Settlement Network

Alto do Castelo, in Alpiarça (Portugal), is a site recognized by its close spatial relation with the Late Bronze Age necropolis of Tanchoal and Meijão. Although always connected with this moment of Protohistory, a Roman Republican occupation was also early assumed, based not only in a set of archaeological findings collected in the early xx th century and during the excavations directed by Ph. Kalb and M. Hock, but also by the identification of a wall and double ditch directly linked to this phase. However, Casa dos Patudos retains several Iron Age materials recovered during the fieldwork of the German Archaeological Institute team, and others found, in recent years, on the surface of the site. These Iron Age materials display characteristics that allow its association with the arrival and installation of the Mediterranean populations in the Tagus valley during the second half/late viii th century bc. This data makes possible to integrate Alto do Castelo in a dense network of Orientalized settlements discovered in the two banks of the Tagus river. The role played by these sites and their relations should be analyzed, taking into consideration the type of geographical disposition, the occupied areas, and of course, the archaeological materials.

Članek obravnava problematiko prehoda pozne bronaste dobe v železno dobo v osrednji Sloveniji. V tem času (konec 9. in 8. stoletje pred Kr.) pride na tem prostoru do pomembnih sprememb, ki se odražajo v novih poselitvenih, ekonomskih in družbenopolitičnih strukturah. Novosti so nastale pod vplivi, ki so prihajali iz Podonavja in mediteranskega sveta. Posebna pozornost je posvečena spremembam v poselitveni strukturi Dolenjske, kjer je bila v 8. stoletju pred Kr. ugotovljena jasna poselitvena diskontinuiteta. V tem času so namreč v osrednji Sloveniji poznobronastodobna višinska naselja dokončno zapuščena, namesto njih pa zaživijo nova, z obzidji utrjena gradišča, ki so nato poseljena vse do rimske zasedbe teh krajev.

V poročilu so predstavljene ostaline iz starejše železne dobe, ki so bile odkrite ob gradnji novega stanovanjskega naselja južno od Rabelčje vasi na Ptuju. Gre za naselje iz starejše železne dobe, ki se je širilo po ploskem grebenu, omejenem z manjšima potokoma. Ker je bil prostor močno pozidan tudi v rimskem času, je bila ohranjenost prazgodovinskih objektov slaba. Dokumentirati smo uspeli le posamezne obrise lukenj za stojke, ki pa se jih razen v dveh primerih ni dalo povezati v zaključene tlorise.This article presents the Early Iron Age remains found during the construction of a residential quarter south of Rabelčja vas in Ptuj. The remains are those of a settlement spread across a flat ridge delimited by two small streams. The area was heavily built-up during the Roman period, which affected the state of preservation of the prehistoric huts. Their postholes were documented in outlines and could, in two cases, be connected to form the ground plan.

Že na začetku izkopavanj, ki jih je sredi petdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja v Ormožu širokopotezno zastavila Bernarda Perc, so ob prevladujočem gradivu iz žarnogrobiščnega in halštatskega obdobja prišle na dan tudi latenske najdbe. Tako so leta 1956 v sondi II, ki je bila locirana na vrtovih južno od osrednjega trga, našli črepinje grafitne keramike in bronasto fibulo vrste Nauheim, šest let kasneje (1962) pa je bila v sondi V na severnem koncu Ormoža ugotovljena tanka poznolatenska plast. 1 Profil, s katerim so presekali okop poznobronastodobnega naselja, je pokazal, da se je plast vlekla tik ob notranjem pobočju, delno pa je segala tudi na sam okop. V plasti sta bila poleg številnih črepinj najdena dva poznolatenska 1

Bronze Age sickles occur in the thousands in Europe. The initial area of the current study is southeastern Europe, but indirectly the study covers the entire occurrence area of tanged sickles - from Denmark to southern Italy and from Britain to Ukraine. More than 6,000 sickles from more than 1,200 sites are recorded. More than a hundred years have passed since the first, rough typological classification. Several new typologies have been developed in the last third of the last century. Since the proposed typologies seemed too loose to the author, he has created a new, original and very precise typology, which consequently allows a much more accurate chronological determination of the individual variants of sickles. The differences between some variants are so small that they seem negligible at first sight. As it turns out, however, it is possible to identify sickles made in the same workshop or even according to the same model on the basis of such minor details. In this way, the author has managed to determine the original geographical areas of individual types or groups of tanged sickles and to make their chronological determination. The Carpathian Basin is characterised by sickles without a hole in the tang, while sickles with a pierced tang are characteristic of the area north and west of it. In the younger part of the Urnfield Culture, in the area of eastern France, southern Germany and Switzerland, sickles without spurs occur, either with pierced or unpierced tang. They also occur sporadically in the Carpathian Basin and are an indicator of contacts between the West and the East.
Of particular interest is the distribution of variants with sickles made according to the same model. Some of them prove contact between communities over long distances, even over more than a thousand kilometres. An interesting idea expressed in the conclusion is that the large hoard finds in the east of the Carpathian Basin, in which sickles are also massively represented, may represent accumulations of wealth from the salt trade. Sickles were therefore not only agricultural tools, but also a pre-monetary means of payment.

