RU2047840C1 - Method of independent measurements of physical quantities - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: measurement technology. SUBSTANCE: physical quantities are recognized with the use of primary instrumentation converters, are transformed into form convenient for comparison. Values of transformed physical quantities are memorized in time in sequence or simultaneously, their comparison is conducted. Division of bigger quantity by base of chosen notation system raised to positive degree of wholeness corresponding to position is carried out. Smaller physical quantity is compared with greater one of those obtained by division. If first one exceeds second one is summed up with quantity next in size obtained by division and high bit of information is entered into proper storage location. Smaller physical quantity is compared again with quantity obtained by summing. In opposite case low bit of information is entered into mentioned storage location and smaller physical quantity is compared with difference of two mentioned quantities next in size obtained by division. High or low information bit is entered into next storage location by results of any of last comparisons. Process of summing, subtraction and comparison of corresponding quantities with recording of resulting information into storage location corresponding to i-th position is continued N times which number is determined by number of storage locations. Relationship of measured physical quantities is judged by results of information bits recorded separately. EFFECT: expanded application field. 1 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to measuring technique and can be used to build autonomous measuring systems of physical quantities for sensing robotic systems that operate autonomously at all stages from perception to processing and use of measurement information.

 The known method of autonomous measurements, which consists in the fact that perceive physical quantities using primary measuring transducers, convert them into a convenient form for comparison, remember sequentially in time or simultaneously the values of the converted physical quantities, the second value is subtracted from the first, the first bit of information is separately stored at positive and negative reservoirs, with a positive result subtracting from this result, subtract the second value of the converted physical in in the case of a positive result, they memorize the second bit of information, repeating this process with remembering the corresponding bits of information until a negative result is obtained, in the case of a negative result subtracting the second value of the converted physical quantity from the first value, this result is summed with the first value of the converted physical quantity and if the result is negative the result of summing remember the second bit of information, repeating the process of summing the result with value and remembering the corresponding bits of information until a positive result is obtained, while changing the physical quantity whose values were stored sequentially in time, or the ratio of physical quantities whose values were stored in parallel in time, are judged by separately accumulated bits of information with positive and negative results subtraction and summation, respectively [1] The disadvantage of this method is the low accuracy of the measurement due to the low resolution, op edelyaemoy integer values of the measured physical quantity is taken as measure.

 Closest to the proposed method is an autonomous measurement method that differs from the above method in that in order to increase the measurement accuracy, by increasing the resolution after storing successively in time or simultaneously the values of the converted physical quantities, these values are additionally compared and a smaller value is divided or multiplied of greater importance on the basis of the chosen number system, raised to a given positive integer degree. The disadvantage of this method is the low speed due to the large number of comparison operations, because the measurement process is a sequential approximation process with a constant step, the value of which is determined by the required accuracy of the measurement result. In this case, the higher the accuracy is required, the smaller the step of successive approximation should be, and therefore, the lower the speed will be.

 The aim of the invention is to increase the speed of measurement of physical quantities.

a₁

+ a₂

+.+ a_i

+.+ a_N

где U₁ и U₂ соответственно меньшая и большая измеряемые физические величины;
q основание выбранной системы счисления;
а₁, а₂,а_i,a_N записанные раздельно биты информации.This is achieved by the fact that in the known method, namely, that they perceive physical quantities using primary measuring transducers, convert them into a convenient form for comparison, remember sequentially in time or simultaneously the values of the converted physical quantities and carry out their comparison, perform division of a larger value on the basis of the chosen number system, raised to the corresponding category a positive integer, compare the smaller physical quantity with the larger of the obtained by dividing the values, when the first is exceeded, the second is summed with the next largest of the values obtained by dividing and a single memory bit is written, and the smaller physical quantity is compared again with the value obtained by summing, otherwise a zero bit of information is recorded in the named memory cell, and the smaller measured value is compared with the difference of the two mentioned neighboring by size values obtained by dividing, according to the results of any of the following comparisons, write a single or zero bit of information in the next th memory cell, the process of summing, subtracting and comparing the corresponding quantities with writing the resulting information to the corresponding i-th bit, the memory cell is continued N times, the number of which is determined by the number of memory cells, and according to the results of separately recorded bits of information, the ratio of the measured physical quantities is judged on the basis of expressions
U ₁ = U

a ₁

+ a ₂

+. + a _i

+. + a _N

where U ₁ and U ₂ respectively smaller and larger measurable physical quantities;
q basis of the chosen number system;
a ₁ , a ₂ , a _i , a _N bits of information written separately.

 The drawing shows a structural diagram of an autonomous measuring system that implements the proposed method of autonomous measurements.

 The autonomous measuring system of radiation intensities of objects 1 and 2 contains the first and second guidance and focusing systems 3 and 4, the first and second photodetector arrays 5 and 6, the first and second measuring transducers 7 and 8, the first and second memory blocks 9 and 10, the first and the second switches 11 and 12, the comparator 13, the first inverter 14, the divider 15, the third switch 16, the second inverter 17, the fourth switch 18, the adder 19, the gated comparator 20, the pulse distributor 21, the output register 22 and the polling pulse generator 23.

