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Transport-based initial conditions for heavy-ion collisions at finite densities
Authors:
H. Roch,
G. Pihan,
A. Monnai,
S. Ryu,
N. Senthilkumar,
J. Staudenmaier,
H. Elfner,
B. Schenke,
J. H. Putschke,
C. Shen,
S. A. Bass,
M. Chartier,
Y. Chen,
R. Datta,
R. Dolan,
L. Du,
R. Ehlers,
R. J. Fries,
C. Gale,
D. A. Hangal,
B. V. Jacak,
P. M. Jacobs,
S. Jeon,
Y. Ji,
F. Jonas
, et al. (31 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We employ the SMASH transport model to provide event-by-event initial conditions for the energy-momentum tensor and conserved charge currents in hydrodynamic simulations of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We study the fluctuations and dynamical evolution of three conserved charge currents (net baryon, net electric charges, and net strangeness) with a 4D lattice-QCD-based equation of state, NEOS…
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We employ the SMASH transport model to provide event-by-event initial conditions for the energy-momentum tensor and conserved charge currents in hydrodynamic simulations of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We study the fluctuations and dynamical evolution of three conserved charge currents (net baryon, net electric charges, and net strangeness) with a 4D lattice-QCD-based equation of state, NEOS-4D, in the hydrodynamic phase. Out-of-equilibrium corrections at the particlization are generalized to finite densities to ensure the conservation of energy, momentum, and the three types of charges. These theoretical developments are integrated within X-SCAPE as a unified framework for studying the nuclear matter properties in the Beam Energy Scan program.
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Submitted 8 October, 2025;
originally announced October 2025.
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Learning Informed Prior Distributions with Normalizing Flows for Bayesian Analysis
Authors:
Hendrik Roch,
Chun Shen
Abstract:
We investigate the use of normalizing flow (NF) models as flexible priors in Bayesian inference with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. Trained on posteriors from previous analyses, these models can be used as informative priors, capturing non-trivial distributions and correlations, in subsequent inference tasks. We compare different training strategies and loss functions, finding that trai…
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We investigate the use of normalizing flow (NF) models as flexible priors in Bayesian inference with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling. Trained on posteriors from previous analyses, these models can be used as informative priors, capturing non-trivial distributions and correlations, in subsequent inference tasks. We compare different training strategies and loss functions, finding that training based on Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence and unsupervised learning consistently yield the most accurate reproductions of reference distributions. Applied in sequential Bayesian workflows, MCMC with the NF-based priors reproduces the results of one-shot joint inferences well, provided the target distributions are unimodal. In cases with pronounced multi-modality or dataset tension, distortions may arise, underscoring the need for caution in multi-stage Bayesian inference. A comparison between the pocoMC MCMC sampler and the standard emcee sampler further demonstrates the importance of advanced and robust algorithms for exploring the posterior space. Overall, our results establish NF-based priors as a practical and efficient tool for sequential Bayesian inference in high-dimensional parameter spaces.
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Submitted 18 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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Nuclear Suppression in Diffractive Vector Meson Production within the Color Glass Condensate Framework
Authors:
Heikki Mäntysaari,
Hendrik Roch,
Farid Salazar,
Björn Schenke,
Chun Shen,
Wenbin Zhao
Abstract:
We extend a recent global Bayesian analysis of diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions within the color glass condensate (CGC) framework to investigate potential modifications of the nucleon structure inside nuclei. To this end, we perform fits that allow the effective nucleon structure parameters in Pb nuclei to differ from those of free protons. This approac…
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We extend a recent global Bayesian analysis of diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions within the color glass condensate (CGC) framework to investigate potential modifications of the nucleon structure inside nuclei. To this end, we perform fits that allow the effective nucleon structure parameters in Pb nuclei to differ from those of free protons. This approach directly addresses the question of whether the proton's spatial gluon distribution at intermediate to large $x$ is modified in the nuclear environment. We compare results obtained with shared and independent nucleon structure parameters and assess the impact on the simultaneous description of $γ+p$ data from HERA and the LHC, as well as $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ data from the LHC. Our findings show that there is no hint of difference in the nucleon structure beyond those already present in the CGC when embedding nucleons inside a nuclear environment.
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Submitted 16 September, 2025;
originally announced September 2025.
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Nuclear suppression in diffractive vector meson production within the color glass condensate framework
Authors:
Heikki Mäntysaari,
Hendrik Roch,
Farid Salazar,
Björn Schenke,
Chun Shen,
Wenbin Zhao
Abstract:
We perform a global Bayesian analysis of diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions within a Color Glass Condensate based framework. Using data from HERA and the LHC, we find that a simultaneous description of $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ observables is challenging. Introducing a global $K$-factor to account for theoretical uncertainties improves the agreement with…
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We perform a global Bayesian analysis of diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions within a Color Glass Condensate based framework. Using data from HERA and the LHC, we find that a simultaneous description of $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ observables is challenging. Introducing a global $K$-factor to account for theoretical uncertainties improves the agreement with data and enhances the framework's predictive power. We present predictions for integrated $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ cross sections at different photon-nucleus energies and study their $A$-dependence relative to a no-saturation baseline, quantifying nuclear suppression and providing insights into the onset of saturation effects.
