A Simple and Comprehensive Vulnerability Scanner for Containers, Compatible with CI
The number of vulnerabilities detected on Alpine Linux (as of 2019/05/12)
See Comparison with other scanners for details.
- Abstract
- Features
- Installation
- Quick Start
- Examples
- Continuous Integration (CI)
- Vulnerability Detection
- Usage
- Comparison with other scanners
- Q&A
Trivy (tri pronounced like trigger, vy pronounced like envy) is a simple and comprehensive vulnerability scanner for containers.
Trivy detects vulnerabilities of OS packages (Alpine, RHEL, CentOS, etc.) and application dependencies (Bundler, Composer, npm, yarn etc.).
Trivy is easy to use. Just install the binary and you're ready to scan. All you need to do for scanning is to specify a container image name.
It is considered to be used in CI. Before pushing to a container registry, you can scan your local container image easily. See here for details.
- Detect comprehensive vulnerabilities
- OS packages (Alpine, Red Hat Universal Base Image, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS, Debian and Ubuntu)
- Application dependencies (Bundler, Composer, Pipenv, npm, yarn and Cargo)
- Simple
- Specify only an image name
- Easy installation
- No need for prerequirements such as installation of DB, libraries, etc.
apt-get install,yum installandbrew installis possible (See Installation)
- High accuracy
- Especially Alpine Linux and RHEL/CentOS (See Comparison with other scanners)
- Other OSes are also high
- Continuous Integration
- Compatible with CI such as Travis CI, CircleCI, Jenkins, etc.
- See CI Example
Add repository setting to /etc/yum.repos.d.
$ sudo vim /etc/yum.repos.d/trivy.repo
[trivy]
name=Trivy repository
baseurl=https://knqyf263.github.io/trivy-repo/rpm/releases/$releasever/$basearch/
gpgcheck=0
enabled=1
$ sudo yum -y update
$ sudo yum -y install trivy
or
$ rpm -ivh https://github.com/knqyf263/trivy/releases/download/v0.0.12/trivy_0.0.12_Linux-64bit.rpm
Replace [CODE_NAME] with your code name
CODE_NAME: wheezy, jessie, stretch, buster, trusty, xenial, bionic
$ sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https gnupg
$ wget -qO - https://knqyf263.github.io/trivy-repo/deb/public.key | sudo apt-key add -
$ echo deb https://knqyf263.github.io/trivy-repo/deb [CODE_NAME] main | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install trivy
or
$ sudo apt-get install rpm
$ wget https://github.com/knqyf263/trivy/releases/download/v0.0.12/trivy_0.0.12_Linux-64bit.deb
$ sudo dpkg -i trivy_0.0.12_Linux-64bit.deb
You can use homebrew on OS X.
$ brew tap knqyf263/trivy
$ brew install knqyf263/trivy/trivy
Go to the releases page, find the version you want, and download the zip file. Unpack the zip file, and put the binary to somewhere you want (on UNIX-y systems, /usr/local/bin or the like). Make sure it has execution bits turned on.
You need to install rpm command for scanning RHEL/CentOS.
$ go get -u github.com/knqyf263/trivySimply specify an image name (and a tag). The latest tag should be avoided as problems occur with cache.. See Clear image caches
$ trivy [YOUR_IMAGE_NAME]
For example:
$ trivy python:3.7-alpine
Simply specify an image name (and a tag).
$ trivy python:3.7-alpine
Result
2019-05-16T01:20:43.180+0900 INFO Updating vulnerability database...
2019-05-16T01:20:53.029+0900 INFO Detecting Alpine vulnerabilities...
python:3.4-alpine3.9 (alpine 3.9.2)
===================================
Total: 1 (UNKNOWN: 0, LOW: 0, MEDIUM: 1, HIGH: 0, CRITICAL: 0)
+---------+------------------+----------+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| LIBRARY | VULNERABILITY ID | SEVERITY | INSTALLED VERSION | FIXED VERSION | TITLE |
+---------+------------------+----------+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| openssl | CVE-2019-1543 | MEDIUM | 1.1.1a-r1 | 1.1.1b-r1 | openssl: ChaCha20-Poly1305 |
| | | | | | with long nonces |
+---------+------------------+----------+-------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
$ docker save ruby:2.3.0-alpine3.9 -o ruby-2.3.0.tar
$ trivy --input ruby-2.3.0.tar
Result
2019-05-16T01:40:44.254+0900 INFO Updating vulnerability database...
