EP3036395B1

EP3036395B1 - One trip perforating and washing tool for plugging and abandoning wells

Info

Publication number: EP3036395B1
Application number: EP14755724.3A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Sverre Bakken
Original assignee: Archer Oiltools AS
Current assignee: Archer Oiltools AS
Priority date: 2013-08-21
Filing date: 2014-08-04
Publication date: 2017-07-19
Anticipated expiration: 2034-08-04
Also published as: EP3036395A2; AU2014309518A1; DK3036395T3; WO2015026239A2; WO2015026239A3; AU2014309518B2

Description

The present invention relates to a method of plugging a petroleum well permanently or temporary, for instance, during a plug and abandonment operation (P&A) or during other operations where setting of a barrier in the well is required, by use of a multitask tool.

Background of the invention

Petroleum wells for the exploitation of oil and/or gas from a reservoir normally consist of an upper and outer conductor, which forms the base of the well, an upper casing arranged into and in extension of the conductor, and further down in the well more casings which are arranged into and overlaps the above casing. A production tubing string is located in the middle of the well for transporting petroleum from the bottom of the well to the earth's surface or to the sea floor. Annuli will then be formed between the different casings.
Several wells will normally be drilled in a reservoir, where some of these are test wells which are only used for a shorter period prior to the production from the reservoir, and thus will be plugged after testing. If a test well is a successful well, such a well will normally be temporary plugged before the production starts, while a test well which is "dry", i.e. a well in which the hydrocarbon content is too small to be worth producing, will be plugged permanently.
However, as the production from a well gradually falls, all wells will sooner or later have to be abandoned. Before the well is permanently abandoned, the well must be securely plugged, where there are official requirements with respect to how the work is to be carried out and to its completion.
For this purpose normally concrete plugs are used to provide a barrier in the well.
For example, a common requirement during plug and abandonment operations is to have a plug set inside an inner casing string and a further plug set in the annulus between the inner casing string and the outer casing string. The plug will then extend across the full cross sectional area of the well and seal both vertically and horizontally in the well.
In other operations, where setting of a barrier in a well is required, it may be that additional official requirements must be fulfilled.
Other common methods of performing annular sealing during temporary or permanent plugging of petroleum well are, all of which have the goal of having the cement placed in the annulus in a secure and safe manner via either holes in the tubular or by directly pumping in the annulus:

a) so-called shoot and squeeze, which displaces the fluid by use of an openended drill pipe or tubing, b) top down cementing, c) circulation squeeze, d) hesitation squeeze.