 The first and second guidance and focusing systems 3 and 4 are connected respectively to the first and second photodetector arrays 5 and 6, which are connected to the first and second memory units 9 and 10, respectively, through the first and second measuring transducers 7 and 8. The output of the first memory unit 9 is connected to the first inputs of the first and second switches 11 and 12 and to the inverse input of the comparator 13. The output of the second memory unit 10 is connected to the second inputs of the first and second switches 11 and 12 and to the direct input of the comparator 13. The output of the comparator 13 is information output and connected to the control input of the first switch 11 directly, and to the control input of the second switch 12 through the first inverter 14. The output of the second switch 12 is connected to the input of the divider 15, N outputs of which are connected respectively connected with the N inputs of the third switch 16, the output of which is connected to the first input of the fourth switch 18 directly, and with the second input through the second inverter 17. The output of the fourth switch 18 is connected to the first input of the adder 19, the output of which is closed to its own second input and connected to the inverse the input of the gated comparator 20, the direct input of which is connected to the output of the first switch 11, and the output is connected to the control input of the fourth switch 18 and to the input of the pulse distributor 21, N outputs of which are connected respectively -retarded with N inputs of the output register 22, N outputs which are data outputs. The output of the polling pulse generator 23 is connected to the control inputs of the third switch 16, the adder 19, the gated comparator 20, the pulse distributor 21, and the output register 22.

 Autonomous measuring system operates as follows. The radiation intensity of the object 1 due to the operation of the first guidance and focusing system 3 is perceived by the first photodetector 5 and after the converter in the first measuring transducer 7 is recorded in the first memory unit 9. At the same time, the radiation intensity of the object 2 due to the operation of the second guidance and focusing system 4 is perceived by the second photodetector 6 and after conversion in the second measuring transducer 8 is recorded in the second memory unit 10.

Let the radiation intensity value equal to U _{1 be} recorded in the first memory block 9 and the radiation intensity value equal to U ₂ recorded in the second memory block 10. The values of the intensities U ₁ and U ₂ from the first and second blocks 9 and 10 of the memory are respectively supplied to the inverse and direct inputs of the comparator 13. The comparator 13 performs the operation of comparing the values of the intensity U ₁ and the intensity U ₂ . At the same time, its output signal carries information about which of the two intensities U ₁ or U _{2 is} greater (or less) with respect to each other. The signal from the output of the comparator 13 controls the operation of the first and second switches 11 and 12. In this case, it enters the control input of the second switch 12 through the inverter 14, and directly to the control input of the first switch 11. If U ₁ <U ₂ , then the value of U ₁ recorded in the first memory block 9 is transmitted to the output of the first switch 11 from its first input, and the value of U ₂ recorded in the second memory block 10 is transmitted to the output of the second switch 12 from its second input . If U _1> U _2, then the output of the first switch 11 to its second input is transmitted value U _1, and the output of the second switch 12 to its first input value U _2. Thus, the output of the first switch 11 is always transmitted the smaller of the two values U ₁ and U ₂ recorded respectively in the first and second blocks 9 and 10 of the memory, and the output of the second switch 12 is always transmitted the larger of them.

For definiteness, let U ₁ <U ₂ . Then, at the output of the first switch 11, there will be an intensity value U ₁ , which is supplied to the direct input of the gated comparator 20, and at the output of the second switch 12, an intensity value U ₂ , which is input to the divider 15, will be present.

The divider 15 carries out N division of the intensity value U ₂ on the basis of the number system, in which the measurement result raised to a given positive integer degree will be presented. In the case of a binary number system, N values of the divider 15 will contain N values, respectively
U _2/2 ^1, U _2/2 ^2, U _3/3 ^3, U _2/2 ^N number of outputs N divider 15 corresponds to the number of bits presenting measurement results. The accuracy of the representation of the measurement result is determined significant bit whose weight is equal to U _2/2 ^N. Thus, the larger N, the higher the measurement accuracy and, therefore, the better the resolution of this measurement method.

 The N outputs of the divider 15 are connected respectively to the N inputs of the third switch 16, the output of which is connected directly to the first input of the fourth switch 18 and to its second input through the second inverter 17. The operation of the fourth switch 18 is controlled by the output signal of the gated comparator 20, which performs the comparison operation the values of the signals received at its direct and inverse inputs respectively from the outputs of the first switch 11 and the adder 19. If the value received at the direct input of the gated comparator 20 is exceeded AET value supplied at its inverting input, the fourth switch 18 provides at its output value from its first input, otherwise the second of its inputs.

Before starting work in the initial state, the contents of the adder 19 is zero, i.e. S _o 0, it is it that initially arrives at the inverse input of the gated comparator 20, the direct input of which in this case receives the value U ₁ . Since in the initial state U ₁ > S _o , the fourth switch 18, controlled by the signal from the output of the comparator 20, transfers the value from its first input to the output.