2019-05-16T01:40:46.035+0900 INFO Detecting Debian vulnerabilities...
ruby-2.3.0.tar (debian 8.4)
===========================
Total: 8136 (UNKNOWN: 5, LOW: 326, MEDIUM: 6020, HIGH: 1680, CRITICAL: 105)
+-----------------------------+------------------+----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| LIBRARY | VULNERABILITY ID | SEVERITY | INSTALLED VERSION | FIXED VERSION | TITLE |
+-----------------------------+------------------+----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| bash | CVE-2016-7543 | HIGH | 4.3-11 | 4.3-11+deb8u1 | bash: Specially crafted |
| | | | | | SHELLOPTS+PS4 variables allows |
| | | | | | command substitution |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2019-9924 | | | 4.3-11+deb8u2 | bash: BASH_CMD is writable in |
| | | | | | restricted bash shells |
+-----------------------------+------------------+ +---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| binutils | CVE-2017-13716 | | 2.25-5 | | binutils: Memory leak with the |
| | | | | | C++ symbol demangler routine |
| | | | | | in libiberty |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2017-14930 | | | | binutils: Memory leak in |
| | | | | | decode_line_info |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2017-8421 | | | | binutils: Memory exhaustion in |
| | | | | | objdump via a crafted PE file |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2017-7614 | | | | binutils: NULL |
| | | | | | pointer dereference in |
| | | | | | bfd_elf_final_link function |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2018-12699 | | | | binutils: heap-based buffer |
| | | | | | overflow in finish_stab in |
| | | | | | stabs.c |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2014-9939 | | | | binutils: buffer overflow in |
| | | | | | ihex.c |
+-----------------------------+------------------+ +---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
...
$ trivy -f json -o results.json golang:1.12-alpine
Result
2019-05-16T01:46:31.777+0900 INFO Updating vulnerability database...
2019-05-16T01:47:03.007+0900 INFO Detecting Alpine vulnerabilities...
$ trivy --severity HIGH,CRITICAL ruby:2.3.0
Result
2019-05-16T01:51:46.255+0900 INFO Updating vulnerability database...
2019-05-16T01:51:49.213+0900 INFO Detecting Debian vulnerabilities...
ruby:2.3.0 (debian 8.4)
=======================
Total: 1785 (UNKNOWN: 0, LOW: 0, MEDIUM: 0, HIGH: 1680, CRITICAL: 105)
+-----------------------------+------------------+----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| LIBRARY | VULNERABILITY ID | SEVERITY | INSTALLED VERSION | FIXED VERSION | TITLE |
+-----------------------------+------------------+----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| apt | CVE-2019-3462 | CRITICAL | 1.0.9.8.3 | 1.0.9.8.5 | Incorrect sanitation of the |
| | | | | | 302 redirect field in HTTP |
| | | | | | transport method of... |
+-----------------------------+------------------+----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| bash | CVE-2019-9924 | HIGH | 4.3-11 | 4.3-11+deb8u2 | bash: BASH_CMD is writable in |
| | | | | | restricted bash shells |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2016-7543 | | | 4.3-11+deb8u1 | bash: Specially crafted |
| | | | | | SHELLOPTS+PS4 variables allows |
| | | | | | command substitution |
+-----------------------------+------------------+ +---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| binutils | CVE-2017-8421 | | 2.25-5 | | binutils: Memory exhaustion in |
| | | | | | objdump via a crafted PE file |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2017-14930 | | | | binutils: Memory leak in |
| | | | | | decode_line_info |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2017-7614 | | | | binutils: NULL |
| | | | | | pointer dereference in |
| | | | | | bfd_elf_final_link function |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2014-9939 | | | | binutils: buffer overflow in |
| | | | | | ihex.c |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2017-13716 | | | | binutils: Memory leak with the |
| | | | | | C++ symbol demangler routine |
| | | | | | in libiberty |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2018-12699 | | | | binutils: heap-based buffer |
| | | | | | overflow in finish_stab in |
| | | | | | stabs.c |
+-----------------------------+------------------+ +---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| bsdutils | CVE-2015-5224 | | 2.25.2-6 | | util-linux: File name |
| | | | | | collision due to incorrect |
| | | | | | mkstemp use |
+ +------------------+ + +----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| | CVE-2016-2779 | | | | util-linux: runuser tty hijack |
| | | | | | via TIOCSTI ioctl |
+-----------------------------+------------------+----------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
Trivy updates vulnerability database every time it is run. This is usually fast as it is a difference update. But if you want to skip even that, use the --skip-update option.
$ trivy --skip-update alpine:3.9
By default, Trivy also detects unpatched/unfixed vulnerabilities. This means you can't fix these vulnerabilities even if you update all packages.
If you would like to ignore them, use the --ignore-unfixed option.
$ trivy --exit-code 1 httpd:2.4.39
By default, Trivy exits with code 0 even when vulnerabilities are detected.