The toponym Ad putea is mentioned only once in the ancient written sources in the geographical context of the Lower Danube lands – in the Tabula Peutingeriana, where it is present as the name of one of the road stations along the route of the Roman road from Oescus to Philippopolis. The road was one of the first built by the Romans in the Lower Danube lands after the liquidation in AD 46 of the Thracian Kingdom. It was already functioning at full strength at the beginning of the 60s of the 1st century, with a system of road stations serving the Roman state post office built along its route. Among them was Ad putea, which is located in the locality called Tsarevets, southeast of the present village of Riben. In the 2nd century a large and well-developed settlement with elements of urban life came into being near the road station, the area of which exceeds 100 decares.
The work presents and partially corrects the opinions expressed so far about the origin, development and functional transformations of Ad putea. The the route of the Roman road in its surroundings is examined in detail, and the stated hypotheses are subjected to a critical analysis, based on hitherto unused information and personal field observations of the author. The available data on the origin and development of settlement life in the vicinity of Ad putea during the Roman period and the Late Antiquity are also summarized and reinterpreted, which is also based on author's creative pursuits and research results.

At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, Jan Waněk, an associate of Josef Ladislav Píč, donated various artifacts from the Roman period to the National Museum. The artifacts were found at several locations in Radim (Kolín District), near the burial grounds of Dobřichov-Pičhora and Dobřichov-Třebická, which were part of the settlement network around the river Výrovka. The preserved archaeological finds from the region were examined in order to investigate the development of the settlement network during the Roman Period and to study differences between the sites of Pičhora and Třebická and other burial grounds in the region. The burial grounds at Pičhora and Třebická differed in the number of graves, length of existence, and types of artifacts found.

By the end of the 13 th century, as a result of the formation of settlements, running parallel with the formation of the Hungarian state, a unified and interrelated network of settlements developed, one that had not existed before. One of its specific features was that the main characteristics of these settlements coming from three different outside regions, appeared at the same time. The ones from the west were those of Central-European towns and villages spreading all over the country; from the east, those of settlements with gardens and sties as well as large pastures cropping up at parts of the Great Plain; from the south, those of commercial Balkan settlements attached to roads and rivers appearing on the Southern Plain and by the Danube. In contrast to the settlement networks of later periods, there were also two important forms of settlements which stopped functioning as independent ones by the 15 th century: the monasteries and the castles. A lot of them also appeared as centers, thereby fulfilling a space-organizing role next to the towns. Thus, an analysis of their geographical and spatial situation can widen our knowledge of medieval settlement networks.

In 2022, an archaeological watching brief was carried out on the castle
hill in Gornja Radgona during the construction of the water supply network.
A roadway from the 18th century was uncovered under today’s Grajska Cesta road, beneath which several pits were documented. An unglazed ceramic fragment with a face mask was found in one of them. It can be compared to the anthropomorphically shaped or decorated ceramic vessels that were common throughout Europe in the later Middle Ages: the so-called wedding goblets, face jugs and aquamaniles.

This article describes the reuse of a FAIMS2.6 digital recording module for mound monitoring and the results of pedestrian survey in the Bolyarovo municipality, southeast part of the Yambol Province in Bulgaria and a former Cold-War border. This deployment demonstrated the benefits of a generalised but customisable platform, which made digital capture of a wide range of archaeological features in the field possible despite a novice workforce and a brief campaign.

Najdišče Kleinklein pri Großkleinu z okolico v dolini reke Solbe (Sulm) je že skoraj 175 let sinonim za eno najslavnejših najdišč iz starejše železne dobe v Evropi. Najdbe, kot so bronasta maska in roke, zvončasti oklepi in bronaste posode s punciranim okrasom, sodijo med najpomembnejše eksponate arheološke zbirke v Joanneumu. Leta 2010 so sodelavci Joanneuma začeli nove raziskave arheološke krajine v porečju reke Solbe (Sulm), ki obsegajo analize lidarskih posnetkov in zračnih fotografij, geofizikalne raziskave, terenske izmere ter arheološka izkopavanja z arheobotaničnimi in arheozoološkimi analizami. V okviru teh raziskav so leta 2015 ob rigolanju na južnem pobočju Burgstallkogla pri Großkleinu odkrili in raziskali zgorelo ruševino stavbe iz starejše železne dobe. S tem odkritjem so pridobili nove podatke o načinu gradnje na Burgstallkoglu. Od leta 2017 se posvečajo raziskavam okoliške krajine, še posebej na približno 4,5 km zračne črte oddaljeni utrjeni naselbini na Königsbergu ...