All of the above methods a) - d) have challenges relating to conform the cement over the full interval, this relates both to the placing as well as the logging. The placing of the cement is not conclusive as the cement will have to change place with the annulus fluids present in the annulus prior to placing barrier cement. The fluid which is present in the annulus needs to be evacuated / forced to either above or below the interval or through the formation rock by formation leak-off. The current logging technologies, e.g. Ultra Sonic Imager Tool (USIT), Cement Bond Log (CBL), Segmented Bond Tool (SBT), have proven very subjective regarding being able to conclusively confirming or verifying that the barrier is sealing properly in the annulus. The current designs of today's logging tools are fully dependent on a logging-friendly downhole environment, i.e. the environment needs to fulfil certain demands to be able to perform a proper logging operation.
Document WO 2012/096580 A1 describes a method according to the preamble of claim 1, and a washing tool for combined cleaning of an annulus in a well across a longitudinal section of the well, and subsequent plugging of the longitudinal section.
PCT published patent application WO2012105852 Lerbrekk, "Tool and method to plug and abandon a well", also describes a so-called perforate-wash-cement method. It is a tool for the handling of wells through a formation, and which shall be taken out of operation with a device for a closing plug of a material that can be hardened, such as concrete, where there is a casing pipe in the well that is cemented against the wall in the bore hole with concrete, and it is characterised in that the tool comprises an assembled unit form the following three sections; a perforating lance comprising a number of explosive charges to form by detonation a row of holes in the pipe and out into the surrounding layer of concrete, a cleaning unit for mechanical cleaning of the inner wall of the pipe in the perforated area and a flushing unit to loosen, dissolve and flush away the hardened cement material between the outer wall of the pipe and the wall of the bore hole.
European patent application EP2006486 A2 Hales, "Single trip abandonment with dual permanent packers and perforating gun", describes a method of abandoning a well that includes the steps of: assembling a tool string including a perforating gun interconnected between first and second packer assemblies; conveying the tool string into a wellbore in a single trip into the wellbore; setting the first packer assembly; setting the second packer assembly; firing the perforating gun; and flowing cement into an annulus longitudinally between the first and second packer assemblies. A system for abandoning a well includes a tool string configured for conveyance into a wellbore in a single trip into the wellbore, the tool string including a perforating gun interconnected between Z first and second packer assemblies, each of the first and second packer assemblies including a permanent packer.
It is, though, a challenge with the known solutions, as well as with the solution described in WO 2012/096580 A1 , that the displacement of the washing fluid by the cement is non-satisfactorily, whereby this may, in worst case, result in a leaking cement plug. One of the embodiments described in said document includes dropping of the perforation tool subsequent to perforation of the well, washing the perforated zone, setting the washing tool at a location in the well, and finally cementing in the perforated zone. Additionally, subsequent to that the cement has been introduced in the well, normally remaining washing fluid that has not been displaced during the cementing operation, has to be displaced by pressurizing the cement plug. However, such pressurizing of the cement plug may result in that the cement plug will not seal off the well properly, as not only the washing fluid will be forced or squeezed out of the tubular and into the surrounding formation, but also the cement. Furthermore, the cement plug will not be subjected to the same pressure over its length, whereby the cement may not be distributed equally around the periphery of the well.
It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide a method of plugging a petroleum well permanently or temporary that is more reliable compared with the solutions in prior art.
More specifically, an objective of the present invention is to provide a solution securing a more reliable and controlled displacement of the fluids, e.g. sealing fluids, present in the annulus in a plug and abandonment operation or in other operations where setting of a barrier in the well is required.
Another objective is to provide a method making it possible performing perforation, washing and cementing in a single trip in the well.

Summary of the invention

The invention is set forth and characterized in the independent claim 1, while the dependent claims describe other characteristics of the invention.
The invention solves at least one of challenges in relation to the prior art solutions, where the cement is placed into the tubular whereafter the cement is pressurized out of the tubular and into the annulus, namely by providing a method that gives a proper displacement of the fluid present in the annulus during the cementing sequence of a P&A operation. By the use of the present invention it is provided a method ensuring that a sealing fluid is placed in the annulus in a safe, controlled and confirmed manner. More specifically, the inventive method provides a placement of the sealing fluid in a controlled manner, where the sealing fluid is placed in the desired zone in the well to ensure that the barrier complies with Governmental standards as well as other applicable standards (DNV, NORSOK, API etc.).
The person skilled in the art will now how to perform the lowering, perforation and washing sequence of the operation. Hence, a detailed description of these operations is not described in the present application. For further information a method including the above mentioned steps (lowering, perforation and washing), e.g. as described in WO 2012/096580 A1 , may be applicable in the present invention as well.
The present invention relates to a method of performing a plug and abandonment operation or during other operations where setting of a barrier in the well is required by the use of a multitask tool, for instance a combined perforate and wash tool or just a wash tool, where the tool is used to displace both the washing liquid and the sealing liquid,
at least one lower set of sealing arrangement and at least one upper set of sealing arrangement arranged below and above a fluid displacement arrangement, the fluid displacement arrangement comprising a plurality of radial holes,
wherein the method comprises the steps of:

a) lowering the tool to the desired location in the well,
b) perforating at least a section of the well if the section is not already perforated,
c) washing said perforated section by pumping washing and/or cleaning fluid through the plurality of radial holes of the displacement arrangement,
d) sealing off a lower portion of the well at a location below the perforated section by the use of the at least one lower set of sealing arrangement,
e) sealing off the well in a lower portion of the perforated section by using the at least one upper set of sealing arrangement,
f) pumping a sealing fluid through the plurality of radial holes of the displacement arrangement,
g) lifting the tool through, and above, the perforated section, while continuing pumping of the sealing fluid.

