Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P13/00—Preparation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
  • C12P13/04—Alpha- or beta- amino acids
  • C12P13/12—Methionine; Cysteine; Cystine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C319/00—Preparation of thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides
  • C07C319/02—Preparation of thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides of thiols
  • C07C319/06—Preparation of thiols, sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides of thiols from sulfides, hydropolysulfides or polysulfides
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D233/72—Two oxygen atoms, e.g. hydantoin
  • C07D233/76—Two oxygen atoms, e.g. hydantoin with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to the third ring carbon atom
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  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P17/00—Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se or Te as ring hetero atoms
  • C12P17/02—Oxygen as only ring hetero atoms
  • C12P17/04—Oxygen as only ring hetero atoms containing a five-membered hetero ring, e.g. griseofulvin, vitamin C
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P17/00—Preparation of heterocyclic carbon compounds with only O, N, S, Se or Te as ring hetero atoms
  • C12P17/10—Nitrogen as only ring hetero atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P41/00—Processes using enzymes or microorganisms to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P41/00—Processes using enzymes or microorganisms to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture
  • C12P41/006—Processes using enzymes or microorganisms to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture by reactions involving C-N bonds, e.g. nitriles, amides, hydantoins, carbamates, lactames, transamination reactions, or keto group formation from racemic mixtures
  • C12P41/009—Processes using enzymes or microorganisms to separate optical isomers from a racemic mixture by reactions involving C-N bonds, e.g. nitriles, amides, hydantoins, carbamates, lactames, transamination reactions, or keto group formation from racemic mixtures by reactions involving hydantoins or carbamoylamino compounds

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for producing an optically active L- or D- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative or its salt which is useful as an intermediate for pharmaceutical products.
• Any of processes 1) to 4) requires low-temperature reaction with an expensive base such as butyl lithium.
• Process 5) is complicated by a large number of steps, and requires various kinds of expensive reagents.
• the key step of process 6) is the desymmetrization of the diester by PLE as esterase etc., but PLE cannot be easily stably secured on an industrial scale because of difficulty in mass production of PLE, thereby making the process unpractical. Therefore, any one of the processes has problems to be solved as an industrial process for producing an optically active methylcysteine derivative or its salt.
• optically active methylcysteine derivative produced by any one of the above-described processes and the like(,) can be converted to optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt by appropriate deprotection if necessary.
• the resulting optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt is preferably isolated and purified by crystallization.
• isolation of optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt by crystallization Only the above-described WO01/72702 etc. disclose examples of isolation.
• the insoluble inorganic salts generate and are mixed in the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt obtained by deprotection of optically active methylcysteine derivative during the reaction or a post-treatment step like neutrization etc., the inorganic salt cannot be removed by the above-described conventional method.
• ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt is unstable against oxidation and is easily converted to a disulfide by dimerization.
• dimerization of cysteine having a similar structure rapidly proceeds to produce cystine (Protein Chemistry 1, Amino Acid Peptide, Kyoritsu Shuppan, p. 326).
• dimerization of ⁇ -methylcysteine proceeds to produce a disulfide, and the disulfide cannot be easily removed and is unavoidably mixed in a product. Therefore, it is important to establish a process capable of significantly suppressing the production and mixing of a disulfide.
• a conceivable process for simply producing an optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative is to convert a racemic ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative to an optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative by enzymatic resolution.
• a racemic ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative used as a substrate can be simply effectively produced, conforms to the substrate specificity of an enzyme, and has a protecting group or an auxiliary group suitable for achieving high stereoselectivity, and the protecting group or auxiliary group can be simply removed after enzymatic reaction.
• a preferred racemic ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative is an N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative.
• hydantoinase known as a hydrolase for ring opening of hydantoin also catalyzes a reverse reaction of converting N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -amino acid to corresponding 5-substituted hydantoin. It is thus expected that one of the optical isomers of the racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative is selectively converted to hydantoin with the enzyme and subjected to optical resolution.
• the optically active N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative obtained by optical resolution can easily be converted to an optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative by decarbamoylation.
• the other product of the optical resolution i.e., an optically active 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative
• an optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative is equivalent to an optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative and can thus be led to an optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative (having a configuration reverse to that of the product directly obtained by optical resolution) through ring-opening hydrolysis and decarbamoylation.
• the racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative can be produced by combination of a general chemical method for synthesizing an amino acid and N-carbamoylation reaction. However, a process for producing the racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative in a small number of steps and high yield has not yet been established.
• a known example of a general process for producing a racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -disubstituted amino acid comprises converting an acetone derivative to racemic 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin by the Bucherer method, hydrolyzing the racemic 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin to produce a racemic ⁇ -disubstituted amino acid derivative (Agr. Biol. Chem., 1971, 35, 53-58), and then N-carbamoylating the derivative by treatment with potassium cyanate.
• the ureylene group (—NHCONH—) of the racemic 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin cannot be effectively used as the ureido group (carbamoylamino group: —NHCONH 2 ) of the racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -disubstituted amino acid derivative. Also, the method requires the three steps and is thus inefficient.
• Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 1-124398 discloses a resolution process in which a racemic N-carbamoyl-amino acid derivative is stereoselectively cyclized by treatment with hydantoinase.
• the possibility of reaction of an N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative is neither disclosed nor suggested.
• an object of the present invention is to provide an industrially practical process capable of simply producing an optically active L- or D- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative or its salts, which is useful as a pharmaceutical intermediate, from readily available, inexpensive raw materials.
• the inventors found a process for producing an ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative or its salt, the process comprising treating a racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative or its salt with a hydantoinase to selectively cyclize the D-isomer and form a D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative or its salt and an N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative or its salt, and then decarbamoylating the N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative or its salt and deprotecting the sulfur atom.
• the inventors also found a process for producing an ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine derivative or its salt, the process comprising hydrolyzing a D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative or its salts and deprotecting the sulfur atom. Furthermore, the inventors established a simple method for effectively producing a racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative used as a raw material of the above-described processes. These processes resulted in the completion of the present invention.
• the present invention relates to a process for producing a D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative represented by formula (2) or its salt: (wherein R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms); and an N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative represented by formula (3) or its salt: (wherein R 1 represents the same as the above), the process comprising treating a racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative represented by formula (1) or its salt with a hydantoinase to selectively cyclize the D-isomer: (wherein R 1 represents the same as the above)
• the present invention relates to a process for producing an ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative represented by formula (4) or its salt: (wherein R 2 represents a hydrogen atom or R 1 as described above), the process comprising decarbamoylating the N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative represented by formula (3) or its salts, and, if required, deprotecting the sulfur atom.