Use the --exit-code option if you want to exit with a non-zero exit code.
$ trivy --exit-code 1 httpd:2.4.39
This option is useful for CI/CD. In the following example, the test will fail only when a critical vulnerability is found.
$ trivy --exit-code 0 --severity MEDIUM,HIGH httpd:2.4.39
$ trivy --exit-code 1 --severity CRITICAL httpd:2.4.39
Use .trivyignore.
$ cat .trivyignore
# Accept the risk
CVE-2018-14618
# No impact in our settings
CVE-2019-3855
$ trivy composer:1.7.2
The --clear-cache option removes image caches. This option is useful if the image which has the same tag is updated (such as when using latest tag).
$ trivy --clear-cache redis:5.0.4
The --reset option removes all caches and database. After this, it takes a long time as the vulnerability database needs to be rebuilt locally.
$ trivy --reset
Scan your image built in Travis CI/CircleCI. The test will fail if a vulnerability is found. When you don't want to fail the test, specify --exit-code 0 .
Note: The first time take a while (faster by cache after the second time)
$ cat .travis.yml
services:
- docker
env:
global:
- COMMIT=${TRAVIS_COMMIT::8}
before_install:
- docker build -t trivy-ci-test:${COMMIT} .
- wget https://github.com/knqyf263/trivy/releases/download/v0.0.4/trivy_0.0.4_Linux-64bit.tar.gz
- tar zxvf trivy_0.0.4_Linux-64bit.tar.gz
script:
- ./trivy --exit-code 0 --severity HIGH --quiet trivy-ci-test:${COMMIT}
- ./trivy --exit-code 1 --severity CRITICAL --quiet trivy-ci-test:${COMMIT}
cache:
directories:
- $HOME/.cache/trivy
Example: https://travis-ci.org/knqyf263/trivy-ci-test
Repository: https://github.com/knqyf263/trivy-ci-test
jobs:
build:
docker:
- image: docker:18.09-git
steps:
- checkout
- setup_remote_docker
- restore_cache:
key: vulnerability-db
- run:
name: Build image
command: docker build -t trivy-ci-test:${CIRCLE_SHA1} .
- run:
name: Install trivy
command: |
wget https://github.com/knqyf263/trivy/releases/download/v0.0.4/trivy_0.0.4_Linux-64bit.tar.gz
tar zxvf trivy_0.0.4_Linux-64bit.tar.gz
mv trivy /usr/local/bin
- run:
name: Scan the local image with trivy
command: trivy --exit-code 0 --quiet trivy-ci-test:${CIRCLE_SHA1}
- save_cache:
key: vulnerability-db
paths:
- $HOME/.cache/trivy
workflows:
version: 2
release:
jobs:
- build
Example: https://circleci.com/gh/knqyf263/trivy-ci-test
Repository: https://github.com/knqyf263/trivy-ci-test
| OS | Supported Versions | Target Packages | Detection of unfixed vulnerabilities |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alpine Linux | 2.2 - 2.7, 3.0 - 3.10 | Installed by apk | NO |
| Red Hat Universal Base Image | 7, 8 | Installed by yum/rpm | YES |
| Red Hat Enterprise Linux | 6, 7, 8 | Installed by yum/rpm | YES |
| CentOS | 6, 7 | Installed by yum/rpm | YES |
| Debian GNU/Linux | wheezy, jessie, stretch, buster | Installed by apt/apt-get/dpkg | YES |
| Ubuntu | 12.04, 14.04, 16.04, 18.04, 18.10, 19.04 | Installed by apt/apt-get/dpkg | YES |
Trivy automatically detects the following files in the container and scans vulnerabilities in the application dependencies.
- Gemfile.lock
- Pipfile.lock
- composer.lock
- package-lock.json
- yarn.lock
- Cargo.lock
The path of these files does not matter.
Example: https://npm.pkg.github.com/knqyf263/trivy-ci-test/blob/master/Dockerfile
NAME:
trivy - A simple and comprehensive vulnerability scanner for containers
USAGE:
main [options] image_name
VERSION:
0.0.12
OPTIONS:
--format value, -f value format (table, json) (default: "table")
--input value, -i value input file path instead of image name
--severity value, -s value severities of vulnerabilities to be displayed (comma separated) (default: "UNKNOWN,LOW,MEDIUM,HIGH,CRITICAL")
--output value, -o value output file name
--exit-code value Exit code when vulnerabilities were found (default: 0)
--skip-update skip db update
--reset remove all caches and database
--clear-cache, -c clear image caches
--quiet, -q suppress progress bar
--ignore-unfixed display only fixed vulnerabilities
--refresh refresh DB (usually used after version update of trivy)
--debug, -d debug mode
--help, -h show help
--version, -v print the version
| Scanner | OS Packages |
Application Dependencie |
Easy to use | Accuracy | Compatible with CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trivy | ◯ | ◯ | ◯ | ◎ | ◯ |
| Clair | ◯ | × | △ | ◯ | △ |
| Anchore Engine | ◯ | △ | △ | ◯ | △ |
| Quay | ◯ | × | ◯ | ◯ | × |
| MicroScanner | ◯ | × | ◯ | △ | ◯ |
| Docker Hub | ◯ | × | ◯ | × | × |
| GCR | ◯ | × | ◯ | ◯ | × |
The following bar charts show the results of scanning composer:1.7.2 and crate:3.2.2 by container scanners. These images were selected randomly.
