Extended Data Fig. 9: Life-cycle GHG emissions of fuels for 2030 and 2050.

This includes all upstream as well as combustion related (direct) emissions without specifying the end-use application or energy service. These values are the basis for the main specification of calculating fuel-switching CO₂ prices presented in Figs. 4, 5 and Extended Data Figs. 2 and 3.