• the present invention relates to a process for producing an ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine represented by formula (5) or its salt: the process comprising treating an N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative represented by formula (3) or its salt in which R 1 is a tertiary alkyl group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms with an acid to simultaneously perform decarbamoylation and deprotection of the sulfur atom.
• the present invention relates to a process for producing L-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin represented by formula (6) or its salt: the process comprising cyclizing N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative (3) or its salt and deprotecting the sulfur atom thereof.
• the present invention relates to a process for producing L-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (6) or its salt, the process comprising cyclizing N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative (3) or its salt to produce a L-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative represented by formula (7) or its salt: (wherein R 1 represents the same as the above), and then treating the derivative or its salt with an acid to deprotect the sulfur atom thereof.
• the present invention relates to a process for producing an ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine derivative represented by formula (8) or its salt: (wherein R 2 represents the same as the above), the process comprising hydrolyzing D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative (2) or its salt, and, if required, deprotecting the sulfur atom thereof.
• the present invention relates to a process for producing ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine represented by formula (9) or its salt: the process comprising treating the compound represented by formula (2) in which R 1 is a tertiary alkyl group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms with an acid to simultaneously perform hydrolysis reaction and deprotection of the sulfur atom.
• the present invention relates to a process for producing D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin represented by formula (11) or its salt: the process comprising carbamoylating an ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine derivative represented by formula (8) or its salt in which R 2 is the same as R 1 to produce an N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine derivative represented by formula (10) or its salt: (wherein R 1 represents the same as the above), and then cyclizing the derivative or its salt and deprotecting the sulfur atom thereof.
• the present invention relates to a process for producing D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin represented by formula (11) or its salt, the process comprising treating the compound represented by formula (2) with an acid to deprotect the sulfur atom.
• the optically active 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative or its salt can be easily converted to optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine by hydrolysis, and as well as optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine, the optically active 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative or its salt can be suitably used as a synthetic intermediate for pharmaceuticals and the like.
• the present invention relates to a process for crystallizing optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt, the process comprising crystallizing from an aqueous solution of an optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt in the presence of an organic solvent.
• the present invention relates to a process for producing a racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -amino acid derivative represented by formula (13) or its salt: (wherein R 3 and R 4 independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms), particularly a racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative represented by formula (1) or its salt, the process comprising hydrolyzing, with an organic base or an alkali metal hydroxide, a racemic 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin derivative represented by formula (12) or its salt: (wherein R 3 and R 4 represent the same as the above), particularly a racemic 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative represented by formula (14) or its salt: (wherein R
• the present invention relates to a racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative represented by formula (1) or its salt; an L- or D-optically active N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative represented by formula (3) or (10) or its salt; a D- or L-optically active 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative represented by formula (2) or (7) or its salt in which R 1 is a tertiary alkyl group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms; an L- or D-optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative represented by formula (4) or (8) or its salt in which R 2 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms; and an L- or D-optically active 5-methyl-5-thio
• R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
• Examples of an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms include linear alkyl groups such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a n-propyl group, and a n-butyl group; and branched alkyl groups such as an isopropyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a neopentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, and a tert-hexyl group.
• An alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is preferred.
• Examples of an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms include a benzyl group, a p-methoxybenzyl group, a phenethyl group, and a naphthylmethyl group.
• An aralkyl group having 7 to 15 carbon atoms is preferred.
• Examples of an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. An aryl group having 6 to 15 carbon atoms is preferred.
• Each of the alkyl group, aralkyl group, and aryl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
• a substituent include an amino group, a hydroxyl group, an aryl group, an alkanoyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, a nitro group, and halogen atoms.
• Examples of an aryl group as the substituent include aryl groups each having 6 to 15 carbon atoms, such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a p-methylphenyl group, a m-methylphenyl group, and an o-methylphenyl group.
• Examples of an alkanoyl group include alkanoyl groups each having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as an acetyl group, a propanoyl group, and a butanoyl group.
• Examples of an alkenyl group include alkenyl groups each having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as an ethenyl group and a propenyl group.
• Examples of an alkynyl group include alkyl groups each having 2 to 10 carbon atoms, such as an ethynyl group and a propynyl group.
• Examples of an alkoxy group include alkoxy groups each having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a n-propoxy group, and an isopropoxy group.
• Examples of halogen atoms include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.
• R 1 is preferably a substituted or unsubstituted tertiary alkyl group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms.
• R 1 is a tert-butyl group, a tert-pentyl group, or a tert-hexyl group, and preferably a tert-butyl group.
• R 3 and R 4 independently represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
• Examples of an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, and an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms include the same groups as those described above for R 1 .
• the alkyl group, aralkyl group, and aryl group may be unsubstituted or substituted.
• substituents include the same as those described above for R 1 , and substituted thio groups represented by formula (15): —SR 1 (15) wherein R 1 represents the same as the above.
• Preferred examples of R 1 in formula (15) include the same as described above.
• each of R 3 and R 4 is preferably a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms from the viewpoint of reactivity of hydrolysis reaction.
• alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a n-butyl group, a n-pentyl group, and a n-hexyl group. More preferably, at least one of R 3 and R 4 is a methyl group.
• compound (13) corresponds to compound (1).
• Racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative (1) and racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -amino acid derivative (13) may be salts with a base.
• the salts with a base are not particularly limited, but examples of the salts include salts with alkali metal hydroxides (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and the like); and salts with alkaline earth metal hydroxides (calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and the like). Salts with sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are preferred.
• R 1 is defined as described above for the compound represented by formula (1).
• R 3 and R 4 are defined as described above for the compound represented by formula (13).
• compound (12) corresponds to compound (14).
• the 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin derivatives may be salts with a base formed at the imido groups of the hydantoin rings.
• the salts are not particularly limited, but examples of the salts include salts with alkali metal hydroxides (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and the like); and salts with alkaline earth metal hydroxides (calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and the like). Salts with sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are preferred.
• optically active N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative represented by formula (3) or (10) R 1 represents the same as the above.
• the optically active N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivatives may be salts, and examples of the salts include the same as described above for the compound represented by formula (1).
• R 2 represents R 1 or a hydrogen atom.
• the R 1 represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, and defined as described above for the compound represented by formula (1)
• the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine derivatives may be salts with an acid or a base.
• Examples of an acid include hydrohalic acids (hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, and hydrofluoric acid), sulfonic acids (methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like), sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and carboxylic acids (formic aid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and the like).
• hydrohalic acids hydrohalic acid, hydrobromic acid, and hydrofluoric acid
• sulfonic acids methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like
• sulfuric acid nitric acid
• carboxylic acids formic aid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and the like.