Scanners: Clair, Quay, MicroScanner(Free), Docker Hub, Anchore Engine
See spreadsheet for details.
In this case, the union of vulnerabilities detected by all vulnerability scanners is used as a data set.
NOTE
- There may be vulnerabilities that all scanners could not detect.
- There may be a mistake because I have confirmed the correctness manually.
The results of composer:1.7.2 using Alpine Linux 3.7.1 (as of 2019/05/12).
Trivy has high accuracy and high precision, while GCR did not detect any vulnerability. Althogh Docker Hub has many True Positive, it also has many False Positive.
The results of crate:3.2.2 using CentOS 7.6.1810. (as of 2019/05/14).
The following chart includes only fixable vulnerabilities.
Most scanners only detect patched/fixable vulnerabilities on RHEL/CentOS, but Trivy also detects unpatched/unfixable vulnerabilities.
The below is the graph including unfixable vulnerabilities.
In the case of other OS, the result is similar to other container scanners.
Clair uses alpine-secdb. However, the purpose of this database is to make it possible to know what packages has backported fixes. As README says, it is not a complete database of all security issues in Alpine.
Trivy collects vulnerability information in Alpine Linux from Alpine LInux Redmine.
Then, those vulnerabilities will be saved on vuln-list
alpine-secdb has 6959 vulnerabilities (as of 2019/05/12).
vuln-list has 11101 vulnerabilities related with Alpine Linux (as of 2019/05/12).
There is a difference in detection accuracy because the number of vulnerabilities is nearly doubled.
In addition, Trivy analyzes the middle layer as well and find out which version of the library was used for static linking.
Clair can not handle the following cases because it analyzes the image after applying the all layers.
RUN apk add --no-cache sqlite-dev \
&& wget https://xxx/yyy.tar.gz \
&& tar zxvf yyy.tar.gz && cd yyy \
&& make && make install \
&& apk del sqlite-dev
Finally, Trivy can also detect vulnerabilities in application dependent libraries such as Bundler, Composer, Pipenv, etc.
Similar to Clair, there is a difference in detection accuracy on Alpine Linux.
Then, as noted above, Anchore Engine does not detect unfixable vulnerabilities on RHEL/CentOS, whereas Trivy does.
Also, Anchore Engine needs some steps to start scanning.
Trivy is much easier to use.
As Quay seems to use Clair internally, it has the same accuracy with Clair. Docker Hub can scan only official images. GCR hardly detects vulnerability on Alpine Linux. Also, it is locked to a specific registry.
Trivy does not depend on the registry. In addition, it is easy to be integrated with CI/CD services.
$ brew tap knqyf263/trivy
Error: Your macOS keychain GitHub credentials do not have sufficient scope!
Scopes they need: none
Scopes they have:
Create a personal access token:
https://github.com/settings/tokens/new?scopes=gist,public_repo&description=Homebrew
echo 'export HOMEBREW_GITHUB_API_TOKEN=your_token_here' >> ~/.zshrc
Try:
$ printf "protocol=https\nhost=github.com\n" | git credential-osxkeychain erase
$ brew upgrade
...
Error: knqyf263/trivy/trivy 64 already installed
Try:
$ brew unlink trivy && brew uninstall trivy
($ rm -rf /usr/local/Cellar/trivy/64)
$ brew install knqyf263/trivy/trivy
Try again with --refresh option
$ trivy --refresh alpine:3.9
Try again with --reset option
$ trivy --reset
- fork a repository: github.com/knqyf263/trivy to github.com/you/repo
- get original code:
go get github.com/knqyf263/trivy - work on original code
- add remote to your repo: git remote add myfork https://github.com/you/repo.git
- push your changes: git push myfork
- create a new Pull Request
- Special thanks to Tomoya Amachi
- Special thanks to Masahiro Fujimura
AGPLv3
Teppei Fukuda (knqyf263)