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Submitted 29 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Mode-by-mode evolution of Pb-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV in a hybrid model
Authors:
Renata Krupczak,
Nicolas Borghini,
Hendrik Roch
Abstract:
We determine the average state and the uncorrelated modes that characterize the event-by-event fluctuations of the initial state in two typical centrality classes of Pb-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV. We find that modes in a narrow central bin are similar to those in events at fixed vanishing impact parameter, while those in a mid-peripheral centrality class are affected by the impact-parameter variati…
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We determine the average state and the uncorrelated modes that characterize the event-by-event fluctuations of the initial state in two typical centrality classes of Pb-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV. We find that modes in a narrow central bin are similar to those in events at fixed vanishing impact parameter, while those in a mid-peripheral centrality class are affected by the impact-parameter variation. We study how each fluctuation mode affects observables both in the initial state and in the final state of the collisions, at the end of a state-of-the-art boost-invariant hybrid evolution with KoMPoST + MUSIC + iSS + SMASH, and show that implementing a hadronic transport cascade in such a mode-by-mode analysis with reasonable statistical noise is costly but feasible.
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Submitted 1 November, 2025; v1 submitted 6 August, 2025;
originally announced August 2025.
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Global Bayesian Analysis of $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ Photoproduction on Proton and Lead Targets
Authors:
Heikki Mäntysaari,
Hendrik Roch,
Farid Salazar,
Björn Schenke,
Chun Shen,
Wenbin Zhao
Abstract:
We perform a global Bayesian analysis of diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions using a color glass condensate (CGC) based calculation framework. As past calculations have shown that CGC-based models typically overpredict the $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at high center of mass energy, we address the question of whether it is possibl…
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We perform a global Bayesian analysis of diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions using a color glass condensate (CGC) based calculation framework. As past calculations have shown that CGC-based models typically overpredict the $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ production in $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at high center of mass energy, we address the question of whether it is possible to describe coherent and incoherent diffractive $\mathrm{J}/ψ$ data from $γ+p$ collisions at HERA and the LHC, and from $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at the LHC simultaneously. Our results indicate that a simultaneous description of $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ data is challenging, with results improving when an overall $K$-factor -- scaling $γ+p$ and $γ+\mathrm{Pb}$ cross sections to absorb model uncertainties -- is introduced.
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Submitted 18 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Bayesian Model Selection and Uncertainty Propagation for Beam Energy Scan Heavy-Ion Collisions
Authors:
Syed Afrid Jahan,
Hendrik Roch,
Chun Shen
Abstract:
We apply the Bayesian model selection method (based on the Bayes factor) to optimize $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$-dependence in the phenomenological parameters of the (3+1)-dimensional hybrid framework for describing relativistic heavy-ion collisions within the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The effects of various experimental measurements on the posterior distribution…
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We apply the Bayesian model selection method (based on the Bayes factor) to optimize $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$-dependence in the phenomenological parameters of the (3+1)-dimensional hybrid framework for describing relativistic heavy-ion collisions within the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The effects of various experimental measurements on the posterior distribution are investigated. We also make model predictions for longitudinal flow decorrelation, rapidity-dependent anisotropic flow and identified particle $v_0(p_\mathrm{T})$ in Au+Au collisions, as well as anisotropic flow coefficients in small systems. Systematic uncertainties in the model predictions are estimated using the variance of the simulation results with a few parameter sets sampled from the posterior distributions.
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Submitted 15 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Interplay of prompt and non-prompt photons in photon-triggered jet observables
Authors:
Chathuranga Sirimanna,
Yasuki Tachibana,
Abhijit Majumder,
Aaron Angerami,
Ritu Arora,
Steffen Bass,
Yi Chen,
Ritoban Datta,
Lipei Du,
Raymond Ehlers,
Hannah Elfner,
Rainer J. Fries,
Charles Gale,
Yayun He,
Barbara Jacak,
Peter Jacobs,
Sangyong Jeon,
Yi Ji,
Florian Jonas,
Lauren Kasper,
Michael Kordell,
Amit Kumar,
Raghav Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli,
Joseph Latessa,
Yen-Jie Lee
, et al. (27 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Prompt photons are important yet challenging to observe in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, as they are produced in the early stages and traverse almost the entire QGP medium without interaction. Experimental analyses typically employ isolation cuts, in the hope to identify prompt photons. Most theoretical studies consider only events with actual prompt photons, assuming no contribution from iso…
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Prompt photons are important yet challenging to observe in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, as they are produced in the early stages and traverse almost the entire QGP medium without interaction. Experimental analyses typically employ isolation cuts, in the hope to identify prompt photons. Most theoretical studies consider only events with actual prompt photons, assuming no contribution from isolated non-prompt photons to reduce computational cost. For the first time, we present a study that compares simulation results generated using inclusive (bremsstrahlung) and prompt-photon events with multiple experimental observables for both $p-p$ and $Pb-Pb$ collisions at $5.02$ TeV. Simulations are carried out using the multi-stage JETSCAPE framework tuned to describe the quenching of jets and hadrons. Isolated non-prompt photons are generated in hard photon bremsstrahlung, where the photon is radiated at a sufficient angle to the jet. Several photon triggered jet and jet substructure observables show significant contributions from inclusive photons, yielding an improvement in comparison with experimental data. Novel photon triggered jet substructure observables are also expected to show new structures, yet to be detected in experiment. This effort examines the significance of isolated non-prompt photons using parameters tuned for a simultaneous description of the leading hadron and jet spectrum, and thus provides an independent verification of the multistage evolution framework.
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Submitted 1 July, 2025;
originally announced July 2025.