The lower and upper set of sealing arrangement, being comprised of cups, e.g. swab cups, may comprise one or more individual swab cups for sealing against the surrounding formation, tubular etc.

In an aspect of the invention, the method may further comprise, subsequent to step c), but prior to step d), pulling and lowering the tool for a number of times in the perforated section for performing additional washing of the perforated section.

In an aspect of the invention, the method may further comprise, after step g), a step h) comprising by-passing excess sealing fluid or present annular fluid through a bypass-system bypassing the sealed portions of the well.

In an aspect the bypass-system is arranged in the tool and the sealing fluid or present annular fluid may be lead from the annulus through a second set of openings of the bypass-system, further through the tool and out of a first set of openings of the bypass-system to a location above the sealed portions of the well.

In an embodiment of the method, the tool comprises an internal plugging element, which internal plugging element may be adapted to be activated by means of a remote operation.

In an aspect, the sealing fluid may comprise cement for forming a cement plug. The sealing fluid may also comprise other fluids such as Sandaband®, Thermaset® (Wellcem), Liquid Stone® or similar.

In an embodiment of the method the steps may be performed in a single trip in to the well.

In another embodiment of the method, the steps may be performed in two or more trips in to the well.

In an aspect, the washing fluid and the sealing fluid may be lead through a plurality of radial holes of the displacement arrangement, and the radial holes may be arranged in a spaced-apart relationship around a circumference of the tool.

In an aspect the method may further comprise the step of squeezing present annular fluid or sealing fluid from a location above the sealed portions to a location below the sealed portions in the well by leading the fluid through a first set of openings of a bypass-system above the sealed portions and out of a second set of openings of the bypass-system below the sealed portions.

In an aspect the method may further comprise, after step h), a step i) comprising lifting the tool to a position above the sealing fluid in the well and cleaning the tool by pumping a washing fluid through the tool and the first and second set of openings of the bypass-system.

Brief description of the drawings

These and other characteristics of the invention will be clear from the following description of a preferential form of embodiment, given as a non-restrictive example, with reference to the attached drawings wherein;

Fig. 1-7 show a sequence of displacing fluids present in a well annulus by the filling of a sealing fluid that will make sure that any pressurized formation areas are isolated and that they will not leak to surface, and
Fig. 8 shows a larger overview of the situation in Fig. 1

Detailed description of a preferential embodiment

Fig. 1 shows the situation after that a desired zone of the well has been perforated, washed and cleaned by a combined perforate and wash tool 1. However, it should be understood that a perforate gun is not used when there are existing perforations that can be employed for plugging. Otherwise the perforate gun is run with the wash tool 1 to make perforations. A packer or bridge plug, schematically illustrated in Figure 8, is also located further downhole to support the sealing material to be delivered into the tubular that is perforated above to support the sealant below the perforated section 10. The plug can be run in on the same trip or a different trip as the tool 1. The combined perforate and wash tool 1 has been lowered in the well until one lower set of sealing arrangements in the form of cups 2 is arranged below the lower part of the perforated section 10, the perforated section 10 being indicated by the broken lines, and one upper set of sealing arrangement in the form of cups 3 is just above the lower part of the perforated section 10. This allows for circulation of sealing fluid (colored light grey in the Figures) between the lower set of sealing arrangement 2 and the upper set of sealing arrangement 3, and out through a plurality of radial holes 4 arranged between the lower and upper sets of sealing

arrangements

2, 3 in the tool 1 from an inside of the tubing 11. The flow pattern is disclosed by the arrows A1, A2 in the figures, forcing the sealing fluid from the bottom of the perforated section 10 radially outwardly towards the sidewalls of the casing 9 and perforated section 10, including formation 14, in operation of the tool 1. The tool 1 has an internal plugging device 7 which is closed during this part of the operation.