La contribución centra su interés en las llanuras bajas del territorio de Reggio Emilia entre los siglos XI y XIII. En particular, la atención se centra en la difícil relación entre el hombre, el agua y el desarrollo antropogénico con respecto a la red de asentamientos y la explotación agrícola, mediante el uso cruzado de diferentes fuentes (geomorfológicas, escritas, arqueológicas).

This is my monograph dedicated to the archaeological researches in Yambol Province. The accent is on the surface surveys, what was and my PhD topic, but in it I’ve included the information for all excavations and single finds from the area, too.
The log years of archaeological surface surveys in Yambol province enabled the compiling of a rich database which includes 27 settlement mounds, 485 settlements, 4 towns, 30 fortresses and fortified settlements and 25 places of cults (shrines, monasteries or tekke shrines) or a total of 571 immovable cultural assets. The information that database provides enables the defining of the 13 main stages of development of the settlement patterns in the Tundzha River valley, starting with the appearance of the earliest farmers and herders during the Early Neolithic Karanovo I culture (6100 – 5800 BC) and up to the Ottoman Period (15th – 19th c.). The last, fourteenth, stage shows the modern settlement system of 4 towns and 105 villages.

Alto do Castelo, in Alpiarça (Portugal), is a site recognized by its close spatial relation with the Late Bronze Age necropolis of Tanchoal and Meijão. Although always connected with this moment of Protohistory, a Roman Republican occupation was also early assumed, based not only in a set of archaeological findings collected in the early xx th century and during the excavations directed by Ph. Kalb and M. Hock, but also by the identification of a wall and double ditch directly linked to this phase. However, Casa dos Patudos retains several Iron Age materials recovered during the fieldwork of the German Archaeological Institute team, and others found, in recent years, on the surface of the site. These Iron Age materials display characteristics that allow its association with the arrival and installation of the Mediterranean populations in the Tagus valley during the second half/late viii th century bc. This data makes possible to integrate Alto do Castelo in a dense network of Orientalized settlements discovered in the two banks of the Tagus river. The role played by these sites and their relations should be analyzed, taking into consideration the type of geographical disposition, the occupied areas, and of course, the archaeological materials.

József Tóth was an outstanding figure in Hungarian geography. This article aims to present his scientific talent management at the University of Pécs through the data of his PhD students (n=63). During the analysis we used university publications and electronic databases, as well as Spearman’s correlation calculation, independent T-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, Kruskal–Wallis test and Chi-squared test to explore the relationships. The largest proportion of students were born and worked in the Southern Great Plain, North Hungary and Transdanubia, however the winner of the regional talent migration is Transdanubia. The professional openness of the professor is reflected in the topic selection of the dissertations completed under his supervision. His students, carrying on his intellectual heritage, are still active in scientific publishing. The charismatic personality, world view and professional knowledge of the head of doctoral school are manifested in the diversity and academic perform...

Systematic field survey was executed in four microregions of the Mezőség in Nyírség (Northeastern Hungary) in the spring and autumn of 2015. Tiszadob, Józsefháza, Tedej and Fejérszik microregions were researched in all 17,9 sqkm area. 25.860 archaeological artefacts were collected in varied perceptual conditions. Medieval settlements were analysed in presented reprezentation.
69 sites were researched totally in project, from which 40 were newly discovered. Settlements with different sizes and intensity belonged to different periods. Medieval ceramic was found in 39 sites, most dated to the Arpadian Age. Data of the surface survey were completed with archival documents.
Evolution of settlement network from the early Arpadian Age to the Late Middle Age could be reconstructed after the evaluation of finds based on size, intensity and location of settlements. Different geomorphological conditions of the four microregions provided an opportunity to analyse environmental effect in settling relations. The region were determined by floodplains, where the river Tisza played active role. Therefore the tracks of road network were greatly limited.
The enviromental, archeological and historical data analysed in joint framework were the basis of the changes of the mediavel settlements network.