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Effects of hadronic reinteraction on jet fragmentation from small to large systems
Authors:
Hendrik Roch,
Aaron Angerami,
Ritu Arora,
Steffen Bass,
Yi Chen,
Ritoban Datta,
Lipei Du,
Raymond Ehlers,
Hannah Elfner,
Rainer J. Fries,
Charles Gale,
Yayun He,
Barbara Jacak,
Peter Jacobs,
Sangyong Jeon,
Yi Ji,
Florian Jonas,
Lauren Kasper,
Michael Kordell II,
Amit Kumar,
Raghav Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli,
Joseph Latessa,
Yen-Jie Lee,
Roy Lemmon,
Matt Luzum
, et al. (27 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We investigate the impact of the hadronic phase on jet quenching in nuclear collider experiments, an open question in heavy-ion physics. Previous studies in a simplified setup suggest that hadronic interactions could have significant effects, but a systematic analysis is needed. Using the X-SCAPE event generator with the SMASH afterburner, we study the role of hadronic rescattering on jet fragment…
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We investigate the impact of the hadronic phase on jet quenching in nuclear collider experiments, an open question in heavy-ion physics. Previous studies in a simplified setup suggest that hadronic interactions could have significant effects, but a systematic analysis is needed. Using the X-SCAPE event generator with the SMASH afterburner, we study the role of hadronic rescattering on jet fragmentation hadrons. Applying this framework to $e^++e^-$ collisions, we demonstrate that even in small systems with limited particle production, hadronic interactions lead to measurable modifications in final-state hadronic and jet observables by comparing scenarios with and without afterburner rescattering.
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Submitted 19 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Extraction of jet-medium interaction details through jet substructure for inclusive and gamma-tagged jets
Authors:
Y. Tachibana,
C. Sirimanna,
A. Majumder,
A. Angerami,
R. Arora,
S. A. Bass,
Y. Chen,
R. Datta,
L. Du,
R. Ehlers,
H. Elfner,
R. J. Fries,
C. Gale,
Y. He,
B. V. Jacak,
P. M. Jacobs,
S. Jeon,
Y. Ji,
F. Jonas,
L. Kasper,
M. Kordell II,
A. Kumar,
R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli,
J. Latessa,
Y. -J. Lee
, et al. (27 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We present a comprehensive study of jet substructure modifications in high-energy heavy-ion collisions using both inclusive jets and $γ$-tagged jets, based on a multi-stage jet evolution model within the Monte Carlo framework JETSCAPE. To investigate hard parton splittings inside jets, we focus on Soft Drop observables. Our results for the groomed splitting radius and groomed jet mass distribution…
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We present a comprehensive study of jet substructure modifications in high-energy heavy-ion collisions using both inclusive jets and $γ$-tagged jets, based on a multi-stage jet evolution model within the Monte Carlo framework JETSCAPE. To investigate hard parton splittings inside jets, we focus on Soft Drop observables. Our results for the groomed splitting radius and groomed jet mass distributions of inclusive jets show a slight narrowing compared to proton-proton baselines. We demonstrate that this apparent narrowing is primarily a selection bias from energy loss, rather than a direct modification of the splitting structure, by analyzing $γ$-tagged jets, where such bias is eliminated or significantly reduced. We also show that quark jets exhibit genuine modifications in their splitting structure, which is not seen in gluon jets. These effects are clearly visible in the substructure of $γ$-tagged jets, which are dominated by quark jets, but are not apparent for inclusive jets. This demonstrates that $γ$-tagged jets offer a powerful probe of medium-induced modifications to the hard splitting structure of jets.
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Submitted 18 June, 2025;
originally announced June 2025.
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Constraining hot and cold nuclear matter properties from heavy-ion collisions and deep-inelastic scattering
Authors:
Anton Andronic,
Nicolas Borghini,
Xiaojian Du,
Christian Klein-Bösing,
Renata Krupczak,
Hendrik Roch,
Sören Schlichting
Abstract:
We perform a global analysis of deep-inelastic $e+p$ scattering data from HERA and transverse energy distributions in $p+p$ and $p+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions, alongside charged hadron multiplicities in $\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02\;\mathrm{TeV}$ from ALICE. Using a saturation-based initial state model grounded in high-energy QCD, we determine the early-time n…
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We perform a global analysis of deep-inelastic $e+p$ scattering data from HERA and transverse energy distributions in $p+p$ and $p+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions, alongside charged hadron multiplicities in $\mathrm{Pb}+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02\;\mathrm{TeV}$ from ALICE. Using a saturation-based initial state model grounded in high-energy QCD, we determine the early-time non-equilibrium shear viscosity to entropy density ratio $η/s$ of the quark-gluon plasma. Our results provide new insights into the early-time transport properties of nuclear matter under extreme conditions.
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Submitted 30 July, 2025; v1 submitted 3 April, 2025;
originally announced April 2025.