• Examples of a base include organic bases (ammonia, triethylamine, aniline, pyridine, and the like), alkali metal hydroxides (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and the like), and alkaline earth metal hydroxides (calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and the like).
• optically active 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin represented by formula (6) or (11) may be a salt. Examples thereof include the same as those described above for the compound represented by formula (1).
• Racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -amino acid derivative (13) or its salt can be produced by hydrolysis of the racemic 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin derivative represented by formula (12) or its salt with an organic base or an alkali metal hydroxide.
• Racemic 5,5-disubstituted hydantoin derivative (12) or its salt used as a raw material can be synthesized from a corresponding ketone by the Bucherer method well known to persons skilled in the art.
• hydrolysis is performed using a base such as an organic base or an alkali metal hydroxide.
• a base such as an organic base or an alkali metal hydroxide.
• the organic base is not particularly limited, but examples of the organic base include methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, and aniline. These organic bases may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more.
• alkali metal hydroxides examples include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and cesium hydroxide. These alkali metal hydroxides may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more.
• the base used in hydrolysis is preferably an alkali metal hydroxide, and more preferably sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
• the amount of the base used is not particularly limited, the amount of the base is preferably 1 to 10 molar equivalents, and more preferably 2 to 5 molar equivalents, based on the amount of the substrate used.
• reaction solvent water only may be used, or a mixture of water and an organic solvent may be used.
• organic solvent mixed with water to be used as the solvent is not particularly limited, examples of the organic solvent include hydrocarbon solvents, ester solvents, ether solvents, alcoholic solvents, nitrile solvents, and amide solvents. Hydrocarbon solvents are preferred.
• the hydrocarbon solvents are not particularly limited.
• the hydrocarbon solvents include toluene, benzene, xylene, hexane, cyclohexane, and heptane. These solvents may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more at any desired ratio. Among these solvents, toluene is preferred.
• ester solvents examples include ethyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and methyl propionate.
• ether solvents examples include diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, and methyl tert-butyl ether.
• alcoholic solvents examples include methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, and 2-butanol.
• nitrile solvents examples include acetonitrile and propionitrile.
• amide solvents examples include dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide.
• the amount of water used for reaction is preferably 0.1 to 100 times the weight of the substrate used. In view of yield and volumetric efficiency, the amount of water is more preferably 0.1 to 10 times, and most preferably 0.2 to 3 times, the weight of the substrate used.
• the reaction proceeds in the highest yield.
• the reaction temperature depends on the type of the substrate used, and the amounts of the materials used, and thus cannot be determined unconditionally. However, the reaction temperature can be selected from 50° C. to 150° C., and it is preferably 80° C. to 110° C., and more preferably 85° C. to 100° C.
• the reaction time depends on the type of the substrate used, the amounts of the materials used, and the reaction temperature, and thus cannot be determined unconditionally. However, the reaction time is preferably 1 to 50 hours, and more preferably 2 to 24 hours for producing the product in high yield.
• the reaction product may be directly used in a next reaction, or may be subjected to isolation by extraction and purification after neutralization with an acid.
• the reaction mixture may be filtered to isolate the target compound.
• the compound represented by formula (1) can be synthesized by producing the racemic 5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative represented by formula (14) from a thioacetone derivative by the Bucherer method, and then hydrolyzing the derivative represented by formula (14).
• the hydantoinase is an enzyme having an activity to hydrolyze a 5-substituted hydantoin derivative or its salt to produce an N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -amino acid derivative. It is generally known that this enzyme produces a 5-substituted hydantoin derivative by cyclization of an N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -amino acid derivative in a reverse reaction of hydrolysis (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 1-1243989).
• hydantoinase derived from plants, animals, or microorganisms may be used as the hydantoinase catalyzing the D-stereo-selective cyclization reaction.
• hydantoinase derived from microorganisms is preferably used for industrial application. Any microorganisms can be used as an enzyme source as long as the microorganisms have the ability of producing the enzyme. Examples of the microorganisms include the known microorganisms below which are capable of producing the enzyme.
• microorganisms examples include bacteria of the genera Acetobacter, Achromobacter, Aerobacter, Agrobacterium, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Protaminobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Sartina, Serratia, Xanthomonas, Aeromonas, Flavobacterium , and Rhizobium; actinomyces of the genera Actinomyces, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Streptomyces, Actinoplanes , and Rhodococcus ; molds of the genera Aspergillus, Paecilomyces , and Penicillium ; and yeasts of the genera Candida, Phichia, Rhodotorula , and Torulopsis.
• an enzyme derived from microorganisms of the genus Agrobacterium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas , or Rhizobium is used.
• an enzyme derived from Agrobacterium sp. KNK712 (FERM BP-1900), Bacillus sp. KNK245 (FERM BP-4863), Pseudomonas putida IFO12996, Pseudomonas sp. KNK003A (FERM BP-3181) or Rhizobium sp. KNK1415 is used.
• the Agrobacterium sp. KNK712, Bacillus sp. KNK245, and Pseudomonas sp. KNK003A are deposited as international deposits according to the Butapest Treaty in International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1, Higashi 1-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan with accession number FERM BP-1900 on May 31, 1988, with accession number FERM BP-4863 on Nov. 2, 1994, and with accession number FERM BP-3181 on Dec. 1, 1990, respectively.
• the microorganisms may be a wild strain or a variant with hydantoinase activity increased by mutation.
• the microorganisms may be transformed microorganisms produced by a gene recombination method or the like so as to produce hydantoinase derived from the microorganisms with high efficiency.
• a hydantoinase gene is cloned from a strain exhibiting hydantoinase activity, and an appropriate recombinant plasmid vector is formed and used for transformation of proper host cells to produce the transformed microorganisms, as described in, for example, WO96/20275.
• the recombinant DNA technology is well known in this field, and described in, for example, Molecular Cloning 2nd Edition (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience).
• Examples of the transformed microorganisms capable of producing hydantoinase with high efficiency include the microorganisms described in WO96/20275, such as Escherichia coli HB101 pTH104 (FERM BP-4864) containing a hydantoinase gene derived from Bacillus sp. KNK245 (FERM BP-4863), Escherichia coli HB101 pAH1043 (FERM BP-4865) containing a hydantoinase gene derived from Agrobacterium sp.
• Escherichia coli HB101 pTH104 containing a hydantoinase gene derived from Bacillus sp. KNK245 (FERM BP-4863), Escherichia coli HB101 pAH1043 (FERM BP-4865) containing a hydantoinase gene derived from Agrobacterium sp.
• KNK712 (FERM BP-1900), and Escherichia coli HB101 pPHD301 (FERM BP-4866) containing a hydantoinase gene derived from Pseudomonas sp. KNK003A (FERM BP-3181).