The test excavations at Gradec near Blečji Vrh revealed that the hilltop site had been settled in several prehistoric periods. The earliest finds were either from the end of the Neolithic or the Copper Age, when the settlement was probably fortified for the first time with a stone wall. In the period of the Certosa fibulae horizon, new wall was built on the ruins of the first rampart. Thick layers with iron slag show that at that time Gradec was an important iron working and metallurgic center. Existence at Gradec then ceased for a certain time. It was again populated in the earlier part of the Late La Tène (the Mokronog IIIa phase). At that point, the economy was also based on processing iron ore. Numerous fragments of fine pottery and amphorae for wine indicate the relative prosperity of the Late La Tène inhabitants of Gradec.

The article presents the results of test excavations at six elevated settlements in the vicinity of Dole pri Litiji (Dole near Litija). The field results are presented, along with the finds and the chronological dating of the settlements. Gradišče pri Hohovici (Gradišče near Hohovica) belonged to the late Neolithic and the Eneolithic, and Grac pri Tlaki (Grac near Tlaka) to the late Bronze Age. The site of Zagrac nad Vodicami (Zagrac above Vodice) was most probably also inhabited in the late Bronze Age. A more precise dating is not possible because of the modest and non-diagnostic finds. Three settlements were inhabited in the Iron Age: Gradišče pri Suhadolah (Gradišče near Suhadole), Špičasti hrib nad Dolami pri Litiji (Špičasti hrib above Dole near Litija) and Kostjavec pri Tihaboju (Kostjavec near Tihaboj). Remains of fortifications were also discovered at all three settlements.

This article publishes the results of text excavations at six elevated settlements in the Krka River valley. The field surveys, finds and the chronological classification of the settlements are presented. The settlement of Stari grad near Zagrad is from the Bronze Age, Vihra above Draga from the Eneolithic and the late Bronze Age, while the settlements of Kočnik above Segonje and Mastni hrib near Škocjan were inhabited only in the late Bronze Age. At Gradec under Otavnik traces were documented from three periods of settlement: the early and late Bronze Age and the period of late Antiquity. The settlement at Veliki Vinji vrh belongs to the Iron Age. The ruins of two Hallstatt period enclosing walls and a La Tène wall were discovered at this site, as well as the remains of several buildings at the edge of the settlement.

Najdišče Kleinklein pri Großkleinu z okolico v dolini reke Solbe (Sulm) je že skoraj 175 let sinonim za eno najslavnejših najdišč iz starejše železne dobe v Evropi. Najdbe, kot so bronasta maska in roke, zvončasti oklepi in bronaste posode s punciranim okrasom, sodijo med najpomembnejše eksponate arheološke zbirke v Joanneumu. Leta 2010 so sodelavci Joanneuma začeli nove raziskave arheološke krajine v porečju reke Solbe (Sulm), ki obsegajo analize lidarskih posnetkov in zračnih fotografij, geofizikalne raziskave, terenske izmere ter arheološka izkopavanja z arheobotaničnimi in arheozoološkimi analizami. V okviru teh raziskav so leta 2015 ob rigolanju na južnem pobočju Burgstallkogla pri Großkleinu odkrili in raziskali zgorelo ruševino stavbe iz starejše železne dobe. S tem odkritjem so pridobili nove podatke o načinu gradnje na Burgstallkoglu. Od leta 2017 se posvečajo raziskavam okoliške krajine, še posebej na približno 4,5 km zračne črte oddaljeni utrjeni naselbini na Königsbergu ...

The initial research carried out for the purpose of elaborating the Spatial Plan for Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin indicated the need to address numerous conflicts and opposing interests in the area concerned. This required the Plan to focus on harmonizing the economic, social and spatial aspects of developing a mining-energy-industrial system (hereinafter MEIS) and its surroundings, devising the new ways for the protection of local population interests and use of novel approaches in dealing with the environmental consequences of lignite exploitation and processing. The area wherein Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits are found is replete with diverse conflicting interests, including insufficient and uneven development, extremely large overall and especially agrarian population density (among the highest in Europe), unemployment and a sizable portion of the grey economy, low level and quality of services of public interest, ethnic conflicts and polarization, etc. The environmental effe...