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Enhanced signal of momentum broadening in hard splittings for $γ$-tagged jets in a multistage approach
Authors:
Y. Tachibana,
C. Sirimanna,
A. Majumder,
A. Angerami,
R. Arora,
S. A. Bass,
Y. Chen,
R. Datta,
L. Du,
R. Ehlers,
H. Elfner,
R. J. Fries,
C. Gale,
Y. He,
B. V. Jacak,
P. M. Jacobs,
S. Jeon,
Y. Ji,
F. Jonas,
L. Kasper,
M. Kordell II,
A. Kumar,
R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli,
J. Latessa,
Y. -J. Lee
, et al. (27 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
We investigate medium-induced modifications to jet substructure observables that characterize hard splitting patterns in central Pb-Pb collisions at the top energy of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Using a multistage Monte Carlo simulation of in-medium jet shower evolution, we explore flavor-dependent medium effects through simulations of inclusive and $γ$-tagged jets. The results show that quar…
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We investigate medium-induced modifications to jet substructure observables that characterize hard splitting patterns in central Pb-Pb collisions at the top energy of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Using a multistage Monte Carlo simulation of in-medium jet shower evolution, we explore flavor-dependent medium effects through simulations of inclusive and $γ$-tagged jets. The results show that quark jets undergo a non-monotonic modification compared to gluon jets in observables such as the Pb-Pb to $p$-$p$ ratio of the Soft Drop prong angle $r_g$, the relative prong transverse momentum $k_{T,g}$ and the groomed mass $m_g$ distributions. Due to this non-monotonic modification, $γ$-tagged jets, enriched in quark jets, provide surprisingly clear signals of medium-induced structural modifications, distinct from effects dominated by selection bias. This work highlights the potential of hard substructures in $γ$-tagged jets as powerful tools for probing the jet-medium interactions in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. All simulations for $γ$-tagged jet analyses carried out in this paper used triggered events containing at least one hard photon, which highlights the utility of these observables for future Bayesian analysis.
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Submitted 30 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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SPARKX: A Software Package for Analyzing Relativistic Kinematics in Collision Experiments
Authors:
Nils Sass,
Hendrik Roch,
Niklas Götz,
Renata Krupczak,
Carl B. Rosenkvist
Abstract:
SPARKX is an open-source Python package developed to analyze simulation data from heavy-ion collision experiments. By offering a comprehensive suite of tools, SPARKX simplifies data analysis workflows, supports multiple formats such as OSCAR2013, and integrates seamlessly with SMASH and JETSCAPE/X-SCAPE. This paper describes SPARKX's architecture, features, and applications and demonstrates its ef…
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SPARKX is an open-source Python package developed to analyze simulation data from heavy-ion collision experiments. By offering a comprehensive suite of tools, SPARKX simplifies data analysis workflows, supports multiple formats such as OSCAR2013, and integrates seamlessly with SMASH and JETSCAPE/X-SCAPE. This paper describes SPARKX's architecture, features, and applications and demonstrates its effectiveness through detailed examples and performance benchmarks. SPARKX enhances productivity and precision in relativistic kinematics studies.
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Submitted 12 March, 2025;
originally announced March 2025.
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Hybrid Hadronization -- A Study of In-Medium Hadronization of Jets
Authors:
A. Sengupta,
R. J. Fries,
M. Kordell II,
B. Kim,
A. Angerami,
R. Arora,
S. A. Bass,
Y. Chen,
R. Datta,
L. Du,
R. Ehlers,
H. Elfner,
C. Gale,
Y. He,
B. V. Jacak,
P. M. Jacobs,
S. Jeon,
Y. Ji,
F. Jonas,
L. Kasper,
A. Kumar,
R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli,
J. Latessa,
Y. -J. Lee,
R. Lemmon
, et al. (28 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
QCD jets are considered important probes for quark gluon plasma created in collisions of nuclei at high energies. Their parton showers are significantly altered if they develop inside of a deconfined medium. Hadronization of jets is also thought to be affected by the presence of quarks and gluons. We present a systematic study of the effects of a thermal bath of partons on the hadronization of par…
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QCD jets are considered important probes for quark gluon plasma created in collisions of nuclei at high energies. Their parton showers are significantly altered if they develop inside of a deconfined medium. Hadronization of jets is also thought to be affected by the presence of quarks and gluons. We present a systematic study of the effects of a thermal bath of partons on the hadronization of parton showers. We use the JETSCAPE framework to create parton showers both in vacuum and in a brick of quark gluon plasma. The brick setup allows important parameters, like the size of the plasma as well as the collective flow of partons, to be varied systematically. We hadronize the parton showers using Hybrid Hadronization, which permits shower partons to form strings with thermal partons, or to recombine directly with thermal partons as well as with each other. We find a sizeable amount of interaction of shower partons with thermal partons during hadronization, indicating a natural continuation of the interaction of jet and medium during this stage. The observed effects grow with the size of the medium. Collective flow easily transfers from the thermal partons onto the emerging jet hadrons. We also see a significant change in hadron chemistry as expected in the presence of quark recombination processes.
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Submitted 27 January, 2025;
originally announced January 2025.