 The polling pulse generator 23 gives out successively N pulses which control the operation of the third switch 16; the adder 19, the gated comparator 20, the pulse distributor 21 and the output register 22.

Under the influence of the first pulse interrogation third switch 16 outputs the value U _2/2 ¹ its first input. Since in the initial state, the fourth switch 18 connects to the output of its first input, the value U _2/2 ¹ immediately enters a first input of a switch 19 and added to its contents S _o, i.e.

S _1, S _o + U _2/2 ^1. Since S _o 0, the signal at the output of the adder is
U S _{1 2/2} ^1.

The new content S _{1 of the} adder 19 is fed to the inverse input of the gated comparator 20 and, under the influence of the same first polling pulse, is compared with the value U ₁ supplied to the direct input. If U ₁ <S ₁ , then the 21 pulse distributor from its Nth output writes a single bit of information to the highest Nth bit of the output register 22. If U ₁ <S ₁ , then the 21 pulse distributor from its Nth output writes zero bit of information in the N-th digit of the output register 22. The operation of the distributor 21 of the polling pulses and the output register 22 is controlled by the polling pulse.

Further, under the influence of the second pulse interrogation third switch 16 outputs the value U _2/2 ² on its second input. If in the previous cycle of operation the condition U _1> S _1, then the value U _2/2 ² immediately to the first input of the fourth switch 18, controlled by comparator 20 is supplied to a first input of the adder 19 and summed with the contents S _1:
S ₂ S ₁ + U _2/2 U ² _2/2 ¹ + U _2/2 ^2. If in the previous cycle of operation the condition U ₁ <S _1, then the value U _2/2 ² inverted second inverter 17 with a second input of the fourth switch 18, controlled by comparator 20 is supplied to a first input of the adder 19 and summed with its contents:
S ₂ S ₁ + (-U _2/2 ²⁾ U _2/2 ¹ U _2/2 ^2.

The newly obtained contents S _{2 of the} adder 19 is fed to the inverse input of the gated comparator 20 and is again compared with the value of U ₁ received at its direct input. If U ₁ > S ₂ , then the 21 pulse distributor from its (N-1) -th output writes a single bit of information to the (N-1) -th bit of the output register 22. If U ₁ <S ₂ , then the 21 pulse distributor its (N-1) -th output writes a zero bit of information to the (N-1) -th bit of the output register 22. The operation of the gated comparator 20, the pulse distributor 21 and the output register 22 is synchronized by the polling pulses.

 The described process continues N cycles. Under the influence of the last Nth polling pulse, a corresponding bit of information is generated and recorded in the last 1st bit of the output register 22, corresponding to the least significant bit of the measurement result.

a₁

+ a₂

+.+ a_N

где U₁ и U₂ соответственно меньшая и большая измеряемые физические величины;
а₁, а₂,а_N записанные в выходной регистр 21 биты информации, соответствующие нулю или единице в зависимости от результата сравнения, полученного с помощью стробируемого компаратора 20.Thus, in the output register 22 is recorded the measurement result presented in a digital code. Mathematically, the measurement result, connecting the two values of the intensities U ₁ and U ₂ , is written in the following form
U ₁ = U

a ₁

+ a ₂

+. + a _N

where U ₁ and U ₂ respectively smaller and larger measurable physical quantities;
a ₁ , a ₂ , and _{N are the} bits of information recorded in the output register 21 that correspond to zero or one, depending on the comparison result obtained using the gated comparator 20.

The qualitative information about which of the two values of U ₁ or U ₂ is smaller or larger relative to each other is provided by the output signal of the comparator 13. Information from the outputs of the comparator 13 and the register 22 gives a complete picture of the correspondence of the values of the values of U ₁ and U ₂ .

Claims (1)

METHOD OF AUTONOMOUS MEASUREMENTS OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, which consists in the fact that they perceive physical quantities with the help of primary measuring transducers, convert them into a convenient form for comparison, remember the values of the converted physical quantities sequentially in time or simultaneously and carry out their comparison, characterized in that they additionally perform division of a larger physical quantity on the basis of the selected number system, a positive integer raised to the corresponding rank, is compared the smaller physical quantity with the larger of the values obtained by dividing, when the first one is exceeded, the second is summed up with the next largest of the values obtained by dividing and a single bit of information is recorded in the corresponding memory cell, and the smaller physical quantity is again compared with the value obtained by summing, otherwise in the named cell a zero bit of information is recorded in the memory, and a smaller measurable physical quantity is compared with the difference of the two mentioned neighboring in size obtained by dividing the values, by cut Ltats of any of the last comparisons write a single or zero bit of information to the next memory cell, the process of summing, subtracting and comparing the corresponding values with writing the resulting information to the corresponding i-th digit of the memory cell is continued N times, the number of which is determined by the number of memory cells, and according to the results bits of information recorded separately are judged on the ratio of measured physical quantities based on the expression

where U ₁ and U ₂ respectively smaller and larger measurable physical quantities;
q basis of the chosen number system;
a ₁ , a ₂ , a _N bits of information written separately.

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