The subject of the paper relates to the field of settlement archaeology, taking into account site location, environmental characteristics, possiblc spatial communications etc. The discussion, comprising the area of central Slovenia (the valleys of the Mirna and Temenica) focuses on Iron Age settlement. but considers other archaeological periods as vvell (Eneolithic, Bronze Age, late Classical Antiquity). Presenting the results of test excavations at eight fortificd prehistoric scttlements, the paper centers on their chronological ordering and stratigraphic sequences; hovvever. other problems are also briefly addressed (fortifications, relationships between settlements and cemetcries).Snov tega prispevka sodi v sklop naselbinske arheologije, upoštevajoč lego najdišč, značilnosti okolja, možne prostorske komunikacije itd. Obravnava poselitev prostora osrednje Slovenije (Mirensko in Temeniško dolino) s poudarkom na železni dobi, čeprav upošteva tudi ostale arheološke dobe (eneolitik. b...

ily defined on the basis of their present zonal vegetation, or their dominant extrazonal or edaphic vegetation. Where this was not possible, abiotic factors that influence the potential vegetation, the flora were taken into consideration, thus, political and economical factors were ignored. All region borders were defined by local expert botanists, mainly based on their field knowledge. The map differs in many features from the currently used, country-wide, flora-or geography-based divisions in many features. We consider our map to be temporary (i.e. a work map), and we plan to refine and improve it after 5 years of testing.

Izvleček V prispevku so obdelana poskusna izkopavanja v novem arheološkem jamskem najdišču Podmol na Petrinjskem Krasu v Sloveniji. Ugotovljen je bil 8 m debel stratigrafski niz, obsegajoč obdobja neo-in eneolitika, bronaste dobe, antike ln sr cdnjcga veka. Trenutno je lo najdišče z najpopolneje ohranjeno stratigrafijo za holocensko obdobje v Sloveniji. To velja še posebej za eneolitik in za prehod iz eneolitika v zgodnjo bronasto dobo. Najdišče radiokarbonsko ni datirano. Podmol je bil vzorčno kompleksno obdelan: narejene so bile pedološko-sedimentološke raziskave ter paleovegetacijske in paleofavnistične analize. Vse so dale prepričljive preliminarne rezultate.

Prispevek obravnava dve novo odkriti bronasti igli s preluknjanim vratom iz Možjance (varianta Možjanca). Z njima se je pomnožil krog najdišč in se je obogatil inventar starejše stopnje južnoalpske veje srednjeevropske kulture grobnih gomil.

During the excavations carried out in 1998, we determined that Gradišče was inhabited in five different archaeological
periods. The earliest visits to the hill date back to the Neo-Eneolithic, when it was not yet fortified. In the Late Bronze
Age, the settlement had received a wooden formwork filled with earth, which ended in a fire. In both parts of the Iron
Age, the settlement was surrounded by a wall of dry-stone masonry. In the Hallstatt period, the wall was about 2 metres
wide; in the La Tène period, it was narrower and measured about 1.2 metres in width. Stray finds testify to the presence
of man as early as Late Antiquity. However, as there are no traces of fortifications from this period, the hill probably
served as an occasional refuge.

This paper presents Iron Age settlement remains discovered at four multi-periodical sites  in the Maribor area (NE Slovenia). The settlement traces at the sites Slivnica 2B, Malečnik and Spodnje Hoče date to the first half of the first millennium BC (Ha B and Ha C) and to the Late Iron Age (LT C and LT D), while the Iron Age settlement at Zgornje Radvanje dates to LT C and partly possibly to LT B. The presented Hallstatt lowland settlements are understood in the sense of the economic hinterland of hilltop settlements (Poštela, Čreta and Meljski hrib) and partly in the sense of managing strategic points in the system of land routes and a river route along the river Drava (Malečnik). The next phase of the lowland settlement in the Maribor region is related to the Celts, who (as it seems today) arrived to an almost completely uninhabited area around 300 BC. The reasons for the lack of settlement on the plain in the era between Ha C2/D1 and LT B2 are not yet known.

This article presents the Early Iron Age remains found during the construction of a residential quarter south of Rabelčja vas in Ptuj. The remains are those of a settlement spread across a flat ridge delimited by two small streams. The area was heavily built-up during the Roman period, which affected the state of preservation of the prehistoric huts. Their postholes were documented in outlines and could, in two cases, be connected to form the ground plan.

The first version of the map of the Hungarian vegetation-based landscape regions were prepared at the scale of 1: 200,000 (1 km or higher resolution). The primary goal of the map was to provide an exact background for the presentation and evaluation of the data of the META database. Secondly, we intended to give an up-to-date and detailed vegetation-based division of Hungary with a comprehensive nomenclature of the regions. Regions were primarily defined on the basis of their present zonal vegetation, or their dominant extrazonal or edaphic vegetation. Where this was not possible, abiotic factors that influence the potential vegetation, the flora were taken into consideration, thus, political and economical factors were ignored. All region borders were defined by local expert botanists, mainly based on their field knowledge. The map differs in many features from the currently used, country-wide, flora-or geography-based divisions in many features. We consider our map to be temporary...