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Hard Photon Triggered Jets in $p$-$p$ and $A$-$A$ Collisions
Authors:
C. Sirimanna,
Y. Tachibana,
A. Majumder,
A. Angerami,
R. Arora,
S. A. Bass,
Y. Chen,
R. Datta,
L. Du,
R. Ehlers,
H. Elfner,
R. J. Fries,
C. Gale,
Y. He,
B. V. Jacak,
P. M. Jacobs,
S. Jeon,
Y. Ji,
F. Jonas,
L. Kasper,
M. Kordell II,
A. Kumar,
R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli,
J. Latessa,
Y. -J. Lee
, et al. (27 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
An investigation of high transverse momentum (high-$p_T$) photon triggered jets in proton-proton ($p$-$p$) and ion-ion ($A$-$A$) collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 0.2$ and $5.02~\mathrm{TeV}$ is carried out, using the multistage description of in-medium jet evolution. Monte Carlo simulations of hard scattering and energy loss in heavy-ion collisions are performed using parameters tuned in a previous…
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An investigation of high transverse momentum (high-$p_T$) photon triggered jets in proton-proton ($p$-$p$) and ion-ion ($A$-$A$) collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 0.2$ and $5.02~\mathrm{TeV}$ is carried out, using the multistage description of in-medium jet evolution. Monte Carlo simulations of hard scattering and energy loss in heavy-ion collisions are performed using parameters tuned in a previous study of the nuclear modification factor ($R_{AA}$) for inclusive jets and high-$p_T$ hadrons. We obtain a good reproduction of the experimental data for photon triggered jet $R_{AA}$, as measured by the ATLAS detector, the distribution of the ratio of jet to photon $p_T$ ($X_{\rm J γ}$), measured by both CMS and ATLAS, and the photon-jet azimuthal correlation as measured by CMS. We obtain a moderate description of the photon triggered jet $I_{AA}$, as measured by STAR. A noticeable improvement in the comparison is observed when one goes beyond prompt photons and includes bremsstrahlung and decay photons, revealing their significance in certain kinematic regions, particularly at $X_{Jγ} > 1$. Moreover, azimuthal angle correlations demonstrate a notable impact of non-prompt photons on the distribution, emphasizing their role in accurately describing experimental results. This work highlights the success of the multistage model of jet modification to straightforwardly predict (this set of) photon triggered jet observables. This comparison, along with the role played by non-prompt photons, has important consequences on the inclusion of such observables in a future Bayesian analysis.
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Submitted 27 December, 2024;
originally announced December 2024.
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A Gaussian Process Generative Model for QCD Equation of State
Authors:
Jiaxuan Gong,
Hendrik Roch,
Chun Shen
Abstract:
We develop a generative model for the nuclear matter equation of state at zero net baryon density using the Gaussian Process Regression method. We impose first-principles theoretical constraints from lattice QCD and hadron resonance gas at high- and low-temperature regions, respectively. By allowing the trained Gaussian Process Regression model to vary freely near the phase transition region, we g…
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We develop a generative model for the nuclear matter equation of state at zero net baryon density using the Gaussian Process Regression method. We impose first-principles theoretical constraints from lattice QCD and hadron resonance gas at high- and low-temperature regions, respectively. By allowing the trained Gaussian Process Regression model to vary freely near the phase transition region, we generate random smooth cross-over equations of state with different speeds of sound that do not rely on specific parameterizations. We explore a collection of experimental observable dependencies on the generated equations of state, which paves the groundwork for future Bayesian inference studies to use experimental measurements from relativistic heavy-ion collisions to constrain the nuclear matter equation of state.
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Submitted 29 October, 2024;
originally announced October 2024.
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Bayesian Inference analysis of jet quenching using inclusive jet and hadron suppression measurements
Authors:
R. Ehlers,
Y. Chen,
J. Mulligan,
Y. Ji,
A. Kumar,
S. Mak,
P. M. Jacobs,
A. Majumder,
A. Angerami,
R. Arora,
S. A. Bass,
R. Datta,
L. Du,
H. Elfner,
R. J. Fries,
C. Gale,
Y. He,
B. V. Jacak,
S. Jeon,
F. Jonas,
L. Kasper,
M. Kordell II,
R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli,
J. Latessa,
Y. -J. Lee
, et al. (28 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The JETSCAPE Collaboration reports a new determination of the jet transport parameter $\hat{q}$ in the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) using Bayesian Inference, incorporating all available inclusive hadron and jet yield suppression data measured in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC. This multi-observable analysis extends the previously published JETSCAPE Bayesian Inference determination of…
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The JETSCAPE Collaboration reports a new determination of the jet transport parameter $\hat{q}$ in the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) using Bayesian Inference, incorporating all available inclusive hadron and jet yield suppression data measured in heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and the LHC. This multi-observable analysis extends the previously published JETSCAPE Bayesian Inference determination of $\hat{q}$, which was based solely on a selection of inclusive hadron suppression data. JETSCAPE is a modular framework incorporating detailed dynamical models of QGP formation and evolution, and jet propagation and interaction in the QGP. Virtuality-dependent partonic energy loss in the QGP is modeled as a thermalized weakly-coupled plasma, with parameters determined from Bayesian calibration using soft-sector observables. This Bayesian calibration of $\hat{q}$ utilizes Active Learning, a machine--learning approach, for efficient exploitation of computing resources. The experimental data included in this analysis span a broad range in collision energy and centrality, and in transverse momentum. In order to explore the systematic dependence of the extracted parameter posterior distributions, several different calibrations are reported, based on combined jet and hadron data; on jet or hadron data separately; and on restricted kinematic or centrality ranges of the jet and hadron data. Tension is observed in comparison of these variations, providing new insights into the physics of jet transport in the QGP and its theoretical formulation.
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Submitted 28 August, 2024; v1 submitted 15 August, 2024;
originally announced August 2024.
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Bayesian analysis of (3+1)D relativistic nuclear dynamics with the RHIC beam energy scan data
Authors:
Syed Afrid Jahan,
Hendrik Roch,
Chun Shen
Abstract:
This work presents a Bayesian inference study for relativistic heavy-ion collisions in the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The theoretical model simulates event-by-event (3+1)D collision dynamics using hydrodynamics and hadronic transport theory. We analyze the model's 20-dimensional posterior distributions obtained using three model emulators with different accura…
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This work presents a Bayesian inference study for relativistic heavy-ion collisions in the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The theoretical model simulates event-by-event (3+1)D collision dynamics using hydrodynamics and hadronic transport theory. We analyze the model's 20-dimensional posterior distributions obtained using three model emulators with different accuracy and demonstrate the essential role of training an accurate model emulator in the Bayesian analysis. Our analysis provides robust constraints on the Quark-Gluon Plasma's transport properties and various aspects of (3+1)D relativistic nuclear dynamics. By running full model simulations with 100 parameter sets sampled from the posterior distribution, we make predictions for $p_{\rm T}$-differential observables and estimate their systematic theory uncertainty. A sensitivity analysis is performed to elucidate how individual experimental observables respond to different model parameters, providing useful physics insights into the phenomenological model for heavy-ion collisions.
