfone, polyimide, polyamide or polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF), such as charged Durapore® membrane, hydrophobic Durapore® membrane, hydrophobic Aervent® membrane and InterceptTM Q quaternary charged membrane, all available from Millipore Corporation, Bedford, Mass.,; and chromatography media including size exclusion media, ion exchange media, hydrophobic media and the like such as Cellufine® hydrophobic media, PEIL- 1000 media, Cellufine® ion exchange, and Matrex® chromatography media available from Millipore Corporation, Bedford, Mass., USA.
  • PVDF polyvinylidenedifluoride
  • Filtration can be effected with one or a plurality of devices wherein the feed protein solution is contacted with the devices in parallel or series flow.
  • ultrafiltration membranes which can be utilized in the virus removal step include those formed from regenerated cellulose, polyethersulfone, polyarylsulphones, polysulfone, polyimide, polyamide, polyvinylidenedifluoride (PVDF) or the like and are known as VIRESOLVE® membranes and RETROPORETM membranes available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass. These can be supplied in either a cartridge (NFF) form, such as VIRESOLVE® NFP viral filters, or as cassettes (for TFF), such as PELLICON® cassettes, available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass.
  • FFF cartridge
  • VIRESOLVE® NFP viral filters or as cassettes (for TFF) cassettes, available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass.
  • the viral filters utilized in the process of this invention are characterized by a log retention value (LRV; the negative logarithm of the sieving coefficient) for virus particles and other, particles that increase monotomically with the diameter of the particle; in the size range of interest for virus of 20 to 100 nm diameter.
  • LRV log retention value
  • the LRV increases continuously with the size of the particle projected area (the square of the particle diameter).
  • satisfactory LRV of at least about 3 are obtained.
  • the molecular weight cutoff is reduced thereby reducing protein recovery. Therefore, the user will choose a membrane that gives satisfactory LRV and protein recovery.
  • the membranes utilized in the process of this invention are capable of producing an LRV for virus of 3 and can extend to as high as about 8 or greater where the virus particle size is between a 10 and 100 nm diameter.
  • the virus removal membranes utilized in the process of this invention are characterized by a protein molecular weight cut off of between about 500 and 1000 kilo Daltons (kD). In all cases, the empirical relationship with particle projected area is retained. Log reduction values for virus particles (single solutes in solution; in absence of protein) depends upon the virus particle size. With small sized virus such as hepatitis, an LRV of greater than about 3 can be obtained and with larger sized virus such as the AIDS virus, a LRV of greater than 6 can be obtain for example.
  • IgG aggregate feed solution (SeraCare 5% Human Gamma Globulin, available from SeraCare, Inc., Cat#HS-9000) was added to a phosphate buffer (10 g/L Difco FA buffer, pH 7.2, from Fisher Scientific, Cat#DF 2314150) and EDTA (10 mM ethylenediamine tetra acidic acid, disodium-calcium salt available from Sigma Aldrich, cat#ED2SC).
  • the aggregate feed solution was then modified to represent a 10% aggregate load by filtering 90% of the feed through a membrane that removed the protein aggregate (PLCXK membrane as cellulose UF membrane with a nominal molecular cutoff of 1000 kDaltons available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass.)
  • PLCXK membrane as cellulose UF membrane with a nominal molecular cutoff of 1000 kDaltons available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass.
  • FIG. 3 shows the throughput results (liters of fluid processed/square meter of material before clogging of the material occurs) on the aggregate feed solution at 10% aggregates by three different modes of operation.
  • Mode #1 used the conventional normal flow viral filter without any aggregate removal step using a VIRESOLVE® NFP viral filter of 13.5 cm 2 available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass. was provided for selectively removing protein aggregates from a protein solution in a normal flow (NFF) filtration process.
  • VIRESOLVE® NFP viral filter of 13.5 cm 2 available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass. was provided for selectively removing protein aggregates from a protein solution in a normal flow (NFF) filtration process.
  • Mode #2 used the first embodiment of the present invention using a MILLISTAK® 75DE Grade device available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass. having 13.0 square centimeters of media.
  • the filter is composed of charged fibrous cellulose media. This was followed by a viral removal step using VIRESOLVE® NFP filter of 13.5 cm 2 available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass.
  • Mode #3 used another embodiment of the present invention using a MILLISTAK® 75DE Grade device available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass. having 13.0 square centimeters of media.
  • the filter was composed of charged fibrous cellulose media having 13.0 cm 2 of media, in which the filtered fluid was then run through the media a second time, followed by a viral removal step using a VIRESOLVE® NFP filter of 13.5 cm 2 available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Mass.
  • FIG. 3 show the Vmax (throughput) of the example.
  • Mode #1 represents no aggregate removal step.
  • Modes 2 and 3 represent different experiments run on different days with different batches of feed material.
  • the Vmax was 200% greater than that of the Vmax obtained without the NFF.
  • the present invention provides a simple means for the removal of protein aggregates from a protein stream before viral filtration or other steps in the process. This reduces the fouling and clogging that would otherwise occur, increasing throughput and flux dramatically. Additionally, this is done with the need for tangential flow filtration (TFF) that is more costly to purchase and to run and which needs to be cleaned between uses.
  • TNF tangential flow filtration
  • the present invention allows one to dispose of the aggregate filter allowing one to eliminate the cost of cleaning and storing the membrane between uses and the cost and time of validating one's procedures in doing so to regulatory agencies such as the FDA.

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  • Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
US10/357,914 2002-02-04 2003-02-04 Process for removing protein aggregates and virus from a protein solution Expired - Lifetime US7118675B2 (en)

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US20060249455A1 (en) * 2002-02-04 2006-11-09 Millipore Corporation Process for removing protein aggregates and virus from a protein solution
US20080014625A1 (en) * 2006-07-14 2008-01-17 Etzel Mark R Adsorptive membranes for trapping viruses
WO2010098867A1 (fr) 2009-02-27 2010-09-02 Millipore Corporation Membrane à groupes sulfoniques pour l'élimination d'agrégats de protéines
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WO2012134987A1 (fr) 2011-03-25 2012-10-04 Genentech, Inc. Nouveaux procédés de purification de protéines
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US9951101B2 (en) 2013-12-12 2018-04-24 Emd Millipore Corporation Protein separations using an acrylamide containing filter
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CA2954425C (fr) 2014-09-02 2019-05-07 Emd Millipore Corporation Milieu fibreux a surface elevee avec elements de surface nanofibrilles
JP6665184B2 (ja) 2014-12-08 2020-03-13 イー・エム・デイー・ミリポア・コーポレイシヨン 混床イオン交換吸着剤
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HRP20241510T1 (hr) 2015-08-13 2025-01-03 Amgen Inc. Nabijena dubinska filtracija proteina koji vežu antigene
WO2018230397A1 (fr) 2017-06-12 2018-12-20 旭化成メディカル株式会社 Procédé de filtration pour liquide contenant des protéines
US10792618B2 (en) 2018-06-19 2020-10-06 Sartorius Stedim Biotech Gmbh Particle separation and/or purification of a fluid
TWI771669B (zh) * 2019-04-26 2022-07-21 美商美國禮來大藥廠 製備穩定胜肽調配物之方法

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US20060249455A1 (en) 2006-11-09
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WO2003066669A3 (fr) 2003-12-11
AU2003212912A1 (en) 2003-09-02
WO2003066669A2 (fr) 2003-08-14

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