Characteristics of the cultural landscape of the settlement network
in Borsod County during the 15th century
The base of the regionalization of the Hungarian Kingdom beginning in the 11th century became the system of the royal counties, which leant strongly on
the already quickly developed diocesan system. Early in the Kingdom the royal counties have been organized connected to centres existing especially on those
areas which were ruled by the Árpád Dynasty. These areas ruled and controlled the most important strategic points and routes, later step by step expanded the
royal rule in the neighbouring areas. This process had strong interdependence with the progress of human settling influenced by the geographical (relief,
water) capability and by the land-use. In considerable part of the Kingdom – based on the density of the settlements and on the number of the centres –
three levels of different characters can be separated: river-, forest- and settlement-level. Regional establishing of the royal counties had strong connection with the settlement-density, the extension of the defensible and
exploitable areas, the arranging of routes related to the river network and the measure of accessibility of the centres. The ancient Borsod County – in connection with the organization of the strategic routes – has been established based on the valleys of the rivers Sajó, Bódva and Tisza and their tributaries. The geographical location of the settlements and the capabilities of the
environment fundamentally determined the land-use, moreover the utilization of certain landscape elements (flood-free lowlands, valleys, riversides, fortifications etc.) meant often the aim of settling. By the 15th century the several centuried land-use initiated from the  settlements and based on the local landscape-determined capabilities resulted in different cultural landscape conditions.

În intervalul 2015-2016 au fost cercetate mai multe zone din judeţul Timiș, cu scopul identificării și cartării siturilor arheologice. Acest demers a avut la bază două motivaţii diferite: cartarea unor zone care urmează să fie incluse în noul intravilan al unor localităţi, mai exact în intravilanul comunei Pădureni, și cartarea unor zone care urmează să fie distruse prin amenajări funciare, zona comunelor Dudeștii Vechi și Beba Veche.

Izvleček V članku so predstavljena spoznanja arheološke vede za obdobje pozne bronaste dobe na območju Slovenije. Avtorica obravnava zgodovino raziskovanj, problematiko okrog začetka kulture žarnih grobišč, poselitev in naselja, grobišča ter depoje in posamezne najdbe.

Hagyományosan az Árpád-kori településkutatás homlokterében a kerámiaművesség, a lakóépítmények, valamint a településszerkezet és településhálózat értékelése áll. A Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem Régészettudományi Intézetének gondozásában megjelent kötet ezeket a témákat egy régészetileg intenzíven kutatott mintaterületen, a középkori Magyar Királyság központi részén elhelyezkedő földrajzi tájegységen, a Pesti-síkságon vizsgálja a szomszédos régiókra való kitekintéssel. A munka törzse a 2000-es évek nagyberuházásai során feltárt lelőhelyek objektumainak és leleteinek összefoglaló ismertetése, melyhez szervesen kapcsolódik a több mint 300 tábla dokumentációs melléklet. Erre épülnek az Árpád-kori telepkutatás jellegzetes problémaköreivel foglalkozó, kiértékelő fejezetek. Igazi kihívást jelent a mai kutatói nemzedéknek a nagy felületű feltárások adatállományának kezelése és együttes értékelése, az összefüggések, szabályszerűségek felismerése és ezekből a megfelelő következetések levonása. A kötet az alapvető településtörténeti problémákra igyekszik lehetséges értelmezési modelleket nyújtani, nem csak egy-egy tudományos részkérdésre adott válasz formájában, hanem a válaszok rendszerbe foglalásával, azzal a céllal, hogy az Árpád-kori települési formákat régészeti alapon értelmezze. A Pesti-síkság területileg kapcsolódik az Árpád-korban kiemelt gazdasági, közigazgatási és kulturális szerepet játszó, vagy egyházi funkciót betöltő központok vonzáskörzetéhez, az ún. „Medium Regni”-hez. Külön fejezet foglalkozik azzal, hogy milyen hatást gyakoroltak a preurbánus települések közvetlen falusias környezetükre. A kötet végül kitér arra is, hogy a földrajzi térben hogyan jelennek meg a társadalmi dimenziók, azaz, hogy a hierarchikus viszonyok hogyan befolyásolták az emlékanyag, vagy építmények minőségét és a települések szerkezetét.