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Submitted 1 August, 2024;
originally announced August 2024.
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A soft-hard framework with exact four momentum conservation for small systems
Authors:
I. Soudi,
W. Zhao,
A. Majumder,
C. Shen,
J. H. Putschke,
B. Boudreaux,
A. Angerami,
R. Arora,
S. A. Bass,
Y. Chen,
R. Datta,
L. Du,
R. Ehlers,
H. Elfner,
R. J. Fries,
C. Gale,
Y. He,
B. V. Jacak,
P. M. Jacobs,
S. Jeon,
Y. Ji,
L. Kasper,
M. Kelsey,
M. Kordell II,
A. Kumar
, et al. (28 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
A new framework, called x-scape, for the combined study of both hard and soft transverse momentum sectors in high energy proton-proton ($p$-$p$) and proton-nucleus ($p$-$A$) collisions is set up. A dynamical initial state is set up using the 3d-Glauber model with transverse locations of hotspots within each incoming nucleon. A hard scattering that emanates from two colliding hotspots is carried ou…
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A new framework, called x-scape, for the combined study of both hard and soft transverse momentum sectors in high energy proton-proton ($p$-$p$) and proton-nucleus ($p$-$A$) collisions is set up. A dynamical initial state is set up using the 3d-Glauber model with transverse locations of hotspots within each incoming nucleon. A hard scattering that emanates from two colliding hotspots is carried out using the Pythia generator. Initial state radiation from the incoming hard partons is carried out in a new module called I-matter, which includes the longitudinal location of initial splits. The energy-momentum of both the initial hard partons and their associated beam remnants is removed from the hot spots, depleting the energy-momentum available for the formation of the bulk medium. Outgoing showers are simulated using the matter generator, and results are presented for both cases, allowing for and not allowing for energy loss. First comparisons between this hard-soft model and single inclusive hadron and jet data from $p$-$p$ and minimum bias $p$-$Pb$ collisions are presented. Single hadron spectra in $p$-$p$ are used to carry out a limited (in number of parameters) Bayesian calibration of the model. Fair comparisons with data are indicative of the utility of this new framework. Theoretical studies of the correlation between jet $p_T$ and event activity at mid and forward rapidity are carried out.
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Submitted 24 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Comparing matching prescriptions between pre-equilibrium and hydrodynamic models in high-energy nuclear collisions
Authors:
Nicolas Borghini,
Renata Krupczak,
Hendrik Roch
Abstract:
State-of-the-art simulations of high-energy nuclear collisions rely on hybrid setups, involving in particular a pre-equilibrium stage to let the system evolve from a far-from-equilibrium initial condition towards a near-equilibrated state after which fluid dynamics can be applied meaningfully. A known issue is the mismatch between the equation of state in the fluid-dynamical evolution and the effe…
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State-of-the-art simulations of high-energy nuclear collisions rely on hybrid setups, involving in particular a pre-equilibrium stage to let the system evolve from a far-from-equilibrium initial condition towards a near-equilibrated state after which fluid dynamics can be applied meaningfully. A known issue is the mismatch between the equation of state in the fluid-dynamical evolution and the effective one in the previous stage, which leads to discontinuities at the interface between the two models. Here we introduce a new matching prescription at this interface, based on the entropy, and we compare it with the standard one relying on local energy conservation. We study the behavior of various quantities at the switching time between the models and investigate a number of final-state hadronic observables. For the latter, we show that they are not modified significantly by the choice of matching prescription, provided an appropriate normalization is chosen for the initial state. In turn, our approach reduces sizeably the ratio of bulk over thermodynamic pressure at the beginning of the fluid-dynamical stage.
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Submitted 30 October, 2024; v1 submitted 15 July, 2024;
originally announced July 2024.
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Multiplicity dependence of (multi)strange hadrons in oxygen-oxygen collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~7$ TeV using EPOS4 and AMPT
Authors:
M. U. Ashraf,
A. M. Khan,
J. Singh,
G. Nigmatkulov,
H. Roch,
S. Kabana
Abstract:
It is anticipated that the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will collect data from oxygen-oxygen ($O+O$) collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 7 TeV to explore the effects observed in high multiplicity proton-proton ($p+p$) and proton-lead ($p+pb$) collisions that closely related to lead-lead ($Pb+Pb$) collisions. These effects include azimuthal asymmetries in particle pro…
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It is anticipated that the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will collect data from oxygen-oxygen ($O+O$) collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 7 TeV to explore the effects observed in high multiplicity proton-proton ($p+p$) and proton-lead ($p+pb$) collisions that closely related to lead-lead ($Pb+Pb$) collisions. These effects include azimuthal asymmetries in particle production, as well as variations in the abundances and momentum distributions across different hadron species, which are indicative of collective particle production mechanisms induced by the interactions in the presence of a QGP. The upcoming data on $O+O$ collisions at the LHC are expected to constrain the model parameters and refine our understanding of theoretical models. In this work, the predicted transverse momentum ($p_T$) spectra, rapidity density distributions ($dN/dy$), particle yield ratios, and $p_T$-differential ratios of (multi)strange hadrons produced in $O+O$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 7 TeV using AMPT and EPOS4 models are presented. AMPT focuses on preformed hadronic interactions, while EPOS4 incorporates a QGP phase. Stronger radial flow in EPOS4 as compared to AMPT is also observed. AMPT incorporates some flow effects, but the implementation of full hydrodynamic flow in EPOS4 appears to be significantly more effective in reproducing the existing experimental data. Both models predict the final state multiplicity overlap with $p+p$, $p+pb$, and $Pb+Pb$ collisions.