• Escherichia coli HB101 pTH104, Escherichia coli HB101 pAH1043, and Escherichia coli HB101 pPHD301 are deposited as international deposits according to the Butapest Treaty in International Patent Organism Depositary, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1, Higashi 1-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan on Nov. 2, 1994 with accession number FERM BP-4864, accession number FERM BP-4865 and accession number FERM BP-4866, respectively.
• culture may be performed using an ordinary nutrient medium, and, if required, enzyme induction treatment may be performed, as described in, for example, WO96/20275.
• enzyme induction can be performed by, for example, adding uracil to the culture medium.
• the hydantoinase produced from the microorganisms can be used directly as an enzyme or used in the form of microorganisms having activity for the enzyme or a treatment product thereof.
• the treatment product of microorganisms include a crude extract, lyophilized organisms prepared from cultured cells, acetone-dried cells, and disrupted products of these cells.
• the enzyme may be immobilized in the form of an enzyme or cells by a known means and used as an immobilized enzyme.
• immobilized enzyme When the enzyme is stabilized by immobilization, enzymatic reaction can be performed in a severer temperature region to effectively accelerate the reaction. Furthermore, it is possible to expect the advantage that the production cost can be decreased due to repeatable use of the enzyme and simplification of the production process.
• the immobilization can be performed by a method well known to persons skilled in the art, such as a cross-linking method, a covalent bonding method, a physical adsorption method, or an inclusion method.
• a support suitably used for immobilizing the enzyme include phenol-formaldehyde anion exchange resins such as Duolite A-568 and DS17186 (Rohm and Haas Co.,: trademark), and anion exchange resins comprising polystyrene resins having amine-, ammonium salt- or diethanolamine-type functional groups, such as Amberlite IRA935, IRA945, and IRA901 (Rohm and Haas Co.,: trademark), Lewatit OC1037 (Bayer Corp.: trademark), and Diaion EX-05 (Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation: trademark).
• DEAE-celluose can also be used.
• the immobilized enzyme is preferably produced by the method described in, for example, WO96/20275.
• cells are collected from a culture solution of a strain having hydantoinase activity and then disrupted by ultrasonic waves or the like, and, for example, anion exchange resin Duolite A-568 is added to the resultant enzyme solution, followed by stirring for adsorption of the enzyme.
• a cross-linking agent such as glutaraldehyde may be added to the resin having the enzyme adsorbed thereon, and the resultant mixture may be subjected to cross-linking treatment by stirring. After these treatments, the resin is filtered off and then washed to produce immobilized hydantoinase.
• the enzymatic reaction can be performed by the following method:
• the racemic N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative represented by formula (1) or its salt is used as a substrate and subjected to reaction in an aqueous medium in the presence of the hydantoinase.
• the concentration of the substrate charged is 0.1% (w/v) to 90% (w/v), and preferably 1% (w/v) to 50% (w/v).
• the substrate is subjected to the reaction in a dissolved or suspended state by standing or stirring for a while at a reaction temperature properly adjusted to 10° C. to 80° C., preferably 20° C. to 60° C., and a pH kept at 4 to 9, preferably 5 to 8.
• the substrate can be continuously added.
• the reaction can be performed in a batch system or a continuous system.
• the reaction can be performed with the immobilized enzyme, a membrane reactor, and the like.
• aqueous medium examples include water, buffers (for example, a phosphate buffer, a Tris buffer, and a carbonate buffer), and solvents each containing such a buffer and a water-soluble organic solvent (for example, ethanol, methanol, or acetonitrile).
• the aqueous medium may be combined with an organic solvent (for example, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, toluene, chloroform, or n-hexane) insoluble in water to form a two-phase system.
• an antioxidant, a surfactant, a coenzyme, a metal, and the like can be further added to the medium.
• the produced N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative (3) or its salt may be subjected to decarbamoylation reaction in the form of the reaction solution, or may be isolated and purified by a conventional separation method such as extraction, concentration, crystallization, or column chromatography, or combination thereof.
• N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine having a tert-butyl group at R 1 in formula (1) is used as the substrate of D-selective cyclization reaction with the hydantoinase
• D-5-methyl-5-tert-butylthiomethylhydantoin precipitated as an insoluble substance after the reaction can be easily removed by filtration.
• the filtrate containing the resultant N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine may be used in a next step directly or after purification.
• the filtrate is controlled to acid pH to precipitate crystals, and then filtered to obtain the target compound.
• the D-5-methyl-5-tert-butylthiomethylhydantoin precipitated as an insoluble substance may be used directly in a next step or used in the form of an aqueous alkali solution in a next step.
• the aqueous alkali solution may be neutralized to crystallize the D-5-methyl-5-tert-butylthiomethylhydantoin. Any one of these methods may be used.
• the protecting group of the sulfur atom is selected from the groups described above as R 1 .
• decarbamoylation (deprotection of the amino group) and deprotection of the sulfur atom may be simultaneously performed.
• one of the deprotection steps may be first performed, and then the other step may be performed to remove the remaining protecting group.
• the deprotection method may be appropriately selected according to the protecting group and the purpose.
• Examples of the acid used in this method include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or at least two of the acids may be mixed at any desired ratio. From the viewpoint of reactivity and economics, hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic aid is preferred, and hydrochloric acid is more preferred.
• hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid commercially available concentrated hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid can be used, and such an acid can also be used as the reaction solvent. Although water or an organic solvent may be added, the acid is preferably also used as the reaction solvent from the viewpoint of reactivity.
• the reaction temperature is preferably 70° C. to 180° C., and more preferably 90° C. to 150° C.
• the reaction time is preferably about 2 to 4 days, for example, at 100° C. to 110° C. and atmospheric pressure.
• the reaction can be performed using a pressure-resisting reactor at a higher temperature to reduce the reaction time.
• the decarbamoylation method is not particularly limited as long as the carbamoyl group can be removed.
• a nitrous acid oxidation method, an alkaline hydrolysis method, or an acid hydrolysis method can be used.
• the protecting group of the sulfur atom is a tertiary alkyl group such as a tert-butyl group
• the acid hydrolysis method using hydrochloric acid or the like tends to progress the deprotection of the sulfur atom. Therefore, when only decarbamoylation is desired, another method is preferably performed.
• the nitrous acid oxidation method can use the reaction conditions generally used for decarbamoylation.
• nitrous acid alone or a combination of a nitrite and an appropriate acid can be used.
• a combination of a nitrite and an acid is preferably used.
• nitrite examples include sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, calcium nitrite, cesium nitrite, magnesium nitrite, and barium nitrite. Among these nitrites, potassium nitrite and sodium nitrite are preferred.
• acid combined with the nitrite acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrobromic acid are preferred, and hydrochloric acid is particularly preferred.
• the solvent is not particularly limited, water or an alcohol (for example, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or the like) is preferably used from the viewpoint of solubility of the substrate.