Conventionally the settlement related research of the Hungarian Árpád period concentrates on pottery, settlements, as well as settlement forms and the evaluation of settlement networks. This volume published in care of the Archaeological Institue of the Pázmány Péter Catholic University examines these topics on a sample area subjected to intensive archaeological surveys, on a geographical region set in the center of the Medieval Hungarian Kingdom, the Pest Plain with an outlook to its neighbouring regions. The bulk of the work is comprised of a compositive presentation of finds and objects recovered from sites excavated in the 2000s during largescale developments, with a complement of 300 tables of relevant documentation annexes. It is the foundation for the following chapters processing and evaluating distinct problems of settlement research of the Árpád period. The managing, joint evaluating, recognizing correlations and regularities and deducting adequate conclusions from data recovered from large surface development projects constitutes a true challenge for today’s research generation. The volume aims to provide plausible interpretation models for the fundamental questions of settlement history, not as mere set of separate answers for independent research problems, but by systemizing its answers with the scope of interpreting Árpád period settlement forms on an archaeological basis. The Pest Plain connects territorially to the Árpád period agglomeration of elevated economic, administrative, cultural and ecclesiastic importance known as the so-called ‘Medium Regni’. A separate chapter deals with the effect preurban settlements had on their immediate rural surroundings. Finally the volume touches on how social dimensions formed in geographic space, that is how hierarchal relations affected the quality of findmaterial, monuments and settlement forms.

Pred slabim desetletjem so bili na njivskih površinah južno od vasi Bratonci odkriti prvi artefakti, ki so opozorili na obstoj arheološkega najdišča na tej lokaciji. Od tedaj se je število zbranega arheološkega gradiva, predvsem odlomkov lončenine, povzpelo na več kot 1500 kosov. Večina gradiva pripada obdobju zgodnje in srednje bronaste dobe oz. njenega prehoda v pozno fazo. Zaradi značaja najdb lahko na najdišču pričakujemo naselbino iz omenjenih obdobij. Manjše število najdb lahko pripišemo tudi obdobjem od starejše železne dobe in vse do novega veka.
Ključne besede: Slovenija, Prekmurje, Bratonci, bronasta doba, kulturni horizont Somogyvár-Vinkovci, licenski hori-zont, horizont pramenaste keramike, kultura Kiszapostag, železna doba, rimska doba, zgodnji srednji vek, visoki in pozni srednji vek

The first artefacts on the fields south of the village of Bratonci, Slovenia, came to light roughly a decade ago. The existence of an archaeological site there has since been confirmed by over 1500 archaeological finds, predominantly pottery. The finds mostly date to the Early and Middle Bronze Ages, also the transition to the Late Bronze Age, and indicate a settlement. A small number of recovered finds dates to later periods, from the Early Iron Age to modern times.
Keywords: Slovenia, Prekmurje, Bratonci, Bronze Age,
Somogyvár-Vinkovci cultural horizon, Litzen horizon,
Kiszapostag culture, Iron Age, Roman period, Early Middle Ages, High and Late Middle Ages

The numerous modern archaeological excavations of Bronze Age settlements, the absolute dates of samples from closed contexts and the analyses of pottery decoration from a reliable basis for proposing an absolute chronology concerning the first appearance of the elements recognised as significant for the earliest phase of the Urnfield culture.
Contrary to the numerous settlements from this period, only two cemeteries have thus far been unearthed, of which only the cemetery
at Zavrč, with a larger number of graves and a long period of use, is suitable for a discussion on the regional cultural evolution of the Urnfield culture. Preliminary publications of the graves from the earliest phase of burial have presented us with the opportunity to observe the interaction between the formal characteristics of the pottery and the burial rituals only present in the present-day NE Slovenia with those of the Virovitica group. The results indicate that the earliest urn graves in the region may be synchronised with the presence of formal elements of the Virovitica cultural group in settlements and, consequently, date the beginning of the Urnfield culture in the region as early as the late 15th and early 14th century BC.

The aim of the paper is to present the results of the new researches on the surroundings, environment, landscape of the well known Cófalva/Ţufalău golden hoard, belonging to the Middle Bronze Age. The recent investigations brought to light new traces of unknown settlements and a cremation cemetery. As a result we managed to place the hoard in the contemporaneus a Middle Bronze Age settlement network.

A tanulmány a jól ismert cófalvi aranykincs környezetével, tájrégészetével foglalkozik. Az újabb kutatások a depó környékén elhelyezkedő településhálózat azonosítását célozták. Sikerült több, eddig ismeretlen települést és egy temetőt azonosítani, így kutatásaink sikeresnek mondhatók. A telepek és a temető, valamint a tájrégészeti megfigyelések lehetővé tették a depó elhelyezését a korabeli középső bronzkori településhálózatban.