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Submitted 11 March, 2025; v1 submitted 6 June, 2024;
originally announced June 2024.
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On model emulation and closure tests for 3+1D relativistic heavy-ion collisions
Authors:
Hendrik Roch,
Syed Afrid Jahan,
Chun Shen
Abstract:
In nuclear and particle physics, reconciling sophisticated simulations with experimental data is vital for understanding complex systems like the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) generated in heavy-ion collisions. However, computational demands pose challenges, motivating using Gaussian Process emulators for efficient parameter extraction via Bayesian calibration. We conduct a comparative analysis of Gaus…
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In nuclear and particle physics, reconciling sophisticated simulations with experimental data is vital for understanding complex systems like the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) generated in heavy-ion collisions. However, computational demands pose challenges, motivating using Gaussian Process emulators for efficient parameter extraction via Bayesian calibration. We conduct a comparative analysis of Gaussian Process emulators in heavy-ion physics to identify the most adept emulator for parameter extraction with minimal uncertainty. Our study contributes to advancing computational techniques in heavy-ion physics, enhancing our ability to interpret experimental data and understand QGP properties.
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Submitted 27 May, 2024; v1 submitted 20 May, 2024;
originally announced May 2024.
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Statistical analysis of the fluctuations of an initial-state model with independently distributed hot spots
Authors:
Nicolas Borghini,
Hendrik Roch,
Alicia Schütte
Abstract:
We determine the uncorrelated modes that characterize the fluctuations in a semi-realistic model for the initial state of high-energy nuclear collisions, consisting of hot spots whose positions are distributed independently. Varying the number of hot spots, their size, and the weights with which they contribute to the initial state, we find that the parameter that has the largest influence on the…
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We determine the uncorrelated modes that characterize the fluctuations in a semi-realistic model for the initial state of high-energy nuclear collisions, consisting of hot spots whose positions are distributed independently. Varying the number of hot spots, their size, and the weights with which they contribute to the initial state, we find that the parameter that has the largest influence on the relative importance of the fluctuation modes is the source size, with more extended hot spots leading to a more marked predominance of the principal modes.
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Submitted 13 January, 2025; v1 submitted 12 February, 2024;
originally announced February 2024.
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Photon-triggered jets as probes of multi-stage jet modification
Authors:
C. Sirimanna,
Y. Tachibana,
A. Angerami,
R. Arora,
S. A. Bass,
S. Cao,
Y. Chen,
L. Du,
R. Ehlers,
H. Elfner,
W. Fan,
R. J. Fries,
C. Gale,
Y. He,
U. Heinz,
B. V. Jacak,
P. M. Jacobs,
S. Jeon,
Y. Ji,
L. Kasper,
M. Kordell II,
A. Kumar,
R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli,
J. Latessa,
S. Lee
, et al. (28 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
Prompt photons are created in the early stages of heavy ion collisions and traverse the QGP medium without any interaction. Therefore, photon-triggered jets can be used to study the jet quenching in the QGP medium. In this work, photon-triggered jets are studied through different jet and jet substructure observables for different collision systems and energies using the JETSCAPE framework. Since t…
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Prompt photons are created in the early stages of heavy ion collisions and traverse the QGP medium without any interaction. Therefore, photon-triggered jets can be used to study the jet quenching in the QGP medium. In this work, photon-triggered jets are studied through different jet and jet substructure observables for different collision systems and energies using the JETSCAPE framework. Since the multistage evolution used in the JETSCAPE framework is adequate to describe a wide range of experimental observables simultaneously using the same parameter tune, we use the same parameters tuned for jet and leading hadron studies. The same isolation criteria used in the experimental analysis are used to identify prompt photons for better comparison. For the first time, high-accuracy JETSCAPE results are compared with multi-energy LHC and RHIC measurements to better understand the deviations observed in prior studies. This study highlights the importance of multistage evolution for the simultaneous description of experimental observables through different collision systems and energies using a single parameter tune.
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Submitted 30 January, 2024;
originally announced January 2024.
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Measuring jet quenching with a Bayesian inference analysis of hadron and jet data by JETSCAPE
Authors:
R. Ehlers,
A. Angerami,
R. Arora,
S. A. Bass,
S. Cao,
Y. Chen,
L. Du,
H. Elfner,
W. Fan,
R. J. Fries,
C. Gale,
Y. He,
U. Heinz,
B. V. Jacak,
P. M. Jacobs,
S. Jeon,
Y. Ji,
L. Kasper,
M. Kordell II,
A. Kumar,
R. Kunnawalkam-Elayavalli,
J. Latessa,
S. Lee,
Y. -J. Lee,
D. Liyanage
, et al. (28 additional authors not shown)
Abstract:
The JETSCAPE Collaboration reports the first multi-messenger study of the QGP jet transport parameter $\hat{q}$ using Bayesian inference, incorporating all available hadron and jet inclusive yield and jet substructure data from RHIC and the LHC. The theoretical model utilizes virtuality-dependent in-medium partonic energy loss coupled to a detailed dynamical model of QGP evolution. Tension is obse…
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The JETSCAPE Collaboration reports the first multi-messenger study of the QGP jet transport parameter $\hat{q}$ using Bayesian inference, incorporating all available hadron and jet inclusive yield and jet substructure data from RHIC and the LHC. The theoretical model utilizes virtuality-dependent in-medium partonic energy loss coupled to a detailed dynamical model of QGP evolution. Tension is observed when constraining $\hat{q}$ for different kinematic cuts of the inclusive hadron data. The addition of substructure data is shown to improve the constraint on $\hat{q}$, without inducing tension with the constraint due to inclusive observables. These studies provide new insight into the mechanisms of jet interactions in matter, and point to next steps in the field for comprehensive understanding of jet quenching as a probe of the QGP.