In Fig. 2 the pumping of the sealing fluid, e.g. cement, Thermaset®, Sandaband® or any other fluid, substances or other sealant or similar, has begun. Compared to what is disclosed in Fig. 1, the level of sealing fluid has risen in the well, to a position in which the sealing fluid is at a higher elevation than the tool 1 in the well.

In Fig. 3 the tool 1 has been pulled upwards in a controlled manner while pumping of the sealing fluid has proceeded. The level of the sealing fluid above the tool 1 is held substantially constant. Compared to Fig. 2, the sealing fluid above the perforate and wash tool 1 has begun to fill the tool 1 from the annulus via the perforate and wash tool 1 bypass system, allowing the sealing fluid to fill the void below the perforate and wash tool 1, ensuring solid sealing fluid across the cross sectional area of the perforated section 10. The bypass-system comprises a first set of openings 12 leading from the annulus towards the inside of the tool 1, bypassing the first and second sets of sealing

arrangements

2, 3, and ending up in a second set of openings 13 arranged on the other side of the first and second sets of sealing

arrangements

2, 3 compared to the first set of openings 12. The by-pass lines extending from the openings in the first set of openings 12 to the second set of openings 13, may be separate lines leading from one opening to another opening, or alternatively, one or more common lines for a plurality of openings. As can be seen from the Figure, sealing fluid can be "sucked" from above the tool 1 towards the area below the tool 1 due to a change in pressure over the tool 1, as the tool 1 is pulled towards the surface, leaving an area without sealing fluid. To solve this, the bypass-system allows for sealing fluid to flow through the first set of openings 12 through the tool 1 and out of the second set of openings 13, providing a whole continuous sealing fluid plug in the well (also shown by arrows A4, A5).

In Fig. 4 a continued pulling of the tool 1 has taken place until the perforate and wash tool 1 has been pulled above the perforated section 10 in the well and positioned inside a non-perforated tubular 15. Now the pumping of sealing fluid is stopped.

Now referring to Fig. 5 it is disclosed a situation where the internal plugging device 7, which can be opened and closed multiple times, has been opened. This might be done in numerous ways of remote actuation, e.g. electric actuation, hydraulic actuation or by using a ball element, a valve or dart, a mud pulse, cement etc. By opening the internal plugging element 7, the sealing fluid is allowed to be displaced through the tool 1. The bypass-system, which is described in greater detail above, allow for the sealing fluid to be displaced through the bypass-system and up to a location above the tool 1. The displacement of the sealing fluid is disclosed by arrows A6, A7, i.e. in through the second set of openings 13, further through the tool 1 and out of the first set of openings 12. However, it should be understood that the displacement of the sealing fluid may be done the opposite way. The tool 1 is continued to be pulled upwards until the sealing fluid is placed in the well as desired.

With reference to Fig. 6 it is disclosed a situation where the tool 1 has been pulled above the top of the sealing fluid. A cleaning process of the tool 1 has been performed, e.g. by pumping washing fluid through the inside of the tubing 11 and down through the tool 1 and the open internal plugging device 7. By this arrangement, washed fluids can flow into the second set of openings 13, up through the tool 1, and out of the first set of openings 12. The cleaning fluid is preferably another fluid than the sealing fluid, and such fluids are known to the person skilled in the art.