Transport is a critical component of economic development and territorial cohesion. We cannot analyze the socio-economic development without taking transport into account. The objective of this study was to determine the transport hierarchy of district towns in Lower Silesia. Moreover, an analysis of relations between transport and other selected factors was also included in the study. The factors were population, structure of transport companies and infrastructure network. The majority of research dealing with transport hierarchy focuses on the number of roads and rail lines crossing cities. In this study, the hierarchy was determined basing on the number and types of connections of public transport in particular urban areas. The study was conducted in 26 district towns of Lower Silesia Province from August to September 2014. The research allowed determining the position of each particular town in the transport system in Lower Silesia and identifying the challenges for the regional transport policy. The obtained results led to conclusions which are presented in the article.

Vor knapp zwei Monaten stieß Vedran Dorušić, Tauchlehrer auf der Insel Pag nahe Zadar, auf einen interessanten Fund von Holzbalken und Keramik im kleinen Hafen des Dorfes Šimuni, den er den Archäologen des Internationalen Zentrums für Unterwasserarchäologie in Zadar meldete. Die Archäologen untersuchten daraufhin die Fundstätte und unternahmen die erste Dokumentierung und Bestandsaufnahme. Ein Fischkutter, der über der Fundstätte ankerte, legte vor kurzem den in 2 3 m Tiefe liegenden Fundplatz von der darüber liegenden Sand- und
Steinschicht frei und deckte dabei etwa 40 aus dem freigelegten Meeresgrund ragende Holzpfosten auf, die in zwei oder mehreren Reihen angeordnet sind. Eine Vielzahl von überwiegend gut erhaltenen Keramikfunden aus der Vorzeit, aber auch aus römischer Zeit befindet sich um dieses Gerippe und in dessen Umfeld. Auf den ersten Blick
scheint die Konstruktion aus Holzpfosten höchstwahrscheinlich mit der Keramik aus der Bronzezeit in Verbindung zu stehen, die in der gleichen Schicht entdeckt wurde. Die Fundstätte, die wahrscheinlich eine Siedlung oder ein Pier der Bronzezeit war, erfordert eine angemessene Rettungsgrabung.

Most na Soči ranks among the most prominent prehistoric sites in Europe. It is mainly known for the extensive cemetery from the Early Iron Age, which was first investigated in the late 19th century and revealed over 6000 burials. The rapid growth of the modern village of Most na Soči again led to large-scale archaeological excavations in the 1970s. These were conducted in the span of eleven years and unearthed one of the most significant Iron Age settlements in Slovenia and the wider south-eastern Alpine region.

The monographic publication on this settlement begins with a geographic outline of the site and its surroundings, which is followed by a detailed history of research complete with a list of contributions and reports on the subject published thus far.

The main part of the book is dedicated to presenting the settlement structures that include thirty-six houses excavated in the eastern part of the modern village. It is the most comprehensive publication of an Iron Age settlement to date in Slovenia, which offers new insights into the living conditions of the Iron Age population inhabiting the area of Caput Adriae or the south-eastern Alps. The multitude of data gained from the excavations enabled a reconstruction of the settlement’s plan and provided an understanding of the construction methods and numerous technical details, revealing how drainage walls, dividing walls and foundations were built, and also revealing the appearance of the floors, wooden wall constructions, drainage ditches and pits used in different production processes (for instance metallurgy, pottery). The text is illustrated with 229 plans and photos that complement the detailed descriptions of the structures.

The book concludes with the illustrations of small finds recovered in the houses, presented on a hundred plates. These predominantly consist of pottery sherds, but also include numerous stone, bone and metal items. Those of metal are particularly important because they are chronologically diagnostic and allow the archaeologists to precisely date individual houses and their phases, but also reveal the remarkable technical skills that the craftsmen of the day possessed.

The current research puts the issue of functional
urban regions (or districts) into the focus
delimited by the commuting network of
employees. The local labour system (LLS)
provided a specific dimension of this complex
approach however it is one of the most adequate
possibilities to delineate these areas of
commuting. The delimitation process consisted
of two steps with the separation of employment
centres and with the assignment of settlements to
these cores. The alteration of the LLS pattern was
also analysed as the investigation was carried out
by the census data from 2001 and 2011. The
results provided a comprehensive overview about
the process of territorial concentration and the
instability of peripheral areas. Significant regional
disparities of commuting came to light as the
consequence of the body of settlement network.
The territorial division of the country provided by
LLS pattern is fitting to the new and integrated
European approach of cities and their hinterlands
but it is not alternative against other
administrative or statistical divisions of Hungary.
However this territorial point of view is in closer
relation to the issues of analysing the local labour
market processes or the developments targeting
the increase in employment.