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Submitted 8 January, 2024;
originally announced January 2024.
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Statistical analysis of initial state and final state response in heavy-ion collisions
Authors:
Nicolas Borghini,
Marc Borrell,
Nina Feld,
Hendrik Roch,
Sören Schlichting,
Clemens Werthmann
Abstract:
We develop a general decomposition of an ensemble of initial density profiles in terms of an average state and a basis of modes that represent the event-by-event fluctuations of the initial state. The basis is determined such that the probability distributions of the amplitudes of different modes are uncorrelated. Based on this decomposition, we quantify the different types and probabilities of ev…
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We develop a general decomposition of an ensemble of initial density profiles in terms of an average state and a basis of modes that represent the event-by-event fluctuations of the initial state. The basis is determined such that the probability distributions of the amplitudes of different modes are uncorrelated. Based on this decomposition, we quantify the different types and probabilities of event-by-event fluctuations in Glauber and Saturation models and investigate how the various modes affect different characteristics of the initial state. We perform simulations of the dynamical evolution with KoMPoST and MUSIC to investigate the impact of the modes on final-state observables and their correlations.
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Submitted 10 March, 2023; v1 submitted 2 September, 2022;
originally announced September 2022.
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On differences between even and odd anisotropic-flow harmonics in non-equilibrated systems
Authors:
Benedikt Bachmann,
Nicolas Borghini,
Nina Feld,
Hendrik Roch
Abstract:
To assess how anisotropic transverse flow is created in a system out of equilibrium, we compare several kinetic-theoretical models in the few-rescatterings regime. We compare the flow harmonics $v_n$ from three types of transport simulations, with either $2\to 2$ or $2\to 0$ collision kernels and in the former case allowing the particles to rescatter several times or not, and from analytical calcu…
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To assess how anisotropic transverse flow is created in a system out of equilibrium, we compare several kinetic-theoretical models in the few-rescatterings regime. We compare the flow harmonics $v_n$ from three types of transport simulations, with either $2\to 2$ or $2\to 0$ collision kernels and in the former case allowing the particles to rescatter several times or not, and from analytical calculations neglecting the gain term of the Boltzmann equation. We find that the even flow harmonics are similar in all approaches, while the odd ones differ significantly. This suggests that while even $v_n$ harmonics may to a large extent be due to the anisotropic escape probability of particles, this is not the predominant mechanism underlying the odd $v_n$ coefficients.
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Submitted 3 February, 2023; v1 submitted 24 March, 2022;
originally announced March 2022.
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Early time behavior of spatial and momentum anisotropies in kinetic theory across different Knudsen numbers
Authors:
Nicolas Borghini,
Marc Borrell,
Hendrik Roch
Abstract:
We investigate the early time development of the anisotropic transverse flow and spatial eccentricities of a fireball with various particle-based transport approaches using a fixed initial condition. In numerical simulations ranging from the quasi-collisionless case to the hydrodynamic regime, we find that the onset of $v_n$ and of related measures of anisotropic flow can be described with a simpl…
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We investigate the early time development of the anisotropic transverse flow and spatial eccentricities of a fireball with various particle-based transport approaches using a fixed initial condition. In numerical simulations ranging from the quasi-collisionless case to the hydrodynamic regime, we find that the onset of $v_n$ and of related measures of anisotropic flow can be described with a simple power-law ansatz, with an exponent that depends on the amount of rescatterings in the system. In the few-rescatterings regime we perform semi-analytical calculations, based on a systematic expansion in powers of time and the cross section, which can reproduce the numerical findings.
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Submitted 29 October, 2022; v1 submitted 31 January, 2022;
originally announced January 2022.
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Fluctuations of anisotropic flow from the finite number of rescatterings in a two-dimensional massless transport model
Authors:
Hendrik Roch,
Nicolas Borghini
Abstract:
We investigate the fluctuations of anisotropic transverse flow due to the finite number of scatterings in a two-dimensional system of massless particles. Using a set of initial geometries from a Monte Carlo Glauber model, we study how flow coefficients fluctuate about their mean value at the corresponding eccentricity, for several values of the scattering cross section. We also show how the distri…
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We investigate the fluctuations of anisotropic transverse flow due to the finite number of scatterings in a two-dimensional system of massless particles. Using a set of initial geometries from a Monte Carlo Glauber model, we study how flow coefficients fluctuate about their mean value at the corresponding eccentricity, for several values of the scattering cross section. We also show how the distributions of the second and third event planes of anisotropic flow about the corresponding participant plane in the initial geometry evolve as a function of the mean number of scatterings in the system.
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Submitted 4 May, 2021; v1 submitted 3 December, 2020;
originally announced December 2020.