• the reaction temperature of the nitrous acid oxidation method is preferably in the range of ⁇ 5° C. to 100° C., and more preferably in the range of 0° C. to 50° C. from the viewpoint of product stability and improvement in yield.
• the alkali used in the alkaline hydrolysis method is not particularly limited.
• sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and the like are preferred, and lithium hydroxide is more preferred.
• the compound represented by formula (4) in which R 2 is the same as R 1 in formula (1) may be used in a next step directly or after purification.
• purification can by performed by adding an acid to the reaction solution after the alkaline hydrolysis to decrease the pH of the solution.
• the ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative represented by formula (4) or its salt in which R 2 is a tert-butyl group can be obtained as crystals.
• the alkali used for the alkaline hydrolysis is arbitrarily selected from sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and the like.
• the acid added to the reaction solution after the alkaline hydrolysis include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed at any desired ratio.
• a combination of lithium hydroxide used as the alkali and hydrochloric acid used as the acid is preferably used because an inorganic salt produced in neutralization has high solubility in water to facilitate desalting.
• neutralization means that the pH of the reaction solution is adjusted to a crystallization region.
• the upper limit of the pH is preferably 9.5 or less, and more preferably 7.0 or less
• the lower limit of the pH is generally 1.0 or more, preferably 2.0 or more, and more preferably 3.0 or more.
• the sulfur atom can be deprotected under reaction conditions suitable for the protecting group directly using the reaction solution or after isolation of the ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative.
• the sulfur atom can be deprotected by treatment with an acid.
• the acid include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed at any desired ratio. Among these acids, hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid is preferred, and hydrochloric acid is more preferred.
• hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid commercially available conc. hydrochloric acid or conc. hydrobromic acid can be used, and such an acid can also be used as the reaction solvent.
• water or an organic solvent may be added, the acid is preferably also used as the solvent from the viewpoint of reactivity.
• the reaction temperature is preferably 50° C. to 120° C., and more preferably 80° C. to 100° C.
• the acid examples include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed at any desired ratio. Among these acids, hydrochloric acid is preferred.
• hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid commercially available conc. hydrochloric acid or conc. hydrobromic acid can be used, and such an acid can also be used as the reaction solvent. Although water or an organic solvent may be added, the acid is preferably also used as the solvent from the viewpoint of reactivity.
• reaction temperature is not particularly limited, mild conditions are preferred for suppressing the hydrolysis of L-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (6) or its salt.
• the reaction may be performed in the range of 0° C. to 100° C., preferably 60° C. to 90° C., for several hours, and terminated when the major product is the desired compound.
• cyclization is preferably performed by alkali treatment because deprotection of the sulfur atom proceeds when cyclization is performed with an acid.
• the alkali used is not particularly limited, and examples of the alkali include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide. In view of availability and cost, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or lithium hydroxide is preferred.
• the reaction temperature of cyclization is preferably 0° C. to 100° C., and more preferably 60° C. to 90° C.
• the solvent may comprise only water, or a mixture of water and an organic solvent.
• the solvent preferably comprises only water.
• L-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative (7) or its salt may be used in a next step directly or after extraction with an organic solvent or isolation by crystallization or the like.
• the resultant derivative (7) or its salt can be further treated with an acid to advance deprotection of the sulfur atom, and thereby L-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (6) or its salt can be produced.
• the acid examples include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed at any desired ratio. In view of yield and cost, hydrochloric acid is preferred.
• the acid treatment can be preferably performed under the same conditions as those described above for performing deprotection and cyclization in one step.
• L-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (6) or its salt produced as described above can be converted to ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine (5) or its salt by acid or alkaline hydrolysis.
• the hydrolysis with an acid is preferred.
• Examples of the acid include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed at any desired ratio. Among these acids, hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid is preferred, and hydrochloric acid is more preferred.
• Preferred examples of the alkali include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide.
• the hydrolysis is usually performed with an alkali.
• the alkali used in the hydrolysis is not particularly limited, but examples of the alkali include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide.
• sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide are preferred.
• lithium hydroxide is preferably used because an inorganic salt impurity produced in crystallization of the product after the reaction has high solubility in water.
• the solvent may comprise only water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent, but the solvent preferably comprises only water.
• the reaction temperature is preferably ⁇ 5° C. to 150° C., and more preferably 80° C. to 120° C.
• R 2 is a tert-butyl group
• an acid is added to the reaction solution to decrease its pH after the hydrolysis reaction, and thereby the resulting ⁇ -methyl-S-tert-butyl-D-cysteine can be obtained as crystals.
• the acid used is not particularly limited as long as the pH of the reaction solution can be decreased.
• the acid include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed at any desired ratio.
• hydrochloric acid is preferably used because when the hydrolysis is performed with lithium hydroxide, an inorganic salt impurity produced in neutralization has high solubility in water and is thus little mixed into the crystals.
• neutralization means that the pH of the reaction solution is adjusted to a crystallization region.
• the upper limit of the pH is preferably 9.5 or less, and more preferably 7.0 or less
• the lower limit of the pH is 1.0 or more, preferably 2.0 or more, and more preferably 3.0 or more.
• the resulting compound represented by formula (8) in which R 2 is the same as R 1 can be converted to ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine (9) or its salt by deprotecting the sulfur atom.
• the deprotecting method is selected according to the protecting group of the sulfur atom.
• the protecting group is a tertiary alkyl group such as a tert-butyl group or the like, the deprotection can be easily performed by treatment with an acid.
• Examples of the acid used in the method include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed at any desired ratio. From the viewpoint of reactivity and economics, hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid is preferred, and hydrochloric acid is more preferred.
• hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid commercially available conc. hydrochloric acid or conc. hydrobromic acid can be used, and such an acid can also be used as the reaction solvent.
• water or an organic solvent may be added, the acid is preferably also used as the solvent from the viewpoint of reactivity.
• the reaction temperature is preferably 70° C. to 180° C., and more preferably 90° C. to 150° C.
• R 1 in formula (2) is a tertiary alkyl group having 4 to 15 carbon atoms, such as a tert-butyl group
• ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine (9) or its salt can be obtained by treatment with an acid in one step.
• the acid examples include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed at any desired ratio. Among these acids, hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid is preferred, and hydrochloric acid is more preferred.
• hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid commercially available conc. hydrochloric acid or conc. hydrobromic acid can be used, and such an acid can also be used as the reaction solvent. Although water or an organic solvent may be added, the acid is preferably also used as the solvent from the viewpoint of reactivity.
• the reaction temperature is preferably 70° C. 180° C., and more preferably 90° C. to 150° C.
• the acid examples include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed at any desired ratio. Among these acids, hydrochloric acid is preferred.
• hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid commercially available conc. hydrochloric acid or conc. hydrobromic acid can be used, and such an acid can also be used as the reaction solvent. Although water or an organic solvent may be added, the acid is preferably also used as the solvent from the viewpoint of reactivity.
• the reaction conditions are not particularly limited as long as they are relatively mild for producing D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (11) with high selectivity while suppressing hydrolysis.
• the reaction may be performed at 100° C. or less for several hours, and terminated when the major product is the desired compound.
• D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (11) or its salt is hydrolyzed to produce ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine (9) or its salt.
• the hydrolysis may be either acid hydrolysis or alkaline hydrolysis.
• examples of an acid include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid. Any one of these acids may be used alone, or two or more may be mixed at any desired ratio. In view of reactivity and economics, hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid is preferred, and hydrochloric acid is more preferred.
• hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid commercially available conc. hydrochloric acid or conc. hydrobromic acid can be used, and such an acid can also be used as the reaction solvent.
• the reaction temperature is preferably 70° C. to 180° C., and more preferably 90° C. to 150° C.
• the reaction time is preferably about 2 to 4 days, for example, at 100° C. to 110° C. and atmospheric pressure. The reaction can be performed using a pressure-resisting reactor at higher temperature to reduce the reaction time.
• D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (11) or its salt the process comprising hydrolyzing D-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin derivative (2) or its salt to produce the ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine derivative represented by formula (8) or its salt, converting the derivative (8) or its salt to N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine derivative (10) or its salt by carbamoylation, and then performing cyclization and deprotection of the sulfur atom.
• D-5-methyl-5-thiomethyhydantoin derivative (2) or its salt can be converted to ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine derivative (8) or its salt by the above-described method.
• the carbamoylation of ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine derivative (8) or its salt can be performed with an alkali metal cyanate and an acid.
• alkali metal cyanate include potassium isocyanate, potassium cyanate, and sodium cyanate.
• the acid include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.
• N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-D-cysteine derivative (10) or its salt can be performed by the same method as that described above for converting N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine derivative (3) or its salt to L-5-methyl-5-thiomethylhydantoin (6).
• optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt can be easily obtained by crystallization from an aqueous solution of the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt in the presence of an organic solvent.
• optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt is not particularly limited, but optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine, a salt of optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine with an acid, and a salt of optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine with a base are given as examples.
• a salt with an acid is preferred.
• the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine may be either the L-isomer or the D-isomer.
• Examples of the acid of the acid salt include hydrohalic acids, sulfonic acids, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and carboxylic acids. Among these acids, hydrohalic acids are preferred.
• hydrohalic acids examples include hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, and hydrofluoric acid, and hydrochloric acid is preferred.
• Examples of the sulfonic acids include methanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
• Examples of the carboxylic acids include formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.
• Examples of the base of the base salt include ammonia, triethylamine, aniline, and pyridine.
• the method for preparing the aqueous solution of the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt is not particularly limited.
• the aqueous solution can be prepared by appropriately converting or deprotecting the ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative or its salt produced by any one of the conventional processes 1) to 6), or a protected compound thereof.
• An aqueous solution of the compound produced by the method of the present invention may be used.
• an aqueous solution of the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt produced by the method of the present invention is used.
• the aqueous solution of the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt is concentrated in the presence of the organic solvent to remove water from the system and replace water by the organic solvent. Consequently, aggregation of the compound can be suppressed to produce slurry which can easily be taken out and filtered. The resulting slurry is filtered, and the residue is washed and then dried to produce the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt as crystals.
• the aqueous solution of the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt may be preliminarily concentrated before the organic solvent is added.
• the aqueous solution is preferably concentrated until the concentration by weight of the compound is 10% by weight or more, more preferably 30% by weight or more.
• the organic solvent used for replacement is not particularly limited, but the organic solvent is preferably azeotropic with water so that the water content at the azeotropic point is 5.0% by weight or more.
• the organic solvent more preferably has low or no compatibility with water.
• organic solvent having low or no compatibility with water examples include hydrocarbon solvents, ester solvents, and ether solvents.
• the hydrocarbon organic solvents are preferred from the viewpoint of low compatibility with water, low solubility of the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt, and easy recovery and reuse of the solvent.
• the hydrocarbon organic solvents are not particularly limited, but for example, toluene, benzene, xylene, hexane, cyclohexane, and heptane may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more. From the viewpoint of economics, toluene is preferred.
• ester solvents examples include ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and isobutyl acetate.
• ether solvents examples include dipropyl ether, dibutyl ether, 1,4-dioxane, and methyl tert-butyl ether.
• solvents may be used alone or in a mixture of the same type or different types of solvents at any desired ratio.
• the replacement by the organic solvent may be performed in one step or in a plurality of steps.
• the amount of the organic solvent used for the replacement depends on the type of the organic solvent, the degree of vacuum for concentration, and the internal temperature of the system, and thus cannot be determined unconditionally.
• the amount of toluene charged each time is preferably 0.1 to 100 times, and more preferably 0.2 to 10 times the total weight of the aqueous solution.
• the concentration of the solute i.e., the concentration of the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt, is 0.1 to 70% by weight, and preferably 1 to 70% by weight.
• the amount of the water finally remaining after water removal from the system is preferably 100% by weight or less on the basis of the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt.
• the water is preferably removed from the system until the water content becomes 40% by weight or less.
• the evaporation rate in concentration depends on the ability of the apparatus used, and thus cannot be determined unconditionally. However, as the evaporation rate increases, bubbles significantly occur to worsen the fluidity of the resultant slurry and cause a tendency to aggregation. Therefore, the evaporation rate per unit evaporation area and unit time is preferably controlled to 1000 L/h ⁇ m 2 or less, more preferably 600 L/h ⁇ m 2 or less, further preferably 300 L/h ⁇ m 2 or less, and most preferably 100 L/h ⁇ m 2 or less.
• the degree of vacuum is generally 500 mmHg or less, and preferably 200 mmHg or less.
• the lower limit is not particularly limited, the lower limit is generally 0.1 mmHg or more.
• the concentration temperature depends on the degree of vacuum and the ability of the apparatus used, but the temperature is 0° C. to 150° C., preferably 10° C. to 100° C., and more preferably 30° C. to 70° C., for obtaining high-quality crystals easy to handle.
• the amount of the finally remaining water is preferably 100% by weight or less on the basis of the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt.
• the water is preferably removed from the system until the water content becomes 40% by weight or less.
• the type of the organic solvent used for replacement is not particularly limited, an organic solvent compatible with water is preferred from the viewpoint of the physical properties that the inorganic salt is slightly soluble or insoluble, and an optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine hydrochloride is soluble. More preferably, a single alcoholic solvent, a single ether solvent compatible with water, or a mixture thereof at any ratio is used.