Fig. 7 discloses a situation where it is performed a squeeze of excess fluids in the well. Sealing elements 16 are arranged around the tubing 11 and the squeeze is performed by pushing the tubing 11 and tool 1 downwards into the well. Another way to do this is to be able to close ports 13 so that there is no need for the seal 16 and move the tool 1 downhole, with or without fluid moving through the tool 1. At the same time a fluid will be run through the tubing 11. Alternatively, the tool 1 can be pulled to the surface instead of squeezing in cases where squeezing of excess fluid is unnecessary.

Fig. 8 discloses an overview of the perforate and wash tool 1 according to the invention arranged in the well, subsequent to that first a perforating operation and thereafter a washing operation have taken place, but prior to that the sealing fluid is pumped into the well.

By the described specific embodiment, at least one of the objectives of the invention is solved. It is provided a method that makes possible perforation, washing and sealing in one run.

In the preceding description, various aspects of the apparatus according to the invention have been described with reference to the illustrative embodiment. For purposes of explanation, specific numbers, systems and configurations are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the apparatus and its workings. However, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and variations of the illustrative embodiment, as well as other embodiments of the method, which are apparent to persons skilled in the art to which the disclosed subject matter pertains, are deemed to lie within the scope of the present invention as stated in the attached claims.

Claims

Method of performing a plug and abandonment operation in a well by the use of a combined perforate and wash tool (1), the tool (1) comprising a perforation tool (18) at a lower end, at least one lower set of a sealing arrangement (2) arranged below a fluid displacement arrangement comprising a plurality of radial holes (4), and at least one upper set of a sealing arrangement (3) arranged above the radial holes (4), wherein the method comprises the steps of:
a) lowering the tool (1) to the desired location in the well,

b) perforating at least a section of a casing in the well, if the section is not already perforated,

c) washing an annulus about said perforated section (10) by pumping washing and/or cleaning fluid through the radial holes (4) in the displacement arrangement,
the method characterized in that it further comprises the steps of:
d) sealing off a lower portion of the well at a location below the perforated section (10) by the use of the at least one lower set of sealing arrangement (2),

e) sealing off the well in a lower portion of the perforated section (10) by using the upper set of sealing arrangement (3),

f) pumping sealing fluid through the radial holes (4) of the displacement arrangement,

g) lifting the tool (1) through, and above, the perforated section (10), while continuing pumping of the sealing fluid.
Method according to claim 1, wherein the method further comprises, after step c), but prior to step d), pulling and lowering the tool (1) for a number of times in the perforated section (10) for performing additional washing of the perforated section (10).
Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the method further comprises, after step g), a step h) by-passing excess sealing fluid or present annular fluids through a bypass-system bypassing the sealed portions of the well.
Method according to claim 3, wherein the bypass-system is arranged in the tool (1) and that the sealing fluids or present annular fluids is lead from the annulus about the perforated section (10) through a second set of openings (13) through the tool (1) and out of a first set of openings (12) to a location above the sealed portions of the well.
Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the tool (1) comprises an internal plugging element (7), which internal plugging element (7) is adapted to be activated.
Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the sealing fluid comprises cement for forming a barrier.
Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the steps are performed in a single trip in to the well.
Method according to any of the preceding claims 1 - 6, wherein the steps are performed in two or more trips in to the well.
Method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the washing fluid and the sealing fluid is lead through a plurality of radial holes (4) in the displacement arrangement, and where the radial holes (4) are arranged in a spaced-apart relationship around a circumference of the tool (1).
Method according to any of the preceding claims 3 or 5 - 9, wherein the method comprises the step of squeezing present annular fluids or sealing fluids from a location above the sealed portions to a location below the sealed portions in the well by leading the fluids through a first set of openings (12) above the sealed portions and out of a second set of openings (13) below the sealed portions.
Method according to any of the preceding claims 4 - 10, wherein the method further comprises, after step h), a step i) lifting the tool (1) to a position above the sealing fluid in the well and cleaning the tool (1) by pumping a washing fluid through the tool (1) and first and second set of openings (12, 13).