• alcoholic solvent examples include methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol. Any one of these solvents may be used alone, or a mixture of two or more at any desired ratio may be used. However, isopropyl alcohol is preferred in view of the efficiency of dehydration, economics, decrease in side reactions such as esterification and the like.
• ether solvent compatible with water examples include diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, and methyl tert-butyl ether. Any one of these solvents may be used alone, or a mixture of two or more at any desired ratio may be used. However, tetrahydrofuran is preferred in view of the efficiency of dehydration and economics.
• the process for crystallizing the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt from the filtrate obtained after the slightly soluble inorganic salt is removed is not particularly limited.
• a general crystallization operation such as addition of a poor solvent, cooling, concentration, or the like can be carried out.
• the method of adding a poor solvent is carried out.
• the poor solvent is not particularly limited, but hydrocarbon solvents, ester solvents, ether solvents having no or low compatibility with water, and the like are given as examples. From the viewpoint of the deposit of crystals and crystal purity, hydrocarbon solvents and ester solvents are preferred, and hydrocarbon solvents are more preferred.
• hydrocarbon solvents are not particularly limited, examples of the hydrocarbon solvents include toluene, benzene, xylene, hexane, cyclohexane, and heptane. Among these solvents, toluene, xylene, hexane, and heptane are preferred, and toluene is more preferred.
• ester solvents are not particularly limited, examples of the ester solvents include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate, and ethyl propionate. Among these solvents, ethyl acetate is preferred.
• ether solvents having no or low compatibility with water are not particularly limited, examples of the ether solvents include dipropyl ether, dibutyl ether, 1,4-dioxane, and methyl tert-butyl ether.
• solvents may be used alone or in a mixture of the same type or different types of solvents at any desired ratio.
• the concentration of the compound depends on the temperature, the solvent ratio, and the like. However, the concentration of the compound is generally 0.1% by weight to 70% by weight, preferably 1% by weight to 70% by weight, and more preferably 2% by weight to 70% by weight, based on the whole weight of the solution.
• the crystallization process of the present invention is capable of satisfactorily obtaining the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt with high purity through industrially practical steps.
• the crystals produced by the crystallization method of the present invention contains a corresponding disulfide of the compound at a content of 1.0 mol % or less, preferably 0.5 mol % or less, and more preferably 0.1 mol % or less.
• a preferable form for obtaining the optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine or its salt having a low disulfide content is a salt with an acid, more preferably a salt with a hydrohalic acid, and most preferably a salt with hydrochloric acid.
• a 5 wt % aqueous sodium hydroxide solution 9.6 g, 12 mmol
• tert-butyl mercaptan 1.13 mL, 10 mmol
• chloroacetone 0.79 mL, 10 mmol
• a Dimroth condenser was attached to the reactor, and NaCN (588 mg, 12 mmol), (NH 4 )HCO 3 (2.77 g, 35 mmol), and 28% ammonia water (3.1 mL) were added to the reactor to prepare a homogeneous solution. Then, the temperature was increased to 55° C. to 60° C. After stirring under heating for 6 hours, the solution was cooled to 0° C., and conc. hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction solution to control the pH to 7.0 to 7.6. The resulting white crystals were filtered off and analyzed by 1 H NMR. As a result, it was found that the target compound (1.84 g, yield 84.8%) was produced.
• the Bacillus sp. KNK245 strain (FERM BP-4863) was cultured, and then cells were collected and disrupted by ultrasonic waves to produce an enzyme solution. Then, an anion exchange resin, Duolite A-568, was added as an immobilization support to the enzyme solution to adsorb the resulting enzyme thereon. Furthermore, cross-linking was performed by glutaraldehyde to obtain immobilized hydantoinase.
• the resulting optically active N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine was converted to methylcysteine by the method described in EXAMPLES 9 and 10, and the optical rotation of the compound was measured. As a result, it was confirmed that the optically active N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine was the L-isomer.
• CHIRALPAK AD produced by Daicel Chemical Industries, Ltd.
• flow rate 1 ml/min
• detection wavelength 210 nm
• column temperature 30° C.
• N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CD 3 OD) ⁇ : 3.22 (d, 1H), 3.16 (d, 1H), 1.52 (s, 3H), 1.29 (s, 9H)
• Transformed microorganisms of Escherichia coli HB101 pTH104 (FERM BP-4864) containing a hydantoinase gene derived from the Bacillus sp. KNK245 strain (FERM BP-4863) were inoculated into 10 ml of a liquid medium (containing 10 g/l tryptone, 10 g/l yeast extract, and 5 g/l NaCl with pH 7 and prepared by sterilizing at 120° C. for 15 minutes and then adding 100 mg/l of ampicillin through filer sterilization), followed by shaking culture at 37° C. for 18 hours.
• a liquid medium containing 10 g/l tryptone, 10 g/l yeast extract, and 5 g/l NaCl with pH 7
• the cells collected from 1 ml of the culture solution by centrifugation were suspended in 1.5 ml of a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and 150 mg of racemic N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine and 0.003 ml of a 0.5 M aqueous solution of manganese sulfate were added to the resulting suspension. Then, the resulting mixture was adjusted to pH 6.5 with a 10 N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and subjected to reaction by stirring at 40° C. for 24 hours while maintaining the pH at about 6.5 using 6 N hydrochloric acid.
• the cells collected from 15 ml of the culture solution by centrifugation were suspended in 1.5 ml of a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and 150 mg of racemic N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine and 0.003 ml of a 0.5 M aqueous solution of manganese sulfate were added to the resulting suspension. Then, the resulting mixture was adjusted to pH 6.5 with a 10 N aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide, and subjected to reaction by stirring at 40° C. for 19 hours while maintaining the pH at about 6.5 using 6 N hydrochloric acid.
• Pseudomonas putida IFO12996 was cultured in a solid medium (containing 10 g/l polypeptone, 2 g/l yeast extract, 1 g/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, and 15 g/l agar with pH 7.0) at 30° C. for 24 hours.
• one platinum loop of the cultured cells was inoculated into 100 ml of a liquid medium (20 g/l meat extract, 6 g/l glycerol, 1 g/l uracil, 2 g/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1 g/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 40 mg/l calcium chloride dihydrate, 20 mg/l ferrous sulfate heptahydrate, 20 mg/l manganese sulfate tetrahydrate to hexahydrate, 20 mg/l copper sulfate pentahydrate, pH 5.5) which was sterilized at 120° C. for 15 minutes, followed by shaking culture at 30° C.
• a liquid medium (20 g/l meat extract, 6 g/l glycerol, 1 g/l uracil, 2 g/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 1 g/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, 40 mg/l calcium chloride dihydrate, 20 mg/l
• the cells collected from 10 ml of the culture solution by centrifugation were suspended in 1 ml of a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and 10 mg of racemic N-carbamoyl-S-tert-butyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine and 0.002 ml of a 0.5 M aqueous solution of manganese sulfate were added to the resulting suspension. Then, the resulting mixture was subjected to reaction by stirring at 40° C. for 50 hours while maintaining the pH at about 6.5 using 6 N hydrochloric acid.
• a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0
• the Agrobacterium sp. KNK712 strain (FERM BP-1900) was inoculated into 10 ml of a liquid medium (containing 10 g/l polypeptone, 10 g/l meat extract, 5 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l glycerin, 5 g/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 5 g/l disodium hydrogen phosphate with pH 6.5) which was sterilized 120° C. for 15 minutes, followed by shaking culture at 30° C. for 24 hours.
• a liquid medium containing 10 g/l polypeptone, 10 g/l meat extract, 5 g/l yeast extract, 5 g/l glycerin, 5 g/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 5 g/l disodium hydrogen phosphate with pH 6.5
• 1 ml of the culture solution was inoculated into 100 ml of a liquid medium (containing 25 g/l glycerin, 5 g/l sucrose, 5 g/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 5 g/l disodium hydrogen phosphate, 1 g/l magnesium phosphate heptahydrate, 10 mg/l manganese chloride tetrahydrate, and 4 g/l yeast extract with pH 6.5, and prepared by sterilization at 120° C. for 15 minutes and then adding 2 g/l urea and 1 g/l D-N-carbamoyl- ⁇ -p-hydroxyphenylglycine through filter sterilization), followed by shaking culture at 33° C. for 23 hours.
• a liquid medium containing 25 g/l glycerin, 5 g/l sucrose, 5 g/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 5 g/l disodium hydrogen phosphate, 1 g/l magnesium phosphate heptahydrate, 10 mg/
• the cells collected from 5 ml of the culture solution by centrifugation were suspended in 1 ml of a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), and 10 mg of racemic N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl- ⁇ -methylcysteine and 0.002 ml of a 0.5 M aqueous solution of manganese sulfate were added to the resulting suspension. Then, the resulting mixture was subjected to reaction by stirring at 40° C. for 5 hours while maintaining the pH at about 6.5 using 6 N hydrochloric acid.
• a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0
• the mixture (80 g) of D-5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin and the enzyme produced by the method in any one of EXAMPLES 1 to 5 was dissolved in a 10 wt % aqueous lithium hydroxide solution (150 mL). The enzyme was removed by filtration, and then D-5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin contained in the mother liquid was quantitatively analyzed by HPLC (under the same analytical conditions as in EXAMPLE 6). As a result, the amount of the compound contained in the mother liquid was 44.2 g.
• lithium hydroxide (54 g) and distilled water (51 g) were added to the solution, and the resultant mixture was refluxed under heating for 38 hours.
• the mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature, and the produced solid was filtered off.
• conc. hydrochloric acid (110 g) was added to the mother liquid kept at an internal temperature of about 20° C. to control the pH to 6.7.
• the solution was cooled to an internal temperature of 2° C. and stirred for 2 hours.
• the produced solid was filtered off and dried in vacuum at 40° C. for 24 hours to obtain dry crystals (34.9 g).
• N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine (100 mg, 0.43 mmol) was dissolved in conc. hydrochloric acid (1 mL), and the resultant solution was refluxed in nitrogen for 60 hours to prepare an aqueous solution of ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride.
• N-carbamoyl-5-tert-butyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine (82.4 g, 351.4 mmol) was dissolved in a 18% aqueous lithium hydroxide solution (630 g), and the resultant solution was refluxed in nitrogen for 41 hours. After the solution was allowed to cool down to room temperature, the insoluble substance was filtered off, and the filtrate was adjusted to pH 6 by adding conc. hydrochloric acid (180.1 g). After stirring for about 1 hour, the mixture was cooled to 4° C. to 5° C., and further stirred for 1 hour. The produced crystals were filtered off, washed with water, and then dried under reduced pressure to obtain the title compound as a white solid (53.9 g).
• the reaction solution of ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride obtained in EXAMPLE 12 was concentrated to 67.5 g (degree of vacuum: 30 to 60 mmHg, temperature: 45° C.), and toluene (206 g) was added to the residue. Again a vacuum concentration operation (degree of vacuum: 40 to 60 mmHg, temperature: 40° C., distillation rate: 107 L/h m 2 ) was performed until the total was 109 g, and toluene (206 g) was further added to the residue, followed by concentration. The same operation was repeated six times in total to obtain a toluene slurry (104 g) of the product, ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride.
• the water content of the slurry was 30% by weight (based on ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride).
• the slurry was filtered, and the obtained crystals were washed with toluene and dried under reduced pressure (at 0 to 100 mmHg and 30° C. to 80° C. for 5 to 10 hours) to obtain the title compound as a white solid (32.2 g, yield 93.4%).
• water (47.6 g) and conc. hydrochloric acid (177.4 g) were added to S-tert-butyl- ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine (25 g, 131 mmol) produced by the method of EXAMPLE 11, and the resultant mixture was refluxed for 41 hours. Furthermore, conc. hydrochloric acid (47.6 g) was added to the mixture, followed by reflux for 3 hours. After the mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature, isopropyl alcohol (90 mL) was added to the mixture, followed by vacuum concentration. Then, azeotropic dehydration was performed three times using the same amount of isopropyl alcohol.
• D-5-tert-butylthiomethyl-5-methylhydantoin (4.38 g) produced in EXAMPLE 6 was dissolved in conc. hydrochloric acid (100 g), and the resultant solution was stirred at 80° C. for 18.5 hours. After the solution was allowed to cool down to room temperature, the solution was concentrated to about a half, and the residue was adjusted to pH 0 by adding 30.5 g of a 30 wt % aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. After extraction with ethyl acetate (100 mL ⁇ 3), the organic phase was concentrated to 10% of the total, and toluene (30 mL) was added to the residue.
• ⁇ -methyl-L-cysteine hydrochloride (74.9 mg, 0.44 mmol) produced by the method of EXAMPLE 13 was dissolved in water (3 mL), and sodium hydrogen carbonate (197.7 mg) and ethanol (3 mL) were added to the resultant solution. After nitrogen purge, benzyl chlorocarbonate (0.17 mL, 1.10 mmol) was added to the resultant mixture, followed by stirring at room temperature for 2 days. Then, conc. hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction solution to adjust the solution to pH 1.9, and extraction was performed with ethyl acetate. Then, the organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure.
• both the D- and L-isomers of an optically active ⁇ -methylcysteine derivative or its salt, which is useful as an pharmaceutical intermediate can be produced from readily available, inexpensive raw materials by a simple, industrially practical process. Also, the compound can be obtained as crystals by an industrially practical means.

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